NOTRE DAME OF MIDSAYAP COLLEGE

College of Nursing

MIDTERM
ASSIGNMENT #1
MC 101 – ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Clinical Instructor: Johnryl L. Francisco, RN, MPA, MBA, CHA, FPCHA

LAGDAMIN, R JAY JALANDOON

Answer the following items substantially. (100 points)

2. Describe the general function of the axial skeleton to that of the

appendicular skeleton.

3. Identify and describe the major anatomical areas of a long bone.

4. Explain the role of bone salts and the organic matrix in making bone

both hard and flexible.

5. Name and describe the different bone markings.

6. Name and describe the components of the thoracic cage.

7. Describe how a true rib differs from a false rib.

8. Name and describe the various types of fractures.

9. Identify and describe the healing stages of a bone fracture.

10. Name the three major structural categories of joints and compare the

amount of movement allowed by each.

11. Name the parts of a typical vertebra and explain in general how the

cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae differ from one another.

12. Explain how the abdominal spinal curvatures (scoliosis, lordosis, and

kyphosis) differ from one another.

13. Describe the differences between a male and a female pelvis.

14. Contrast the location and characteristics of the foramen magnum and

obturator foramen.

15. Identify some of the causes of bone and joint problems throughout life.
1. Based on their shape, there are four categories of bones: long, flat, short,
and irregular. First, the long bones, which are longer than they are wide,
include the femur and humerus. This shape enhances their function in
the movement of appendages. Next, flat bones are thin, flattened, and
usually curved. Flat bones are well-suited to providing a strong barrier
around soft organs such as the brain and the heart. Examples of flat
bones are certain skull bones, ribs, and the sternum. Then, short bones,
generally cube-shaped, are approximately as wide as they are long;
examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle. Short bones help transfer
force between long bones. Lastly, irregular bones include the vertebrae
and hip bones, which have shapes that do not readily fit into the other
three categories. The majority of irregular bones provide specialized
functions, like protecting while enabling bending and flexing in specific
body parts, like the spine.
2. Our axial skeleton is composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the
thoracic cage. It is made up of muscles in our body that move our head,
neck, and trunk and attach to our axial skeleton. These muscles support
our appendicular skeleton as well as our ability to breathe.
3. A long bone serves as a useful model for illustrating the parts of a typical
bone. Each long bone consists of a central shaft called the diaphysis, and
two ends, each called an epiphysis. A thin layer of articular cartilage
covers the ends of the epiphyses where the bone articulates with other
bones. A long bone that is still growing has an epiphyseal plate, or growth
plate, composed of cartilage, between each epiphysis and the diaphysis.
The epiphyseal plate is where the bone grows in length. When the bone
stops, the cartilage of each epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone and
becomes an epiphyseal line.
4. Bones are flexible and have a high tensile strength thanks to their
organic components. Furthermore, calcium salts are deposited in the bone
making it hard to resist compression.
5. Bone markings are attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
There are two categories of bone markings: projections or processes, and,
depressions or cavities. Projection is an area of a bone that projects above
the surface of the bone. A depression in a bone provides stabilization to an
adjacent articulating bone.
6. There are 3 components of the thoracic cage: the sternum, ribs, and
thoracic vertebrae. The sternum, or breastbone, is divided into the
manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process. The 12 pairs of ribs can
be divided into true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs. The thoracic
vertebrae possess long, thin and spinous processes that are directed
 inferiorly. They also have extra-articular facets on their lateral surfaces
that articulate with the ribs.
7. True ribs are attached directly to the sternum using costal cartilages. On
the other hand, false ribs do not attach directly to the sternum.
8. There are two types of bone fractures: closed and open fractures. A closed
fracture is a break that does not penetrate the skin. While the open
fracture is a broken bone that penetrates through the skin.
9. There are four major healing stages of bone fractures: hematoma,
fibrocartilage callus forms, bony callus, and bone remodeling. First, is the
formation of hematoma, blood released from damaged blood vessels. Next,
the fibrocartilage callus forms between the ends of the bones, and the
external callus forms a collar around the break. Then, the bony callus
replaces the fibrocartilage callus. Lastly, bone remodeling, occurs in
response to mechanical stress, compact bone replaces woven bone, and
part of the internal callus is removed, restoring the medullary cavity.
10. The three major structural categories of joints: are fibrous joints,
cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Fibrous joints are the articulating
surfaces of two bones united by fibrous connective tissue. The fibrous
joints have no joint cavity and exhibit little or no movement Cartilaginous
joints unite two bones using cartilage. Only slight movement can occur at
these joints. Synovial joints are freely movable joints that contain fluid in
a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones.
11. The cervical vertebrae have very small bodies, except the atlas, which
has no bodies. The thoracic vertebrae possess long, thin spinous
processes that are directed inferiorly. The lumbar vertebrae have large,
thick bodies and heavy, rectangular transverse and spinous processes.
12. Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Lordosis is an
abnormal anterior curvature of the spine, mainly in the lumbar region,
resulting in a swayback condition. Kyphosis is an abnormal posterior
curvature of the spine, mostly in the upper thoracic region, resulting in a
hunchback condition.
13. Female pelvis somewhat lighter in weight and wider laterally but
shorter superiorly to inferiorly and less funnel-shaped; less obvious
muscle attachment points in females than in males.
14. The large foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord joins the
brain, is located in the posterior. While the obturator foramen is the large
hole in each hip bone that is closed off by muscles and other structures.
15. Some of the causes of bone and joint problems throughout life are
dwarfism, skeletal disorder, and arthritis, for the joint disorder. Dwarfism
is abnormally small body size due to improper growth at the epiphyseal
plates. Moreover, arthritis is an inflammation of a joint; causes include
infectious agents, metabolic disorders, trauma, and immune disorders.