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C Programing by Ismile

C was originally developed in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that allows code to be written in a form that is very similar to algebraic expressions. C contains features that allow it to be used for both system and application programming. The character set of C includes letters, numbers, and special symbols. Keywords, identifiers, constants, operators, and other tokens make up the building blocks of the C language.

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9 views

C Programing by Ismile

C was originally developed in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that allows code to be written in a form that is very similar to algebraic expressions. C contains features that allow it to be used for both system and application programming. The character set of C includes letters, numbers, and special symbols. Keywords, identifiers, constants, operators, and other tokens make up the building blocks of the C language.

Uploaded by

sembca359
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Basics of ‘C’

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
DR. KAMLESH MAM ISMILE
General Aspect of ‘C’
C WAS ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED IN THE 1970S, BY
DENNIS RITCHIE AT BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES,
INC.
C IS A HIGH LEVEL , GENERAL –PURPOSE STRUCTURED
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE. INSTRUCTIONS OF C
CONSISTS OF TERMS THAT ARE VERY CLOSELY SAME TO
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS, CONSISTING OF CERTAIN
ENGLISH KEYWORDS SUCH AS IF, ELSE, FOR ,DO AND
WHILE
C CONTAINS CERTAIN ADDITIONAL FEATURES THAT
ALLOWS IT TO BE USED AT A LOWER LEVEL , ACTING AS
BRIDGE BETWEEN MACHINE LANGUAGE AND THE HIGH
LEVEL LANGUAGES.
THIS ALLOWS C TO BE USED FOR SYSTEM
PROGRAMMING AS WELL AS FOR APPLICATIONS
PROGRAMMING
The Character set of ‘C’
C LANGUAGE CONSIST OF SOME CHARACTERS SET, NUMBERS
AND
SOME SPECIAL SYMBOLS. THE CHARACTER SET OF C CONSIST OF
ALL THE ALPHABETS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE. C CONSIST OF
ALPHABETS A TO Z, A TO Z
NUMERIC 0,1 TO 9
SPECIAL SYMBOLS {,},[,],?,+,-,*,/,%,!,;,AND MORE
THE WORDS FORMED FROM THE CHARACTER SET ARE BUILDING
BLOCKS OF C AND ARE SOMETIMES KNOWN AS TOKENS. THESE
TOKENS REPRESENT THE INDIVIDUAL ENTITY OF LANGUAGE. THE
FOLLOWING DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOKEN ARE USED IN C
1) IDENTIFIERS 2)KEYWORDS 3)CONSTANTS
4) OPERATORS 5)PUNCTUATION SYMBOLS
Identifiers

 A 'C' program consist of two types of elements , user


defined and system defined. Idetifiers is nothing but
a name given to these eleme
 nts.
 An identifier is a word used by a programmer to
name a variable , function, or label.
 identifiers consist of letters and digits, in any order,
except that the first charecter or lable.
 Identifiers consist of letters and digits if any
order,except that the first charecter must be letter.
 Both Upper and lowercase letters can be used
Keywords
 Keywords are nothing but auto double int struct
system defined identifiers.
break else long switch
 Keywords are reserved
words of the language.
case enum register typedef
 They have specific meaning
in the language and cannot char extern return union
be used by the programmer
as variable or constant const float short unsigned
names
 C is case senitive, it means continue for signed void
these must be used as it is
default goto sizeof volatile
 32 Keywords in C
Programming
do if static while
Variables

 A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our


programs can manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type,
which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory; the
range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set
of operations that can be applied to the variable.
 The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the
underscore character. It must begin with either a letter or an
underscore. Upper and lowercase letters are distinct because C is
case-sensitive. There are following basic variable types −
Type Description
 char Typically a single octet(one byte). This is an integer
type.
 int The most natural size of integer for the machine.
 float A single-precision floating point value.
 double A double-precision floating point value.
 void Represents the absence of type.
Constants

 A constant is a value or an identifier whose value cannot


be altered in a program. For example: 1, 2.5,
 As mentioned, an identifier also can be defined as a
constant. eg. const double PI = 3.14
 Here, PI is a constant. Basically what it means is that, PI
and 3.14 is same for this program.

Integer constants
 A integer constant is a numeric constant (associated
with number) without any fractional or exponential part.
There are three types of integer constants in C
programming:

 decimal constant(base 10)


 octal constant(base 8)
 hexadecimal constant(base 16)
Constants

Floating-point constants
 A floating point constant is a numeric constant that
has either a fractional form or an exponent form.
For example: 2.0,0.0000234,-0.22E-5

Character constants
 A character constant is a constant which uses
single quotation around characters. For example:
'a', 'l', 'm', 'F'

String constants
 String constants are the constants which are
enclosed in a pair of double-quote marks. For
example: "good" ,"x","Earth is round\n"
Escape Sequences
Sometimes, it is necessary to use characters which cannot be typed or has
special meaning in C programming. For example: newline(enter), tab,
question mark etc. In order to use these characters, escape sequence is
used.
 For example: \n is used for newline. The backslash ( \ ) causes "escape"
from the normal way the characters are interpreted by the
compiler.Escape
Sequences Character
 \b Backspace
 \f Form feed
 \n Newline
 \r Return
 \t Horizontal tab
 \v Vertical tab
 \\ Backslash
 \' Single quotation mark
 \" Double quotation mark
 \? Question mark
 \0 Null character
Operators in C:An operator is a symbol which operates on a
value or a variable. For example: + is an operator to perform addition.

C programming has wide range of operators to


perform various operations. For better
understanding of operators, these operators can be
classified as:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Conditional Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Special Operators
Arithmetic Operator

 Operator Meaning of Operator


 + addition or unary plus
 - subtraction or unary minus
 * multiplication
 / division
 % remainder after division(
modulo division)
Increment and Decrement
Operators

1. C programming has two operators


increment ++ and decrement -- to
change the value of an operand
(constant or variable) by 1.
2. Increment ++ increases the value by 1
whereas decrement -- decreases the
value by 1.
3. These two operators are unary
operators, meaning they only operate on
a single operand.
eg. int a=10, b=100
++a = 11
--b = 99
C Assignment Operators

 An assignment operator is used for assigning


a value to a variable. The most common
assignment operator is =
 Operator Example Same as
= a=b a=b
 += a += b a = a+b
 -= a -= b a = a-b
 *= a *= b a = a*b
 /= a /= b a = a/b
 %= a %= b a = a%b
C Relational Operators

 A relational operator checks the relationship


between two operands. If the relation is true, it
returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0.
 Relational operators are used in decision making
and loops.
Operator Meaning of Operator Example
 == Equal to 5 == 3 returns 0
 > Greater than 5 > 3 returns 1
 < Less than 5 < 3 returns 0
 != Not equal to 5 != 3 returns 1
 >= Greater than or equal to5 >= 3 returns 1
 <= Less than or equal to 5 <= 3 return 0

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