Assignment

2023
Project on: Modern citizenship and citizenship in the age of globalization

Name: Sneha

Enrollment no. : 22FLUCDDN01018

Batch Name &Year: LBB (2022-2025) & 2nd Year

Project Title: Modern citizenship and citizenship in the age of globalization

Submitted By

SNEHA

Submitted To:

Miss Priya Chanana

Assistant Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my profound gratitude to Mr. of ICFAI University for

their contributions to the completion of my project titled Modern citizenship and
citizenship in the age of globalization

I would like to express my special thanks to our mentor Miss. Priya Chanana for
her time and efforts she provided throughout the year. Your useful advice and
suggestions were really helpful to me during the project’s completion. In this
aspect, I am eternally grateful to you.
I would like to acknowledge that this project was completed entirely by me and not
by someone else.

Your name
Sneha
Content

 Abstract
 Introduction
 Citizenship , The Nation-State, And Globalization

 Effects of Globalization on Citizenship

 Implication and Challenges of Citizenship in the age of

globalization

 Modern Citizenship

 Modern citizenship is characterized by several key elements

 Conclusion
 Abstract
The concept of Citizenship is centuries old and it had stood the test of time. Various
countries have tried and adapted different types of citizenships depending on the
circumstances. They follow different processes and procedures to grant Citizenship
to the applicants who are not covered by the laws governing the natural citizenship.
Countries also get affected by the centuries old phenomena of migration (reasons
could be many) and migrants too apply for the citizenship. It is important to note
that not all applicants succeed in getting the Citizenship. Some of them get deported
and some suffer with what is termed as 'Statelessness' (as the original country from
where they fled, for whatever reasons, also refuses to accept them back). It's a worst
state for a human being to exist in. All such relevant aspects related to citizenship
have been examined in the paper.
India too has been going through various issues like migration across its borders,
Rohingya problems, globalisation related migration and its impacts. India has to find
cogent measures to address these issues. This paper thus deals with a broad brush
canvas related to citizenship and globalisation and attempts to analyses different
facets of citizenship. Forces propagating globalisation, impact of globalisation on
citizenship universally, specific impact on India and ways for dealing with it in India
related scenario and some viable suggestion for consideration.
 INTRODUCTION
The idea that citizenship exists in uneasy relationship with globalization is
intuitively plausible. Citizenship derives from the existence of a community of
people, a polity, embedded in a geographically bounded nation state recognized by
other nations and with boundaries and laws upheld, if necessary, by force.
Globalization, on the other hand, is a phenomenon. It has political, economic,
sociocultural, and technological dimensions 1, and refers to integration and inter-
connectedness across national boundaries along these dimensions. Because goods,
services, ideas, and people have always moved, to some extent, around the globe,
references to globalization today speak to a change in the magnitude of such
movement. It is a phenomenon of increased interconnectedness – increased flows of
goods, services, people, and ideas through traditional as well as new channels. This
increase has made the relationship of citizen and the nation state more complex.
Current globalization results from the global spread of capitalism, by
internationalization of functions of production, and by changes in communications
technology. Scholars differ on precise definitions of globalization, but there is
consensus that it involves blurring of boundaries. In this paper, “globalization” will
refer to “a cluster of related changes that are increasing the interconnectedness of
the world. These changes are occurring in, but not limited to, economic,
technological, cultural, and political realms. Furthermore, globalization is not
restricted to merely enhancing the interdependence of already existing entities or the
intensification of established networks or flows, but is also creating or facilitating
the creation of new ones 2.”
Two aspects of globalization have implications for citizenship. First, the movement
of people across national boundaries to live and work calls into question issues of
national identity and belonging, of membership in a polity, and of the rights that
accrue to that membership. Second, a hallmark of globalization is the existence of
transnational and multinational organizations that are overlays on national
sovereignty. These exist in parallel with the nation state and both complicate and
diffuse the rights and privileges that accrue to citizenship.

1
Croucher, Sheila L., Globalization and Belonging, The Politics of Identity in a Changing World, Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Lanham Maryland, 2004, page 10
2
Ibid, page 13
CITIZENSHIP, THE NATION-STATE, AND GLOBALIZATION

Culture and National Identity

An extensive academic literature explores the nature of culture and national identity,
its relationship to nation states, and to the rights of citizenship which derive from
membership in such states. Social scientists debate the extent to which culture and
identity is primordial, essential, fixed and given by nationality, ethnicity, and
religion. Samuel Huntington, in his book, Clash of Civilizations, is a prominent
proponent of this view3. An alternative view is of culture and identity as fluid and
socially constructed. This view argues that individuals have “any number of
identities. Some of these identities intersect or collide with others, and all vary in
salience across time and across contexts.”6 And, importantly, this view holds
identity to be malleable, shifting across time and place for individuals and for
societies.
The Nation as a Community of Citizens
A nation is more than a political boundary. It embodies a sense of shared identity
and history. Distinguishing between “a nation as a community of citizens from other
forms of historical or cultural collectives (ethnies) and from the state” 4 is necessary
to specific discussion of citizenship. The following definition of a nation state is
useful:
Like any political unit, the nation is defined by its sovereignty, exercised
internally to integrate the populations that it includes and, externally, to
assert itself as an historical subject in a global order founded on the existence
and relations between politically constituted nations. But its uniqueness is
that it integrates populations in a community of citizens, whose existence
legitimates the internal and external action of the state .

An integrated community of citizens confers legitimacy, or nationhood, on the state,

But if historical and cultural identities are antecedents of the political form of the
state, the salience of these antecedents is bound to increase during periods of flux.
Culture and identity matter when considering globalization because they impact the

3
Croucher, Sheila L., Op Cit, pages 36-37.
4
Schnapper, Dominique, Community of Citizens, On the Modern Idea of Nationality, Transaction Publishers,
New Brunswick New Jersey, 1998, page 12.
extent to which globalization’s blurring of boundaries affects the cohesion of the
community of citizens and therefore legitimacy of the nation state.

Effects of Globalization on Citizenship

• Under the impact of globalization individuality becomes the catchword and
national boundaries start to matter less. Consequently, these developments
challenge traditional conceptions of citizenship based on affiliation with a
territorial nation-state.
• Analysis of the effects of globalization on the constitution of political
communities and their membership, i.e. the question of citizenship is
important as the exploring of key questions concerning multiplicity,
marginalization, inclusion and exclusion.
• The emergence of the new and expanded forms of citizenship that are
evolving in response to globalization needs to be taken into consideration.
• Globalization has challenged the nation-state as the only source of
authority over citizenship and democracy.
• It has systematically interrogated the themes surrounding modern
citizenship-territoriality, identity, belongingness and allegiance.
• In this extremely complex and dynamic world globalization does not imply
that ‘the local’ and ‘the national’ are subordinate to ‘the global’. Rather,
it underlines the deepening as well as the broadening of the political process
in the sense that local, national and global events constantly interact and result
in systematic interdependencies.

Implication and Challenges of Citizenship in the age of globalization

Citizenship in the age of globalization is a complex and evolving concept that raises
fundamental questions about identity, rights, responsibilities, and the balance
between national sovereignty and global cooperation. It necessitates ongoing
discussions, adaptations in legal and political systems, and a recognition of the
interconnected nature of our world.
Globalization has given rise to transnational identities, dual or multiple citizenship,
and a sense of global interconnectedness. It has also brought forth new challenges,
including the need to address global issues, protect the rights of migrants and
stateless persons, and navigate the tension between nationalism and globalism.

1. Citizenship and Identity:

In a globalized world, individuals may identify with multiple communities and
cultures. This can lead to complex questions about one's sense of identity and
belonging. For example, a person born in one country, living in another, and married
to someone from yet another country might grapple with multiple loyalties and
affiliations.
2. Migration and Diaspora
The movement of people across borders has created diaspora communities that
maintain ties with their countries of origin. These communities can have significant
political, cultural, and economic influence both in their home countries and in their
host countries. This raises questions about the representation and rights of diaspora
communities.
3. Global Challenges and Responsibilities.
Global issues like climate change, human rights, and poverty require collective
global action. Individuals and organizations increasingly engage in global
citizenship, advocating for global solutions and participating in transnational
movements and initiatives.
4. Human Rights and Stateless Persons
Globalization has brought attention to the issue of statelessness, where some
individuals do not have citizenship in any country. This leaves them without many
basic rights and protections. International organizations and treaties aim to address
this issue, emphasizing the importance of universal human rights.
5. Dual and Multiple Citizenship:
Many countries allow for dual or multiple citizenship, where individuals can be
citizens of more than one country. This can be advantageous for individuals seeking
economic opportunities, family reunification, or political security, but it can also
create legal complexities and potential conflicts of interest.
6. Nationalism vs. Globalism:
The tension between nationalism and globalism is a central theme in contemporary
political discourse. Nationalist movements in various countries can clash with the
ideals of global citizenship, as they prioritize the interests and sovereignty of
individual nation- states
 Modern Citizenship

Modern citizenship refers to the legal and political status of individuals within a
specific nation-state in the contemporary era. It is a fundamental concept in political
science and sociology and plays a crucial role in defining the rights and
responsibilities of individuals in their relationship with the state. It's important to
note that the specific rights and responsibilities associated with modern citizenship
can vary from one country to another, as each nation has its own laws and regulations
governing citizenship. In recent years, discussions about citizenship have also
evolved in response to globalization, transnationalism, and the recognition of
universal human rights, challenging and expanding traditional notions of citizenship.
Modern citizenship is a complex and evolving concept that reflects the changing
nature of societies and the rights and responsibilities of individuals within them. It
is subject to ongoing debates, legal reforms, and efforts to address historical
injustices and inequalities while adapting to the challenges and opportunities of the
contemporary world.

Modern citizenship is characterized by several key elements :

1. Legal Status: Citizenship confers a specific legal status upon individuals,

granting them certain rights and protections under the laws of the nation-state. These
rights typically include the right to live and work within the country, access to public
services, and legal protections.

2. National Identity: Citizenship often involves a sense of national identity, which

can include cultural, linguistic, and historical ties to the nation. It shapes individuals'
allegiance to the country and their identification with the broader national
community.

3. Civic Participation: Citizens are expected to participate in the civic life of their
country. This participation can take various forms, including voting in elections,
paying taxes, serving on juries, and engaging in political and community activities.

4. Legal Protections: Citizens enjoy specific legal protections, such as the right to
a fair trial, equal treatment under the law, and due process. These protections help
safeguard their individual rights and freedoms.

5. Social and Economic Rights: Citizenship often includes access to social and
economic rights, such as healthcare, education, and social welfare programs. These
rights are meant to provide citizens with a certain standard of living and well-being.
6. Political Rights: Citizens typically have the right to participate in the political
process by voting in elections, running for office, and engaging in political activism.
They play a crucial role in shaping the policies and governance of the nation.

7. Responsibilities: Citizenship comes with responsibilities, including obeying the

laws of the country, paying taxes, and, in some cases, participating in military service
or national defense. These responsibilities are part of the social contract between
citizens and the state.

8. National Sovereignty: Citizenship is closely tied to the concept of national

sovereignty. Which asserts the authority of the nation-state over its territory and
citizens. It reflects the states’ rights to make decisions on matters of governance,
law, and foreign policy.

9. International Relations: Modern citizenship can have implications for

international relations. It defines who a country's citizens are and, as a result, affects
issues such as immigration policies, diplomatic relations, and trade agreements.

10. Citizenship Rights and Inequalities: The concept of modern citizenship has
evolved over time, and some groups, historically, have been excluded or
marginalized in the citizenship framework. Efforts to address these inequalities have
led to expanded rights and protections for previously excluded or disadvantaged
populations.

In summary, modern citizenship and citizenship in the age of globalization are

concepts that reflect the traditional and evolving nature of citizenship. While modern
citizenship is rooted in the legal and political status within a specific nation-state,
citizenship in the age of globalization acknowledges the impact of globalization on
individuals' identities, rights, and responsibilities, emphasizing the need for
international cooperation, recognition of transnational identities, and engagement
with global challenges. These concepts are interconnected and reflect the complex
nature of citizenship in contemporary society

Conclusion

Modern citizenship and citizenship in the age of globalization represent two

significant facets of the concept of citizenship in the contemporary world. While
modern citizenship is deeply rooted in the legal and political framework of nation-
states, citizenship in the age of globalization reflects the ongoing transformation of
this concept in response to the challenges and opportunities of an increasingly
interconnected world.

Modern citizenship is characterized by a recognized legal status, national identity, a

set of rights and protections, civic participation, and the responsibilities of citizens
within a specific nation-state. This traditional form of citizenship has been a
fundamental component of political and legal systems for centuries.

Citizenship in the age of globalization acknowledges the profound impact of

globalization on how individuals perceive their identity, their roles in addressing
global challenges, and their responsibilities beyond national boundaries. This
concept recognizes transnational identities, the importance of addressing global
issues, the role of digital technologies in shaping citizenship, the influence of
migration and diaspora communities, and the emergence of supranational
organizations that challenge traditional notions of sovereignty and citizenship.

Both concepts highlight the complex nature of citizenship in the modern world,
where individuals may navigate multiple affiliations, engage with global challenges,
and grapple with evolving questions of identity and belonging. As globalization
continues to shape our interconnected world, citizenship is likely to remain a subject
of ongoing discussion and adaptation, reflecting the changing dynamics of our global
society. The two concepts are interrelated and provide insights into the multifaceted
nature of citizenship in the contemporary era.