CHAPTER 3.

WIND POWER ENERGY

2019
Chapter 3. Wind power energy

▷ Contents

3.1 Overview of wind power generation

3.2 Aerodynamics of a windmill
3.3 Structure of wind turbine
3.4 Control of wind power devices
3.5 Trouble of wind turbine
3.6 Wind Power Generation Education Curriculum

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.1 Overview of wind power generation

3.1.1 Overview of wind power generation
Wind power generation is that convert wind energy to
mechanical energy by windmill rotator and finally generate
power trough driving a generator which get necessary energy
from mechanical energy.
So far, wind power generation is the most economical one that
advanced case apply renewable energy source.

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.1.2 The history of wind turbine

Fig. 3-1 Development stage from windmill to wind turbine

AD 500 ~ 900 used in Persia

In the late 19th century, windmill used in Netherland : milling, pumping
High torque and low drag windmill --> High speed windmill using lift,
generate power by the generator driving by windmill

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

Horizontal axis wind turbine Vertical axis wind turbine

Drag wind turbine Lift type wind turbine

Fig. 3-2 Types of wind turbine

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.1.3 Advantages of wind power

- There is no worry about depletion of wind as the energy source for

wind power generation
- Unlike conventional fossil have no environmental pollutions
- Wind turbine 200kW = coal 120-200 ton
- Reduction of pollutant emissions: 2~3.2 ton of SO2, 1.2~2.4 ton of Nox,
300~500 ton of CO2 and 16~28 ton of slag and dust.
- Downscale of space

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

Usual
capacity Price
[kW] Hub height
[m] [$]

Adjoining areas be enlarged to 20 times

Reduction in price for 10 times of wind turbine

Fig. 3-3 The economics of wind power

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy
3.2 Aerodynamics of a windmill
3.2.1 Characteristic of natural wind

Fig. 3-4 Generation and flow of natural wind

- The natural wind is always changing: wind speed, wind direction

- The earth surface friction affects on wind speed
- An important component of the wind is the air density,
Reduce the density 7% and 1% at temperature 20 ℃and in the
height of 100m respectively
Normal density is 1.225kg/m3

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.2.2 Aerodynamics of a windmill

 Besz’s momentum theory

Fig. 3-5 Model of the air flow passing through the wings

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 Chapter 3. Wind power energy

Flow difference of exterior pipe (3.1)

Law of conservation of momentum (3.2)

Continuity equation

(3.3)

Bernoulli theorem which is the Law of energy conservation

(3.4)

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(3.5)
From equation (3.4) and (3.5) (3.6)

From equation (3.3) and (3.6) (3.7)

substitute to equation ( 3.7)

(3.8)

Interference factor a

The ratio of main stream Uo and the difference with rotor speed u

(3.9)

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

From equation (3.8) and (3.9)

(3.10)

If considering all loosed fluid momentum transmit to output power of windmill

(3.11)

From equation (3.9) , (3.10) and (3.11)

(3.12)
Power efficiency Cp

The ratio of output energy flow through the projected area

(3.13)

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

Differentiate Cp by (3.14)

Offer maximum efficiency

Substitute a=1/3 to equation ( 3.13)

The maximum efficiency of Betz’s windmill is 59.3%

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

Drag type windmill

Powerper
Power perunit
unitarea
areaacting
actingononobject
objectwith
withwind
windspeed
speedVoVo

(3.15)
Cp is the drag coefficient

The relative wind velocity to windmill

Rear velocity

Per unit area output power of windmill

Fig. 3-6 Model of windmill on drag type

(3.16)

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

Maximum output coefficient of drag type windmill at V=1/3

(3.17)

The maximum output coefficient for drag type windmill is about 0.15
which against to maximum value of 0.593 with lift type of windmill.

Table 3-1. Drag coefficient of typical object

Shape of object Drag coefficient Reynolds number
Steam reforming (SR) 1.2 103 to 105
Partial oxidation (POX) 2.0 >104
Auto thermal reforming(ATR) 2.3 >104
1.2 >104
0.6 104 to 105
1.33 >104
0.34 >104
0.51(a=60 o)
0.34(a=30 o) >104

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.3.1 The structure of wind turbine

Turbine axis
Disc brake
Gear box Flexible coupling
Hub
Generator

Hydraulic supply equipment

Main axis Yaw motor

Base frame Yaw drive

Fig. 3-7 The internal structure of medium size horizontal

axis windmill nacelle
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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

Rotate axis (C) and gearbox (D) by rotation

Wind flow Wind passing trough rotor(A) of rotor blade
Rotate blade(B) Rotating generators
Generate electricity power

Fig. 3-8 Transmission mechanism of wind power

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.3.2 Key components of wind turbine

(1) Blade

Fig. 3-9 Rotor blade shape and the manufacturing process

- A device to convert wind energy to torque

- Materials: Fiber, Susan, balsa foam
- Structure: Distribution load deformation, allowing minimum light weight and high strength
- Non stiffness material consider the centrifugal force, bending and free vibration

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(2) Hub Rotor

Fig. 3-10 Appearance of hub rotor

- Blade mounted on the hub

- Transmit the wind energy into mechanical energy
- The control system to cope with wind fluctuation
- Maintain the structural strength and durability with fluctuant loads

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(3) Main axis

Fig. 3-11 Appearance of main shaft

- Rotate with connected hub and generate power

- Configured by various bearing system configuration
- Supporting blade bearings and yaw bearings
- Require structure and rigidity for stand strong torsion and rigidity and shock power

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(4) Gear train

Pitch gear

Gear box
Yaw drive

Fig. 3-12 Reducer and speedincreasers

- Composed of pitch decelerator, yaw decelerator and gear box
- The pitch gear control the pitch by rotate the blade
- Yaw gear control position by rotate nacelle

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

High speed,
In Gear
low torque

Low speed,
High torque

Fig. 3-13 Wind energy transfer through gear train

- Gear
-Gear box rotation
box: slow : 저회전15~40rpm,
15~40rpm
high고토크
torque 입력동력
gear up
을power
input 1,000~1,800rpm속도로 증속
with 1000~1,800rpm so 고회전,
convert 저토크의
to high rotation
and출력동력으로
low torque of output
변환하는 power
장치
저속에서
- Receive 동적힘을
dynamic 크게low
force with 받음으로
speed so고장,
cause수명단축
trouble
and-소형경량화,
shorten the operational
높은 신뢰성,life 긴수명 요구됨

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(5) Nacelle

Fig. 3-14 Mainframe of nacelle

- Construction for mounting and fixing the power transmission device exactly
- Protect major mechanical components from external environment
- Control the rotor axis always direct to wind

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(6) Yaw drive

Fig. 3-15 Yawing gear

-Blade rotation device: To keep the rotation section facing the wind direction
-Electronically controlled and equipped with drive motor, gear box, brake and
bearing

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(7) Pitch gear

Fig. 3-16 Pitch gear and pitch reducer

Adjusting device of control blade pitch angle

Control pitch angle: Start operating to get the starting torque of the
rotor, maintain the rated output at the over rated wind speed
condition, adjust the pitch position to stop, object is to mitigate
wide fluctuation load induced vibration

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(8) Brake

Fig. 3-17 Brake

- Mechanical brake will be on in case of strong wind

-Fix and inspection
- For the purpose of stopping the rotor with an emergency

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(9) Generator

Fig. 3-18 Induction generator

- Synchronous generator: a generator runs at same speed of internal
rotor speed and the magnetic field speed. In practice, usually
installed where with a nearly constant average wind speed.
- Induction generators: when the generator synchronous speed over
1,500 rpm, the internal rotor speed will become faster than the
speed of the rotating magnetic field so induced a strong currents.
Simple structure and high reliability are its advantages.

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(10) Tower

Fig. 3-19 Installation process of wind turbine

Situate the wind turbines at a certain height and sustain structure.
Generally installed where necessary to achieve high quality wind:
a high rigidity and stability required therefore stable foundation is
important

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.4 Control of wind power devices

3.4.1 System control by wind
Q

substantive
area
continuous rating

Wind speed V

Windmill torque Q RPM Ω

Fig. 3-20 Concept of windmill control for power generation

Maximum output coefficient Cpmax is conic section

Rated output Pmax=QV hyperbola

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.4.2 Output control

operating point
(1) Variable pitch control
angle of pitch small
feather

feathering
angle of pitch large

wind output

angle of pitch small

rated output

wind speed
Fig. 3-21 Concept of variable pitch control
- Control the all blade pitch, maintain the rotor maximum
efficiency state, complex hub structure
- Control rotation by enlarge the pitch angle to wind flow in
after reach the rated output
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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(2) Tip control

- Control of the pitch at tip blade only

- Simple hub and blade mounting
- Removing all part is unnecessary for maintenance
- Need actuator mounting space inside the blade.
It is difficult with high speed rotation by thin blade

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

(3) Speed control wind

operating point
Fixed pitch

Operating
point

output

torsion large
Max (high rotation)

(small) (large) output

torsion small
(low rotation)
angle of attack
wind
Fig. 3-22 The concept of substantial control
Increased wind speed enlarge the relative influx angle of rotor
blade consequently induce flow detachment in the back of blade
and this become the real speed state, restrain the rotation that
loss of lift force

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.5 Trouble of wind turbine

3.5.1 Loads that cause damage

Fig. 3-23 Examples of breakage of various parts

- The influence of wind condition variation by external exposure
- Sudden load variations, excessive shock loads accompany by braking
-Weak and long time vibrations of the rotor by wind
- Partial damage caused by concentrated load

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

Situation due to the system discrepancy

Fig. 3-24 Examples of accidents for wind turbine

-Overflow caused by typhoon

-Excessive load when generator interlocked in grid
-Abnormal state due to climate change

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.5.2 Industrial development of wind turbine system

cast

transformer industrial machines

generator

electric motor /
drive train

power electronics / reduction

power converter Electric power technology /
system interconnection

Fig. 3-25 Industrial development of wind turbine system

Require overall development of industrial infrastructure according to
advanced technology industry which concentrate modern primary industries

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.6 Wind Power Generation Education Curriculum

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.6 Wind Power Generation Education Curriculum

Wind Power Generation Experiment Equipment

Wind Power Generation Experiment

Equipment (KTE-7000WG)

 Real wiring training kit connected with wind

power generating system.
 Test on wind power generation using a fan.
 Stand-alone inverter system circuit
configuration
 Grid-connected inverter circuit configuration
 Collection of experimental data through data
monitoring device.

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.6 Wind Power Generation Education Curriculum

 Educational Objective
1. To know the basic configuration of renewable energy system control
2. To have an understanding on management and driving technologies to find a good efficiency of solar – wind power
generation system which can be applied in the real field by doing experiment.

 Educational Content
1. Calculated output voltage, current measurement test and the module efficiency of the photovoltaic module in
accordance with the change in load resistance
2. Measurement of output voltage and current of solar module according to the change of solar radiation
3. Measurement of output voltage and current of solar module according to serial and parallel connection of module
4. Measurement of output voltage and current of photovoltaic modules according to shading when modules are
connected in series or parallel
5. Generator efficiency measurement experiment according to the wind speed of the wind turbine
6. Practice of configuration of stand-alone inverter
7. Charge Controller Overcharge Prevention Characteristic experiment
8. Battery discharge characteristic experiment
9. Experiment of the measurement of the end voltage by discharging experiment of battery
10. Prediction of Battery Charge / Discharge State (SOC)
11. Battery life estimation based on battery capacity calculation
12. Stand-alone inverter efficiency test
13. Practice of Configuration of Grid-connected Inverter
14. Grid-connected inverter efficiency experiment
15. Grid-connected inverter load operation experiment

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.6 Wind Power Generation Education Curriculum

Hybrid Power Conversion Experiment Equipment

DAQ Software

Hybrid Power Conversion Experiment Equipment (KTE-HB520N)

 This equipment able to use for simulation of stand-alone inverter and grid inverter by applying hybrid
system from 2 energy sources, solar and wind.

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.6 Wind Power Generation Education Curriculum

Machine Part of Power Conversion Equipment

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Chapter 3. Wind power energy

3.6 Wind Power Generation Education Curriculum

Control Panel of Power Conversion Equipment

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Thank You !

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