it MATRIX OLYMPAD The Mos movatv slant Recognition Exam CHEMISTRY ‘Campus : Piprali Road, Sikar, Rajasthan 332001 Phone : 01572-24191, 01572-243911 Website: www.matrixedu.in.Few words for the Reader: Dear Reader, “Matrix Olympiad is established to encourage school students o go a step further than their regular studies, and get a chance and exposure to competition on a wide scale. It also helps students enhance their learning of basic cognitive skills and deeper knowledge of subjects like Science, Mathematics, English, Mental Ability, Social Studies. “Matrex Olympiad helps students murture their minds for higher targets of tomorrow and enables them to study School for JEE, NEET, CLAT, NDA, Olympiads, NSEJS, NISE , STSE etc." ‘The above thought has been our guiding principle while designing and collating the study material for Matrix Olympiad . And hence, we hope that this particular ‘material will be helpful towards your preparation for Matrix Olympiad. Our team at MATRIX has put in their best efforts for making this particular mod- ule interesting and relevant for you. Additional efforts have been made to ensure that the content is easy to understand and error free to the extent possible, How- ever, there might remain some inadvertent errors in answer keys and theoretical portion and we would welcome your valuable feedback regarding the same, If there are any suggestions for corrections, please write to us at smd(@matrixacademy.co.in and we would be highly grateful Finally, we would like o end this message by a famous quote by Ernest Hemingway - "There is no friend as loyal as a book." So, please give your study material the time and attention it deserves, and it will surely help you reach newer heights in ‘your fight with competition examinations, With love and best wishes ! ‘Team MATRIXCHAPTER PAGENO. MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS IS MATTER AROUND US PUREMATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Concepts Introduction 1. Physical Nature of Matter 2. Characteristics of Particles of Matter 3. States of Matter 3.1 The Solid State 3.2 The Liquid State 3.3 The Gaseous State 4. Fourth and Fifth State of Matter 41 Plasma 4.2 Bose-Einstein Condensate 5. Comparision of the Characteristics of Three states of Matter 6. Can Matter Change its State 6.1 Altering the Temperature of Matter Solid to Liquid Change : Melting Liquid to solid Change : Freezing s& Liquid to Gas Change : Boiling or Vaporisation @ Gas to Liquid Change : Condensation s Solid to Gas or Gas to solid Change : Sublimation 6.2 Altering the pressure of Matter 7. Latent Heat(Hidden Heat) 7.1 Latent Heat of fusion 7.2 Latent Heat of Vaporisation 8 Temperature Time Graph 9. Evaporation 9.1 Factors Affecting Evaporation 9.2 Differences between Evaporation and Boiling 9.3 Cooling Caused by Evaporation Solved Examples NCERT Solutions Exercise - I (Competitive Exam Pattern) Exercise - II (Board Pattern Type) Answer Key Water ater Stir Salt bas £8 2 2 |g < b 2 g 2 2 3 = & Salt a g S gq & z a eb g @ 2 2 3 3OR Class 9 [Chemistry] a ff INTRODUCTIC There are a large number of things around us which we see and feel. For example, we can see a book in front of us. A book occupies some space. The space occupied by the bookis called its volume. If we pick up the book, we can also feel its weight. So, we conclude that the book has some mass, We cannot see the air around us, yet if we fill aballoon: air and then weigh it carefully, we will find that not only does air occupy space (bounded by the balloon), but italso has mass, Things like a book and air are examples of matter. Other examples of matter are wood, cloth, paper, ice, steel, water, ol ete Further, that matter offers resistance is bome out by the fact that we cannot displace an object from one place to another without applying some force. We have to apply force to pick up a stone from the ground. Thus, matter can be defined as follows - Anything that occupies space, has mass and offers resistance is called matter. Hil prysicaL NATURE OF MATTER From along time there were two views about the physical nature of matte (a) Continuous nature, Like a block of wood or sheet of glass. (b) Particulate nature, that matter is made up of particles like sand To understand whether the matter is continuous or partielulate in nature hold a sheet of glassin your hand, it appears continuous, Now throw s shows that mater isnot onthe floor, it breaks into small or tiny particles continuous butis made up of small particle. In fact, all matter in this universe is made up of small particles, These particle which make up all the maitet-around us are either atoms or molecules however these particles differ from one kind of matter to the other. Thus Matteris made up of large number of particles and size of these particles are very small. WerwimnatieediiyOM Class 9 [Chemistry] Aa LAB TIME \ © Objective : To demonstrate that the particles of a matter are very small. ‘ Preparation Materials : Potassium permanganate crystals, water and beakers. © Procedure: 1. Take a2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate and dissolve in 100 mL of water. 2. Take 10 mL of this purple solution and mix with 90 mL of fresh water in second beaker, 3. Take 10 mL of this second solution and mix with 90 mL of fresh water in third beaker. 4, Take 10 mL ofthis third solution and mix with 90 mL of fresh water in fourth beaker. Dilute the solution five to six times, © Observation : The water in the last beaker is still coloured and is ight pink now, © Conelusion : Just 2-3 crystals of potassium permanganate produce purple colour in large volume of water. It shows that the particles of matter are very small |CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER (a) The particles of matter have spaces between them The particles of matter have some spaces between them. It can be understood by following activity. WerwimnatieediiySO Class 9 [Chemistry] a LAB TIME \ * Objective : To demonstrate that the particles of a matter have spaces between them Preparation Materials Required : Salt or sugar, Beaker and water © Procedure: 1.Takeabeaker and fill it half with water, 2. Mark the level of water 3, Dissolve some salt or sugar in it + Observation : Water level remains the same as earlier. © Conclusion : When sugar or salt is dissolved in water, the particles of sugar or salt get into the spaces between particles of water. (b) The particles of matter are constantly moving The particles of matter move constantly, This property can be explained by following activity LAB TIME 4 —_ # Objective : To demonstrate that the particles of a matter are continuously moving. Experiment-1 * Preparation Materials Required : Incense stick and match Box # Procedure : Light an incense stick (agarbatti) in one corner of a room. * Observation : The fragrance spreads in the entire room quickly © Conclusion : The vapours of incense stick get mixed with air and move rapidly in the room. ‘Thus particles of matter are in continuous motion, Experiment-2 * Preparation Materials Required : Crystals of copper sulphate , water and beakers © Procedure : Put a few crystals of copper sulphate in a beaker containing water. Do not stir * Observation : The water of the whole beaker turns blue after some time. * Conclusion : The spreading of blue colour of copper sulphate is due to the movement of copper sulphate and water particles, Rene worwamatrixedcinOR Class 9 [Chemistry] a Focus Point Diffusion : “Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.” Itisthe phenomenon in which the movement of molecules or particles oceur from their higher concentration towards their lower concentration e.g. : When a perfume bottle is opened in one comer of room, its fragrance spreads in the whole room quickly. This happens because the particles of perfume move rapidly in all directions and mix with the moving particles of arin the room, Experiment : We take a gas jar full of bromine vapours and invert another gas jar containinig air over it, then after some time, the red-brown vapours of bromine spread out into the upper gas jar containing air. Conclusion : In this way, the upper gas jar which contains colourless air init, also turns red-brown, The mixing is due to the diffusion of bromine vapours (or bromine gas) into air. Afr some tine , Redon ‘Ditson Getrown) Figure : Diffusion of bromine vapour into air (0) The particles of matter attract each other : There are some forces of attraction between the particles of matter which bind them together It an be understood by following activity ens Sans Ieee oe 4 —¥§— ‘© Objective : To demonstrate the strength of attractive forces between particles of different ids of matter * Materials Required : Iron nail, piece of chalk, ice cube and hammer. *# Procedure : Take an ron nail, apiece of chalk and a cube of'ice. Try to break each of them by beating with a hammer. ‘* Observation : Itis very easy to break the piece of chalk into smaller particles, It requires more force to break a cube ofice whereas the iron nail does not break at all * Conclusion ; The force of attraction between particles of chalk is weaker than that ofice while the force of attraction between particles of ron is very strong, WerwimnatieediiyOR Cass 9 [Chemistry] All Dy Focus Point * Cohesive Force : The force of attraction between the particles of same substances is called cohesive force. * Adhesive Force : The force of attraction between the particles of different substances is called adhesive force Ei stares or MATTER On the basis of physical states, all matter can be classified into three groups:- (i) Solids (ii) Liquids (ii) Gases EMD tHe soup stare A solid is that state of matter which has definite shape, mass and volumne eg. : Ice, wood, coal, iron ete Properties : (i) Solids have a definite mass and definite volume. (ii) Solids havea definite shape. (ii) Solids have negligible compressibility (iv) Solids have high densities () The intermolecular forces in solids are very strong. (vi) The dimensions of solid do‘Adt increase in large proportion on heating or on cooling. (vii) S THE LIQUID STATE A liquid is state of matter which Ras definite mass and volume but no definite shape diffuse into one another very slowly. e.g: Water, aleohol, milk, mercury ete: Properties : (i) Liquidshave a definite mass and volume. (ii) Liquids do not have a definite shape i) Liquids are slightly more compressible than that of solids (iv) Density ofliquidsis lesser than that of solids (v) The force of attraction between the molecules of liquids is less than that of solids (vi) Liquids expand far more than solids on heating, (vil) The particles of wo different liquids can diffuse in one another easily to form homogeneous mixture. Rene worwamatrixedcinOR Cass 9 [Chemistry] All E] THE GASEOUs STATE A gasisa state of matter, which has definite mass, but no definite shape and no definite volume. eg. :0,,N,,H, ete Properties : (i)A gas contained in a vessel has a definite mass. (ii) Gases do not have definite shape and volume. (ii) Gases are highly compressible because intermolecular spaces between them are very-very large as compared to solids and liquids. (iv) Density of gasesis extremely small as compared to solids and liquids (¥) Intermolecular forces are negligible. (vi) Gases expand to large extent when heated. (vii) Gases diffuse in one another rapidly to form homogeneous mixture 2» RIGID AND FLUID (a) Rigid : Rigid means unbending or inflexible. A solid isa rigid form of matter so that it maintains its shape Focus Point when subjected to outside force. (b) Fluids : Fluids are the substances which have tendency to flow. A liquid isa fluid form of matter which occupies the space of the container. Liquids have a well defined surface. A gasis a fluid form of matter whic fills the whole container in which itis kept. ** Liquids and gases are known as fluids Bi rourTH AND FIFTH STATE OF MATTER PLASMA Itis the fourth state of matter. Scientists are reported o have discovered a new state of matter which is called plasma state. This state does not fitinto any ofthe known three states of matter. Hence, itis often called the fourth state ofmatter. Plasma state consists of highly ionized gas in which the particles exist in super energetic and super excited states The discovery of plasma has found some practical applications, We very well know about fluorescent tubes and neon sign bulbs, The fluorescent tubes contain helium or some other gas, When electric current is passed through the gas, it produces glowing plasma, having a characteristic colour depending upon the nature of the gas. Plasma is produced in the sun and in the stars due to high temperature, Itis the presence of plasma that makes them glow. Werwimnatieediiy ReneOR Cass 9 [Chemistry] All BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE Itis the fifth state of matter. In 1920, the noted Indian scientist Satyendra Nath Bose on the basis of his statistical calculations gave the concept of the fifth state of matter, Einstein too predicted the possibility of such a state, Later three American scientists succeeded in obtaining this state by supercooling a gas of extremely low density, The process is called Bose- Einstein condensation, and this state of matter is called Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) COMPARISION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE STATES OF MATTER Property Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state linerparticke spaces [Very small spaces [Comparatively lage spaces than sods _|Very large spaces [interparticle forees [Very sirong Weak [Very weak INawre [Very hard and rigid FI Highly uid [Compressibiliy _[Neghgible Very small [Highly compressible, [Shape and volume [Dette shape and volume [Indefinite shape, bul definite volume _|Indefinte shape as wellas volume Density High Less than sold state Very low density IKinetio energy Low [Comparatively high than sols Very high [Dittusion INegiibie [Slow Very fas Focus Point + Gases are Highly Compressible therefore (1) LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is used in our home for cooking, (2) Oxygen cylinders supplied to hospitals contain liquid oxygen. (3) These days C.N.G. (Compressed Natural Gas) is used as fuel in vehicles +» Gaseous particles move randomly at high speed and hit each other and also walls of the container, so exert pressure. [CAN MATTER CHANGE ITS STATE We all know from our observation that water can exist in three states of matter-solid as ice, liquid as the familiar water and gas as water vapour A substance may exist in three states of matter ie, solid, liquid or gas depending upon the conditions of tempera- ture and pressure, By changing the conditions of temperature and pressure, all three states could be obtained The phenomenon of change of matter from one state to another state and back to original state, by altering the conditions of temperature and pressure, scalled interconversion of states of matter. The various states of matter can be interchanged into one another by altering the conditions of - (a) Temperature (b) Pressure Rene worwamatrixedcinmm MATRIX Class—9 [Chemistry] Heat —— Cool Tee Water Steam (Solid) (Liquid) (Gas) Solid to Liquid Change : Melting + Theprocessin whicha solid changes to aliquid on heating is called melting or fusion, + The temperature at which a solid changes into liquid at atmospheric pressure is called melting point of the substance «+ Higher the melting point, stronger are the forees of attraction between the particles e.g, : Ice at 0°C changes into water at 0°C, when heat energy is Supplied to it Liquid to solid Change : Freezing Ey + The process of changing a liquid into solid by coolingis called freezing, « Freezin, 's also called solidfication and is reverse of melting «+ Thetemperature at which a liquid freezes to becomea solid at atmospheric pressure is called the freezing point e.g, : Waterat 0°C changes into Ice at 0°C, when cooling it. Lele LS The numerical value of melting point and boling points same Melting point of ice = Freezing point of water = 0°C Liquid to Gas Change : Boiling or Vaporisation 2] + Theprocessin which a liquid substance changes into a gas on heating is called boiling or vaporisation «The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes i the liquid. «Impurities increase the boiling point of liquids. * Boiling point of water is taken as 373 K at | atm pressure. ‘« Higher the boiling point, stronger are the forces of attraction between the particles. e.g. : Water at 100°C changes into water vapour at 100°C, when heat is supplied to it. (0 gas at atmospheric pressure is called boi point of Rene worwamatrixedcinSO Class 9 [Chemistry] Focus Point Differences between Gas and Vapour «A substance is said to be a gasifits boiling point is below room temperature, For example, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc, Ifthe normal physical state of a substance is either a solid or a liquid but gets converted into the gaseous state either on its own or by absorbing energy, the gaseous state is called the vapour state. For example, vapours of water in air + Inpressure cooker, water is subjected to heating in a closed vessel in confined space. The steam ‘generated in fixed volume increases the pressure beyond the normal atmospheric pressure so the boiling point of water rises above 100 °C. Because the temperature of cooking mediums greater than the normal boiling point, the food gets cooked at a faster rate Gas to Liquid Change : Condensation EZ « The process of changing a gas to liquid on cooling is called condensation + Condensation isthe reverse of vaporisation « The constant temperature at which a gas changes into liquid state by giving out heat energy at atmo spheric pressure is called condensation point Focus Point ‘The numerical value of condensation point and boiling point is same. Condensation point of water vapour = Boiling point of water= 100°C Solid to Gas or Gas to solid Change : Sublimation ZY « The process of change ofa solid state directly to gaseous state on heating and vice-versa on cooling without passing through the liquid stateis called sublimation solid “2 Vapour « Agaseous state directly formed froma solid on heating is known as sublime. A solid state of matter formed directly from its gaseous state on cooling is known as sublimate. WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All « Few examples of the substances which sublime are camphor, ammonium chloride, naphthalene, iodine, solid carbon dioxide, ete Cotton plug Inverted funnel ‘Ammonium ‘chloride solified China dish Focus Point . SCALE OF MEASURING TEMPERATURE There are three scales of temperature Celsius scale (°C), Fahrenheit scale (°F) and Kelvin scale (K) K=273 +°C = 2 eC) +32 =3 C0, ALTERING THE PRESSURE OF MATTER The difference in various states of matter is due to the different intermolecular spaces between their particles. So when a gas is compressed the intermolecular space between its particles decreases and ultimately it will be con- verted into liqui Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance. So, high pressure and low temperature can liquefy gases. e.g. : Carbon dioxide (CO, isa gas under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. It can be liquefied by compressing it to a pressure 70 times more than atmospheric pressure, Solid CO, is known as ‘Dry ice”. Solid CO, is extremely cold and used to ‘deep freeze’ food and to keep ice-cream cold Rene worwamatrixedcinClass—9 [Chemistry] Mm MATRIX 4 suns ‘ MATTER a es i Zi Figure : Inter Conversion of States of Matter LAB TIME 4 —¥§ ‘© Objective : To demonstrate that the temperature remains constant during the change of state. Preparation Materials Required : Ice, thermometer and beaker © Procedure: (i) Take about 100 g of ice in a beaker. Hanga laboratory thermometer, int such that its bulb isin contact withice )) Note down the intial temperature and start heating the beaker. Note the temperature when ice starts changing to water. (iv) Note the temperature when the complete ice has been converted to water. (¥) Continue heating and note the temperature when water starts changing to vapours. (vi) Note the temperature when most of the water has vaporised. Figure : Conversion of Iee into Water and Water into Water Vapour © Observations : There isno change in temperature tll all the ice melts though heating continues. ‘Temperature remains constant at 0°C Once the ice is converted to water, the temperature starts rising tll the water begins to boil. Once the water starts boiling, the temperature remains constant at 100°C till all the water has changed into vapours. © Conclusion : During the change of state from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas, the temperature remains constant tll ll the solid has melted or all the liquid has vaporised. The heat energy supplied is used up in overcoming the forces of attraction and hence the thermometer does not show any rise in temperature. Twirwimatrixediin AreteOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All EALAveNT HEAT(HIDDEN HEAT) It is observerd that the temeprature of the system does not change after melting point is achieved till all the ice melts, though we continue to heat the beaker, This happens because the heat supplied is used up in changing the state by breaking the intermolecular forces of attraction which hold them in solid state. As a result, there is no change in temperature tll all the ice melts. This energy required to change solid into liquid is called “latent heat” ‘The word “latent” means “hidden” because this energy is hidden into the contents of the beaker. Latent heat is of two types (a) Latent heat of fusion (b) Latent heat of vaporization EM vavenr near oF FUSION « Itis defined as the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure without any change in temperature at its melting point. «« Itis observed that latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34 * 10° Ikg or 80 keal/kg « Iceat 273 K is more effective in cooling than water at 273 K. This is dueto the reason that for melting, each kilogram of ice absorbs latent heat OF 3.347 10° joules fram the substance and hence cools the substance more effectively LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION « Itis defined as the amount of heat energy required to change I kg of the liquid into vapour at its boiling point without any change in temperature. « Latent heat of vaporisation of water is 22.5 «10° J/kg or 540 kcal/kg, ‘¢ Steam contains more heat in the form of latent heat than boiling water. TEMPERATURE TIME GRAPH ‘We can show the change’of teniperature with time in the form of a temperature-time graph drawn by using the readings obtained in the above experiment Such a temperature-time graph is shown in figure. Rene worwamatrixedcinOM Class 9 [Chemistry] ‘We can understand the above graph by taking an example of water. In this graph at point A, we have alice. As we heat it, the ice starts melting to form water but the temperature of ice and water mixture does not rise. Itremains constant at 0°C during the melting of ce. At point B, all the ice has melted to form water. Thus, we have only water at point B. Now, on heating beyond point B, the temperature of water (formed from ice) starts rising as shown by the sloping line BC in the graph. When the temperature of water reaches its boiling point ie; 100°C, water starts converting into steam. But during the process of boiling, temperature does not rise and thus constant temperature is observed (line CD). At point D all the water has boiled to form steam. Thus, we have only steam at point D. Now on heating beyond point D, the temperature of steam rises as shown by the sloping line DE, Ba evaroration «The process of conversion of aliquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation + Atany given temperature, the kinetic energy of some particles on the surface of liquid is high enough to overcome the forces of attraction by other particles, hence they leave the quid and are converted into vapours + During evaporation, aliquid absorbs heat energy from any other body in contact withit or from the surroundings ER FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION There are various factors which effect process of evaporation. (i) Temperature: the increase in temperature the rate of evaporation increases. Rate of evaporation aT Reason : On increasing temperature more number of particles get enough K.E, to go into the vapour state, (ii) Surface Area : Rate of evaporation « Surface area Since evaporation isa surface phenomena, ifthe surface area is increased, the rate of evaporation increases. So, while putting clothes for drying up we spread them out. i) Humidity of Air: Rate of evaporation a Humidity Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air. When humidity of air islow, the rate of evaporation is high and water evaporates more readily, When humidity of ar is high, the rate of evaporation is low and water evapo- rates very slowly. WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All (iv) Wind Speed : Rate of evaporation o Wind speed With the increase in wind speed, the particles of water vapour move away with the wind. So the amount of water vapour decreases in the surroundings, (v) Nature of substance : Substances with high boiling points will evaporate slowly, while substances with low boiling points will evaporate quickly EF] pirFERENCES BETWEEN EVAPORATION AND BOILING ‘Evaportion Boiling Itis a surface phenomenon Itis bulk phenomenon Itis occurs at all temperatures below B.P. It occurs at B-P. only. The rate of evaportion depends upon the surface area of the liquid, humidity temperatue| & wind speed The rate of boiling does not depend upon the surface area, wind speed, and| humidity, COOLING CAUSED BY EVAPORATION The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact that when a liquid evaporates, it draws (or takes) the latent heat of vaporisation from “anything” which it touches, For example (i) We Wear Cotton Clothes in Si ler: During summer, we perspire more because of the mechanism of ourbody which keeps us cool. During evapora- tion, the particles atthe surface ofliquid gain energy from the surroundings or body surface. The heat energy equal to latent heat of vaporisation, is absosbed from the body, leaving the body cool. Cotton, being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing the sweat (ii) Pouring the acetone on our palit If we pour some acetone or ether or nail polish remover on our palm then we feel cool because the energy needed for evaporation is taken from our palm. Hence, our palm feels cooling (iii) Sprinkling of water on the open ground after a hot sunny day : The sprinkling of water of the open ground or roof after a hot sunny day causes the cooling of the surface of roof because the water evaporates by absorbing heat from the ground and the surrounding air. In this way the ground or roof become cool and we feel comfort. Werwimnatieediiy rt TortOM Class 9 [Chemistry] (ivyWe see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice cold water Take some ice cold water ina glass, Soon we will see water droplets on the outer surface of the glass. The water vapour present in air on coming in contact with the cold glass of water loses energy and gets converted to liquid state which we see as water droplets. (v) Water keeps cool in the earthen pot(matki) during summer When the water oozes out of the pores of an earthen pot, during hot summer, it evaporates rapidly. Asthe cooling caused by evaporation, therfore, the temperature of water within the pot falls and hence it becomes cool. (vi) Rapid cooling of hot tea: It tea is too hot to sip, we pour it in the saucer. In doing so, we increase the surface area and the rate of evaporation increases, This in turn causes cooling and the tea attains a desired temperature for sipping, (vii) A wet handkerchief is placed on the forehead of a person suffering from high fever : The logic behind placing wet cloth is that asthe water fiom the wet loth evaporates, it takes heat from the skull and the brain within it. This, in turn, lowers the temperature of brain and protects it from any damage due to high ‘temperature. WerwimnatieediiyiT SOLVED EXAMPLES tl seg What celsius and kelvin temperature correspond. to 68°F? Ans. To convert °F to °C °F - 32°)x $/9= (68 - 32) x 5/9 = 20°C K =°C +273 = 20 + 273 = 293 K sE.B Few iodine crystals are kept in a conical flask, it is stoppered and kept undisturbed fora long time. A few crystals are seen near the mouth and sides of the flask. Explain, Over a period of time iodine molecules sublime and are converted into gas. Some of these gas molecules condense back on the surface of the flask and near the mouth of the flask to form iodine crystals, fr 3 | Ordinary water boils at 100°C, Can it be made to boil at 95°C or 105°C? Yes. The boiling point ofa liquid depends upon the pressure acting on it. Water boils at 100°C at | atm pressure. If the pressure is reduced, it can be made to boil at lower temperature and ifthe pressure is increased it can be made to boil at higher temperature Ans, Ans. What happens to the heat energy supplied when the solid starts melting? Ans. The temperature of the molten liquid remains constant till the complete solid melts, The heat energy supplied is converted into latent heat of fusion. The temperature starts rising only after the complete solid is converted to liquid The melting points of two solids X and ¥ are 300 K and 400 K respectively. Which has more interparticle forces? Ans, Y has more inter particle force because higher melting point shows more energy is required to break interparticle forces How do aquatic plants survive? Ans. The air contains gases like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ete, These gases dissolve in water by the process of diffusion, The oxygen and carbon dioxide are taken up by aquatic animals and plants respectively for their survival se.B What are the factors which are responsible for bringing a change in the physical state of a substance? Ans, _‘Temperatute and pressure are two factors which can bring about the change in physical state, But they have opposing effect. Increase in temperature separate the particles of a substance apart while increase in pressure brings them closer How can the evaporation of a liquid be made faster? Ans. (i) By increasing the surface area (ii) By increasing the temperature (iii) By blowing wind (iv) By decreasing the humidity 1 9 | Why is solid carbon dioxide known as dry ice? Why isiit stored under high pressure? Solid carbon dioxide directly changes into carbon dioxide gas without passing through the liquid state. Itis an extremely cold substance and does not wet the surface. Hence, itis called dry ice. It is stored under high pressure because on decreasing the pressure, solid carbon dioxide is directly converted to ga: Ans. Werwimnatieediiyq n ONLY 1 2. INE CORREC ia Which of following is not matter ? (A) Joy (B) Pen (©)Pencil (D) Air Name the process by which a drop of ink spreads ina beaker of water. (A) Diffusion (C) Condensation (B) Vaporization (D) Sublimation Which of the following has the strongest interparticle force at the room temperature? (A) Nitrogen (B) Mereury (Cron (D) Chalk Fluids are (A) liquids and gases (B) solids and gases (©) liquids and solids _(D) only solids Volume of gases can be defined as (A) definite (B) almost nil (C) large (D) take the volume of container The physical state of matter which can be easily compressed is (A) liquid (B) Gas (©) solid (DyNone of these The change of state from solid to liquidiis known as (A) freezing (B) boiling (©)metting (D) None of these The temperature at which a solid changes into uid at atmospheric pressure is called (A) melting point (B) boiling point (©) diffusion (D) evaporation Convert the temperature of 373°C to the kelvin scale? (A) 646 K (B) 546K (C) 300K (D) 500K 10. u. 12, 13. 14, Addition of impurities to water (A) decreases the freezing point of water (B) increases the boiling point of water (C) does not affect the freezing or boiling point of water (D) both (A) and (B) Which of the following indicates the relative randomness of particles in the three states of matter? (A) Solid > liquid > gas (B) Liquid < solid < gas (©) Liquid > gas> solid (D) Gas > liquid > solid The process of evaporation causes (A) beating (B) cooling (C) increase in temperature (D) none of these Ice floats on the surface of water because (A) itisheavier than water (B) the density of both water and ice is the same (C) ices lighter than water (D) none of these Evaporation of a liquid can take place (A) at its boiling point (B) below its boiling point (C) above its boiling point (D) ata fixed temperature A liquid is kept in a China dish. The evaporation of the liquid can be accelerated (A) by keeping the dish in the open (B) by blowing air into the liquid (©) by keeping the dish under a running fan (D)all ofthese WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 24. Which one of the following statements is wrong for gases? (A) Gases do not have a definite shape and volume (B) Volume of the gasis equal to the volume of the container confining the gas (C) Confined gas exerts uniform pressure on the walls of container in all directions (D) Mass of the gas cannot be determined by weighing a container in which it is enclosed The quantity of matter present in an object is called its (A) weight (B) gram (©) mass (D) density Which of the following states has the least energetic molecules? (A) Solid (B) Liquid (©) Gas (D) Plasma Which of the following represent the densest (high density) state of matter? (A) Solids (B) Liquids (©) Gases (D) Vapours A gas can be best liquefied (A) by increasing the temperature (B) by lowering the pressure (C) by increasing the pressure and'teducing the temperature (D) none of these Which of the following statements does not go with the liquid state? (A) Particles are loosely packed in the liquid state (B) Fluidity is maximum in the liquid state (C) Liquids cannot be compressed much (D) Liq which they are placed ake up the shape of any container in rt Tort 22. The value of latent heat of vaporisation of water in kcal/kg is (A) 80 (B) 540 (C) 334 (D) 225 23. The electric bulb on long use formsa black coating onits inner surface, The process associated with thisis (A) melting of tungsten (B) sublimation of tungsten (©) oxidation of tungsten (D) reduction of tungsten Ifa few spoons of salt are dissolved in pure water then (A) its b.pt. becomes less than 100°C (B) ifs Bip. becomes more than 100°C (C) its freezing point becomes more than 0°C (D) none of tiese Latent heat of vaporisation is used to 24. (A) overcome the forces of attraction between molecules in solid state (B) increase the kinetic energy of molecules in liquid state (C) overcome the forces of attraction between molecules in liquid state (D) increase the kinetic energy of molecules in vapour state UCU eka PARAGRAPH #1 The molecules of a gas are free to move about in any direction. Because of large intermolecular spaces, the gases are easily compressible, The kinetic energy of the molecules of gases is maximum and they move about randomly at a high speed The randomly moving high speed molecules hit against the sides of containing vessel, The pressure exerted by any gas is due to the force exerted by molecules on the sides of containing vessel. WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All 26.__A gas illsall the space ma container in which Wis kept because (A) the gases have large intermolecular spaces (B) the molecules are not free to move (C) the randomly moving molecules hit against the walls of container (D) the molecules have large intermolecular forces ofattraction 27. When pressure is applied on a gas, it is converted to aliquid due to (A) increase in intermolecular forces of attraction between the particles (B) increase in intermolecular distances between the particles (C) decrease in intermolecular forces of attraction between the particles (D) increase in kinetic energy of particles 28, The force per unit area exerted by the particles of the gas on the walls of container is called (A) atmospheric pressure (B) pressure of the gas (C) kinetic energy of the gas (D) density of the gas PARAGRAPH #2 The phenomenon of change of liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. The rate of évaporationincreases with increase in surface area, temperaturg, speed of wind and decrease in humidity, Evaporatioi causes cooling due to decrease in average kinetic energy of the remaining liquid after the surface molecules leave. Lower the boiling point of the liquid, higher sits rate of evaporation 29. Synthetic clothes are uncomfortable in summer because (A) they absorb kinetic energy from the air molecules (B) they do not let the sweat evaporate (C) they are highly porous (D) they are very thick Rene 30. Liquids like ether and acetone are kept in cool places because (A) ether and acetone have high boiling points (B) the rate of evaporation increases with surface area (C) ether and acetone are volatile liquids with low boiling points (D) ether and acetone have lower density than water 31. The water spilled on the floor evaporates faster than the water ina glass due to (A) increase in surface area (B) increase in temperature (C) increase in humidity (D) decrease in kinetic energy THE C YPE 32. Column-I Column-Il (P)Liquid — solid 1, Evaporation (Q Solid —> gas 2. Condensation (R)Gas — liquid 3. Sublimation (S) Liquid — gas 4 Solidification (A) P-3, Q-2, R-1S-4 (B)P-4, Q-3, R-2 S-1 (C) P-2, Q-3, R-1 S-4 (D)P-1, Q-2, R-3 S-4 33. Column-I Column-Il (P) Increase in 1. Evaporation increases surface area (Q Decrease in 2. Evaporation Decreases temperature (R) Evaporation 3. Bulk phenomenon (S) Boiling 4, Surface phenomenon (A) P-l, Q-2, R-4, $-3 (B) P-l, Q-4, R-3, S-2 (C) P-2, QI, R-3, $4 (D) P-4, Q-2, R-3, S-1 Werwimnatieediiyi 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Isthe melting point temperature of solid and the freezing point temperature of liquid same or different ‘What is the heat absorbed during the change of state of substance called ? Name a common substance which can undergo a change in the state upon heating or cooling without any change in its composition? Predict the physical state of a substance which has melting point below room temperature. What is the space occupied by matter called? ‘Name the temperature at which a liquid solidifies, Why do solids generally lack the property of diffusion? Define gaseous state of a substance Is dry ice the same thing as ordinary ice? Which property of gas can explain the characteris that there is large space between the molecules of a gas? 1 Define (i) Latent heat of fusion ofa solid. Gi) Condensation What is the difference between gas and vapour? What is humidity? What isits effect on evaporation? Explain what happens to the molecular motion and energy of 1 kg of water at 273 K whenit is changed into ice at same temperature, How is the latent heat of fusion related to the energy exchange that takes place during this change of state. ‘The water taken from sea, freezes at about -2°C and boils at about 101°C. Explain the reason. ER TYPE State the various factors which affect evaporation. What is meant by interconvertibility of the states of matter? What are the main differences between evaporation and vaporisation or boiling? Calculate the temperature at which Fahrenheit and Celsius scales have the same reading Why do solids, li ids and gases have different properties? POD 1. 5. aporation decreases with inereasein humidity, Procd$s 8f converting liquid to solid called fusion process. Happiness is example of matter. Alcohol have definite volume and definite shape Diffusion of gas particles maximum. FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. The force of attraction between same type of particles called Process of converting gas into liquid called Full form of LPG. With increase in temperature the rate of evaporation Tronis example of, state of matter. WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All EXERCISE-I lM Ee Re ES ne Ee Ee es avtaltcl[alpo/spf[clalalp{[p{[spici{s lp 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 [ 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 picifavla{lc/;/sp{[sp{epi[e/clalalsp{spiec 31 | 32 | 33 A|BI/A TRUE/ FALSE oT 2 F 3 F & F q FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Cohesiveforce 2, Condensation 3. Liquefied petroleum gas 4. Increases 5. SolidOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All SELF PROGRESS ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK (CHAPTER : MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS) STATUS DATE OF COMPLETION — | SELF SIGNATURE In-Text Examples Solved Examples NCERT Exercises Exercise I Exercise I ‘Short Note-1 Revision - 1 Revision - 2 Revision - 3 Remark rT 1. Inthe status, put “completed” only when you have thoroughly worked through this particular section 2, Always remember to put down the date of completion correctly. It will help you in future at the time of revision, WerwimnatieediiylS (ay Gd) io) () m) >) ) @) (oo) OS OS GO) OY Oo’ oY Go) Space for NotesIS MATTER AROUND US PURE Concepts Introduction 1. Classification of Matter 2. Pure Substance 21 Elements 2.2 Compounds 3. Mixture (impure substance) 3.1 Types of mixtures 4, True solution or solution 4.1 Type of solutions Solubility 5.1 Effect of temperature and pressure on solubility 6. Concentration of solution 6.1 Mass by mass percentage of solution (w/w%) 6.2 Mass by volume percentage of solution (w/v%) 6.3 Volume by volume percentage of solution (v/v%) 7. Suspension 8 Colloidal Solution 81 Properties of colloidal solution 82 Classification of Colloids 9. Separation Techniques 9.1 Separation of solid-solid mixtures 9.2 Separation of mixture of solid and liquid 9.3 Separation of mixture of two liquids 10, Separation of gases from air 11. _ Citywater supply 12, Physical and chemical changes 12.1 Physical changes 12.2 Chemical changes ‘Solved Examples CERT Solutions Exercise ~ I (Competitive Exam Pattern) Exercise - II (Board Pattern Type) Answer Key Impure Pure ympound or ElementOR Class 9 [Chemistry] a f INTRODUCTION In previous chapter, we have discussed the three physical states of matter ie. solid, iquid and gas. We have also studied their characteristics and the effect of temperature and pressure on these physical states. In the present chapter, we shall consider the chemical nature of matter. We know that all the matter around us is not pure. If we observe some soil and some sugar placed on two different sheets of paper with a magnifying glass, we find that soil contains clay particles, some grass particles and even some dead insects, etc. That is, soil contains particles of different kinds, thus itis called an impure substance(or mixture), Now observe sugar which contains only one kind of particles, is called a pure substance. In terms of science, a substance is a kind of matter which cannot be separated into any other types of matter by some physical means. Such a substance which has only one component and nothing else init is called a pure substance. But itis quite difficult to get a pure substances as such. Substances are mostly mixed with one another and their combination is known as mixture. Ei cLassiricaTION OF MATTER ‘in water el saga solution Taorganie £8. nitric acid, washing soda, copper sulphate, ete Compounds Tlements a leg.cubon. mercury oxyzen. nto £.g, vinegarsathane, CFC, ee ‘ara Artin cxg,itrogen,copper|| eg ehntium, — yan, toni, te Metals ialotds ‘Nom-Metals Je. auminim, gtd] eg silicon, germaniun| log, Solpar phosphor fnicel chromium ete [arsenic aniononyse] |" etlorneet WerwimnatieediiyOM Class 9 [Chemistry] Ea pure supstance + Asubstance consists ofa single type of particles + Substances are always homogeneous, + All the elements and compounds are pure substances because they contain only one kind of particles + Apure substance cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any physical process. + Apure substance has a fixed composition as well as a fixed boil 1g point and melting point. + Pure Substances can be divided into two types (Elements Gi) Compounds ELEMENTS ‘An element is a substance which cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by the usual chemical methods of applying heat, light or electric energy or by any physical methods. Anelement cannot be split up into two (or more) simpler substaniées because it is made of only one kind of atoms. Some facts about elements fy (i) The earth’s crust is made mainly of two elements ie, oxygen 46,6 % ahd silicon 27.7 % ) First three elements namely oxygen 65%, Carbon 18 % and Hydrogen 10 % account for more than 90% ‘mass of human body. As many as 118 elements are known, (iv) 92 elements occur in nature and the rest are artificially made. These man-made elements are called synthetic elements (v) Majority of the elements are solids. (vi) Eleven clements are in gaseous staf@at room temperature. wi (viii) Elements gallium and caesium become liquid at temperature slightly above room temperature (at 30°C). Classification of elements Ey (a) Metals : Metalsare the electropositive elements which possess tendency of losing one or more of their valence ‘Two elements are liquid at room temperature ie, mercury and bromine. electrons attaining octet and thereby forming cations, For example, Sodium, Magnesium, Iron etc. (b) Non metals : Non-metals are the electronegative elements which possess tendency to form anion (negative ions) by gaining one or more electrons, For example, Carbon, Oxygen, Chlorine ete. WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All (©) Metall The elements which show some properties of metals and some other properties of non-metals, are called metalloids, There properties are intermediate between the properties of metals and non-metals Metalloids are also sometimes called semi-metals. For example, Boron (B), Silicon (Si), and Germanium (Ge) ete Some difference between Metals and Non-metals State ‘Metals are solids at room temperature Thenon-metalsareeithersolids Exception: Mercury (Hg)isaliquid at or gases at room temperature. room temperature Exception : Bromineis aliquid at room temperature Lustre ‘Metals are generally lustrous, ie, they Non-metals generally do nothave havea shining surfaceand can be any lustre, dull in appearance polished, e.g., goldssilver, copper ete. eg. sulphurand phosphorus ete Exception : lodinehasalustrous appearance [Melting ‘Metals have generally high melting ‘Non-mietals have low melting |and Boiling points and boiling points,e.g., the points and boiling points. [Points ‘melting point of iron is 1535°C. Exception: Carbon and silicon, Exception: Sodium, potassium and which have high melting points. gallium have low melting points Themeltifig pointof gallium isso low that itoccursin liquidstateat ‘temperature slightly above room eesOM Class 9 [Chemistry] Density Metalshave high densities, ie., Non-metalshave low densities they are heavy, e.g., the density i.e,, they arelight substances. of mercury is 13.6 gm/cm' which Forexample, the density of is quite high, sulphuris 2gm/em’, whichis Exception: Sodium, potassium, quitelow. calcium and magnesium which Exception: The density of are light-weight metals. Sodium diamond (anallotropic form or and potassium are so light that of carbon)is high they can float on water. Ductility Metalsare ductile, ie., they canbe Non-metalsarenon-ductile, ie. drawn into thin wires. Gold and they cannotbe drawn into thin Iver are the best ductile metals wires, e.g., sulphurand Other examples are copperand phosphorus when stretched do aluminium which can be drawn not form wires but break into into wires and areused inelecttical pieces. wiring Malleability Metalsare generally malleable, Non-metals are not malleable i.e., they can be beaten into thin butbrittle, Le., when beaten sheets with ahammer, e.g.,silver ‘with a hammer, they break foils are used for decorative into pieces. purpose on sweets. (Conduction Metals are good conductors oF Non-metalsare generally bad lof heat and heatand electricity. Silveristhe conductors of heat and electricity best conductor of heat and electricity, e.g., the non-metal electricity whereasleadis the like sulphur, phosphorus, etc. poorest conductory ofheat. donot conduct heatand Metals are good conductors electricity, of electricity because they Exception : Graphite (an contain freeeleettons to allotropic form of carbon) conductelectricity a good conductor of electricity. Hardness Metals arehard (except Non-metalsare generally soft sodium and potassium which except, diamond (an allotropic are soft metals) but not brittle. form of carbon) whichis the Sodium and potassium areso hardest substance known. soft that they can becut with aknife. [Sonority Metals are said tobe sonorous, Non-metalsare not sonorous. i.e. they make anoise when they are hit with an object. WerwimnatieediiySO Class 9 [Chemistry] COMPOUNDS ‘A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion by mass. A compound is formed as a result of chemical reaction, between the constituent elements. The properties of compound are different from the properties of the elements from which itis formed, Forexample, Water (H,O) isa compound made up of two elements hydrogen, and oxygen chemically combined ina fixed proportion of | : 8 by mass, ¢ Characteristics of a compound : * Ina compound constituent are present in definite proportion by mass. «# The properties of compound are different from the properties ofits constituents. * The constituents of a compound cannot be separated by simple physical process + Formation of'a compound is generally accompanied by change in energy, in the form of heat or light. # Acompound has a fixed melting point and boiling point. # Compound is always homogeneous in nature Le © Number of compounds is not limited like number of elements. # Classification of compound: (A) On the basis of sources : (i) Inorganic compounds These compounds have been mostly obtained from non-living sources such as rocks and minerals, A few examples of inorganic compounds are : common salt, marble, washing soda, baking soda, carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulphuric acid ete Gi) Organic compounds The word ‘organ’ relates to different organs of living beings. Therefore, organic compounds are the compounds which are obtained from living beings i, plants and animals A few common examples of organic compounds are : methane, ethane, propane (all constituents of cooking gas), alcohol, acetic aci i |, sugar, proteins, oils fats etc. (B) On the basis of their properties : (i)Acids : Compounds which give hydrogen ion in aqueous solution Forexample, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, formic acid ete. (ii) Bases : ‘ompounds which give hydroxide ion in aqueous solution. For example, Sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide ete. (iii) Salts : Its formed by the chemical reaction between acids and bases. WerwimnatieediiySO Class 9 [Chemistry] Difference between Elements and Compounds Element Compound 1] Anelement consists of the samekind of atoms. | A compound is composed of different kind of atoms 2 [An element cannot be split up by physical Acompound can be splitup intonew and chemical methods substances only by chemical methods 3.| The property ofan element is the property ‘The property of a compound is quite ofits constituent atoms different from that ofits constituents atom. Do + Purity of compounds can be tested by determining their melting or boiling points, Pure compounds have fixed melting point and boiling point. Focus Point MIXTURE (IMPURE SUBSTANCE) Amixture sa substance which consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically combined together. All the solutions are mixtures. The various substances present in a mixture are known as "constituents of the mixture” or "components of the mixture" For example, Lemonade (nimbu pani) isa mixture of water, lemon juice, sugar and salt. A mixture consists of two or moredifferent type of particles having di ferent chemical nature. Mixture may be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Aixture does not have a fixed composition ora fixed melting point and boiling point # Properties of mixture: + Amixture can be separated into its constituents by physical or chemical processes. # Amixture shows the properties ofall the constituents present init. + Formation of mixture may or may not be accompanied with energy change * The composition of a mixture is variable, the constituents can be present in any proportion by mass, * Amixture does not have a definite melting point, boiling point. # Amixture may be homogeneous or heterogeneous, WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All LAB TIME \ * — Objective : To distinguish between mixtures and compounds. * Materials required : Two separate China dishes marked (A) and (B), mixture of nearly 50 g of iron filings and3 g of powdered sulphur * Procedure : Keep the dish (A) as such while heating the dish (B) to red hot for sometime and then coolit dish A, \ {China dish Mixture of iron Test tube Pron filings Sulphur powder Yellow solution ‘of sulphur in CS, China dis Iron filings dish B a pest tube China dish . Tron filings and sulphur Tripod stand—f Bunsen J bbumer aa »® (@) Mixture of ion and sulphur (b) Compound FeS, where iron and sulphur do not retain their properties © Observations : (In the China dish (A) both iron filings and sulphur powder retain their colour. Inthe dish (B) black mass will be formed, (ii) Bring a magnet near the mass present in both the dishes. Iron flings will readily cling to the ‘magnet in dish (A) while this wll not happen in dish (B), (Gi) Transfer a small amount ofthe mass from dish (A) into a glass tube, Add carbon disulphide (liquid) to it and shake for sometime. The yellow powder will dissolve leaving behind the iron filings inthe tube, Repeat the same experiment with the mass present in dish (B) also. Nothing will happen, * Conclusion: (i) Inthe China dish (A), both iron flings and powdered sulphur are in the form ofa mixture. Inthe dish (B), a chemical reaction has resulted upon heating and the black mass of iron sulphide is formed (ii) Iron filings present in dish (A) are attracted towards the magnet. Since iron sulphideis acom pound, itisnot attracted towards the magnet. WerwimnatieediiyOR Cass 9 [Chemistry] All Difference between compounds and mixtures SN. Characteristics ‘Compounds ‘Mixtures Ina mixture, two or more elements In.a compound, two or more elements 1 Nature , . or compounds are mixed, such that Combine chemically they do not combine chemically s Mixtures do not have a definite 2. Structure ‘Compounds have a definite structure. structure. In case of mixtures, their constituents} . In case of a compound the constituents 3. Composition . can be present in any ratio, i.e., they are present in a fixed ratio by weight. = have variable composition. The properties of a compound are ‘The constituents of a mixture retain 4, Properties entirely different from the properties _ | their individual physical and chemical of its constituents. properties. 5 Separation of _ | The constituents of a compound cannot] The constituents of a mixture can constituents be separated by physical means. be separated by physical means During the formation of a compound F During the formation of a mixture efiergy-is.either absorbed or released, 6, | Energy changes - energy changes may or may not take Le, 8 compound is the result of a place. chemical change Focus Point For acommon man, pure actually mean having no adulteration, But fora scientist pure means that is contains only one type of matter or particles, all of which are same in their chemical nature. WerwimnatieediiyOM Class 9 [Chemistry] [y TYPES OF MIXTURES + Based on the composi (yi n, mixture are of two types geneous mixtures: Those mixturesin which the substances are uniformly mixed together and are indistinguishable from one another, are called homogeneous mixtures, All the homogeneous mixtures are called solutions. For example, Amixture of sugarin water (called sugar solution) is a homogeneous mixture because all the parts of sugar solution have the same sugar-water composition and appear to be equally sweet. Thereis no visible boundary of separation between sugar and water particles ina sugar solution. (2) Heterogeneous mixtures: Those mixtures in which the components are not mixed uniformly and there is a boundary of separation between them, called heterogeneous mixtures, For example, The mixture of'sugar and sand is a heterogeneous mixture because different parts of this mixture will have different sugar-sand composition, Some parts of this mixture will have more of sugar particles whereas other parts will have more of sand particles. There is a visible boundary of separalion between sugar and sand particles. A mixture containing two (or more) immiscible liquids is also a heterogeneous mixture .cuss more about homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture by an activity. WerwimnatieediiySO Class 9 [Chemistry] a LAB TIME Lf + Objective : To illustrate the concept of homogencous and heterogencous mixtures. + Materials required: Beakers, water, spatula, copper sulphate powder, potassium permanganate or common salt. + Procedure: (i) Letus divide the class into groups A, B, C and D, i) Group A takes a beaker containing 50 mL of water and one spatula full of copper sulphate powder. Group B takes 50 mL of water and two spatula full of copper sulphate powder in a beaker. ii) Group C and D can ake different amounts of copper sulphate and potassium permanganate or ‘common salt(sodium chloride) and mix the given components to forma mixture. (iv) Report the observations on the uniformity in colour and texture « Observation and discussion : (i) Both groups A and B have obtained homogeneous mixtures since the composition ofthese mixtures or solutions is uniform throughout. (Gi) Although both the groups have obtained copper sulphate solutions but the intensity of colour of the two solutionsis different. The intensity of blue colour in the solution obtained by group B which contains two spatula full of copper sulphate is much higher than the solution obtained by group A which contains one spatula full of copper sulphate. ii) Both groups C and D have obtained heterogeneous mixtures since they not only have physically distinct boundaries but also their compositions not uniform. + Conclusion: (i) Soluble substances such as copper sulphate, common salt or sugar when dissolved in water form homogeneous mixtures, whose composition depend upon the amount of the substance dissolved. Gi) When two or more solids which do not react chemically are mixed, they always form heterogeneous mixtures WerwimnatieediiySO Class 9 [Chemistry] Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture Ithas auniform composition Itdoes not havea uniform composition throughoutthe mass throughout themass, No visible boundaries of Visible boundaries of separation between separation between the various constituents, the various constituents, e.g, saltin water, alcohol e.g. sand and sugar, oil in water ete inwater ete Focus Point + Alloys are mixtures of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal and cannot be separated into their components by physical methods, But sil, an alloy is considered asa mixture because it shows the properties ofits constituents and can have variable composition. For example brass is a mixture of approximately 30% zinc and 70% copper. ture Homogeneous Heterogeneous migture mixture True solution orsolution \ “Colloidal Suspension solution Flow chart for type of mixture TRUE SOLUTION OR SOLUTION You come across various soda water etc, are all examples of solutions. Usually we think of a solution asa liquid ora gas dissolved in it. But we can also have solid solutions (alloys) and gaseous solutions (air) A solution sa homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. ¢ Components ofa solution: The substances which homogeneously mix up together to form a solution are called the components of the solu- tion. When two substances form a solution, one substance is said to dissolve into the other. WerwimnatieediiySO Class 9 [Chemistry] The substance which gets dissolved is commonly known as solute and the medium in which it gets dissolved is termed as solvent or the component of a solution present in excess is referred to as the solvent while the other component present in the smaller amount is called the solute. Forexample, (a)A solution of sugar in waters a solid in liquid solution, Inthis solution sugaris the solute and waters the solvent. (b) Asolution of iodine in aleohol known as ‘tincture of iodine’ has iodine (solid) as the solute and alcohol (liquid) as the solvent (c) Aerated drinks like soda water etc,, are gas in liquid solutions. These contain carbon dioxide (gas) as solute and water (liquid) as the solvent. (4) Airisa homogeneous mixture ofa number of gases, Its two main constituents are, Oxygen (21%) and nitrogen (78%). The other gases are present in very small quantities, ¢ Properties of Solution: (i) The solute particles in a solution cannot be sen by naked eyes or Bven with microscope, This is because the solute particles present in a solution are very small, smaller, than 1 nm [Tih = 10° metre= 10” em], (ii) Asolutionisa homogeneous transparent mixture, ie., the solution has the same composition and the same bulk. (ii) The particles of solution being very small do not scatter light beam passing through the solution, When a properties throughout it beam of lightis passed through a solution, light beam is not visible during its passage through a solution. (iv) Asolutionis stable, ie, the solute particles do not settle down due to gravity on keeping the solution undis- turbed even fora long time. (v) The solute particles preseit ina solution cannot be separated from the solvent by filtration. Focus Point ‘+ Most of the substances are soluble in water, that’s why water is some time called a universal solvent. ‘* Asolution in which water actsas the solvent is called an aqueous solution while the one in which any other liquid act as solvent is called a non-aqueous solution. WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All Mryre oF soLution ¢ On the basis of physical states of solute and solvent: Any state of matter (soli, liquid or gas) can act both as a solvent and as a solute during the formation of a solution, Therefore, depending upon the physical states of solute and solvent, true solutions are classified as - ‘Name of solution Solute Solvent | Examples Solid solution 1. | Solidin solid Solid Solid ‘Alloys like steel, brass, bronze, German silver, solder(lead,tin) ete v Liquidin solid Liquid Solid Hydrated crystal such as blue vitriol (hydrated copper sulphate), dental amalgam (mercury liquid and silversolid) 3, | Gasinsolid Gas Solid Gases adsorbed over the surface ofthe metals (such as nickel, palladiuin)platinum ete.) under presatire. Liquid solution 4, [Solidinliquid Solid ~]_ Sugar, common salt or other salts dissolved in water, tincture of iodine 8. |Liquidinliquid Liquid Liquid Mixture of two miscible liquids such as acetone and water, aleohol and water, vinegar (acetic acid and water), ete 6. |Gasinliquid Gas Liquid Aerated drinks (carbon dioxide dissolved in water under pressure) Gaseous solution 7, |Solidin gas Solid Gas ‘Camphorin air or odinein air 8. |Liquidin gas Tiquid Gas Cloudsand fog (water drops (liquid) dispersed in air) 9, [Gasin gas Gas Gas Air (mmixture of gaseslike nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, inert gasesetc.) WerwimnatieediiySO Class 9 [Chemistry] ‘* On the basis of amount of solute: Different amount ofa given substance may be dissolved in a given quantity of the solvent. Thus solutions of different concentration ofa given substance in a given solvent may be prepared. A particular solution may have less amount of the dissolved solute while the other solution may have more amount of dissolved solute in the solution. So depending upon the quantity of solute present in a given mass of the solvent, solutions are classified into three types: (a) Unsaturated solution: A solution in which more quantity of the solute can be dissolved without changing the temperature is called unsaturated solution, An unsaturated solution contains lesser amount of the dissolved solute, and more solute can be dissolved in it without changing the temperature, An unsaturated solution does not contain the maximum quantity of the solute which can be dissolved init ata given temperature. (b) Saturated solution: A solutionin which no more solute canbe dissolved at a particular temperature is called saturated solution, (c) Super saturated solution: A solution that contains more solute than would be necessary to saturate it at a given temperature, + On the basis of nature of solvent: (a) Aqueous Solutions: The solutions obtained by dissolving various substances in water are called aqueous solutions The common examples are (i) Common salt dissolved in water. (ii) Sugar dissolved in water. (ii) Acetic acid dissolved in water ete, (b) Non-Aqueous Solutions: The solutions obtained by dissolving the substances in liquids other than water are called non-aqueous solutions |Eoam, rubber, sponge, punive sone (Get Tiqd [Sok 7 [elNachoese, buter ‘Soi Sol_[Sold [Soli] | _ |ColURed gemstone, milky glass, rock salts, marble Focus Point + Depending upon the dispersion medium, the sols are given special names as follow: Dispersion medium Name of the sol Water Aquasol or Hydrosol Alcohol Alcosol Benzene Benzosol Gases Aerosol WerwimnatieediiySO Class 9 [Chemistry] By separation TECHNIQUES Generally following physical properties are considered in the separation of the constituents of mixture © Densities of the constituents of the mixture. © Melting points and boiling points ofthe constituents of the mixture. © Property of volatility of one or more constituents of the mixture. * Solubility of the constituents of the misturein different solvents, * Ability ofthe constituents of the mixture to sublime, ‘© Ability ofthe constituents of the mixture to diffus MIXTURES Separation Technique J v q y (A) Separation of (© Separation Bf (D) Separation of (B) Separation of Solid-solid Mixture Solid-liguid Mixture Liquid-liquid Mixture Gas-gas Mixture i, Magnetic i. Filtration i. Separating i. Diffusion separation fi, Centrifugation panel ii, Solvent extraction i, Sedimentation & Decantation |" Dtiaton iii, By Sublimation iv. Evaporation Sir Bay ePoratig distillation iv: By crystallisation v. Chromatography Focus Point + Heterogeneous mixture can be separated into their respective components by simple physical methods such ashandpicking, sieving, filtration etc, in every day lf. However, for separating homogeneous mixtures special techniques are employed depending upon the difference in one or more properties. BHT separation OF SOLID-SOLID MIXTURES (i) Magnetic separation method: Principle: This method is based on the fact that one of the components ofa solid-solid mixture is magnetic while the other is non-magnetic in nature. Let’s discuss an activity to understand this method, WerwimnatieediiySO Class 9 [Chemistry] a LAB TIME i —_ © Objective: To Separate the mixture of iron filings and copper turnings. © Material required : Iron filings, copper turnings, horse-shoe magnet, china dish. * Procedure : (i) A solid-solid misture ofiron filings and copper turnings can be separated by this technique because iron is magnetic in nature, whereas copper is non-magnetic in nature. (ii) The given mixtureis spreaded ina dish. Now run one end of a strong bar magnet or horse shoe magnet throught Copper Iron filings Magnet Iron + Copper © Obervation On lifting the magnet, some iron filings get attracted towards magnet. Remove them by hand and collect, them ina dish, On repeating the process several times, all the iron filings are picked up and collected in the dish. Copper turnings are left behind in the dish * Conclusion : ‘Non- magnetic component can be separated from magnetic component by using magnet. Gi) By Sublimation : We have learnt in previous chapter that ammonium chloride changes directly from solid to gaseous state on heating. So, to separate such mixtures that contain a sublimable volatile component from a non-sublimable impurity (salt in this case), the sublimation processis used ‘The changing of sold directly into vapours on heating and of vapours directly into solid on coolingis known, assublimation. Solid ==> Vapours Let’s discuss an activity to understand sublimation method. WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All LAB TIME 4 —¥§— © Objective: To separate a mixture of ammonium chloride and common salt. ¢ Materials required: Ammonium chloride, common salt, China dish, cotton and inverted funnel. © Procedure: (® Place the mixture of common salt and ammonium chloridein a china dish and heat it over a low Bunsen flame. ii) Placea clean glass funnel in an inverted position in the china dish and close the mouth ofits stem with cotton wool. (ii) The ammonium chloride in the mixture sublimes to form dense white fumes. These fumes condense con the cooler sides of the funnel in the form of fine white powder. (iv) When the mixture gives offno more white fumes, lt the funnel, scrap the fine white powder from its sides ona piece of paper. Thisis pure ammonium chloride. The residue left behind inthe funnel is sodium chloride. Resolidified Cotton woo! plug chloride Glass funnel TA \ Separation by sublimation pour of NHCL China dish Mixture of — Wire gauze ammonium chloride sodium chloride © Observation: ‘The vapours of pureammonium chloride undergo sublimation and are deposited near the neck of the funnel while common salt, the non-sublimable substance remains in the China dish as residue. © Conclusion : A sublimable volatile component can be separated from a non-volatile component of the mixture, Some more examples of mixtures which can be separated by sublimation method. Solid-Solid Mixutre Sublimable Solid Common salt and ammonium chloride Ammonium chloride Sand andiodine Todine Common salt andiodine Iodine Sodium sulphateand benzoicacid Benzoicacid Iron filings and naphthalene Naphthalene [Chapter-2 Pees Matrix: www matixedninOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All Gi In some cases, one constituent of a mixture is soluble in a particular liquid solvent whereas the other constituent is, By Using Suitable Solven insoluble init, This difference in the solubilities of the constituents of a mixture can be used to separate them, For example, sugar is soluble in water whereas sand is insoluble in it, so a mixture of sugar and sand can be separated by using water as solvent. This will become more clear from the following activity: LAB TIME i —_ * Objecti © Materials required: Sugar, sand, water, beakers, filter papers, funnel ete © Procedure: (j) The mixture of sugar and sandis taken in a beaker and water is added to it. (ii) The mixture is stirred to dissolve the sugar. (ii) The sugar solution containing sand is filtered by pouring over a filter paper kept in a funnel. : To Separate a Mixture of Sugar and Sand. Fitter paper Sand ‘Residue) cies stig * Observation and discussion : ‘Sand remains as a residue on the filter paper and sugar solution is obtained as a filtrate in the beaker kept below the funnel, The sugar solution is evaporated carefully to get the crystals of sugar. * Conclusion : In this way, a mixture of sugar and sand has been separated by using water as the solvent. (iv) Crystallisation ‘The crystallisation method is used to purify solids. For example, the salt we get from sea water can have impurities init. To remove these impurities, the process of crystallisation is used. The process by which a pure soluble substance is separated in the form of crystals fromits hot and saturated solution on coolingis called crystallisation, WerwimnatieediiyOR Es Cass 9 [Chemistry] All Crystallisation is better than simple evaporation as a method to get pure solids from liquid as (i) some solids may decompose or get charred when heated to dryness Gi) on evaporation some dissolved impurities also get deposited with the solid while in crystallisation, crystals of pure solid are crystallised leaving the impurities in the solution, LAB TIME Lf © Objective : To obtain pure copper sulphate from impure sample using crystallisation. * Materials required : China dish, water, impure sample of copper sulphate, filter paper * Procedure : (i) Take some (approximately 5g) impure sample of copper sulphate ina china dish (i)Dissolveit in minimum amount of water. (ii) Fiter the impurities out. (iv) Evaporate water from the copper sulphate solution so as to get a saturated solution, (¥) Cover the solution witha filter paper and leaveiit undisturbed at room temperature to cool slowly fora day. (vi) You will obtain the crystals of copper sulphate in the chine dish. This process is called erystalli * Discussion and observation : When ahot saturated solution of copper sulphates allowed to cool, crystals of copper sulphate separate out. All these crystal have a definite geometrical shape and hence look alike. We can separate these crystals from the liquid (called mother liquor) by the process of filtration *Conel When a hot saturated solution ofa substance is allowed to cool, crystals ofthe substance having definite geometrical shapes separate out. + Applications of Crystallisa (i Purification of salt that we get from sea water. (ii) Separation of crystals ofalum (phitkar) from impure samples. tion. Werwimnatieediiy