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Data Collection and Conclusion

The document discusses data collection and conclusion problems that may appear on the SAT. It explains that research must use representative and random sampling to make valid conclusions about a population. Bad sampling methods include those that are not representative of the entire population or overrepresent/underrepresent subgroups. The document also discusses how controlled experiments with a control group are needed to establish a causal relationship rather than just a correlation between variables. On the SAT, test-takers will likely see one question testing their understanding of data collection methods and how to draw valid conclusions from surveys and experiments.

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Muhammad Awais
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31 views

Data Collection and Conclusion

The document discusses data collection and conclusion problems that may appear on the SAT. It explains that research must use representative and random sampling to make valid conclusions about a population. Bad sampling methods include those that are not representative of the entire population or overrepresent/underrepresent subgroups. The document also discusses how controlled experiments with a control group are needed to establish a causal relationship rather than just a correlation between variables. On the SAT, test-takers will likely see one question testing their understanding of data collection methods and how to draw valid conclusions from surveys and experiments.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Awais
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Collection and Conclusion

What are data collection and conclusion problems, and how frequently do they appear on
the test?
We routinely conduct research to answer questions such as "how many residents are in
favor of a new law" or "is a new medical treatment effective?" While research results can
give us powerful insights, we must carefully consider how the research is conducted, which
in turn affects what conclusions can be drawn.
For example:
● If a survey was given to individuals of one ethnicity, then the results of the survey are
not representative of individuals of other ethnicities.
● If a medical treatment is effective when tested on mice, we cannot conclude that the
treatment is just as effective on humans without additional testing.

We won't be required to perform any calculations in data collection and conclusions


problems. Instead, we'll be asked to read fairly lengthy descriptions and then make logical
observations or draw valid conclusions.
In this lesson, we'll learn to:
1. Recognize good and bad sampling methods
2. Draw valid conclusions from the results of surveys and experiments

On your official SAT, you'll likely see 1 question that tests your understanding of data
collection methods as well as survey and experiment results.

Sampling methods and their implications


Ideally, a sample provides information about a population without having to survey the
entire group.
To make valid conclusions about a population, we need a sample that recreates the
characteristics of the entire population on a smaller scale.
A good sample is representative and random.
● Representative means that the sample includes only members of the population
being studied.
● Random means that every member of the population being studied has an equal
chance to be selected for the sample.

Bad sampling methods include those that:


● Gather data from outside the population being studied
● Gather data that overrepresent or underrepresent a subgroup of the population (not
random)

SAT with Talal 45


Drawing conclusions from study results

Sample surveys
We can draw conclusions about only the population from which the random sample was
selected.

Controlled experiments
To understand the conclusions we can draw from controlled experiments, we must first
understand the difference between correlation and causation.
● Correlation means there is a relationship or pattern between the values of two
variables.
● Causation means that one event causes another event to occur.

You may have learned about controlled experiments and the scientific method in more detail
in your science classes. For the SAT, the key takeaway is that a control group is needed to
establish a causal relationship.

Example:

Answer: C

SAT with Talal 46


Example:

Answer: A

SAT with Talal 47


Example:

Answer: C

SAT with Talal 48

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