Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand

and Polynesia
The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and
Anglican Church in
Polynesia,[a] formerly the Church of the Province of New
Zealand, is a province of the Anglican Communion serving New Aotearoa, New Zealand
Zealand, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. Since 1992 the and Polynesia
church has consisted of three tikanga or cultural streams: Aotearoa, Te Hāhi Mihinare ki Aotearoa ki
New Zealand, and Polynesia. The church's constitution says that, Niu Tīreni, ki Ngā Moutere o Te
among other things, it is required to "maintain the right of every Moana Nui a Kiwa
person to choose any particular cultural expression of the faith".[2]
As a result, the church's General Synod has agreed upon the
development of the three-person primacy based on this three
tikanga system.[3] It has three primates (leaders), each representing
a tikanga, who share authority.[4]

The Anglican Church is an apostolic church, which claims to trace Classification Protestant (with
its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. A New Zealand various
Prayer Book, He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa theological and
(ANZPB/HKMOA), containing traditional liturgies, rites, and doctrinal
blessings, is central to the church's worship.
identities,
The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia is including Anglo-
not established as an official church of any sovereign state, unlike Catholic and
the Church of England from which it grew. However, Anglicans Evangelical)
have taken a preeminent leadership role on New Zealand state Orientation Anglican
occasions.[5] Anglican is the largest single Christian religious
Scripture Holy Bible
affiliation in New Zealand, according to the 2018 census, which
recorded 314,913 adherents in New Zealand. Roman Catholic Theology Anglican doctrine
recorded 295,743. When all Catholic religious affiliations are Polity Episcopal
added together they total 492,384.[6]
Primates Don Tamihere
Since the 1960s the New Zealand Anglican Church in general has (Archbishops) (Aotearoa)
approved the marriage by a priest in a church of someone whose Philip Richardson
earlier marriage was dissolved (even though the former spouse still (New Zealand)
lives), and has approved blessings for same-sex couples. Sione Ulu’ilakepa
(Polynesia)
Names Dioceses 13
Parishes 552 (2008)[1]
Until 1992, the church was formally called the "Church of the
Province of New Zealand", and was also referred to as the Region New Zealand,
"Church of England".[7] It is now known as the "Anglican Fiji, Tonga,
Church", reflecting its membership of the worldwide Anglican Samoa, and the
Communion. Members of the church typically identify as Cook Islands
"Anglicans".[8]
The Māori name for the New Zealand Anglican Church, Te Hāhi Headquarters Meadowbank,
Mihinare – meaning "the missionary church" – reveals its origins Auckland, New
in the work of the first missionaries to arrive in New Zealand.[5] Zealand
Separations Church of
History Confessing
Anglicans of
Aotearoa/New
First New Zealand Anglicans Zealand (2019)

While heading the parliamentary campaign against the British Official website anglican.org.nz
slave trade for twenty years until the passage of the Slave Trade (http://anglican.or
Act of 1807, William Wilberforce championed the foundation of g.nz)
the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in 1799, with other
members of the Clapham Sect including John Venn, determined to improve the treatment of indigenous
people by the British.[9]

The CMS mission to New Zealand was begun by Samuel Marsden, the Anglican chaplain in New South
Wales. He had met the Ngāpuhi chiefs Te Pahi and Ruatara when they travelled outside New Zealand, and
they invited him to visit their country. Ruatara provided protection for the first mission station, at Rangihoua
in the Bay of Islands.

For the first years of the mission, intertribal Musket Wars hampered
the missionaries' movements and Māori interest in their message.
Personal disputes between the early missionaries, and their
involvement in trading muskets, also compromised their efforts.

The Māori language did not then have an indigenous writing

system. Missionaries learned to speak Māori, and introduced the
Latin alphabet. The CMS, including Thomas Kendall; Māori,
including Tītore and Hongi Hika; and Cambridge University's
Samuel Lee, developed the written language between 1817 and
This 1820 painting shows Ngāpuhi
1830. In 1833, while living in the Paihia mission house of Anglican
chiefs Waikato (left) and Hongi Hika,
priest and the now head of the New Zealand CMS mission (later to and Anglican missionary Thomas
become the New Zealand Church Missionary Society) Rev Henry
Kendall
Williams, missioner William Colenso published the Māori
translations of books of the Bible, the first books printed in New
Zealand. His 1837 Māori New Testament was the first indigenous language translation of the Bible
published in the southern hemisphere. Demand for the Māori New Testament, and the Prayer Book that
followed, grew exponentially, as did Christian Māori leadership and public Christian services, with 33,000
Māori soon attending regularly. Literacy and understanding the Bible increased mana and social and
economic benefits, decreased slavery and intertribal violence, and increased peace and respect for all people
in Māori society, including women.[9]

Missionaries and the Treaty of Waitangi

Māori generally respected the British, partially due to their relationships with missionaries and also due to
British status as a major maritime power, which had been made apparent to Māori travelling outside New
Zealand.[10] In England the church and state were interlinked and the Church of England had a special
status guaranteed in law. Evangelicals, as loyal Anglicans, accepted this
status and encouraged Māori to look to the British Crown for protection
and recognition. As a result CMS missionaries, especially Henry Williams,
played a leading part in encouraging Māori to sign the Treaty of Waitangi
in 1840.[11]

Assuming that a treaty in English could not be understood, debated or

agreed to by Māori, Hobson asked CMS head missioner Henry Williams,
and his son Edward Marsh Williams, who was a scholar in Māori language
and custom, to translate the document overnight on 4 February.[12] Henry
Williams was concerned with the actions of the New Zealand Company in
Wellington and felt he had to agree with Hobson's request to ensure the
treaty would be as favourable as possible to Māori. Williams avoided using
any English words that had no expression in Māori "thereby preserving
entire the spirit and tenor" of the treaty. He added a note to the copy Henry Williams in about
Hobson sent to Gibbs stating, "I certify that the above is as literal a 1865
translation of the Treaty of Waitangi as the idiom of the language will
allow."[9] The gospel-based literacy of Māori meant some of the concepts
communicated in the translation were from the Māori Bible, including kawanatanga (governorship) and
rangatiratanga (chiefly rule), and the idea of the treaty as a "covenant" was biblical.[13]

In later years this missionary support for the treaty led to increasing disillusionment among Māori as the
treaty was ignored by the colonial and settler governments.[11] The emergence of Māori religious
movements such as Pai Mārire and Ringatū reflected this rejection of missionary Christianity. When the
missionary Carl Sylvius Völkner was suspected of spying by Māori in 1865, the fact that he was a member
of the Anglican clergy afforded him no protection, and he was executed.[14]

Settler church

After missionary work amongst Māori, the second major influence shaping
Anglicanism in New Zealand came from the large number of Anglican
settlers who arrived in the mid-19th century. Most were from England, with
some from Ireland and Australia. The early CMS missionary beginnings
and the large number of Anglican settlers resulted in Anglicanism becoming
the largest religious denomination in New Zealand. In 1858, more than half
of the colony's population was Anglican.

George Augustus Selwyn became Bishop of New Zealand (the only

Anglican bishop to have this title) in 1841. He headed both the Māori and
settler Anglican parts of the church. Evangelical missionaries were
suspicious of his control over them and his emphasis on the authority of the
church, while settlers were hostile towards his pro-Māori stance. He Bishop Selwyn in 1867
increasingly found himself caught between Māori and Pākehā issues of
land and sovereignty.

The first Anglican parish in the then capital of Auckland was St Paul's, which was founded in 1841 within
a year of the foundation of the city and is known as the 'Mother Church' of the city.[15] The first St Paul's
building was in Emily Place, just off Princes Street, where a plaque still marks the site of the beginning of
the Christian church in Auckland.[16] St Paul's was the seat of the Bishop of New Zealand, for Selwyn's
entire 28 year tenure and served as Auckland's Cathedral for over 40 years.[17][18][19]
Bishop Selwyn opened St Paul's Church over four services on 7 May
1843. He later wrote, "The services began with a native congregation at
nine; some of whom having only heard of the opening on Saturday
evening, paddled a distance of twelve miles by sea during the night, in
order to be present. The greater number were in full European clothing, and
took part in the Church service, in a manner which contrasts most strikingly
with that of the silent and unkneeling congregations of the English settlers."
St Paul's then held four Sunday services weekly, serving both Māori and The original St Paul's
European congregations, with two services conducted in te reo Māori and building, photographed in the
two in English. Bishop Selwyn had learned te reo Māori himself.[19] 1880s

The CMS criticised Selwyn for being ineffective in training and ordaining
clergy – especially Māori. It took him 11 years to ordain the first Māori Anglican minister, Rev Rota Waitoa
(who studied under Selwyn for 10 years) at St Paul's on 22 May 1853, and 24 years to ordain a Māori
priest. Selwyn went on to ordain seven more Māori clergy at St Paul's, but his high church ways were
blamed for undermining the work of the CMS and damaging Māori enthusiasm for Christianity.[19][20][21]

Selwyn generally advocated for Māori rights and was often a critic of the unjust and reckless land
acquisition practices that led to the New Zealand Wars. However, his support of the Invasion of the
Waikato as chaplain, damaged his and the church's relationship with Māori, which is still felt today.[19] In
1865, Selwyn wrote of the Anglican Church's relationship with Māori, "oh! how things have changed!
how much of the buoyancy of hope has been sobered down by experience! when, instead of a nation of
believers welcoming me as their father, I find here and there a few scattered sheep, the remnant of a flock
which has forsaken the shepherd".[22]

St Paul's was considered a garrison church, but when the first regimental colours unfurled in New Zealand
were donated to the church after the New Zealand Wars, its second vicar, Rev John Frederick Lloyd (who
was also a chaplain in the wars) turned them down so "no jealousies of race or feelings of hostility should
ever be permitted to enter, but where men should remember only that they are one in Christ".[19]

Church constitution

While Anglicans carried some of the privileges of the Church of England to New Zealand, they struggled
to devise a method of church organisation which took account of their new non-establishment status
alongside other churches. In 1857, after 15 years of consultation, a constitution for the New Zealand church
was finalised on the basis of voluntary compact. Links with the traditions of the mother-church in England
were guaranteed in their worship, ministry and beliefs. At national and regional levels, bishops, and
representatives from the clergy and laity met together but voted separately on church matters, ensuring that
each group had an equal voice. The constitution resolved problems for the settler church but failed to deal
adequately with the administrative and leadership needs of the Māori church.

Regional identity

Selwyn's diocese was progressively divided into sub-districts, beginning in 1856 when Christchurch
became a new diocese; Wellington, Nelson and Waiapu (East Coast) followed in 1858, and Dunedin
separated from Christchurch in 1869.

Each diocese developed its own identity. The Christchurch diocese was heavily influenced by the English
settlers who arrived with the Canterbury Association. Under its second bishop, Andrew Suter, Nelson
developed an evangelical flavour which continued in the 21st century. Waiapu had missionary beginnings,
holding its first four synods (official church conferences) in the Māori language. That missionary influence
was overtaken by the New Zealand wars and the growth of settler influence.

20th and 21st centuries

Despite Māori being a significant portion of the members of the Anglican

church in the 19th and early 20th century, calls for a Māori bishop went
unheard. Selwyn refused to ordain any Māori ministers despite ability,
believing that anyone who was not trained in the Greek and Latin
languages was inappropriate to serve as a bishop.[21][23]

After decades of lobbying from parishioners, and fears that more Māori
would leave the church to join the Rātana movement, the first Pīhopa o
Aotearoa (Bishop of Aotearoa), Frederick Bennett, was consecrated in
1928.[21]

By 1936 the proportion of Anglicans in the total population had dropped

from half to 40%. Anglican numbers declined more sharply from the mid-
1960s. Around 900,000 people identified themselves as Anglican in 1976,
800,000 in 1981 and 580,000 in 2001. In the 2013 census 12% of the
population, or 460,000 people, identified themselves as Anglicans.[24] The Bishop Bennet in 1928
2018 census recorded 314,913 Anglicans in the New Zealand part of the
church. Anglicanism was the country's second largest religious
denomination after Catholicism.[8][3]

The number who attend services on a regular basis or have any

connection with the church is considerably smaller. While one in
three New Zealanders identify as Christian, only about one in ten
identify as "active practisers".[25]

In parishes that no longer had enough church members to

financially support a stipended priest, schemes for local people or
self-supporting priests to take responsibility for the tasks of ministry The largest religious denomination in
were developed. each territorial authority at the 2013
census. The Anglican Church is
A New Zealand Prayer Book, He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa, represented by light blue shading.
was published in 1989, after a period of revision that started in
1964.[26]

The General Synod of the church adopted a revised constitution in 1992, introducing the tikanga system.
This structure has been criticised by some, with one Anglican priest comparing the tikanga to apartheid or
ghettoization, arguing that the system has resulted in churches which are divided along racial lines.[27]

Leadership
The church has decided that three bishops shall share the position of Primate and style of archbishop, each
representing one of the three tikanga. These are the three bishops presently sharing the title of Primate and
Archbishop of New Zealand:[28]

Don Tamihere, Te Pīhopa o Te Tairāwhiti and Te Pīhopa o Aotearoa, who oversees Te

Pīhopatanga o Aotearoa (i.e. all five Hui Amorangi/Pīhopatanga) for the Māori people of
 Aotearoa New Zealand
Philip Richardson, Bishop of Waikato and Taranaki and Senior Bishop of the New Zealand
dioceses, who oversees dioceses in Aotearoa New Zealand for Pākehā (people of
European heritage)
Sione Ulu’ilakepa, Bishop of Polynesia (the sole diocesan bishop of tikanga Pasefika), who
oversees the Diocese of Polynesia for the Oceania region of the Pacific Islands that
predominantly lie north and east of Aotearoa New Zealand.[29]

Tikanga system

Aotearoa

Te Pīhopatanga o Aotearoa, one of three tikanga, oversees churches for the Māori people of Aotearoa.
Aotearoa is made up of five pīhopatanga or regional bishoprics (sometimes called hui amorangi, i.e.
synods), each led by te pīhopa o... (the bishop of...):

Tairāwhiti (literally "east coast")

Tai Tokerau (literally "north coast")
Upoko o Te Ika (literally "the head of the fish", i.e. the southern part of the North Island;
Wellington/Taranaki)
Waipounamu (literally "greenstone waters",[30] i.e. the South Island)
Manawa o Te Wheke (literally "the heart of the octopus", i.e. North Island central region)

New Zealand

The tikanga of New Zealand is made up of seven dioceses:

Auckland
Christchurch
Dunedin
Nelson
Waiapu
Waikato and Taranaki
Wellington

The dioceses in New Zealand are led by a "senior bishop" (previously "Convening Bishop") elected from
among the diocesan bishops of the tikanga. In the three-person primacy, that Senior Bishop is ex officio co-
equal Primate and Archbishop for the whole province. The current Senior Bishop is Philip Richardson,
Bishop of Waikato and Taranaki.

Cathedrals
 Holy Trinity Cathedral in "Cardboard Cathedral", St Paul's Cathedral in
Parnell, Auckland the pro-cathedral of Dunedin
Christchurch

Christ Church Cathedral of St St Peter's Cathedral

Cathedral in Nelson John the in Hamilton
Evangelist in
Napier

Taranaki Cathedral, Church Wellington Cathedral of

of St Mary, in New St Paul
Plymouth

Polynesia

The Diocese of Polynesia, or the Tikanga Pasefika serves Anglicans in Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook
Islands. The diocese's first bishop was consecrated in 1908. The diocesan cathedral is Holy Trinity
Cathedral in Suva, Fiji. In the province's three-person primacy, the diocesan Bishop of Polynesia is
automatically Primate and Archbishop; Sione Ulu’ilakepa has been the diocesan bishop since 2023.[29] The
Bishop of Polynesia has been supported by four suffragan bishops: Api Qiliho recently retired as Bishop in
Vanua Levu and Taveuni; Gabriel Sharma is Bishop in Viti Levu West; ʻAka Vaka is Bishop in Tonga;
former Archbishop Winston Halapua led the ministry to Polynesians in mainland New Zealand before he
became diocesan bishop — his suffragan post has not been filled since; there are archdeacons of Suva and
Ovalau, Samoa and American Samoa, and Tonga.[3]
 Diocese Of Polynesia
Holy Trinity Cathedral in
Suva, Fiji

Ministry
The Anglican Church embraces three orders of ministry: deacon, priest (or presbyter) and bishop.
Increasingly, an emphasis is being placed on these orders to work collaboratively within the wider ministry
of the whole people of God.

Theological training

Residential theological training is carried out primarily at St John's College, Auckland, which is also
organised according to the three tikanga approach. Theological training was formerly carried out by
Selwyn College, Otago in Dunedin and College House in Christchurch, currently these colleges are hall of
residence for students from all faculties of the University of Otago and the University of Canterbury. While
the two colleges still fall under the jurisdiction of the Anglican Diocese of Dunedin and Anglican Diocese
of Christchurch and have the extensive theological holdings in their libraries, they no longer train
ordinands.

Worship and liturgy

A New Zealand Prayer Book, He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa, providing liturgy for "a multitude of
voices",[26] contains a liturgical calendar, forms of daily prayer, of baptism, of the Eucharist (also known as
Holy Communion), and other texts for services such as marriage, funerals, and ordination, as well as a
catechism for instruction in the faith. All these are central to this Church's worship, as for other Anglican
Churches.

The book was published in 1989 and attracted considerable interest for its use of locally-composed and
borrowed texts, and the use of Maori language as well as of English. A revised edition in 2020 expanded
use of Maori as well as providing some liturgies in other Pacific languages.

Use of the 1662 and 1928 versions of the Book of Common Prayer (BCP) of the Church of England is also
permitted, along with resources from the prayer books of other provinces within the Anglican Communion.

Social and cultural issues

Ordination of women
The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia has allowed the ordination of women as
deacons and priests since 1977[31][32] and as bishops since 1988.[33] Penny Jamieson, Bishop of Dunedin
from 1990 to 2004, was the world’s first Anglican diocesan woman bishop.[34] Wai Quayle became the
first indigenous woman bishop in 2019.

Divorce and abortion

In 1970 it became possible for divorcees to be married in Anglican churches with the permission of the
diocesan bishop; since 1984 this permission is no longer necessary. From the 1980s society's acceptance of
unmarried couples living together and the use of secular marriage celebrants further undermined the
church's traditional attitude towards and role in controlling marriage.

Anglican submissions to the McMillan Committee on Abortion in 1937 opposed abortion, regarding both
abortion and birth control as part of a general moral decline. The church’s submissions to the 1974 Royal
Commission on Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion showed a considerable shift from this earlier
position, with a range of opinions on abortion and an attempt to balance religious care for the mother and
the rights of the foetus. This diversity indicated a lack of an authoritative Anglican Church position on
issues like abortion and a loosening of traditional attitudes.[35]

Homosexuality and same-sex relationships

The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia has no authoritative, definitive position on
homosexuality and same-sex relationships.[36] It is one of the provinces of the Anglican Communion which
fully permit (since 2018) the blessing of same-sex relationships, including same-sex civil marriages and
civil unions.[37][38] This followed years of consultations and debates.

In 2011, the Diocese of Auckland voted in favour of ordaining partnered gay and lesbian priests.[39]
Congregations in the Auckland Diocese may offer a 'relationship blessing' for two partners.[40] In 2005, a
same-sex couple was joined in a civil union at St Matthew in the City in the Auckland Diocese.[41] A gay
priest was licensed in the Auckland Diocese as of 2009.[42] The Dunedin Diocese also provides a blessing
for the relationship of "two people" irrespective of gender.[43] In the Dunedin Diocese, "Blessings of same-
sex relationships are offered in line with Diocesan Policy and with the bishop’s permission." [44] The
Dunedin Diocese also ordained an openly gay deacon in "a committed same-sex relationship."[45]
Subsequently, the same deacon was ordained a priest.[46] In 2011, the Waiapu Diocese adopted a resolution
affirming the ordination of gay and lesbian clergy and asking for an authorised liturgy for blessing same-sex
relationships.[47] The Bishop's chaplain in the Waiapu Diocese has also performed a blessing for a same-
sex couple.[48] In 2017, the Bishop of Waiapu installed an openly gay priest, who is married to his partner,
as the dean of Waiapu Cathedral.[49][50]

In 2012, some bishops and four dioceses supported a rite of blessing for same-sex unions.[51] Motion 30,
adopted by the 62nd General Synod on 14 May 2014, designated a working task group with the purpose of
creating a "process and structure" that would allow the blessing of same-sex unions, while also upholding
the traditional doctrine of marriage as the union of a man and a woman. This proposal drew the opposition
of the most conservative factions of the province's clergy and laity, with a submission presented by two
clergy and a layman stating that the church's constitution stated that "No doctrines which are repugnant to
the Doctrines and Sacraments of Christ as held and maintained by this Church shall be advocated or
inculcated by any person acknowledging the authority of General Synod."[52] While the blessing services
were being developed and discussed, the resolution said "clergy should be permitted 'to recognise in public
worship' a same-gender civil union or state marriage of members of their faith community."[53][54]
In 2016, the committee responsible for developing the rites of blessing released its proposed liturgies for
same-sex couples to be discussed by the General Synod.[55] The General Synod 2016 voted to 'receive' the
report on blessings but left the option to "[lie] on the table" and the issue will be reviewed again in
2018.[56][57] The church's spokesperson said that "[the Synod] needs more work and time to create a
structure that can allow for blessing of committed life-long monogamous same-sex relationships."[58]
"However, Synod did pass a constitutional change allowing bishops the right to authorize (sic) a service for
use in his or her diocese".[59] In 2018, the General Synod/Te Hinota voted in favour of approving Motion
29 and allowing blessing rites for same-sex unions.[37][60]

Relation with the Anglican realignment

The Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans in New Zealand was started in April 2016 with two conferences
that took place in Auckland and Christchurch with nearly 500 members of the province. The FCA in New
Zealand is the local expression of the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON), whose chairman,
Eliud Wabukala (an archbishop from Kenya), sent a message of support read at the conferences. Video
greetings were also sent by Foley Beach of the Anglican Church in North America and Richard Condie, a
bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Tasmania and chairman of FCA Australia. Jay Behan became the chair
of FCA New Zealand. The creation of FCA New Zealand was a result of the passing of Motion 30 by the
Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, and the subsequent document A Way Forward,
proposing the blessing of same-sex marriages, presented at their general synod in May 2014.[61] Bishop
Richard Ellena of Nelson, an Evangelical Anglican, is a supporter of the Anglican realignment, having
attended the Global South Fourth Encounter in Singapore in April 2010 and GAFCON II in Nairobi,
Kenya, in October 2013.[62] FCA New Zealand was represented at GAFCON III in Jerusalem, in June
2018 by a 56 members delegation, plus two from Fiji, led by Jay Behan.[63]

The Church of Confessing Anglicans Aotearoa/New Zealand was created from the Fellowship of
Confessing Anglicans of New Zealand and was officially established on 17 May 2019. This followed the
decision taken by the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia to allow the blessing of
same-sex marriages and civil unions.[64]

Sexual abuse

The Anglican Church in New Zealand has historically had instances of sexual abuse of children, adults,
and clergy. The abuse took place in church-run schools as well as churches, and the church was accused of
attempting to cover up the sexual crimes.[65]

In March 2021, at the request of Catholic and Anglican Churches, among others, church bodies were
included in a nationwide inquiry, the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Abuse in Care.[66] As part of this
inquiry it emerged that many documents pertaining to the sexual abuse of people in the church from the
1990s had gone missing.[67]

See also
Christianity in New Zealand
 Christianity in Fiji

Explanatory notes
a. Māori: Te Hāhi Mihinare ki Aotearoa ki Niu Tīreni, ki Ngā Moutere o te Moana Nui a Kiwa

References
1. "Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia" (http://archived.oikoumene.or
g/en/member-churches/regions/asia/aotearoa-new-zealand/anglican-church-in-aotearoa-ne
w-zealand-and-polynesia.html). archived.oikoumene.org. World Council of Churches. 2008.
Retrieved 7 December 2018.
2. "Part B", The Constitution of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia,
General Synod of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, 2008, p. ii
3. "About" (http://www.anglican.org.nz/About). www.anglican.org.nz. Anglican Church of
Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
4. "Primates / Directory / Home – Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia"
(http://www.anglican.org.nz/Directory/Primates). www.anglican.org.nz. Anglican Church in
Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
5. Davidson, Allan K. (5 May 2011). "Anglican Church" (https://teara.govt.nz/en/anglican-churc
h). Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
6. "Religious affiliation (total responses) and birthplace (broad geographic areas) by age
group, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses
(RC, TA, SA2, DHB)" (https://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLE
CODE8290). nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
7. McLintock, Alexander Hare, ed. (1966). "The Dioceses" (https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/church
-of-england). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and
Heritage. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
8. "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) | Stats NZ" (https://www.stats.go
vt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights-updated).
www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
9. Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new
perspective. Penguin. ISBN 978-0143204084. pp 20-116
10. Orange, Claudia (1987). The Treaty of Waitangi. Bridget Williams Books. pp. 4–5.
ISBN 9781877242489.
11. Lineham, Peter J. (5 May 2011). "Missions and missionaries" (https://teara.govt.nz/en/missio
ns-and-missionaries). Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
12. Morag, McDowell; Webb, Duncan (2002). The New Zealand Legal System (3rd ed.).
LexisNexis Butterworths. ISBN 0408716266.
13. David, Moxon. "The Treaty and the Bible in Aotearoa New Zealand" (https://vaughanpark.n
z/?sid=124). Vaughan Park. Vaughan Park / David Moxon. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
14. "Carl Völkner" (https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/carl-volkner). nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for
Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
15. "Search the List | St Paul's Church (Anglican) | Heritage New Zealand" (https://www.heritag
e.org.nz/the-list/details/650). www.heritage.org.nz. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
16. "Search the List | Churton Memorial | Heritage New Zealand" (https://www.heritage.org.nz/th
e-list/details/563). www.heritage.org.nz. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
17. Kate, Hannah. "Where we've come from" (https://stpaulschurch.smugmug.com/SPAM/n-Gm
BLKc/St-Pauls-History-2009). stpaulschurch.smugmug.com. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
18. "Our History" (https://aucklandanglican.org.nz/who-we-are/our-history/). Anglican Diocese of
Auckland. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
19. Hawkins, Simeon (2020). "King, Bishop, Knight, Pioneer: the Social and Architectural
Significance of Old St Paul's Church, Emily Place, Auckland. 1841–1885" (https://researchs
pace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/52520/whole.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2-X_9f1wzyBULI
hCbB5bXwK8I1y1OpBYFysCe4O_fbDHF1dfaClALoOCk) (PDF). University of Auckland
Research Repository, ResearchSpace. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
20. Dempsey, G. J. "Rota Waitoa" (https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1w2). Dictionary of New
Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
21. Walker, Ranginui (2004). Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou – Struggle Without End (2nd ed.).
Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. pp. 191–193. ISBN 9780143019459.
22. H. W. Tucker, Memoir of the life and episcopate of George Augustus Selwyn. London:
Gardner, 1879, p. 206.
23. Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new
perspective. Penguin. pp. 182, 257, 258, 259, 272, 273, 274, 305, 318, 319. ISBN 978-
0143204084.
24. "2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity" (http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/201
3-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/religion.aspx).
archive.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
25. Reed, Chris (20 June 2018). "Losing faith: Why fewer New Zealanders are attending
church" (https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/losing-faith-why-fewer-new-zealanders-are-attending
-church/MV25KTPVEVW27IFUCEXNUCZ3KE/). New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 8 March
2021.
26. "ANZPB/HKMOA – A New Zealand Prayer Book, He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa" (http://w
ww.anglicanprayerbook.nz/). Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia.
Retrieved 9 June 2018.
27. "Bishop and the turbulent priest" (https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news-old/central-nort
h-island/352272/Bishop-and-the-turbulent-priest). Stuff. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 8 March
2021.
28. "Primates" (http://www.anglican.org.nz/Directory/Primates). www.anglican.org.nz. Anglican
Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
29. "+Sione Polynesia takes the lead" (https://web.archive.org/web/20230322052126/https://ang
licantaonga.org.nz/news/tikanga_pasifika/sionedop). Anglican Taonga. 13 March 2023.
Archived from the original (https://anglicantaonga.org.nz/news/tikanga_pasifika/sionedop)
on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
30. "1000 Māori place names" (https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/maori-language-week/1000-mao
ri-place-names). nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
31. Proceedings of the Forty-Third General Synod (pp. 11 (https://kinderlibrary.recollect.co.nz/no
des/view/44#idx15875)–13 (https://kinderlibrary.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/44#idx15877))
32. "40 years of women's priestly ministry celebrated in New Zealand" (http://www.anglicannew
s.org/news/2017/11/40-years-of-womens-priestly-ministry-celebrated-in-new-zealand.aspx).
Anglican News. 7 November 2017.
33. Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh General Synod (pp. 81 (https://kinderlibrary.recollect.co.n
z/nodes/view/48#idx16930)–85 (https://kinderlibrary.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/48#idx1693
4)), Proceedings of the Special Session of the Forty-Seventh General Synod (p. S-50 (http
s://kinderlibrary.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/49#idx17390)) and Proceedings of the Forty-
Eighth General Synod (pp. 104 (https://kinderlibrary.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/49#idx1751
8)–105 (https://kinderlibrary.recollect.co.nz/nodes/view/49#idx17519))
34. "New Zealand Vicar Becomes First Woman to Head Anglican Diocese" (http://articles.latime
s.com/1989-12-02/news/vw-274_1_anglican-diocese-zealand). Los Angeles Times. 2
December 1989. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
35. Davidson, Allan K (5 May 2011). "Church and community" (https://teara.govt.nz/en/anglican-
church/page-4). Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
36. "Anglican Church around the world" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/3226753.stm).
BBC. 15 July 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
37. "Yes to blessings" (http://www.anglicantaonga.org.nz/news/general_synod/yes).
anglicantaonga.org.nz. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
38. mmacdonald (28 July 2022). "With same-sex marriage in the spotlight, where does it stand
across the Anglican Communion?" (https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2022/07/28/with-
same-sex-marriage-in-the-spotlight-where-does-it-stand-across-the-anglican-communion/).
Episcopal News Service. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
39. "Anglican Diocese on Support for GLBT Members | Scoop News" (http://www.scoop.co.nz/st
ories/AK1109/S00174/anglican-diocese-on-support-for-glbt-members.htm).
www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
40. "Saint Columba Church – Services" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170406115252/http://ww
w.saintcolumbas.org.nz/covenant.php). www.saintcolumbas.org.nz. Archived from the
original (http://www.saintcolumbas.org.nz/covenant.php) on 6 April 2017. Retrieved
17 December 2016.
41. Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Civil union, 2005" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20170413153151/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/27677/civ
il-union-2005). www.teara.govt.nz. Archived from the original (https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/p
hotograph/27677/civil-union-2005) on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
42. "Gay minister claims discrimination" (https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/509074/Ga
y-minister-claims-discrimination). Stuff. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
43. "Liturgical Resources | CalledSouth" (http://calledsouth.org.nz/downloads/liturgical-resource
s/). calledsouth.org.nz. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
44. "Marriages in Dunedin North Anglican Parish" (https://web.archive.org/web/2017040618493
7/http://www.allsaintsdn.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Getting-Married-in-Dunedin-Nor
th-parish.pdf) (PDF). allsaintsdn.org.nz. 2016. Archived from the original (http://www.allsaints
dn.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Getting-Married-in-Dunedin-North-parish.pdf) (PDF)
on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
45. "Anglican church to ordain gay deacon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160604064919/htt
p://www.gaynz.com/articles/publish/2/printer_3751.php). www.gaynz.com. Archived from the
original (http://www.gaynz.com/articles/publish/2/printer_3751.php) on 4 June 2016.
Retrieved 11 May 2016.
46. "Gay priest predicts a new conservatism | Otago Daily Times Online News : Otago, South
Island, New Zealand & International News" (http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/79503/gay-
priest-predicts-a-new-conservatism). www.odt.co.nz. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 6 June
2016.
47. Dawson, Jenny. "The Waiapu Journey" (http://www.waiapu.com/assets/Waiapu-SC-Ma-Whe
a-Submission.pdf) (PDF). waiapu.com. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
48. "Gay Marriage Coming to the Bay" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170409021332/https://ww
w.baybuzz.co.nz/2013/07/08/gay-marriage-coming-to-the-bay/). BayBuzz. 8 July 2013.
Archived from the original (https://www.baybuzz.co.nz/2013/07/08/gay-marriage-coming-to-t
he-bay/) on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
49. "Remaining faithful to the gospel in New Zealand – A response to Motion 29 | GAFCON" (htt
ps://www.gafcon.org/news/remaining-faithful-to-the-gospel-in-new-zealand-a-response-to-m
otion-29). www.gafcon.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
50. Quiqcorp. "Anglican Taonga : New Zealand's Anglican News Leader" (http://www.anglicanta
onga.org.nz/news/general_synod/tuesday). www.anglicantaonga.org.nz. Retrieved 9 May
2018.
51. "Anglican debate on gays risks splitting church" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.c
fm?c_id=1&objectid=10816490). New Zealand Herald. 30 June 2012. ISSN 1170-0777 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777). Retrieved 12 April 2016.
52. "Legal challenge filed to NZ gay blessings motion, Anglican Ink, 20 February 2015" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20160304101251/http://www.anglican.ink/article/legal-challenge-filed-
nz-gay-blessings-motion). Archived from the original (http://www.anglican.ink/article/legal-ch
allenge-filed-nz-gay-blessings-motion) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
53. Quiqcorp. "Anglican Taonga : New Zealand's Anglican News Leader" (http://anglicantaonga.
org.nz/News/General-Synod/forward). anglicantaonga.org.nz. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
54. "Anglican church approves same-sex relationships, not marriage" (http://www.nzherald.co.n
z/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11255410). New Zealand Herald. 15 May 2014.
ISSN 1170-0777 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777). Retrieved 13 April 2017.
55. "New Zealand working group reports on same-sex relationships" (http://episcopaldigitalnetw
ork.com/ens/2016/02/22/new-zealand-working-group-reports-on-same-gender-relationship
s/). Episcopal News Service. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
56. "GayNZ.com Anglican Church rejects blessings of same-sex marriages" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20160512113658/http://www.gaynz.com/articles/publish/2/article_18259.php).
www.gaynz.com. Archived from the original (http://www.gaynz.com/articles/publish/2/article_
18259.php) on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
57. Quiqcorp. "Anglican Taonga : New Zealand's Anglican News Leader" (http://anglicantaonga.
org.nz/News/General-Synod/BLESSINGS-REPORT-ON-HOLD). anglicantaonga.org.nz.
Retrieved 12 May 2016.
58. "Anglican priest 'ashamed' of Church's gay marriage decision delay" (http://www.nzherald.c
o.nz/hawkes-bay-today/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503462&objectid=11638128). New Zealand
Herald. 12 May 2016. ISSN 1170-0777 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777).
Retrieved 12 May 2017.
59. "Marriage rites (and wrongs)?" (http://www.episcopalcafe.com/marriage-rites-and-wrongs/).
30 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
60. "Anglican Church will bless same-sex relationships" (http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-
zealand/2018/05/anglican-church-will-bless-same-sex-relationships.html). Newshub.
Retrieved 9 May 2018.
61. "Formation of Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans New Zealand, Anglican Mainstream" (htt
p://anglicanmainstream.org/formation-of-fellowship-or-confessing-anglicans-new-zealand/),
19 April 2016.
62. "Gafcon looks to the future" (http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2013/25-october/news/uk/
gafcon-looks-to-the-future), Church Times, 25 October 2013.
63. "GAFCON III largest pan-Anglican gathering since Toronto Congress of 1963" (http://anglica
nink.com/article/gafcon-iii-largest-pan-anglican-gathering-toronto-congress-1963) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051354/http://anglicanink.com/article/gafcon-iii-larges
t-pan-anglican-gathering-toronto-congress-1963) 19 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine,
Anglican Ink, 20 June 2018.
64. "New Anglican diocese created in New Zealand as wider Province moves towards same-
sex blessings" (https://www.christiantoday.com/article/new-anglican-diocese-created-in-new
-zealand-as-wider-province-moves-towards-same-sex-blessings/132455.htm).
www.christiantoday.com. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
65. Neilson, Michael (9 December 2020). "Abuse in Care: Anglican Church accused of cover-up
over 'sex addict and pervert' priest" (https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/abuse-in-care-anglican-c
hurch-accused-of-cover-up-over-sex-addict-and-pervert-priest/X7CLHWRHHDGTJBO33VH
NJYGQBU/). New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
66. "Church: Victims shouldn't be denied" (https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/churches-seek-inclusi
on-in-royal-commission-on-state-care-abuse/UCGHGVFWRX52Q6D4YQG5HKWZWE/).
NZ Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
67. McRae, Andrew (19 March 2021). "Anglican bishop 'embarrassed' by dud abuse hotline
number" (https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/438694/anglican-bishop-embarrassed-by-dud
-abuse-hotline-number). RNZ. Retrieved 2 April 2021.

Further reading
Derbyshire, Noel William (2006). "The English Church" Revisited Issues of Expansion and
Identity in a Settler Church: The Anglican Church in New Zealand 1891–1945 (https://mro.m
assey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/633/02whole.pdf) (PDF) (Master of Arts in History).
Massey University.
Cox, Noel, Church and State in the Post-Colonial Era: The Anglican Church and the
Constitution in New Zealand (Polygraphia (NZ) Ltd, Auckland, 2008; ISBN 978-1-877-
33260-9)

External links
Official website (http://www.anglican.org.nz)
Anglican history in New Zealand (http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/) – primary texts from Project
Canterbury

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Anglican_Church_in_Aotearoa,_New_Zealand_and_Polynesia&oldid=1172840359"