Risk in Financial Services v10

Risk in Financial Services
Effective from 11 August 2023

© Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment
Objective of the examination
The objective of the examination is to ensure that candidates have a broad understanding
of the general principles of risk in business, the key risks that arise within the financial
services industry, the influence of corporate governance, regulation and codes of
conduct, and the approaches that are typically used to identify, reduce and manage
specific aspects of risk.
The examination will test candidates’ knowledge and understanding of the following
elements:
• Principles of Risk Management
• International Risk Regulation
• Operational Risk
• Credit Risk
• Market Risk
• Investment Risk
• Liquidity Risk
• Model Risk
• Risk Oversight and Corporate Governance
• Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)
Candidate Update
Candidates are reminded to check the ‘Candidate Update’ area of the Institute’s website
(www.cisi.org) on a regular basis for updates that could affect their examination as a result
of industry change.
Version10 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment 1

Syllabus Structure
The unit is divided into elements. These are broken down into a series of learning
objectives.
Each learning objective begins with one of the following prefixes: know, understand, be
able to calculate, be able to apply, be able to distinguish or be able to identify. These
words indicate the different levels of skills to be tested. Learning objectives prefixed:
• know require the candidate to recall information such as facts, rules or principles
• understand require the candidate to demonstrate comprehension of an issue,

fact, rule or principle
• be able to calculate require the candidate to be able to use formulae to perform

calculations
• be able to apply require the candidate to be able to apply their knowledge to a

given set of circumstances in order to present a clear and detailed explanation of
a situation, rule or principle
• be able to distinguish require the candidate to be able to compare and contrast

two or more issues, situations, rules or principles
• be able to identify require the candidate to be able to apply their knowledge of

rules or principles in order to categorise one or more issues from a given situation
2 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment Version10

Examination Specification
Each examination paper is constructed from a specification that determines the

weightings that will be given to each element. The specification is given below.
It is important to note that the numbers quoted may vary slightly from examination to
examination as there is some flexibility to ensure that each examination has a consistent
level of difficulty. However, the number of questions tested in each element should not
change by more than plus or minus 2.
Examination specification
100 multiple choice questions
Element
Element Questions
number
1 Principles of Risk Management 14
2 International Risk Regulation 7
3 Operational Risk 15
4 Credit Risk 15
5 Market Risk 15
6 Investment Risk 11
7 Liquidity Risk 10
8 Model Risk 3
9 Risk Oversight and Corporate Governance 5
10 Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) 5
Total 100

Assessment Structure
A 2 hour examination of 100 multiple choice questions.
Candidates sitting the examination by Computer Based Testing will have, in addition, up
to 10% additional questions as trial questions that will not be separately identified and do
not contribute to the result. Candidates will be given proportionately more time to
complete the test.

Summary Syllabus
Element 1 Principles of Risk Management

1.1 Introduction to Risk in Business
1.2 Specific Risks in Financial Services
1.3 Emerging considerations for the Financial Services industry
Element 2 International Risk Regulation
2.1 The Bank for International Settlements
2.2 Basel Regulatory Capital
2.3 Regulatory Risk
2.4 Other Relevant Regulations
Element 3 Operational Risk
3.1 Definitions of Operational Risk
3.2 Operational Risk Policy
3.3 Operational Risk Framework
3.4 Operational Risk Identification
3.5 Operational Risk Assessment and Measurement
3.6 Managing Operational Risk
Element 4 Credit Risk
4.1 Identification of Credit Risk
4.2 Credit Risk Measurement
4.3 Credit Risk Management
Element 5 Market Risk
5.1 Identification of Market Risk
5.2 Market Risk Management
Element 6 Investment Risk
6.1 The Measurement of Investment Returns
6.2 Identification, Measurement and Management of Investment Risk
Element 7 Liquidity Risk
7.1 Identification of Liquidity Risk
7.2 Measurement of Liquidity Risk
7.3 Management of Liquidity Risk
Element 8 Model Risk

8.1 Overview of Model Risk

Element 9 Risk Oversight and Corporate Governance
9.1 Risk Governance within Financial Services Organisations
9.2 Risk Culture and Leadership
Element 10 Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)
10.1 Overview of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)

Element 1 Principles of Risk Management
1.1 Introduction to Risk in Business

On completion, the candidate should:
1.1.1 understand the processes typically used to identify, reduce and

manage specific aspects of risk
1.1.2 understand the key elements of risk management and the

differences between risk and uncertainty
1.1.3 know the key external sources of risk and their potential impact on a
business:
• economic
• political
• competitive environment, social and market forces
• technological including cyber security
• shocks and natural events
• external stakeholders and third parties
• Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) risks
1.1.4 understand how the key external sources of risk are typically
assessed
1.1.5 know the key internal drivers of risk:
• strategic
• operational
• financial
1.1.6 understand how the key internal drivers of risk are typically
assessed
1.1.7 understand the overlapping and interactive nature of external and

internal risk drivers
1.1.8 understand the following risk concepts:
• risk culture and conduct risk
• risk appetite

• inherent (gross) risk
• residual (net) risk
• risk profile
• risk mitigation
• reputational risk
1.1.9 understand how risk management protects and adds value to an

organisation and its stakeholders
1.2 Specific Risks in Financial Services

1.2.1 know the specific key risks in financial services as defined by the
Bank for International Settlements
1.2.2 know the interconnectedness of risks in financial systems
1.2.3 understand the nature of systemic risk and recovery and resolution
planning within financial services
1.3 Emerging considerations for the Financial Services industry

1.3.1 know potential benefits and problems associated with disruptive

innovation in:
• Fintech
• RegTech
• Digital assets and Crypto currencies
Smart contracts

Element 2 International Risk Regulation
2.1 The Bank for International Settlements

2.1.1 understand the role of the Bank for International Settlements within
the financial services industry
2.1.2 know the purposes for which the Basel Committee on Banking
Supervision was established, and the drivers it introduced to
calculate the capital adequacy of banks
2.1.3 understand the high level international guidelines and supervisory

standards established by the Basel Committee and differences in
global implementation
2.2 Basel Regulatory Capital

2.2.1 know the purpose, key features and implementation implications of

Basel:
• Pillars 1, 2 and 3
• Sound Practice Principles
• Internal capital and liquidity assessment
2.2.2 understand the key principles of home-host state regulation

2.3 Regulatory Risk

2.3.1 understand the main differences between statutory and principles-

based approaches to financial regulation
2.3.2 understand the responsibility of the national regulator to implement

supervision measures to address country-specific risks
2.3.3 understand the main features of the regulatory framework from the
perspective of regulatory risk and implementation:
• consumer protection
• business standards
• financial crime prevention
• regulatory standards
2.3.4 understand the purpose and process of risk based regulatory

reviews and risk assessment visits
2.4 Other Relevant Regulations

2.4.1 understand the importance of considering other legislation within

the processes of risk identification and management

Element 3 Operational Risk
3.1 Definitions of Operational Risk

3.1.1 know the definition of operational risk according to the Basel

Committee on Banking Supervision
3.1.2 know the Basel operational risk event types and what forms they
take:
• Internal Fraud
• External Fraud
• Employment Practices and Workplace Safety
• Clients, Products, & Business Practice
• Damage to Physical Assets
• Business Disruption & Systems Failures
• Execution, Delivery & Process Management
3.1.3 know where and how the Basel operational risk event types
typically arise
3.1.4
3.1.5 3.1.4 be able to distinguish operational risk from:
• other forms of risk
• further risks that arise as a consequence of operational risk
3.2 Operational Risk Policy

3.2.1 understand the following areas that are addressed by an

operational risk policy and what they are designed to achieve:
• identification of key officers
• define clear roles and responsibilities
• segregation of duties

• cross functional involvement and agreement
3.3 Operational Risk Framework

3.3.1 understand the key aims of the operational risk management

function:
• identification and assessment of risks
• management of risks
• reduction of potential impact and likelihood of occurrence
3.3.2 know the stages of an operational risk management framework:
• identification
• measurement
• management and control
• management information
• monitoring
• escalation
• remediation

3.4 Operational Risk Identification

3.4.1 understand the purpose of identifying and categorising risks
3.4.2 understand the self-assessment (self-certification) method of

identifying operational risks
3.4.3 be able to apply risk categorisation to simple, practical examples of

normal activity and change-related projects:
• people
• processes
• systems
• external events

3.5 Operational Risk Assessment and Measurement

3.5.1 understand the main reasons for assessing and measuring

operational risk, and the difficulties involved
3.5.2 know the basic terms used in the assessment and measurement of
operational risk
3.5.3 understand the following methods of assessing operational risk:
• impact and likelihood assessment
• scenario analysis
• bottom-up analysis
3.5.4 understand the Key Risk Indicators (KRI) method of measuring

operational risk
3.5.5 understand how historical loss data can be used in measuring

operational risk
3.5.6 understand the practical constraints of implementing an operational

risk management framework
3.6 Managing Operational Risk

3.6.1 know the purpose of a risk register (risk log) and its core features:
• objectives
• description of risk
• risk ranking
• lead person or department
• action plan
• target and completion dates
• sources of assurance and oversight
• mitigating controls

3.6.2 understand and be able to distinguish between the following

methods for reducing operational risk exposure:
• risk transfer
• risk avoidance
• risk mitigation
• risk acceptance
3.6.3 know the common methods for operational risk mitigation:
• controls
• financial crime compliance
• operational resilience
• outsourcing
• insurance
• information, cyber security, data protection and privacy
• physical security
• financial reserves
• risk awareness training
3.6.4 understand how historical loss data can be used in managing

operational risk
Element 4 Credit Risk
4.1 Identification of Credit Risk

4.1.1 understand the key components of credit risk and how they arise:
• counterparty risk
• issuer risk
• concentration risk

4.1.2 know the main areas of exposure of counterparty, systematic and

issuer risk within banking, securities and investment functions
4.1.3 understand credit risk boundary issues as identified within Basel
4.2 Credit Risk Measurement

4.2.1 understand the following techniques for measuring credit risk and
what they are designed to achieve:
• credit exposure
• credit risk premium
• credit ratings
4.2.2 understand the role and influence of credit rating agencies
4.2.3 understand the merits and limitations of using credit ratings to

assess credit-worthiness of companies and financial instruments
4.2.4 understand the key issues relating to counterparty credit risk and
applications in practice:
• probability of default (PD)
• loss given default (LGD)
• exposure at default (EAD)
• recovery rates (RR)
• credit events
• maturity
• wrong way risk
• non-performing assets
4.2.5 know the basic principles of setting credit limits for trade book and
loan product risk management
4.2.6 understand the main limitations of credit risk measurement

4.3 Credit Risk Management

4.3.1 understand the following examples of credit risk mitigation, and how
they may be typically applied:
• underwriting standards
• guarantees
• credit limits
• netting
• collateral
• diversification
• insurance / credit derivatives
• credit default swaps
• collateralised debt obligations
• loan sales and securitisation
• central counterparties
4.3.2 be able to calculate a simple margin or collateral adequacy

calculation
4.3.3 understand the role and sound practice features of an effective

credit risk management function
4.3.4 understand the role of reporting and escalation tools of credit risk
management
4.3.5 know the Basel key stages of credit risk policy development,
modelling and control:
• development
• validation
• approval
• implementation
• review
• post-implementation monitoring

4.3.6 understand the methods used to manage credit risk:
• credit scoring systems
• factor inputs: financial, non-financial and extraordinary
• stress testing
• segmentation
• external ratings
• setting limits or caps
• internal credit rating
• provisioning and impairment
• key statistics and key performance indicators
4.3.7 understand the purpose and methods of controlling concentration

risk:
• single name entity
• country, sector and industry risk
4.3.8 understand the purpose and principles of controlling trading book

risk:
• Value-at-Risk (VaR)
• confidence levels
Element 5 Market Risk
5.1 Identification of Market Risk

5.1.1 know and be able to identify the different types of market risk:
• volatility risk
• market liquidity risk
• currency risk
• basis risk

• interest rate risk
• commodity risk
• equity risk
5.1.2 understand the boundary issues that can arise between different
types of market risk
5.1.3 be able to apply an understanding of market risk to simple, practical

situations
5.2 Market Risk Management

5.2.1 understand the following techniques and their application in

managing market risk:
• hedging
• market risk limits
• diversification
• electronic trading
5.2.2 understand the role and sound practice features of an effective

market risk management function
5.2.3 know the key measures of dispersion and variance:
• range and inter-quartile range
• median
• mean and quartile deviation
• variance
• standard deviation
5.2.4 understand the relevance and application of measures of dispersion

and variance within risk analysis
5.2.5 understand the terms distribution analysis, confidence intervals,

normal distribution and fat tailed distribution, and how they are used
within risk analysis

5.2.6 know the following concepts used in risk measurement and control:
• probability
• volatility
• regression
• correlation coefficients alpha and beta
• optimisation
5.2.7 understand the Value-at-Risk (VaR) approach to managing market

risk:
• VaR limit setting and monitoring for bank trading positions
• VaR as a portfolio measure of risk
• validation and back testing
5.2.8 know the three different approaches to VaR:
• historical simulation
• parametric
• monte carlo
5.2.9 understand the underlying purposes, principles and application of

the main types of scenario and stress testing:
• extreme event
• risk factor
• external factor

Element 6 Investment Risk
6.1 The Measurement of Investment Returns

6.1.1 understand the basic concepts and measurement of investment

related returns:
• nominal returns
• real returns
• total returns
• holding period return
6.1.2 understand the effects of compound interest and the time value of
money
6.1.3 understand how the rates of return from the main asset classes
vary

6.2 Identification, Measurement and Management of Investment Risk

6.2.1 understand the main investment risks and their implications for
investors and investment selection:
• currency risk
• interest rate risk
• issuer risk
• equity risk
• commodity risk
• property risk
• liquidity risk
6.2.2 understand how asset and portfolio investment risk is calculated
6.2.3 understand the significance of alpha, beta and key investor ratios
6.2.4 understand the key features and relevance of illiquid assets in

relation to investment risk:
• venture capital
• private equity
• property
6.2.5 understand the concept of correlation of performance between

asset classes
6.2.6 understand the concept of tracking error
6.2.7 know the key features of an investment mandate and its role in risk
mitigation
6.2.8 understand the main methods used to mitigate investment portfolio

risk:
• systematic and non-systematic risk
• optimisation and diversification
• portfolio hedging

• short selling
• risk transfer
6.2.9 understand how timely and accurate monitoring, management and

reporting of investments can enhance the risk management process

Element 7 Liquidity Risk
7.1 Identification of Liquidity Risk

7.1.1 understand the basic constituents of liquidity risk and how they can
arise within the contexts of credit, market, investment and
operational risk:
• maturity ladder
• actual and contractual cash receipts
• asset liquidity risk
• funding liquidity risk
7.1.2 understand the potential impact of liquidity risk within an individual

firm and across the wider financial system
7.2 Measurement of Liquidity Risk

7.2.1 understand the importance of funding liquidity risk analysis:
• liquidity gap analysis
• stress testing
• expected future funding requirement
7.2.2 know the uses and limitations of the key measures of asset liquidity
risk:
• bid-offer spread
• market depth
• immediacy
• resilience

7.3 Management of Liquidity Risk

7.3.1 understand the main ways in which liquidity risk can be managed:
• liquidity limits
• counterparty credit limits
• scenario analysis
• liquidity at risk
• diversification
• behavioural analysis
• funding methods
7.3.2 be able to calculate a simple example of a cash netting agreement
7.3.3 understand the concept and implications of market dislocation
Element 8 Model Risk
8.1 Overview of Model Risk

8.1.1 know the benefits and limitations of modelling
8.1.2 know the major models utilised in operational, credit, market and
liquidity risks
8.1.3 understand the principles of effective governance of risk modelling

Element 9 Risk Oversight and Corporate Governance
9.1 Risk Governance within Financial Services Organisations

On completion, the candidate should

9.1.1 understand the general roles, responsibilities and relationships

between the principal oversight functions and the role of senior
management:
• board of directors
• risk committee
• regulatory oversight
9.1.2 understand the principles of the three lines of defence
9.1.3 understand the key challenges of implementing risk governance

structure, policies and procedures:
• appropriate authority and autonomy
• segregation of duties
• relationship of risk managers to the business
9.2 Risk Culture and Leadership

9.2.1 know the main factors determining a firm’s risk and control culture:
• ownership and involvement
• governance and policies
• risk appetite / risk tolerance
• transparency
• integrity, ethics and social responsibility
• individual accountability (eg Senior Management and

Certification Regime)
• education and development
9.2.2 understand how appropriate management of these factors can add

value and reduce risk

Element 10 Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)
10.1 Overview of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)

10.1.1 know the definitions of enterprise risk and ERM
10.1.2 understand how enterprise risk relates to the process of corporate

governance and board responsibilities
10.1.3 understand how industry regulation and sound practice have

combined to influence the development and implementation of ERM
programmes
10.1.4 understand the main goals and challenges of establishing and

implementing an ERM programme in relation to:
• exception-based escalation
• aggregation
• accountability
• ESG risk
• Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC)
10.1.5 understand ESG in the context of ERM framework and strategic

risk implication
10.1.6 know the most relevant business functions that participate in an

ERM programme

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Risk in Financial Services

Effective from 11 August 2023

Objective of the examination

Version10 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment 1

• understand require the candidate to demonstrate comprehension of an issue,

• be able to calculate require the candidate to be able to use formulae to perform

• be able to apply require the candidate to be able to apply their knowledge to a

• be able to distinguish require the candidate to be able to compare and contrast

• be able to identify require the candidate to be able to apply their knowledge of

2 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment Version10

Each examination paper is constructed from a specification that determines the

Version10 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment 3

A 2 hour examination of 100 multiple choice questions.

4 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment Version10

Element 1 Principles of Risk Management

Version10 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment 5

8.1 Overview of Model Risk

6 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment Version10

Element 1 Principles of Risk Management

1.1 Introduction to Risk in Business

1.1.1 understand the processes typically used to identify, reduce and

1.1.2 understand the key elements of risk management and the

• competitive environment, social and market forces

• technological including cyber security

• shocks and natural events

• external stakeholders and third parties

• Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) risks

1.1.5 know the key internal drivers of risk:

1.1.7 understand the overlapping and interactive nature of external and

1.1.8 understand the following risk concepts:

• risk culture and conduct risk

Version10 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment 7

• inherent (gross) risk

• residual (net) risk

1.1.9 understand how risk management protects and adds value to an

1.2 Specific Risks in Financial Services

1.2.2 know the interconnectedness of risks in financial systems

1.3 Emerging considerations for the Financial Services industry

1.3.1 know potential benefits and problems associated with disruptive

• Digital assets and Crypto currencies

8 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment Version10

Element 2 International Risk Regulation

2.1 The Bank for International Settlements

2.1.3 understand the high level international guidelines and supervisory

2.2 Basel Regulatory Capital

2.2.1 know the purpose, key features and implementation implications of

• Sound Practice Principles

• Internal capital and liquidity assessment

2.2.2 understand the key principles of home-host state regulation

Version10 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment 9

2.3 Regulatory Risk

2.3.1 understand the main differences between statutory and principles-

2.3.2 understand the responsibility of the national regulator to implement

• financial crime prevention

2.3.4 understand the purpose and process of risk based regulatory

2.4 Other Relevant Regulations

2.4.1 understand the importance of considering other legislation within

10 © Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment Version10

Element 3 Operational Risk

3.1 Definitions of Operational Risk