ALLOUYS

1.
Name four different types of steels and, for each, cite compositional differences,
distinctive properties, and typical uses.
1. Low Carbon Steels
Composition: contain less than about 0.25 wt% C
Properties: unresponsive to heat treatments

strengthening is accomplished by cold work,
relatively soft and weak but have outstanding ductility and toughness;
machinable, weldable
least expensive to produce
Uses: auto mobile body components, structural shapes and sheets that are used in
pipelines, buildings, bridges, and tin cans.
2. Medium Carbon Steels

Composition: carbon concentrations between about 0.25 and 0.60 wt%.
Properties: may be heat-treated by austenitizing, quenching, and then tempering

most often utilized in the tempered condition,
have low hardenabilities and successfully heat-treated
very rapid quenching rates
Uses: railway wheels and tracks, gears, crankshafts, and other machine parts and high-
strength structural components
3. High Carbon Steels

Composition: carbon contents between 0.60 and 1.4 wt%,
Properties: hardest, strongest, and yet least ductile of the carbon steels
always used in a hardened and tempered condition
wear resistant and capable of holding a sharp cutting edge
very hard and wear resistant carbide compounds compounds (e.g., Cr23C6, V4C3, and
WC).
Uses: cutting tools and dies for forming and shaping materials, as well as in knives,
razors, hacksaw blades, springs, and high-strength wire
4. Stainless Steels
Composition: concentration of at least 11 wt% Cr is required.
Properties: highly resistant to corrosion (rusting)
Uses:
2. Name the five cast iron types and, for each, describe its microstructure and note its general
mechanical characteristics.
NAME: Gray Iron
MICROSTRUCTURE: graphite exists in the form of flakes surrounded by a ferrite or pearlite
matrix
MECHANICAL CHARACTERSISTICS: very effective in damping vibrational energy; exhibit a high
resistance to wear, high fluidity at casting temperature, casting shrinkage is low, least expensive
of all metallic materials
NAME:Ductile or Nodular Iron
MICROSTRUCTURE: Graphite still forms, but as nodules or spherelike particles
MECHANICAL CHARACTERSISTICS: tensile strengths ranging between 380 and 480 MPa,
ductilities (as percent elongation) from 10% to 20%
NAME: white iron and malleable iron

MICROSTRUCTURE: carbon exists as cementite
MECHANICAL CHARACTERSISTICS: extremely hard but also very brittle, wear-resistant surface,
relatively high strength and appreciable ductility or malleability.
NAME: Compacted Graphite Iron
MICROSTRUCTURE wormlike (or vermicular) shape;
MECHANICAL CHARACTERSISTICS: lower strengths and higher ductilities, Tensile and yield
strengths ,Higher thermal conductivity, Better resistance to thermal shock, Lower oxidation at
elevated temperatures
NAME:
MICROSTRUCTURE:
MECHANICAL CHARACTERSISTICS:
3. Name seven different types of nonferrous alloys and, for each, cite its distinctive physical and
mechanical characteristics. In addition, list at least three typical applications.
NAME:Copper and its alloys
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: soft and ductile,unlimited capacity to be cold worked, highly
resistant to corrosion
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS: may be improved by alloying, most cannot be hardened or
strengthened by heat-treating procedures;
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS: jet aircraft landing gear bearings and bushings, springs, and surgical
and dental instruments
NAME: Aluminum and its alloys
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: relatively low density, high electrical and thermal conductivities,
and a resistance to corrosion
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS: enhanced by cold work and by alloying;
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS: aircraft structural parts, beverage cans, bus bodies, and automotive
parts
NAME: Magnesium and its alloys

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: lowest density, light weight, difficult to deform,
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS: aircraft and missile applications, as well as in luggage. variety of
handheld devices in automobiles
NAME: Titanium and its alloys

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: low density, high melting point and elastic modulus, extremely
strong, highly ductile and easily forged and machined.
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS: airplane structures, space vehicles, and surgical implants, and in the
petroleum and chemical industries
NAME: the Refractory Metals

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: extremely high melting temperatures
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS: extrusion dies and structural parts in space vehicles; incandescent light
filaments, x-ray tubes, and welding electrodes employ tungsten alloys
NAME: the Superalloys
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: superlative combinations of properties.
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS: aircraft turbine components
NAME: The Noble Metals

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: expensive (precious), superior or notable, soft, ductile, and
oxidation resistant.
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS: jewelry
NAME:
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:
4. Name and describe four forming operations that are used to shape metal alloys
5. Name and describe five casting techniques

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1.

Properties: unresponsive to heat treatments

2. Medium Carbon Steels

Properties: may be heat-treated by austenitizing, quenching, and then tempering

3. High Carbon Steels

NAME: white iron and malleable iron

NAME: Magnesium and its alloys

NAME: Titanium and its alloys

NAME: the Refractory Metals

NAME: The Noble Metals

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