Hydroponic Vertical Farming

IOT BASED HYDROPONIC VERTICAL FARMING SYSTEM
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT
The world is increasingly faced with global problems including unusual weather,
environmental pollution, and shortages of water, fossil fuel and plant biomass. Accordingly,
the stable and safe supply of plant-derived food and other products will be endangered. When
leaf vegetables are grown in the open field, their quality and productivity tend to vary with
the local climate, weather conditions and soil fertility. On the other hand, when plants are
grown in this artificial environment, their quality and productivity are generally improved.
The artificial environment is an approach to grow crops in a controlled indoor
environment. As the environment is indoor it will not have any insects, and pests affecting the
crops, hence no insecticides and pesticides will be required. The indoor environment will
neither evaporate water nor will percolate it in to the earth hence water requirements be very
small. The indoor environment is equipped with artificial lightening, so crops can be grown
independent of season.
1.2 HOW PLANTS GROW

Many things in nature help to regulate plant growth: sunlight, proper temperature,
moisture, air, and nutrients. These are referred to as environmental factors. Each part of a
natural or artificial environment affects the survival and quality of a plants life. Knowing the
basic facts about the way in which plants live and grow will help you understand plants.
1.Light: All living things, except for a few groups of bacteria, depend on photosynthesis for
their existence. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food. In
the presence of light energy, plants manufacture food (mainly sugars), by combining carbon
dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll to release oxygen and water.
2.Proper Temperature: Temperature is the most important environmental factor affecting
plant growth. Plants vary in their temperature needs. The ability of a plant to withstand cold
temperatures is known as hardiness. Plants that cannot tolerate cold weather are known as
tender plants.
3.Water: Water is essential for life. It is one of the most important requirements for plant
growth. Water is the main component of plant cells, it keeps the plant turgid (stiff), it's used in
photosynthesis, and it transports nutrients throughout the plant.
4.Air: The manufacture of carbohydrates and proteins which a plant needs to live and grow
requires raw materials. These materials are either found naturally in the environment or
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supplied by the grower. Plants absorb the raw material carbon dioxide from the surrounding
air and use it in photosynthesis.
5.Nutrients: Although plants are able to use a few nutrients from the air, most of the nutrients
that a plant needs must be present in the growing medium (soil). Minerals such as nitrogen,
potassium, phosphorous, calcium, and magnesium are taken up through the plant's roots.
Plants need five things in order to grow: sunlight, proper temperature, moisture, air, and
nutrients.
These five things are provided by the artificial environments where the plants live.
1.3 LIGHT SYSTEM

Plants absorb the light spectrum in an almost similar range as the human eye, but
unlike humans, they absorb best red and blue light. Red and blue light are the essential light
that have higher relative quantum efficiency of photosynthesis, and they can fulfill normal
growth and development of plants. Adding certain amount of blue light to the red is helpful to
photosynthesis and absorbtion of mineral nutrition. For the other spectra, they are defined as
beneficial light, but they cannot independently complete the life cycle of plants. Red and blue
LED combinations can replace the fluorescent spectrum of continuous cultivation, it laid the
foundation to the red and blue LED light cultivation. It simplifies light quality from
continuous spectrum to red and blue combinations
The effect of red, blue and green wavelengths on plant growth and development:
 Blue- Blue light is perceived by the blue light photoreceptors, phototropins and
cryptochromes. Phototropic pins mediate stomatal regulation and plant movement
towards light. Cryptochromes regulate many photos morphological responses, such
as inhibition of stem elongation. Plants grown under high blue irradiation have short
internodes, high dry matter content and low leaf temperature (efficient transpiration).
 Green- Green light is at least partially perceived by phototropins and cryptochromes
(blue light receptors). Most green light is reflected or penetrated through the canopy.
However, green light contains valuable information about the plant’s surroundings,
guiding the growth accordingly. Plants grown under green light have long petioles
internodes and high leaf temperature
 Red- red light is perceived by phyotochromes. Phytochromes absorbs both red and
far-red light and are the main regulators of the shade avoidance syndrome. Red
light converts phytochromes to their inactive state, Pr, which has an absorption
peak at 660 nm. The Pr form of phytochrome is synthesized in dark conditions or in
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far-red light conditions. When the Pr absorbs red light, it transforms to the far -red
absorbing Pfr form, which has the absorption peak at 730 nm. The conversion from
Pr to Pfr can be reversed with far-red light or dark.
Light quality and control strategy is the precondition to maximize utilization of light
energy, meanwhile it is also an effective way to reduce energy consumption. A great light
environment can reduce growing cycle, enhance production and improve quality. Well
designed agricultural LED lighting specifications can promote agricultural
industrialization and standardization.
1.4 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

There are five essential environmental conditions that affect plant growth and
development: temperature, light, CO2, water, and nutrients.For simulation of temperature,
heating elements and fan are used. According to the feedback of temperature sensor heating
elements are operated ON when temperature drops beyond set T-LOW value; and remain
OFF when temperature rises beyond set THIGH value. Above this set T-HIGH value cooling
fan starts and make drop in temperature. These actions maintain inside temperature as per
setting.
To sense the temperature of the atmosphere we used the Temperature Module that is DHT-11
temperature sensor which detects the temperature and the output of this sensor is in digital
form.
We choose DHT11 as temperature and humidity sensor. DHT11 sensor consists of a
capacitive humidity sensing element and a thermistor for sensing temperature. It can
immensely affect the growth of plants and keeps the track of temperature and humidity for
field. We use this sensor for proper growth of plants/vegetables. We can maintain the
temperature and humidity range as per the plants/vegetables . An air quality monitoring
sensor called MQ135 is used to monitor the air quality of the indoor environment .Fan is used
for cooling purpose of the system. If the temperature of the system increases the fan will turn
on to cool down work.
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1.5 TYPES
1. BUILDING BASED FRAMS
Abandoned buildings are often reused for vertical farming, such as a farm at Chicago called
"The Plant", which was transformed from an old meatpacking plant. However, new builds are
sometimes also constructed to house vertical farming systems.
2. SHIPPING- CONTAINER VERTICAL FARMS
Recycled shipping containers are an increasingly popular option for housing vertical farming
systems.The shipping containers serve as standardized, modular chambers for growing a
variety of plants,and are often equipped with LED lighting, vertically stacked hydroponics,
smart climate controls, and monitoring sensors.Moreover, by stacking the shipping containers,
farms can save space even further and achieve higher yield per unit area
3. DEEP FRAMS
A "deep farm" is a vertical farm built from refurbished underground tunnels or abandoned
mine shafts .As temperature and humidity underground are generally temperate and
constant, deep farms require less energy for heating.Deep farms can also use nearby
groundwater to reduce the cost of water supply. Despite low costs, a deep farm can produce
seven to nine times more food than a conventional farm above ground on the same area of
land, according to Saffa Riffat, chair in Sustainable Energy at the University of Nottingham.
Coupled with automated harvesting systems, these underground farms can be fully self-
sufficient.
4. FLOTING FARMS
Floating platforms and barges have been proposed as sites for vertical farming in urban areas
where land is scarce. The ongoing Science Barge project first demonstrated urban hydroponic
agriculture in New York City in 2007, including several vertical farming systems. A much
larger vision of sloped, floating skyscrapers has been proposed for Singapore. In this case, the
unusual, angular design is intended to exploit the open space over the water to capture more
sunlight.
1.6 INITIAL PROPOSITIONS
Dickson despoiler professor of Public and Environmental Health at Columbia University the
founded the root of the concept of vertical farming.In 1999, he challenged his class of
graduate students to calculate how much food they could grow on the rooftops of New York.
The students concluded that they could only feed about 1000 people. Unsatisfied with the
results, Despommier suggested growing plants indoors instead, on multiple layers vertically.
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Despommier and his students then proposed a design of a 30-story vertical farm equipped
with artificial lighting, advanced hydroponics, and aeroponics that could produce enough
food for 50,000 people.They further outlined that approximately 100 kinds of fruits and
vegetables would grow on the upper floors while lower floors would house chickens and fish
subsisting on the plant waste. Although Despommier's skyscraper farm has not yet been built,
it popularized the idea of vertical farming and inspired many later designs.2017 the design
magazine eVolo awarded a farm/school tower design.
1.7 IMPLEMENTATIONS
Developers and local governments in multiple cities have expressed interest in establishing a
vertical farm: Incheon (South Korea), Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), Dongtan (China),
New York City, Portland, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Seattle, Surrey, Toronto, Paris, Bangalore
(India), Dubai, Shanghai and Beijing Around US$1.8 billion were invested into startups
operating in the sector between 2014 and November 2020.
In 2009, the world's first pilot production system was installed at Paignton Zoo
Environmental Park in the United Kingdom. The project showcased vertical farming and
provided a solid base to research sustainable urban food production. The produce is used to
feed the zoo's animals while the project enables evaluation of the systems and provides an
educational resource to advocate for change in unsustainable land-use practices that impact
upon global biodiversity and ecosystem services.
In 2010 the Green Zionist Alliance proposed a resolution at the 36th World Zionist Congress
calling on Keren Kayemet L'Yisrael (Jewish National Fund in Israel) to develop vertical
farms in Israel. Moreover, a company named "Podponics" built a vertical farm in Atlanta
consisting of over 100 stacked "growpods" in 2010 but reportedly went bankrupt in May
2016.
In 2012 the world's first commercial vertical farm was opened in Singapore, developed by
Sky Greens Farms, and is three stories high. They currently have over 100 nine-meter-tall
towers.
In 2012, a company named The Plant debuted its newly developed vertical farming system
housed in an abandoned meatpacking building in Chicago, Illinois. The utilization of
abandoned buildings to house vertical farms and other sustainable farming methods are a fact
of the rapid urbanization of modern communities.
In 2013 the Association for Vertical Farming (AVF) was founded in Munich (Germany). By
May 2015, the AVF had expanded with regional chapters all over Europe, Asia, US, Canada,
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and the United Kingdom. This organization unites growers and inventors to improve food
security and sustainable development. The AVF focuses on advancing vertical farming
technologies, designs, and businesses by hosting international info-days, workshops, and
summits.
In 2015 the London company, Growing Underground, began the production of leafy green
produce underground in abandoned underground World War II tunnels.
In 2016, a startup called Local Roots launched the "TerraFarm", a vertical farming systems
hosted in a 40-foot shipping container, which includes computer vision integrated with an
artificial neural network to monitor the plants; and is remotely monitored from California.It is
claimed that the TerraFarm system "has achieved cost parity with traditional, outdoor
farming"with each unit producing the equivalent of "three to five acres of farmland", using
97% less water] through water recapture and harvesting the evaporated water through the air
conditioning.The first vertical farm in a US grocery store opened in Dallas, Texas in 2016,
now closed.
In 2017, a Japanese company, Mirai, began marketing its multi-level vertical farming system.
The company states that it can produce 10,000 heads of lettuce a day—100 times the amount
that could be produced with traditional agricultural methods because their special purpose
LED lights can decrease growing times by a factor of 2.5. Additionally, this can all be
achieved with 40% less energy usage, 80% less food waste, and 99% less water usage than in
traditional farming methods. Further requests have been made to implement this technology
in several other Asian countries.As of 2021, Bowery Farming is the largest indoor vertical
farming company in the United States.
1.8 ENERGY COSTS

In 2022, multiple firms reduced their operations (Appharvest Infarm), or exited the market
(Glowfarms), due to rapid increases in energy prices. Firms shifted their focus to regions with
severe water constraints and/or lower energy costs.Florida-based Kalera received a delisting
notice from NASDAQ. IronOX laid off staff and Fifth Season exited the market. Increased
energy costs were frequently cited as a source of problems.
1.9 ECOMONIC
Vertical farms must overcome the financial challenge of large startup costs. The initial
building costs could exceed $100 million for a 60 hectare vertical farm. Urban occupancy
costs can be high, resulting in much higher startup costs – and a longer break even time –
than for a traditional farm in rural areas.
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Opponents question the potential profitability of vertical farming. In order for vertical farms
to be successful financially, high-value crops must be grown since traditional farms provide
low-value crops like wheat at cheaper costs than vertical farms. Louis Albright, a professor in
biological and environmental engineering at Cornell stated that a loaf of bread that was made
from wheat grown in a vertical farm would cost US$27. However, according to the US
Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average loaf of bread cost US$1.296 in September 2019,
clearly showing how crops grown in vertical farms will be noncompetitive compared to crops
grown in traditional outdoor farms.In order for vertical farms to be profitable, the costs of
operating these farms must decrease or the price of traditional farming must increase. The
developers of the TerraFarm system produced from second-hand, 40-foot shipping containers
claimed that their system "has achieved cost parity with traditional, outdoor farming".
A theoretical 10-story vertical wheat farm could produce up to 1,940 tons of wheat per
hectare compared to a global average of 3.2 tons of wheat per hectare (600 times yield).
Current methods require enormous energy consumption for lighting, temperature, humidity
control, carbon dioxide input and fertilizer and consequently the authors concluded it was
"unlikely to be economically competitive with current market prices".
According to a report in as 2020, most vertical farming companies have been unprofitable,
except for a number of Japanese companies.
1.10 Energy use
During the growing season, the sun shines on a vertical surface at an extreme angle such that
much less light is available to crops than when they are planted on flat land. Therefore,
supplemental light would be required. Bruce Bugbee claimed that the power demands of
vertical farming would be uncompetitive with traditional farms using only natural light.
Environmental writer George Monbiot calculated that the cost of providing enough
supplementary light to grow the grain for a single loaf would be about $15.An article in the
Economist argued that "even though crops growing in a glass skyscraper will get some
natural sunlight during the day, it won't be enough" and "the cost of powering artificial lights
will make indoor farming prohibitively expensive". Moreover, research in 2007 on the
Science Barge urban farming project led Ted Caplow to conclude that "generating enough
electricity using solar panels requires an area about 20 times larger than the area being
illuminated", which will be hard to accomplish with larger vertical farms. A hydroponic farm
growing lettuce in Arizona would require 15,000 kilojoules (4.2 kWh) of energy per kilogram
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of lettuce produced.To put this amount of energy into perspective, a traditional outdoor
lettuce farm in Arizona only requires 1100 kJ of energy per kilogram of lettuce grown.
As the book by Dr. Dickson Despommier The Vertical Farm proposes a controlled
environment, heating, and cooling costs will resemble those of any other multiple story
building. Plumbing and elevator systems are necessary to distribute nutrients and water. In
the northern continental United States, fossil fuel heating costs can be over $200,000 per
hectare. Research conducted in 2015 compared the growth of lettuce in Arizona using
conventional agricultural methods and a hydroponic farm. They determined that heating and
cooling made up more than 80% of the energy consumption in the hydroponic farm, with the
heating and cooling needing 7400 kJ per kilogram of lettuce
produced. According to the same study, the total energy consumption of the hydroponic farm
is 90,000 kJ per kilogram of lettuce. If the energy consumption is not addressed, vertical
farms may be an unsustainable alternative to traditional agriculture.
The energy requirements of vertical farming lead to significant land use to provide the energy.
For every acre of crops grown via vertical farming, 5.4 acres of solar panels would be
required to supply the energy via solar power.Thus in practice, vertical farming may require
more land than traditional farming, not less.
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
The technology was developing drastically day by day ,now a days everything developing
technologically we have chosen to develop the vertical farming but their exist many systems
to make the productivity of agriculture here are some of them
1.Vertical farming: definition,framework,technologies and services.
2.Architecture and Operational Model for Hydrophonic Vertical farming.
3.Study of Hydrophonic Vertical Farming Using Internet of Things.
4.Assimilation of IoT sensors to sense the Temperature,Water level and Humidity.
5.Smart Techologies for hydrophonic vertical farming.
2.1 Vertical farming: Definition, Frame work, Technologies and Service
The basic factors affecting plant growth are sunlight, water content in soil, temperature, etc.
Because the temperature and humidity of greenhouse must be constantly monitored to ensure
optimal conditions, sensor network can be used to gather the data from point to point. The
data from the greenhouse will be measured by the sensor and the data that are collected will
be sending to the receiver. By using this system, the process of monitoring is easier and it is
also cheaper for installation and maintenance process. Greenhouse prevents the plant from
the effects of climate; inspect and so on, which makes great sense for agricultural production.
The highly profitable plants can be cultivated in vacant indoor spaces equipped with
artificial-lighting sources composed of LEDs. The proposition to use vacant building spaces
for agricultural production has many advantages. Because indoor cultivation is free from the
influence of weather conditions this technique provides stability in the output and quality of
crops as well as increased yield per unit area. The cultivation technique is also unaffected by
geographical limitations and provides comfortable working conditions for employees.
Furthermore converting unused vacant buildings to controlled plant factories significantly
reduces the start up costs associated with the practice. Understanding plant reactions to
varying wavelengths remains imperative to improve growth practices and maximize plant
production efficiency. The introduction of LEDs serves as a convenient tool for continuing
research.
Despite incurring mildly larger initial costs, longevity and energy efficiency, in comparison to
traditional lighting systems, LEDs are expected to furthering controlled agricultural
development. As food security deliberation continues, long- term benefits of developing ideal
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lighting schemes for fruits and vegetables will provide a smoother transition to urban
agriculture.
This designed system for monitoring and controlling the environment which is based on
measuring the humidity and temperature by a sensor that located at different places. The
monitoring and controlling of environment parameters are conducted through Android
Smartphone. System consists of the DHT11 sensor for the humidity, microcontroller, wireless
connection, and power supply unit. The input to the microcontroller is the values from the
sensor. The values are then sent to the bylnk server by the microcontroller through serial
communication. In this system, the working of the bylnk app is to transfer the data to android
mobile through wireless communication. Android smartphone control the microcontroller and
the components such as flogger and heater. In this system three kinds of activities are
performed, the level of humidity inside is monitored with the help of a DHT11 sensor. If the
environment is too dry flogger is activated to maintain the humidity level. Deactivation of
flogger can also take place.
Fig.2.1 vertical farming
If the environment is too humid, the heater is turned on to maintain the level of humidity.
Plants found in this environment is affected by various factors, such as water in soil, and
climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.). In this work, we've been focused on design
and implementation for monitored climate conditions and to control the different devices on
output (exhaust fan, etc.,), Various inputs (sensors) are installed and connected to controller
circuit (NodeMCU ESP8266) determined as data acquisition. An application called BLYNK
is used to retrieve and display the condition of climate by sensing data.
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2.2 Architecture and Operation of Hydroponic vertical farming

Vertical farming may answer many of agriculture’s challenges, such as providing us with
more food on less land and doing so sustainably. But how do vertical farms work, exactly?
Several vertical agriculture models are available, from patio gardens built into old pallets to
warehouses with stacked trays and greenhouses (like ours) that produce food for entire
communities. Here are the details on how Eden Green Technology’s hydroponic greenhouses
work.
Our hydroponic vertical farming technology allows growers to cultivate crops in stacked
plant spots within tower-like structures. These patented towers are hydroponic systems
designed to produce the perfect micro-climate and enable farmers to grow their crops year-
round.
Fig.2.2 Operation of Hydroponics
Our vertical hydroponics are designed to provide crops with access to natural sunlight so they
grow with less waste of land, water, and energy. And our state-of-the-art sustainable system
allows you to control all aspects of your farm. This includes production tools that will help
you optimize crop cycles and produce plenty of yields to meet your needs. The basic
principle of vertical farming is to arrange plants vertically rather than horizontally. That
solution saves lots of space without reducing productivity. Vertical farming therefore
provides a solution to the problem of declining land suitable for growing crops. Vertical crop
production is mostly indoors. A controlled environment system creates an optimal
atmosphere for plants. Vertical farming does not require soil. Depending on the farming
method, water is supplied directly to the roots. That helps to save lots of water. The substrate
is replaced by expanded clay, coconut fibers, hemp fibers, or rock wool. The cultivation area
is cut off from external conditions by special hygienic sluices, so they are additionally
protected from possible threats.
Many vertical farming solutions are compatible with RES. They increase the energy
efficiency of the solution and allow for faster returns on investment while reducing the
carbon footprint. Reducing environmental impact is another of the significant advantages of a
vertical farm.
2.3 Study of Hydroponics Vertical Farming using Internet of Things
With every passing year, there is an exponential rise in human population. Due to this, the
challenge of not having enough cultivable land is becoming a rising issue. It is also predicted
that most of the world’s population that currently lives in rural areas will have shifted into
urban cities. This will lead to an increase in urbanization and a further reduction in arable
lands for agricultural purposes. As a solution to these issues, this paper proposes the idea of
vertical farming and Hydroponics in specific. Hydroponics uses a fraction of the space
required for traditional farming, uses 90% less water, and can reap practically organic
produce all year round. This paper reviews the process of vertical farming, its benefits, and its
different types.
The land has become an expensive unit in India due to its diversion following urbanization,
industrialization etc. Further, migration and settlement of rural people in urban areas has been
increasing at an alarming rate. As the world's population continues to grow at an exponential
rate, fundamental changes are expected to occur over the next 50 years, by 2050, the world's
population is expected to reach 9 billion people, with cities hosting roughly 80% of this
population. Furthermore, 80 percent of the total arable land on the planet is currently in use.
Due to rising food demand, more arable land must be used for farming, as well as farming
efforts must be intensified, affecting global agriculture. Designing and developing vertical
farms is a new method that could potentially meet this demand. Vertical farming, on the other
hand, is a relatively new concept, and few studies have looked into how to integrate it into an
urban setting.
Fig 2.3 Vertical Farming Market
2.4 Assimilation of IOT sensors to sense the Humidity, Temperature and

Water levels.
The humidity sensor is a device that senses, measures, and reports the relative humidity (RH)
of air or determines the amount of water vapor present in gas mixture (air) or pure gas.
Humidity sensing is related to a water adsorption and desorption process . Humidity sensors
are used for monitoring industrial as well agricultural products . Humidity sensors are used in
equipment such as incubators, sterilizers, and pharmaceutical processing equipment .
Recently researchers have constructed hetero structures-based humidity sensors. These show
a high performance with fast response time and selectivity. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is
one of the most studied materials for sensing and it has a high on/off ratio and a low power
consumption . Sensors based on MoS2/Si nanowire heterojunctions show high sensitivity, a
fast response time, and excellent stability at different RH values . These sensors show better
performance with both forward as well as reverse voltage
A temperature sensor is an electronic device that measures the temperature of its environment
and converts the input data into electronic data to record, monitor, or signal temperature
changes. There are many different types of temperature sensors. Some temperature sensors
require direct contact with the physical object that is being monitored (contact temperature
sensors), while others indirectly measure the temperature of an object (non-contact
temperature sensor).
Fig 2.4 IOT Plant Monit
2.5: Technologies used for hydroponic vertical farming

Hydroponics is the predominant growing system used in vertical farms. In this system, plants
are grown in nutrient solutions, free of soil. The plant roots are grown in the nutrient solution
contained in a grow tray such that the roots are submerged in the solution
Hydroponics has two terms involved i.e. \'hydro\' means water and phonics is toil. So people
have defined hydroponics as the process of growing the plants in water. Photosynthesis is the
process through which plants grow, using sunlight. Chlorophyll is present in their leaves and
is essential for the growth.
Vertical farming produces crops in vertically stacked layers. The farming system integrates
with the aquaponics or hydroponics system to provide a soil-less-based growth ecosystem. It
allows maximization of crop output in limited spaces.
vertical farming technology provides a controlled and measurable environment for plant
cultivation. It provides the means for the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) into
the equipment. Internet of things is the connection of “many things: over the internet. They
share data with one another through IoT applications, connected devices and machinery.
Devices are built in with sensors to aid in data collection and sometimes, act on it.
In a vertical farming system, light, humidity, air flow, nutrient levels, pH and EC tracking are
important to ensure healthy plant growth. An IoT system places built in sensors in the
farming environment to measure these factors.
CHAPTER-3
WORKING PRINCIPLE AND BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The idea of applying cultivation of plants under artificial environmental parameters to
increase productivity is very new. As we know the climatic conditions may prevent the grow
of certain plants in certain areas. The key aim of modern agriculture is to enhance the growth
of plants for a maximum yield. It maintains the microclimatic parameters in a correct ratio as
per the requirement of the plants. It has also reduced the labor for the maintenance thus
making the system useful for the small scale agriculturists. This paper proposes the adoption
and control of soil moisture, temperature, humidity, air quality, light intensity using sensors.
The main purpose of this project is to grow crops anywhere, however the climatic parameters
be. This proposed system is used for a single plant cultivation and can be developed for mass
production. Our proposed system is economical, portable and has low maintenance which can
be incorporated in rural area.
The main impact of our project is to create artificial environment by using some light
source and also few parameters through which we are controlling the environment. For that
purpose we are using a RGB lights and they generate the light source for some wavelengths
which are used for absorbing the light for plants and they are responsible for development of
that particular plant. By considering all the things we make the plant to grow faster than
natural one. If we provide the enough light on the particular plant the photosynthesis process
will be taken up rapidly and increase the growth of plant production.
Here we are implementing some sensors to monitorize all things. DHT11 digital
temperature humidity sensor is a composite sensor contains a calibrated digital signal output
of the temperature and humidity to monitor the particular region. Temperature is a parameter
which will know about the particular region.
The current environment temperature will be detected by this sensor. In this itself
there is humidity also. Since it is a digital sensor having both temperature and humidity
parameters. Using some Libraries called DHT11 library decode all the things and extract
temperature and humidity value. We can see a voltage regulator where the 12V of DC voltage
is converted into 5V and given to microcontroller and rest of the peripheral devices to turn
ON. As the power delivered to voltage regulator is fed into microcontroller and get turned on.
Thus, the 12V of power supply is stepped down into 5V. This 5V is used to operate the
particular device. Based on these conditions we are interfacing with the app called BLYNK
which is used for making an IOT Products. The app we are using is a software thing. This app
creates a server based and service-based system. Whatever the data has been received from
the hardware it is updated in that app and notified the mobile app.
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY Pump
Relay
BLYNK APP
ESP32
DHT 11 Moisture Sensor
Fig.3.1 Block Diagram

So, both hardware and software can transmit and receive the data. Based on these
conditions the operation is performed.
3.3 Architectural Design for proposed Model
Fig.3.2 Architectural Design

3.4 Flow Diagram
Fig.3.3 Flow Diagram
CHAPTER-4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 SYSTEM HARDWARE DESIGN
The monitoring system contains several components like Power supply circuit board,
NODEMCU ESP8266, DHT11, MQ135, Exhaust fan, Relay, RGB Leds. This chapter gives a
detailed review of each of this part along with its working.
4.1.1 POWER SUPPLY

The Power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a
sustainable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can
be broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A DC
power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of AC mains.
The 5V regulated power supply system as shown in below:
Fig 4.1 Block Diagram of Power Supply

As in above figure this circuit is an approach to obtain both 12V and 5V DC power
supply. The circuit uses two ICs 7812(IC1) and 7805 (IC2) for obtaining the required
voltages. The AC mains voltage will be stepped down by the transformer T1, rectified by
filtered by capacitor C1 to obtain a steady DC level. The IC1 regulates this voltage to bridge
B1 and obtain a steady 12V DC. The output of the IC1 will be regulated by the IC2 to obtain
a steady 5V DC at its output. In this way both 12V and 5V DC are obtained. Such a circuit is
very useful in cases when we need two DC voltages for the operation of a circuit.
The LM78XX series of three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220
package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of
applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe
operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed
voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.
The power supply section is the section which provide +5V for the components to work. IC
LM7805 is used for providing a constant power of +5V.
The ac voltage, typically 220V, is connected to a transformer, which steps down that
ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-
wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc
voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also retains the same dc value even if the input dc
voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This voltage regulation
is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.
4.1.2 Rectifier
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC.
The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave
rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this
method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier
but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.
4.1.3 Bridge Rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge
rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network,
and the output is taken from the remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is
working properly and there is a positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point
B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
Fig.4.2 Bridge rectifier

The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time
D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2
are reverse biased and will block current flow.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with
a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of
the conventional full-wave circuit.
 The main advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a
 special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost.
 The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network
and the load to the other side as shown below.
 The result is still a pulsating direct current but with double the frequency.
Fig.4.3 Output Waveform Of DC

4.1.4 Smoothing
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the
DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC,
and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
4.1.5 Voltage Regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units contain the
circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and overload protection
all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed
negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage. The regulators can be selected for operation
with load currents from hundreds of milli amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to
power ratings from milli watts to tens of watts.
A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to
one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third
terminal connected to ground.
The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.
Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24
volts. Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable
output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage
regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some
automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal
protection').
Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as
the7805 +5V 1Amp regulator. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary.
Fig.4.4 7805 voltage Regulator
Fig.4.5 Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply
4.2 MICROCONTROLLER DESCRIPTION

Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to
a fixed amount of RAM, I/O ports and a timer all on single chip. The fixed amount of on-chip
RAM, ROM, I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which
cost and space are critical.
4.2.1 ESP32
Few years back, ESP8266 took the embedded IoT world by storm. For less than $3,
you could get a programmable, WiFi-enabled microcontroller being able to monitor and
control things from anywhere in the world. Now Espressif (The semiconductor company
behind the ESP8266) has released a perfect super-charged upgrade: the ESP32. Being
successor to ESP8266; not only does it have a WiFi support, but it also features Bluetooth 4.0
(BLE/Bluetooth Smart) – perfect for just about any IoT project.
When we think about using a microcontroller for a project we usually consider an
Arduino. It’s inexpensive, easy to use and has a generous number of digital I/O ports, and a
few analog inputs as well. But the Arduino, for all of its wonderful benefits, is lacking in a
number of areas. The first one is speed, the popular Arduino AVR series of boards run at 16
MHz. That’s certainly fast enough to build thousands of applications, but it’s a bottleneck for
others. The Arduino certainly has enough digital outputs and inputs to satisfy most
requirements, and its analog inputs are also useful. But adding features like WiFi and
Bluetooth requires external components. Let’s face it, the Arduino has been around since
2005. That’s fifteen years, which in terms of technology is one.
The ESP32 is actually a series of microcontroller chips produced by Espressif
Systems in Shanghai. It is available in a number of low-cost modules.
Fig.4.6 ESP-WROOM-32 Module
Fig.4.7 ESP 32
The ESP32 is an updated version of the ESP8266, which was a chip that took
experimenters in the western world by “surprise” in 2014. The original ESP8266 was
introduced on a module called the ESP01, which had very little English documentation so it’s
capabilities were largely unknown at the time. Once the documentation was translated
into English many experimenters soon became aware of the power of the ESP8266, and it
quickly became very popular.
The ESP32 improved upon the ESP32 design in a number of ways. It offers both
Bluetooth and BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy), whereas the ESP8266 only has WiFi (which, of
course, the ESP32 also has). It is faster and is available in a dual-core design. It is also
capable of operating in an ultra-low-power mode, ideal for battery-powered applications.
Other features of the ESP32 include:
 Up to 18 12-bit Analog to Digital converters.
 Two 8-bit Digital to Analog converters.
 10 capacitive touch switch sensors.
 Four SPI channels.
 Two I2C interfaces.
 Two I2S interfaces (for digital audio).
 Three UARTs for communications.
 Up to 8 channels of IR remote control.
 Up to 16 channels of LED PWM (pulse width modulation).
 An integrated Hall-effect sensor.
 An ultra-low-power analog preamp.
 An internal low-dropout regulator.
Note that many of the pins on the ESP32 share a number of the above functions, so not all of
them are available concurrently.
4.2.2 ESP32 Modules
There are many ESP32 modules available for experimenters. Just about any of them
can be used for the experiments here.
Many of these boards have an integrated micro-USB connector that will simplify
programming. Some boards don’t have this feature and require an external FTDI adapter for
programming. Most of these boards are based upon the ESP32-WROOM chip.
The ESP32 DEV KIT and ESP32 NODEMCU boards are quite popular and available
at Amazon and eBay.
Adafruit makes the HUZZAH32 board. Sparkfun has the ESP32-Thing board. And
the popular ESP32-Cam board integrates a small video camera and a microSD card socket
along with an ESP32 (this board will require an FTDI adapter for programming).
Please note that these boards share many features but they don’t have the same
pinouts. In our experiments, I’ll be referring to the pin function (i.e. GPIO 4) instead of an
actual pin number. This will allow you to use a different board than the one I am using.
4.2.3 Programming the ESP32
The ESP32 can be programmed using many different development
environments.Code can be written in C++ (like the Arduino) or in MicroPython.
To make use of all of the ESP32 features Espressif provided the Espressif IoT Developmen
Framework, or ESP-IDF.
For beginners, an easy way to get started is by using the familiar Arduino IDE. While
this is not necessarily the best environment for working with the ESP32, it has the advantage
of being a familiar application, so the learning curve is flattened. We will be using the
Arduino IDE for our experiments. Getting started with the Arduino IDE
Before we can use the Arduino IDE with an ESP32 board we will need to add the ESP32
boards using the Arduino IDE Board Manager.
If you look online for instructions for setting up the IDE you may run into a long and
complex procedure that actually isn’t necessary anymore. As long as you are using a recent
version of the Arduino IDE you can use the following instructions, which are much simpler.
ESP32 for Arduino IDE
In order to be able to work with the ESP32 you will need to add an additional source to the
Arduino IDE Board Manager and then install the ESP32 boards.
This is actually a lot simpler than it sounds thanks to the folks at Espressif. They have
provided a link to a JSON file that takes care of almost everything for you.
If you are not familiar with JSON it is a format of text file that allows structured information
to be shared between computers. In this respect, it is similar to XML. Add Boards Manager
Entry
Here is what you need to do to install the ESP32 boards into the Arduino IDE:
 Open the Arduino IDE. Make sure that you are at version 1.8 or higher, if not then
update your IDE with the latest version.
 Click on the File menu on the top menu bar.
 Click on the Preferences menu item. This will open a Preferences dialog box.
 You should be on the Settings tab in the Preferences dialog box by default.
 Look for the textbox labeled “Additional Boards Manager URLs”.
 If there is already text in this box add a coma at the end of it, then follow the next step.
 Pastethefollowinglinkintothetextbox –
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espressif/arduinoesp32/ghpages/package_esp32_in
dex.json
 Click the OK button to save the setting.
The textbox with the JSON link in it is illustrated here:
Fig.4.8 Preferences
 Next, you will need to use the new entry to actually add the ESPO32 boards to your
Arduino IDE. You do that by following this procedure:
 In the Arduino IDE click on the Tools menu on the top menu bar.
 Scroll down to the Board: entry (i.e. Board: Arduino/Genuino Uno).
 A submenu will open when you highlight the Board: entry.
 At the top of the submenu is Boards Manager. Click on it to open the Boards
Manager dialog box. • In the search box in the Boards Manager enter “esp32”.
You should see an entry for “esp32 by Espressif Systems”. Highlight this entry and click
on the Install button.This will install the ESP32 boards into your Arduino IDE If you go back
into the Boards:submenu you should now see a number of ESP32 boards. You’ll need to
select the board that matches (or is equivalent to) the ESP32 board you have purchased. For
the record, I used an ESP-32S NodeMCU board and chose the “Node32s” board in the
Boards Manager. You have probably finished setting up your Arduino IDE! The reason I say
“probably” is that it is possible that you may need to install some additional Python files. The
easiest way to figure that out is to compile and upload a program to your ESP32 board and
see if you get an error. Don’t worry, I’ll show you how to fix that error if you do!
4.3 DHT11
This DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor features a calibrated digital signal
output with the temperature and humidity sensor capability. It is integrated with a high-
performance 8-bit microcontroller. Its technology ensures the high reliability and excellent
long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive element and a sensor for wet NTC
temperature measuring devices. It has excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability
and high performance.
Each DHT11 sensors features extremely accurate calibration of humidity calibration
chamber. The calibration coefficients stored in the OTP program memory, internal sensors
detect signals in the process, and we should call these calibration coefficients. The single-
wire serial interface system is integrated to become quick and easy. Small size, low power,
signal transmission distance up to 20 meters, enabling a variety of applications and even the
most demanding ones. The product is 4-pin single row pin package. Convenient connection,
special packages can be provided according to users need.
Fig4.9 DHT11 sensor
DHT11 digital temperature and humidity sensor is a composite sensor contains a

calibrated digital signal output of the temperature and humidity. Application of a dedicated
digital modules collection technology and the temperature and humidity sensing technology,
to ensure that the product has high reliability and excellent long-term stability. The sensor
includes a resistive sense of wet components and an NTC temperature measurement devices,
and connected with a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller.
4.3.1 Applications
 HVAC, dehumidifier,
 Testing and inspection equipment,
 Consumer goods,
 Automotive,
 Automatic control,
 Data loggers,
 Weather stations,
 Home appliances,
 Humidity regulator,
 Medical and other humidity measurement and control.
4.3.2 Features
 Low cost,
 Long-term stability,
 Relative humidity and temperature measurement
 Excellent quality,
 Fast response,
 Strong anti-interference ability,
 Long distance signal transmission,
 Digital signal output,
 And precise calibration.
4.3.3 Typical circuit
Microprocessor and DHT11 of connection typical application circuit as shown above, DATA
pull the microprocessor I / O ports are connected.
1. Typical application circuit recommended in the short cable length of 20 meters on
the 5.1K pullup resistor, the resistance of greater than 20 meters under the pull-up
resistor on the lower of the actual situation.
2. When using a 3.5V voltage supply cable length shall not be greater than 20cm.
Otherwise, the line voltage drop will cause the sensor power supply shortage, caused
by measurement error.
3. Each read out the temperature and humidity values are the results of the last
measurement for realtime data, sequential read twice, but is not recommended to
repeatedly read the sensors, each read sensor interval is greater than 5 seconds can be
obtained accurate data.
4.3.4 DHT11 Specifications:

1 Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V
2 Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA
3 (standby) Output: Serial data
4 TemperatureRange:0°Cto 50°C Humidity Range:20%to 90%
5 Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%.
4.3.5 Where to use DHT11
The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor comes
with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the
values of temperature and humidity as serial data. The sensor is also factory calibrated and
hence easy to interface with other microcontrollers.
The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C to 50°C and humidity from 20% to 90% with
an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%.
4.3.6 How to use DHT11 Sensor
The DHT11 Sensor is factory calibrated and outputs serial data and hence it is highly easy to
set it up. The connection diagram for this sensor is shown below.
Fig.4.10 Connection diagram of DHT11
As one can see the data pin is connected to an I/O pin of the MCU and a 5K pull-up
resistor is used. This data pin outputs the value of both temperature and humidity as serial
data. If you are trying to interface DHT11 with Arduino then there are ready-made libraries
for it which will give you a quick start.
When trying to interface it with some other MCU then the datasheet given below will come
in handy. The output given out by the data pin will be in the order of 8bit humidity integer
data + 8bit the Humidity decimal data +8 bit temperature integer data + 8bit fractional
temperature data +8 bit parity bit. To request the DHT11 module to send these data the I/O
pin has to be momentarily made low and then held high as shown in the timing diagram
below:
Fig.4.11 timing diagram
4.4 Moisture Sensor
Fig.4.12 Moisture Sensor
The Moisture sensor is used to measure the water content(moisture) of soil.when the
soil is having water shortage,the module output is at high level, else the output is at low
level.This sensor reminds the user to water their plants and also monitors the moisture
content of soil.It has been widely used in agriculture,land irrigation and botanical gardening.
4.4.1 Specifications
 Working Voltage:5V
 Working Current:<20mA
 Interface type:Analog
 Working Temperature:10°C~30°C
4.4.2 Working Principle of Moisture Sensor

The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the
surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content. The
sensor creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the water
content of the soil. The sensor averages the water content over the entire length of the sensor.
There is a 2 cm zone of influence with respect to the flat surface of the sensor, but it has little
or no sensitivity at the extreme edges.The Soil Moisture Sensor is used to measure the loss of
moisture over time due to evaporation and plant uptake,evaluate optimum soil moisture
contents for various species of plants,monitor soil moisture content to control irrigation in
greenhouses and enhance bottle biology experiments. A Soil moisture sensor FC-28 with
Arduino. This sensor measures the volumetric content of water inside the soil and gives us
the moisture level as output. The sensor is equipped with both analog and digital output, so it
can be used in both analog and digital mode. In this article, we are going to interface the
sensor in both modes. So let’s begin our tutorial on interfacing Arduino and Soil moisture
sensor.
4.4.3 Working of Sensor
The soil moisture sensor consists of two probes which are used to measure the
volumetric content of water. The two probes allow the current to pass through the soil and
then it gets the resistance value to measure the moisture value.
When there is more water, the soil will conduct more electricity which means that there will
be less resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be higher. Dry soil conducts electricity
poorly, so when there will be less water, then the soil will conduct less electricity which
means that there will be more resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be lower.
This sensor can be connected in two modes; Analog mode and digital mode. First, we will
connect it in Analog mode and then we will use it in Digital mode.
4.4.4 Specifications
The specifications of the soil moisture sensor FC-28 are as follows:
 Input voltage: 3-5V
 Output voltage:0-4.2V
 Input current :35mA
 Output signal: Both Analog and Digital
 Soil moisture sensor consist of two conducting plates which function as a probe and
acting as a variable resistor together.
 When the sensor is inserted into the water, the resistance will decrease and get better
conductivity between plates.
Fig.4.13 Soil Moisture Sensor
Fig.4.14 Working principle of soil moisture sensor
 The above figure shows the working principle of the soil moisture sensor.
 Soil moisture sensor has two conducting plates. First plate is connected to the +5Volt
supply through series resistance of 10K ohm and second plate is connected directly to
the ground.
 It simply acts as a voltage divider bias network, and output is taken directly from the
first terminal of the sensor pin, which is shown in figure above.
 The output will change in the range of 0 – 5 Volt, in proportion with change in content
of water in the soil.
 Ideally, when there is zero moisture in soil, the sensor acts as open circuit i.e. infinite
resistance. For this condition, we get 5V at the output.
4.4.5 Pin Out – Soil Moisture Sensor

The soil Moisture sensor FC-28 has four pins
 VCC: For power
 A0: Analog output
 D0: Digital output
 GND: Ground
The Module also contains a potentiometer which will set the threshold value and then this
threshold value will be compared by the LM393 comparator. The output LED will light up
and down according to this threshold value.
Fig.4.15 Pin Out – Diagram

4.4.6 Analog Mode – Interfacing Soil Moisture Sensor and Arduino
To connect the sensor in the analog mode, we will need to use the analog output of the
sensor. When taking the analog output from the soil moisture sensor FC-28, the sensor gives
us the value from 0-1023. The moisture is measured in percentage, so we will map these
values from 0 -100 and then we will show these values on the serial monitor.
4.4.7 Circuit Diagram
The connections for connecting the soil moisture sensor FC-28 to the Arduino are as follows.
 VCC of FC-28 to 5V of Arduino
 GND of FC-28 to GND of Arduino
 A0 of FC-28 to A0 of Arduino
Fig.4.16 Circuit Diagram – Analog Mode
4.5 DC Motor
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. In any
electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor
generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will
experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid,
opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South
and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the
magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to
generate rotational motion.
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a
magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding
with a "South" polarization).
Fig.4.17 (a)DC motor
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator,
field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors, the external magnetic field is
produced by highstrength permanent magnets1. The stator is the stationary part of the motor --
this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The
rotor rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core),
the windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a
common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when
power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are
misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets.
As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and
energize the next winding. Given our example twopole motor, the rotation reverses the
direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field,
driving it to continue rotating.
Fig.4.18 (b)DC motor
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very
common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine
how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation
(perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-
pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both
brushes touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power
supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of
such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple".
So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the workings of
one via an interactive animation (JavaScript required):
You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two
others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to
the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up
(this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in
the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring.
4.6 RELAY
A relay is an electromechanical switch, which perform ON and OFF operations without
any human interaction. General representation of double contact relay is shown in fig. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete
electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal.
Fig.4.19 Relay
4.6.1 History
The first relay was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. The name relay derives from
the French noun relays’ that indicates the horse exchange place of the postman. Generally a
relay is an electrical hardware device having an input and output gate. The output gate
consists in one or more electrical contacts that switch when the input gate is electrically
excited. It can implement a decoupled, a router or breaker for the electrical power, a negation,
and, on the base of the wiring, complicated logical functions containing and, or, and flip-flop.
In the past relays had a wide use, for instance the telephone switching or the railway routing
and crossing systems. In spite of electronic progresses (as programmable devices), relays are
still used in applications where ruggedness, simplicity, long life and high reliability are
important factors (for instance in safety applications)
4.6.2 Working
Generally, the relay consists a inductor coil, a spring (not shown in the figure), Swing
terminal, and two high power contacts named as normally closed (NC) and normally opened
(NO). Relay uses an Electromagnet to move swing terminal between two contacts (NO and
NC). When there is no power applied to the inductor coil (Relay is OFF), the spring holds the
swing terminal is attached to NC contact.
Fig.4.20 Representation of Relay
Whenever required power is applied to the inductor coil, the current flowing through
the coil generates a magnetic field which is helpful to move the swing terminal and attached
it to the normally open (NO) contact. Again when power is OFF, the spring restores the swing
terminal position to NC.
4.6.3 Advantage of relay:
A relay takes small power to turn ON, but it can control high power devices to switch
ON and OFF. Consider an example; a relay is used to control the ceiling FAN at our home.
The ceiling FAN may runs at 230V AC and draws a current maximum of 4A. Therefore the
power required is 4X230 = 920 watts. Off course we can control AC, lights, etc., depend up
on the relay ratings. Relays can be used to control DC motors in ROBOTICs.
4.6.4 Relay Driver Circuit:
The ULN2003 is a monolithic IC consists of seven NPN Darlington transistor pairs
with high voltage and current capability. It is commonly used for applications such as relay
drivers, motor, display drivers, led lamp drivers, logic buffers, line drivers, hammer drivers
and other high voltage current applications. It consists of common cathode clamp diodes for
each NPN Darlington pair which makes this driver IC useful for switching inductive loads.
Fig.4.21 ULN2003
The output of the driver is open collector and the collector current rating of each
Darlington pair is 500mA. Darlington pairs may be paralleled if higher current is required.
The driver IC also consists of a 2.7KΩ base resistor for each Darlington pair. Thus each
Darlington pair can be operated directly with TTL or 5V CMOS devices. This driver IC can
be used for high voltage applications up to 50V.\
The ULN2003 is a monolithic IC consists of seven NPN Darlington transistor pairs with
high voltage and current capability. It is commonly used for applications such as relay drivers,
motor, display drivers, led lamp drivers, logic buffers, line drivers, hammer drivers and other
high voltage current applications. It consists of common cathode clamp diodes for each NPN
Darlington pair which makes this driver IC useful for switching inductive loads.
Fig.4.22 Relay Driver

4.6.5 Logic Diagram of ULN2003
Note that the driver provides open collector output, so it can only sink current, cannot
source. Thus when a 5V is given to 1B terminal, 1C terminal will be connected to ground via
Darlington pair and the maximum current that it can handle is 500A. From the above logic
diagram we can see that cathode of protection diodes are shorted to 9th pin called COM. So
for driving inductive loads, it must connect to the supply voltage.ULN2003 is widely used in
relay driving and stepper motor driving applications.
FEATURES
 500mA rated collector current (Single output)
 High-voltage outputs: 50V
 Inputs compatible with various types of logic.
 Relay driver application
Chapter-5
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1 ARDUINO UNO INSTALLATION
In this we will get know of the process of installation of Arduino IDE and connecting
Arduino uno to Arduino IDE.
Step 1
First we must have our Arduino board (we can choose our favorite board) and a USB
cable. In case we use Adriana UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560, or
Diecimila, we will need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), t In case we use Arduino
Nano, we will need an A to Mini-B cable..
Step 2
Download Arduino IDE Software. We can get different versions of Arduino IDE from
the Download page on the Arduino Official website. We must select wer software, which is
compatible with wer operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux).
After wear file download is complete, unzip the file.
Fig.5.1 Opening Arduino
Step 3 − Power up our board.

The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw power
from either, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If we are using
an Arduino Diecimila, we have to make sure that the board is configured to draw power from
the USB connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a small piece of plastic that
fits onto two of the three pins between the USB and power jacks. Check that it is on the two
pins closest to the USB port. Connect the Arduino board to computer using the USB cable.
The green power LED(labelled PWR) should glow.
Step 4 − Launch Arduino IDE.
After our Arduino IDE software is downloaded, we need to unzip the folder. Inside
the folder, we can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe).
Double click the icon to start the IDE.

Step 5 − Open our first project.
Once the software starts, we have two options
Fig.5.2 Creating a new project
To create a new project, select File → New.

To open an existing project example, select File → Example → Basics → Blink.
Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED on and
off with some time delay. We can select any other example from the list
Step 6 − Select our Arduino board.
Fig.5.3 Select Arduino board
To avoid any error while uploading wear program to the board, we must select the correct
Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to wer computer.
Go to Tools → Board and select wear board.
Here, we have selected Arduino Uno board according to our tutorial, butwe must select the
name matching the board that we are using.
Step 7 − Select wer serial port.
Fig.5.4 Serial Board

Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools → Serial Port menu. This is likely
to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports
To find out, we can disconnect wer Arduino board and re-open the menu, the entry
that disappears should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial
port.
Step 8 − Upload the program to wer board.
Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must demonstrate the
function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar.
Fig.5.5 Weir board
5.2 BLYNK APP

Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can
display sensor data, it can store data, vizualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
 Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using
various widgets we provide.
 Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and
hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk server locally.
It’s open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be
launched on a Raspberry Pi.
 Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication
with the server and process all the incoming and outcoming commands.
Now imagine: every time you press a Button in the Blynk app, the message travels to
space the Blynk Cloud, where it magically finds its way to your hardware. It works the same
in the opposite direction and everything happens in a blynk of an eye.
Fig.5.6 Blink App
 Similar API & UI for all supported hardware & devices

 Connection to the cloud using:
 WiFi
 Bluetooth and BLE
 Ethernet
 USB (Serial)
 GSM
 Set of easy-to-use Widgets
 Direct pin manipulation with no code writing

 Easy to integrate and add new functionality using virtual pins
 History data monitoring via Super Chart widget
 Device-to-Device communication using Bridge Widget
 Sending emails, tweets, push notifications, etc.
 New features are constantly added!
 You can find example sketches covering basic Blynk Features. They are included
in the library. All the sketches are designed to be easily combined with each other.
The Blynk App is a well designed interface builder. It works on both iOS and Android,
so no holy wars here,
Fig.5.7 Downloads
5.2.1 Creation of Blynk Account

After you download the Blynk App, you’ll need to create a New Blynk account. This
account is separate from the accounts used for the Blynk Forums, in case you already have
one. We recommend using a real email address because it will simplify things later.
Fig.5.8 Creation of Blynk account
5.2.2 Create New Project

After you’ve successfully logged into your account, start by creating a new project.
Fig.5.9 Create New project
5.2.3 Choose your Hardware

Select the hardware model you will use. Check out the list of supported hardware
Fig.5.10 Choosing hardware
5.2.4 Auth Token

Auth Token is a unique identifier which is needed to connect your hardware to your
smartphone. Every new project you create will have its own Auth Token. You’ll get Auth
Token automatically on your email after project creation. You can also copy it manually.
Click on devices section and selected required device.
Fig.5.11 Auth Token
NOTE: Don’t share your Auth Token with anyone, unless you want someone to have access
to your hardware.
It’s very convenient to send it over e-mail. Press the e-mail button and the token will
be sent to the e-mail address you used for registration. You can also tap on the Token line and
it will be copied to the clipboard.
Now press the “Create” button.
Fig.5.12 Create button
5.2.5 Add a Widget

Your project canvas is empty, let’s add a button to control our LED.
Tap anywhere on the canvas to open the widget box. All the available widgets are located
here. Now pick a button.
Fig.5.13 widget Box
Drag-n-Drop - Tap and hold the Widget to drag it to the new position.
Widget Settings - Each Widget has it’s own settings. Tap on the widget to get to them.
Fig.5.14 Button settings
The most important parameter to set is PIN . The list of pins reflects physical pins
defined by your hardware. If your LED is connected to Digital Pin 8 - then select D8 (D -
stands for Digital).
CHAPTER-6
RESULT
This project is well prepared and acting accordingly (including all the hardware and software)
as per the initial specifications and requirements of our project. Because of the creative nature
and design the idea of applying this project is very new, the oppurtunities for this project are
immense. Cultivation of plants under artificial environmental parameters allow all without
any harmful side effects on environment and increases the growth of plant and rate of
productivity. The practical representation of an experimental board is shown below
Fig.6.1 Practical Representation of Experiment components
Fig.6.2 Display in blynk app
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
6.1 CONCLUSION
This paper mainly reviewed the research and development work for a system to
cultivate crops. This system made automatic to provide constant climatic parameters. This
constant supply of parameters to provide plants necessary nutrients and protects crops from
pests. In this project we have made a rack structure so that we can take the more crop
production by making racks on one above in a small area. In this artificial environment we
are using sensors to monitor the condition of soil, air, temperature. According to collected
data by the sensors, this data is provided to aurdino for the controlling the water supply, lights,
fans. The Leds are used to provide the special light wavelength. By using that wavelengths
the plants are going to carry out the photosynthesis process. In this process the food making
process of plants is done. As the environment is indoor it will not have any insects, and pests
affecting the crops, hence no insecticides and pesticides will be required. The indoor
environment will neither evaporate water nor will percolate it in to the earth hence water
requirements be very small. The indoor environment is equipped with artificial lightening, so
crops can be grown independent of season. By using the artficial farming method we can
reduce the greenhouse gases, the overall quality of the food is increased due to the organic
fertilizers being used to grow the plant and also the pesticides and the chemical fertilizers are
not used in this type of farming. The water required for the electronic farming is much lesser
than the ordinary traditional farming. As it is completely indoor so that the atmospheric effect
is not observed on the plant.
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

By using this technology, a system that cultivate crops with productivity rate being
doubled has been developed successfully. This system has provided maximum yield of crops
in reduced time. As a result of day-to-day progression, a better yield of plant was produced.
6.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6.3.1 ADVANTAGES
1. No Soil Involved
Since Hydroponic farming involves growing crops without soil, it is an ideal option for
anyone who has limited access to land.that’s why this form of farming was used in the mid-
nineties for supplying fresh crops to the troops in the Wake Islands, a distant arable area
located in the Pacific Ocean.recently, astronauts in NASA have expressed the idea of using
the method to grow crops in space, deeming it as the farming method of the future.
2. Optimal Use of Location
So, if you live in a space-crunched apartment, you can always consider Hydroponic farming,
as with this method you can have the plants grown even on your balcony or even bedroom.
That’s because, unlike conventional farming where the plant roots expand and thoroughly
spread out to search for food and oxygen levels in the soil, the roots of plants grown using
this method have everything they need within their reach.
In other words, with Hydroponic farming, the roots of the plants remain submerged in a tank
of oxygenated solution with direct contact with the vital minerals. That means you can grow
multiple plants in proximity without having to worry about space.
3. Complete Control Over Climate
As with greenhouses, Hydroponic growers have absolute control over the climate. They can
adjust the temperature, the intensity of light, and the humidity levels as per their requirements.
So, in a way, if you practice Hydroponic farming, you can continue growing crops all year
round without worrying about the season. This is especially advantageous to farmers growing
crops for sale as it lets them directly control the growth of their plants, something they
usually don’t get with the conventional way of farming.
4. Saves Water
It may sound contradictory, but plants grown in Hydroponic systems use up to 90% less
water than conventionally field-grown plants. that’s right.
You see, the fact that they remain submerged in water doesn’t mean they use much of it.
Unlike the traditional way of farming, hydroponic is a closed system. In other words, water
remains within the system since there’s no soil for the water to seep into, as with regular
farming.
Plants take in their required water while the excess is captured and trapped back into the
system.
Water loss, therefore, occurs only through two pertinent forms:
 Evaporation
 System leaks
Of course, if you have an efficient hydroponic setup, the only way your system can lose water
is through evaporation which really isn’t as much compared to the other two ways of water
loss.
5. Optimal Use of Nutrients
When it comes to Hydroponics systems, you have absolute control over the nutrients required
by the plants.
Even before proceeding with farming, you can check what kind of nutrients your plants need
and then mix particular amounts of those nutrients with water at different stages.
6. pH control
Since every mineral is directly in touch with water, you can always manually adjust and
tweak the pH level when required. This will ensure that the plants receive optimal nutrient
intake.
7. Faster Growth Rate
Another major benefit of the Hydroponic system is that it ensures a faster growth rate. Here,
you are entirely in control over the environment required for the plants’ growth.That
means you have control over every parameter, like the temperature, the surrounding light,
moisture, and, most importantly, the nutrients. The plants will be placed in an ideal condition,
and nutrients will be sufficiently provided so that they can directly contact the root system.
This way, plants won’t waste their valuable energy looking for diluted nutrients submerged
deep within the soil. Rather, they can almost entirely be focused on thriving and boosting the
production of fruits.
8. Zero Weed
If you’ve tried conventional gardening, you probably know how irksome weeds can get.
Weeding is one of the most exhausting tasks for gardeners, and the majority of them — if not
all — can confirm it.
Now, one of the greatest benefits you get as a farmer from Hydroponic farming is that you
never have to worry about weeds.
Weed is entirely associated with soil, so going soil-less brings the chances of getting weeds in
your Hydroponic system to zero.
9. Fewer Pests and Ailments
As with weeds, removing soil ensures that your plants are not as susceptible to soil-borne
pests like gophers, groundhogs, or a bunch of birds. You can also protect them from ailments
like Fusarium and Rhizoctonia.
10. Fewer Insecticides and Herbicides Involved
Since Hydroponic farming doesn’t attract weeds and pests like regular farming, you don’t
need any pesticides or herbicides for the plants.
This is good news, especially if growing food crops. Failure to use pesticides and herbicides
means that whatever you harvest from your Hydroponic system is entirely safe from harmful
toxic chemicals.
11. Time-Saving Process
Since no time is needed to till, cultivate, weed, or spray your plants, Hydroponic systems are
real-time-savers. This makes them an ideal form of farming for passionate gardeners who
don’t have enough time for the conventional way of farming. Plus, since Hydroponic farming
avails everything necessary for the plant to flourish, plants take much less time to grow
compared to the traditional way of farming. That means you get to harvest way earlier than
you would using the regular way of farming!
12. Relieves Stress
As with any other form of farming, Hydroponic farming is one of the most stress-relieving
hobbies. It gives you that one rare chance to reconnect with nature. So, when you are worked
up after a tedious day at the office, you can always come back home to your little Hydroponic
garden where you rear and grow plants from scratch.
6.3.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. Time Consuming
In the previous section, we said that Hydroponic farming is time-saving. That’s correct.
But then, it can also be time-consuming.
Well, let me explain.
You see, unlike plants grown in soil that you can ignore for weeks and sometimes months,
and they’ll be just fine, such can’t be said of plants grown in the Hydroponic system.
That’s because, unlike normal farming, where nature and soil help balance everything, you’re
in total control of everything regarding the Hydroponic system.
That’s to say; you have to play the role of ensuring that the plants have access to nutrients,
light, water, and all other elements it needs for growth. All this needs time, which is why
Hydroponic farming can be time-consuming.
2. Requires Some Expertise and Finesse
The process of Hydroponic farming depends on a range of equipment that requires proper
expertise. Unless you know how to operate this equipment, the plants won’t thrive or flourish
as well as you’d want them to.
Even the minutest mistake can affect plant growth, sometimes entirely destroying your
Hydroponic system. That’s why it is extremely important to familiarize yourself with the
equipment and techniques involved in this process of farming.
3. Risks of Water and Electricity
Two major factors in Hydroponic farming are electricity and water. So, unless you have
adequate water or stable electricity, the Hydroponic system won’t thrive well.In addition, you
will also need to stick to proper safety precautions to avoid impairing the plant’s condition at
different stages of growth. All these are things you seldom ever have to worry about when
doing regular farming.
4. Threats of System Failure
If you are using electricity to manage your entire Hydroponic system, you must take
precautionary measures during power blackouts or demoting a prolonged power outage, the
disconnection from power can negatively affect the plants, sometimes causing irreversible
damage. That’s why it’s paramount to consider the power factor before rolling out a
Hydroponics project. If you have issues with power around your area, it would be best to
work with an off-grid hydroponic system. This type doesn’t require electricity and is as
convenient as the power-driven systems as you can have it either indoors or outdoors.
5. Debates Over the Organic Nature
Over the last couple of years, there has been significant debate and deliberation on whether
Hydroponic farming is indeed a method. Many farmers have questioned whether plants
grown through hydroponic farming can be certified as organic as they do not receive the
microbiomes available in the soil. However, It is worth noting that you cannot expect any
farming method to be perfect. As long as the method works and the outcome is safe for
human consumption, that’s all that really counts. With Hydroponics, people across the globe
have produced plants like tomatoes, lettuce, and other leafy vegetables over the last decade.
6. Expensive
Unlike conventional soil-based farming, Hydroponic farming involves expensive equipment
(especially in the initial setup). Regardless of the kind of system you plan to build, you will
require containers, high-quality lighting, an accurate timer, and quality nutrients.
Once the initial setup is done, that’s not the end of it. You have to incur recurring costs on the
nutrients and electricity. So, if you are not ready to shell out a heavy initial expense, this may
not make the ideal go-to option for you.
7. Low Return on Investment on Large Scale
If you already keep up with the updates regarding agricultural start-ups, you’re probably
familiar with the costs involved in Hydroponic farming. It is important to note that
Hydroponicsis an excellent advancement in the agricultural sector.however, if you’re
planning to perform this farming on a large, commercial scale, the return on investment won’t
be as high. That is primarily because of heavy initial expenses and unsteady profits. As of
now, it is not very convenient to come up with a proper, profitable plan to urge farmers to try
Hydroponic farming commercially.
REFERENCES
[1] Uday A, Waykole & Dhiraj G. Agarwal, “Green house automation system”
International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET), Vol. 5 Issue
4 July 2015
[2] Alison Lederer, “Investigation of Photosynthetic Properties in Spinach and Geranium:
Pigments, Starch Production, and Light Wavelength Absorbance”. ESSAI, Vol. 5 [2007], Art.
29, 1-1-2007
[3] Hau-Chen Yen, Ching-Ran Lee, Shun-Yu Chan, “Artificial- Lighting Source for Plant
Growth”. 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems
(PEDS)
[4] McGill University, Urban Barns Report, May 5, 2014 Polina Fateeva and Mark
Lefsrud, “LEDs: Shedding Light on Optimizing Plant Production” McGill University.
[5] Kelsey A. Czyzyk, Shayne T. Bement, William F. Dawson and Khanjan Mehta,
“Quantifying Water Savings with Greenhouse Farming” Global Humanitarian Technology
Conference (GHTC), 2014 IEEE, 04 December 2014
[6] Philips greenhouse LED production module & Robert Colangelo, “Indoor vertical
farming, more growth, less footprint” PHIL 151012 Case Study Green Sense Farms UK A05,
01/2015
[7] DANIELA ATTALLA JENNIFER TANNFELT Automated Greenhouse WU 2015-05-
19KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT.
[8] A Smart Green House Automation System by Wireless Sensor Networks International
Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.5, Issue 3, March 2017 E-ISSN: 2321-9637
[9] GREENHOUSE MONITERING USING INTERNET OF THINGS International
Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Engineering (IJIRCSE) ISSN:
2394-6364, Volume – 2, Issue – 3. March 2016
[10] Kim Baraka, Marc Ghobril, Sami Malek, Rouwaida Kanj, Ayman Kayssi Low cost
Arduino/Android-based Energy-Efficient Home Automation System with Smart Task
Scheduling Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering American University of
Beirut Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
[11] Greenhouse Asst.Prof. Khaldun I.Arif, Design and Implementation a Smart Hind
Fadhil Abba IJCSMC, Vol. 4, Issue. 8, August
APPENDIX
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
#include <DHT.h>
// You should get Auth Token in the Blynk App.
// Go to the Project Settings (nut icon).
char auth [] = "NwqkQeYu7VXnVZRPUXeNhFur25FG82Kb";
// Your WiFi credentials.
// Set password to "" for open networks. char ssid[] = "Mega";
char pass[] = "123456789";
#define DHTPIN 2 // D2
// Uncomment whatever type you're using! #define DHTTYPE DHT11// DHT 11
//#define DHTTYPE DHT22 // DHT 22, AM2302, AM2321
//#define DHTTYPE DHT21 // DHT 21, AM2301
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
BlynkTimer timer; int fan = D0;
int mq135 = A0; int red = D6;
int green = D7; int blue = D5;
// This function sends Arduino's up time every second to Virtual Pin (5).
// In the app, Widget's reading frequency should be set to PUSH. This means
// that you define how often to send data to Blynk App. void sendSensor()
{
int mq135 = analogRead(A0)
float h = dht.readHumidity();
float t = dht.readTemperature(); // or dht.readTemperature(true) for Fahrenheit
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t)) {
Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!"); return;
}
// You can send any value at any time.
// Please don't send more that 10 values per second. Blynk.virtualWrite(V5, t);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V6, h);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V7, mq135);
analogWrite(red,0);
analogWrite(green,240);
analogWrite(blue,0);
if ( t > 35 || mq135 > 300 || h > 80)
{
digitalWrite(fan,LOW);
analogWrite(red,0);
analogWrite(blue,0); delay(3000);
digitalWrite(fan,HIGH);
analogWrite(red,0);
analogWrite(blue,0);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(fan,HIGH);
analogWrite(red,0); analogWrite(green,240); analogWrite(blue,0);
}
}
void setup()
{
// Debug console Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(fan,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green,OUTPUT);
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
// You can also specify server:
//Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass, "blynk-cloud.com", 8442);
//Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass, IPAddress(192,168,1,100), 8442);
pinMode(mq135,INPUT);
dht.begin();
// Setup a function to be called every second timer.setInterval(1000L, sendSensor);

}
void loop()
{
Blynk.run();
timer.run();

Hydroponic Vertical Farming

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IOT BASED HYDROPONIC VERTICAL FARMING SYSTEM

1.2 HOW PLANTS GROW

1.3 LIGHT SYSTEM

1.4 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

1.8 ENERGY COSTS

Fig.2.1 vertical farming

2.2 Architecture and Operation of Hydroponic vertical farming

Fig.2.2 Operation of Hydroponics

Fig 2.3 Vertical Farming Market

2.4 Assimilation of IOT sensors to sense the Humidity, Temperature and

Fig 2.4 IOT Plant Monit

2.5: Technologies used for hydroponic vertical farming

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY Pump

DHT 11 Moisture Sensor

Fig.3.1 Block Diagram

3.3 Architectural Design for proposed Model

Fig.3.2 Architectural Design

Fig.3.3 Flow Diagram

4.1.1 POWER SUPPLY

Fig 4.1 Block Diagram of Power Supply

4.1.3 Bridge Rectifier

Fig.4.2 Bridge rectifier

Fig.4.3 Output Waveform Of DC

4.1.5 Voltage Regulators

Fig.4.4 7805 voltage Regulator

Fig.4.5 Circuit Diagram Of Power Supply

4.2 MICROCONTROLLER DESCRIPTION

Fig.4.6 ESP-WROOM-32 Module

Fig4.9 DHT11 sensor

DHT11 digital temperature and humidity sensor is a composite sensor contains a

4.3.4 DHT11 Specifications:

Fig.4.10 Connection diagram of DHT11

Fig.4.11 timing diagram

4.4 Moisture Sensor

Fig.4.12 Moisture Sensor

4.4.2 Working Principle of Moisture Sensor

Fig.4.13 Soil Moisture Sensor

Fig.4.14 Working principle of soil moisture sensor

4.4.5 Pin Out – Soil Moisture Sensor

Fig.4.15 Pin Out – Diagram

Fig.4.16 Circuit Diagram – Analog Mode

Fig.4.17 (a)DC motor

Fig.4.18 (b)DC motor

Fig.4.20 Representation of Relay

Fig.4.22 Relay Driver

Fig.5.1 Opening Arduino

Step 3 − Power up our board.

Double click the icon to start the IDE.

Fig.5.2 Creating a new project

To create a new project, select File → New.

Fig.5.3 Select Arduino board

Fig.5.4 Serial Board

Fig.5.5 Weir board

5.2 BLYNK APP

Fig.5.6 Blink App

 Similar API & UI for all supported hardware & devices

 Direct pin manipulation with no code writing