3 9 6

Centre number

Student number

2021 YEAR 12 TRIAL HSC EXAMINATION

Physics
General Instructions • Reading time – 5 minutes.
• Working time – 3 hours.
• Write using black pen.
• Draw diagrams using pencil.
• For questions in Section II, show all relevant working in
questions involving calculations.
• NESA approved calculators may be used.

Total marks: 100 Section I – 20 marks (pages 3 – 12)

• Attempt questions 1 – 20
• Allow about 35 minutes for this section.

Section II – 80 marks (pages 13 – 28)

• Attempt questions 21 – 36
• Allow about 2 hours and 25 minutes for this section.

N.B. Students who fail to make a reasonable attempt will receive a mark of ZERO.
This paper MUST NOT be removed from the examination room
Section I – 20 marks

Attempt Questions 1-20

Allow about 35 minutes for this section

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet.

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely.

Sample: 2+4= (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new
answer.

A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then
indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.

A B C D

correct
Section I
20 marks
Attempt Questions 1-20
Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Use the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet for Questions 1–20

1. How would an increase in the value of “g”, the acceleration due to gravity, affect the
flight of a projectile launched with the same initial conditions?

(A) decreased range; decreased maximum height

(B) decreased range, same maximum height
(C) same range, decreased maximum height
(D) same range, same maximum height

2. A vehicle is travelling with a constant speed around a circular banked track.

A force diagram is drawn from a position behind the vehicle, where W is weight and
R is the reaction force. Which diagram is correct?
3. Which planet would have the lowest escape velocity?

Planet mass Planet radius

Planet name
(kg) (km)

(A) Newton 5 x 1024 8000

(B) Einstein 8 x 1024 7800

(C) Bohr 5 x 1024 9500

(D) Hawkins 8 x 1024 10200

4. A student conducted an investigation into the relationship between the speed of a

mass undergoing uniform circular motion and the centripetal force required.

The apparatus used consisted of a metal tube, two masses m and M, string and a
stopwatch.

There is an assumption made regarding the force of gravity on the moving mass, as represented
in the diagram.

This assumption made will make the investigation:

(A) more accurate.

(B) less precise.
(C) more reliable.
(D) less valid.
5. A roller coaster track is designed so that at the top of the loop, passengers will be upside-down
and undergo an acceleration equal to g while in their seats, making them feel weightlessness.

A view of the track from the side is shown.

The rollercoaster rides starts with negligible speed and there is no friction. The radius of
curvature at the top of the loop is 8.0 m.

What is the height, d, of the starting position vertically higher than the top of the loop?

(A) 4.0 m
(B) 8.5 m
(C) 12.3 m
(D) 14.7 m

6. A positively charged particle enters an electric field between two charged parallel
plates with an initial horizontal velocity u, as shown, very close to the positive plate.

Neglecting the force due to gravity, which formula would be useful to help calculate the
distance “X”, shown in the diagram?
(The distance between the two plates is known.)

(A) v = u + at
(B) v2 = u2 + 2as
(C) W = Fs
(D) s = ut + ½ at2
7. The magnetic permeability of a material, μ0, is:
 (A) the measurement of force between two wires carrying current.
(B) a measure of the strength of a magnetic field in a material subject to an
external magnetic field.

(C) related to the electric current flowing through the material.

(D) a measure of the electromagnetic resistance of a material.

8. In which situation would the average current, I, be the greatest?

9. Friction braking on cars obeys the law of Conservation of Energy by generating heat
energy from the car’s kinetic energy.

With magnetic braking, the same law is obeyed by the generation of:

(A) elastic potential energy

(B) magnetic fields
(C) eddy currents and heat energy
(D) gravitational potential energy

10. A consequence of having DC rather than AC electricity transmission from power stations to
consumers would be:
 (A) using lower voltages in household appliances.
(B) having power stations located much closer to the consumers.
(C) needing fewer power stations.
(D) less efficient appliances such as light globes.

11. Early measurements of the speed of light were able to determine that light:

(A) has a particle nature.

(B) can travel through a vacuum.
(C) travels too fast to measure its speed.
(D) travels at a finite speed.

12. When light of a certain wavelength, λo is shone on a metal surface, it is observed that
no electrons are emitted.

When the intensity of this light is increased, still no electrons are emitted.

This shows that light:

(A) is behaving as a wave.

(B) is not a behaving as a wave.
(C) does not transfer energy.
(D) has no energy.
13. Laser light with a wavelength of 621 nm was passed through a double slit. The slits are 100 μm
apart.

The resulting interference pattern is reproduced below. The screen is placed 1.50 m from the
slits.

What is the distance from the central maximum to the 2nd bright spot on the screen?

(A) 19 mm
(B) 15 mm
(C) 12 mm
(D) 3.0 mm

14. A star is losing mass at the rate of 4.0 x 109 kgs-1. How much energy in total radiation is
being produced per second?

(A) 3.6 x 1026 J

(B) 3.7 x 1026 J
(C) 3.8 x 1026 J
(D) 3.9 x 1026 J

15. An absorption spectrum from a star is shown.

The dark lines in the spectrum indicate that:

(A) the star is moving away from us.

(B) atoms in the star’s atmosphere are absorbing light and not re-emitting it.
(C) several elements are present in the star’s atmosphere.
(D) only some atoms in the star’s atmosphere are contributing to the spectrum.
16. The CNO cycle is depicted below.

The CNO cycle is proposed as a likely process for the production of energy in the core of stars
as it:

(A) releases more energy than other processes.

(B) only occurs in the core of small mass stars.
(C) is not a true example of a nuclear process.
(D) occurs via a series of collisions where only two particles collide at any step.

17. An electron enters a region where a uniform magnetic field is perpendicular to an electric field
between two charged plates, as shown.

The electron passes through the crossed fields without being deflected.

The electron’s speed is:

(A) 8.0 x 10-15 m s-1

(B) 1.6 x 103 m s-1
(C) 5.0 x 104 m s-1
(D) 2.5 x 106 m s-1
Use the diagram below of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to answer Questions 18 -20.

18. Which letter corresponds to a Sun-like star?

(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D

19. Which letter corresponds to a blue supergiant?

(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D
20. Which letter corresponds to an old star that once was a Sun-like, main-sequence star?

(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D

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END OF MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS OF SECTION 1

Section II
80 marks
Attempt ALL Questions 21-36
Allow about 2 hour and 25 minutes for this section.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of
response.
Show all relevant working in questions involving calculation.

Question 21 (6 marks)
In an investigation into the value of gravitational acceleration, a device was used which launches a
ball bearing at exactly 7.8 m s-1.

(a) Describe a suitable method using the principles underpinning projectile 3

motion that could be used to calculate the value of gravitational acceleration
without the use of a stopwatch or other timing device.
A length measuring device is available.

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(b) Calculate by how much the value of measured gravitational acceleration 3

would change at the equator if the Earth were to stop rotating on its axis.

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Question 22 (4 marks)
The performance characteristics of a rotating motor such as a car engine include the engine’s torque
and power. Assume a radius of one metre.

(a) Given that:

power (P) = force (F) x velocity (v)

calculate the power output of a motor which is rotating at 2500 rpm 2

(revolutions per minute) when producing a torque of 180 N m.

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(b) How much work is done by an electric screwdriver generating a torque of 2

12 N m that takes 15 rotations to tighten a screw?

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Question 23 (6 marks)
(a) Define what is meant by the term “geostationary” when applied to satellites 1
orbiting Earth.

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(b) Calculate the orbital radius of a satellite which is in geostationary orbit. 3

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(c) Discuss the relationship between Kepler’s Second Law of Planetary Motion and 2
the Law of the Conservation of Energy.

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Question 24 (9 marks)
A baseball is hit with a velocity of 28 m/s at an angle of 30° to the horizontal at an initial height
of 1.0 m above the plate. Ignore air resistance in your calculations.

(a) How long does it take the ball to return to the initial height above the ground? 3

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Question 24 continues on the next page.

Question 24 (cont)
(b) The ball is hit directly towards a stationary outfielder who is 85 m from the plate. 6
At the instant the ball is hit, the outfielder begins to run towards the plate with constant
acceleration.
What is the magnitude of her acceleration if she catches the ball when it is 0.50 m above the
ground?

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Question 25 (9 marks)
Explain how the motor effect is used to produce torque in electric motors, including induction 9
motors. (Include a diagram in your explanation. How is torque related to the motor effect?)

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Question 25 (cont) Extra space as needed.

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Question 26 (4 marks)
A small charged particle with a charge of + 7.5 μC and a mass of 4.0 x 10-15 kg enters a uniform
magnetic field with a speed of 6.0 x 103 m s-1 as shown.

(a) What is the initial force on the charged particle when it enters the magnetic field? 2
(Remember, force is a vector).

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(b) Hence quantitatively describe the subsequent motion of this particle, assuming 2
that it remains within the magnetic field.

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Question 27 (3 marks)
A solenoid was connected to a data logger to measure voltage. A magnet was dropped through the
solenoid from above as shown.

On the axes provided, sketch a graph showing the change in voltage as the magnet falls completely
through the solenoid.

3
Question 28 (4 marks)
A single current-carrying loop is within a magnetic field produced by two magnets, as shown.
A commutator connects the loop to a battery that has a constant voltage.

As the loop begins to rotate about the axis, its speed increases with time.

(a) On the axes below, sketch how the speed of rotation of the loop would change with time. 2

(b) Explain how the speed of a motor changes from the time it is started until it 2
reaches its operating speed with reference to back EMF.

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Question 29 (5 marks)
Describe three investigations to examine the spectra produced from a variety of sources. 5
Include the name of the sources and a description of the spectra seen.

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Question 30 (4 marks)
Huygens’ wave model of light was supported by a number of observations. 4
Outline these observations and explain how they support a wave model of light.

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Question 31 (4 marks)
The stopping voltage was measured while varying the frequency of incident light for an investigation
of the photoelectric effect. Three different metals, A, B and C were used and the results plotted, as
shown below.

(a) Outline the significance of the value of the frequency of light where the lines 2
intercept the x-axis on the graph for each metal.

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(b) Discuss why the plotted results for all of the metals are parallel. 2

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Question 32 (5 marks)
(a) Describe what is meant by the term “inertial frame of reference” and give 2
an everyday example.

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(b) A spaceship is 220 m in length. 3

With what speed would the spaceship need to be travelling relative to an observer
if that observer measures the length of the spaceship as 70 m?

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Question 33 (5 marks)
A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is shown below.

(a) Explain how the region labelled “Main sequence” can include stars from all of the 3
spectral classes shown by referring to what they have in common.

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(b) There does not appear to be a relationship between the surface temperature and 2
luminosity everywhere on the HR diagram.
Explain quantitatively why giant stars can have high luminosities while having
relatively low surface temperatures.

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Question 34 (6 marks)
Today’s universe looks very different to the one that was formed after the ‘Big Bang’. 6
Explain how the strong force and gravity helped shape the universe we see today.
(Include a description of how atoms and celestial objects were formed).

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Question 35 (2 marks)
Both giant and supergiant stars undergo the triple alpha process. Describe the key aspects 2
of the triple alpha process.

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Question 36 (4 marks)
Discuss the steps required in planning a first hand investigation to ensure the collected data 4
is both valid and reliable.
Can an experiment be reliable and not valid? Explain.

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THE END OF THE EXAMINATION

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 Section II extra writing space (cont)

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