Derivatives

76
Derivatives
Introduction
The study of differential calculus originated in the process of solving the following three
problems
1. From the astronomical consideration particularly involving an attempt to have a better

approximation of as developed by Bhaskaracharya, Madhava and Nilakantha.
2. Finding the tangent to any arbitrary curve as developed by Fermat and Leibnitz.
3. Finding rate of change as developed by Fermat and Newton.
In this chapter we define derivative of a function, give its geometrical and physical
interpretation and discuss various laws of derivatives etc.
Objectives
After studying this lesson, you will be able to:
(1) Define and Interpret geometrically the derivative of a function y = f(x) at x = a.

(2) State derivative of some standard function.
(3) Find the derivative of different functions like composite function, implicit function using
different techniques.
(4) Find higher order derivatives of a particular function by successive differentiation
method.
(5) Determine rate of change and tangent to a curve.
(6) Find partial derivative of a function with more than one variable with respect to variables.
(7) Define Euler’s theorem and apply it solve different problems based on partial
differentiation.
Expected background knowledge
1. Function
2. Limit and continuity of a function at a point.
Derivative of a function
Consider a function y =
Table-1
x 5 5.1 5.01 5.001 5.0001

y 25 26.01 25.1001 25.010001 25.00100001
Let x = 5 and y = 25 be a reference point
SCTE&VT LEARNING MATERRIAL ON ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II

77
We denote the small changes in the value of x as ’,
= small change in x
y = change in y, when there is a change of in x.
Now, is called Increment ratio or Newton quotient or average rate of change of y.
Now, let us write table -1 in terms of x, y as
Table-2
0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

1.01 0.1001 0.010001 0.00100001
10.1 10.01 10.001 10.0001
From table-2 varies as varies
It is clear from the table when 0

 0 and  10
This when  0 is the instantaneous rate of change of y at the value of x.
In above case x = 5, so at x = 5 is 10
Definition of derivative of a function (Differentiation)
If y = f(x) is a function. Then derivative of y with respect to x is given by
is also denoted by f ꞌ(x)
= = f ꞌ (x) = f ꞌ
are same notations
Process of finding derivatives of dependent variable w.r.t. independent varibale is called
differentiation.

78
Derivative of a function at a point ‘a’
Derivative of y = f(x) at a point ‘a’ in the domain is given by
]x=a= f ꞌ(a) =
Example -1
Find the derivative of f(x) = at x = 5
Ans. ]x=5 = f ꞌ (5) =
= = = 10
Geometrical Interpretation of

79
Let f(x) is represented by the curve in fig-1 given above.
Let Q(x+ ) be the neighbourhood of P(x,y). PM and QN are drawn perpendicular to X-

axis.
PS QN
Let QP Secant meets x-axis, (by extending it) and ⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗ make angle with x-axis then angle QPS
=
In QPS, tan = =
As QN = y + , NS = PM = y
=> QS = QN – NS = .
Similarly, ON = x+ and OM = x => PS = MN = ON – OM =
When 0 then Q P and QP secant becomes tangent at P.
In PQS 𝛿𝑦 { gives slope of PQ line}

𝜃=
𝛿𝑥
We know
= =
Now when 0 the line PQ becomes tangent at P
So,
= = slope of the tangent to the curve at P.
So derivative of a function at a point represents the slope or gradient of the tangent at that point.
Example 2
Q. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = at x = 5.
Ans. As we have done it in example – 1.
]x=5 = 10
Therefore, slope of the tangent at x = 5 is 10.

80
Derivative of some standard functions
1. (c) = 0
2. ( ) = n.
3. ( )= In particular ( )=
4. ( )= In particular ( )= (lnx ) =
5. ( )=
6. ( )=-
7. (tan x) =
8. (cot x) = -
9. (sec x) = sec x.tan x
10. (cosec x) = - cosec x. cot x
11. ( )=
√
12. ( )=-
√
13. ( )=
14. ( )=-
15. ( )=
√
16. ( )=-
√
Algebra of derivatives or fundamental theorems of derivatives
If f(x) and g(x) are both derivable functions i.e. their derivative exists then,
(i) {cf(x)} = c f ꞌ (x)
(ii) (f + g) = f ꞌ + gꞌ
(iii) (f - g) = f ꞌ – gꞌ
(iv) {fg} = fgꞌ + f ꞌ g

–
(v) { }=

81
Example-3
Find the derivative of the following:
(i)3 (ii) 6√ (iii) 9 (iv) 5 cot x
Ans.
(i) = (3 )=3 =3X3 =9
√ √
(ii) = =6 =6 ( )= 6 =6 =
√
(iii) = =9 =9
(iv) =5 = 5 (- )=-5
Example 4
Find (i) y = - +6
(ii) y = + (1-x) +
√
(iii) y = cosec x - .cot x
Ans.
(i) = ( - + 6)
= – +
=3 - 2x + 0
=3 - 2x
(ii) = ( + (1-x) + )
√
= √
+ { (1 – x )} + ( )
= +{ (1 - x) + ( ). (1 - x)} + ( )
{ (fg) = fg ꞌ + f ꞌ g }
= (- ) +{ (0 - 1) + 2x. (1 - x)} +
√

82
=- - + 2x - 2 +
√
=- + 2x - 3 +
√
(iii) =
= -
=(- cosecx.cotx) – { . (- x) + cot x}
√
= - cosec x cot x - cot x
√
Example-5
Find the derivative of following functions w.r.t x.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) x sin x -

√
Ans.
{ }√
(i) =
√
{ As ( )= }
√
√
=
√ √
√
=
√
√
=
= √ + -
√
(ii) y=
= { ( )= }

83
(iii) y=
√
=
√
=
(iv) y=
= {As = x and }
. / . /
=
. /
=
(v) = – ( )
( )
= {x cos x+ 1. sin x} – { }
= x cos x + sin x – { }
= x cos x + sin x - { }
= x cos x + sin x - ( )

84
Example 6
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = at x = [2017-w]
Ans.
Slope of tangent to the curve y = at x = is ]x=
Now, = (ln x) =
Now + = =2
Example – 7
Find f ꞌ (√ ) if f(x) = x [2017-w]
Ans. f(x) =
f ꞌ(x) = = + 1.
= +
√
f ꞌ (√ ) = + √
√
√
= +
√
= +
Example-8
Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve 2 -3x-1 at (1,-2).
Ans.
= 4x – 3
+ = 4X1-3 = 1

85
Derivative of a composite function (Chain Rule)
Composite function
A function formed by composition of more than one function is called composite function.
Example of composite functions
1) is form by composition of two functions, one is function and other is .
y= = where u =
2) Similarly y = √ is written as
y= √ where u =
3) y= √ is form by composition of three functions.
y = √ where u = and v = ( +1)
Chain Rule
If y = f(u) and u is a function of x defined by u = g(x), then
= .
Generalized chain rule
If y is a differentiable function of u, u is a differentiable function v, ….. and finally t is a

differentiable function of x. Then
= . ......
Example – 9
Find
(i). y = (ii) y =
(iii) √ √ (2016-S) (iv) (v)

86
Ans.
(i) y=
Here, y = and u =
= 2x + 2 = 2 (x+1) and =5
= .
=5 2(x+1)
= 10 (x+1)
(ii) y= can be written as y =
where u = cot x
=- , =3
= . =3 ( )
=-3
(iii) y=√ √
Here y = √ , u = ,v=√
So, = , = cos v, =
√ √
Therefore, = . .
= . cos v.
√ √
= . cos √ .
√ √
√
=
√ √ √
(iv) y=
Here y = where u =
= and =

87
Hence = =
(v) y=
Here y = ,u= ,v=
= , = , = 2x
Therefore, = = . . 2x
Example – 10
Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x.
(i)√ √ (ii) (2016-S) (iii) (2014-S)
(iv) (2017-S) (v)

√
Ans.
√ √ √
(i) =
√
{Here y =√ , Then = = ,u= √ = , }
√
√
= {- } {v=√ , then by chain rule = }
√ √ √
=-
√ √ √
=-
√ √ √
=-
√ √ √
(ii) { }=-{ }
f ꞌ (x)
=-{ }
(iii) { }=-{ }
f ’(ax+b) (ax+b)
=-

88
(iv) y=
= { }
= { }
( )
= {dividing numerator and denominator by }
= =
= = { }=
Hence = { } = ( ) =
(v) y=
√
=
√ √
=
= =x-
Hence = ( )
√
= (x - ) = 1
Example –11
If y = sin 5x cos 7x then find
Ans.
= sin 5x (cos 7x) + (sin 5x). cos 7x
= sin 5x. (-7 sin 7x) + 5 cos 5x cos 7x
= 5 cos 5x cos 7x – 7 sin 5x sin 7x

89
Example –12
Find if y = (2 )
Ans.
= 2 cosec (2 ){(-cosec(2 } (4x + )
=-2 (2 ). Cot (2 [4x + ]
Methods of differentiation
We use following two methods for differentiation of some functions.
(i) Substitution
(ii) Use of logarithms
Substitution
Sometimes with proper substitution we can transform the given function to a simpler function in
the new variable so that the differentiation w.r.t to new variable becomes easier. After
differentiation we again re-substitute the old variable. This can be better understood by following
examples.
Example – 13
√
y=
Ans.
√
y=
(If we differentiate directly by applying chain rule , it will be very complicated. So, we have to
adopt substitution technique here.)
√ √
Now y = =
√
Now Put √ = tan , x = tan
Then, y =
= - = √ -

90
( As √ √ and x = tan = √ )
Now = ( √ - tan x)
= (√ ) -
√
= . -
√
= - (Ans)
√
Example –14
Find if y = (2015-S)
Ans.
y= {Put tan =t }
=2
=2
= (2 )=
Note
When we apply substitution method, then we must have proper knowledge about trigonometric
formulae. Because it makes the choice of new variable easy. If proper substitution is not made,
then problem will be more complicated than original.
Example –15
√
If y = then find
Ans.
√
y = Put x = a tan
√ √
= =

91
√
= =
= = =
Now = { ( )} = ( )
( )
= ( ) =
= =
Example – 16
Differentiate ( √ ) w.r.t x. [2018-S]
Ans.
y = ( √ ) {Put x = cos 2 = }
= ( √ )) = ( √ )
= ( √ ) = =
= . = ( ) ( )
= 2 sin cos ( )
√
√
= sin 2 ( ) =-
√ √
√
=- =- (Ans)
√
Example – 17
Find the derivative of √ w.r.t x
Ans.
y = √ { Put x = cot => }
= √
= √

92
= = =
= ( )= ( )=-
Differentiation using logarithm
When a function appears as an exponent of another function we make use of logarithms.
Example – 18
Differentiate
Ans.
y=
Taking logarithms of both sides we have,
= .
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we have
= . + .
= . + . = .
= y (1+ . )
Hence = (1+ . )

93
Example – 19
√
Differentiate y =
Ans.
√
y =
Taking logarithm of both sides
= + √ - - {as = + & - }
=2 + -7 - { as ln = n lnx}
Differentiating both sides w.r.t, we have
= + - -
= + - +
= + - +
=y[ + - + ]
√
= [ + - + ] (Ans)
Example – 20
Find the derivative of y = (2017-W, 2015-S)
Ans: - y =
Taking logarithm of both sides,
logy = tanx log(logx)
= tan x . +
=y( + )
= ( +

94
Example – 21
Differentiate w.r.t x (2017-S)
Ans.
y =
Then log y = log = ln x log (sin x)
Differentiating w.r.t x ,
= + log(sin x)
= y [ lnx cot x + ]
= [ ln cot x + ]
Example – 22
Find if y =
Ans. y=
log y = = x log x
= + 1 . log x
= y (1+log x) = .
Example – 23
Differentiate + w.r.t. x.
Ans:- y= + = u +v
= and v =
and
log u= x log (ln x) and log v = x log (

95
= ()) and = ( ))
=[x . + 1 . log (ln x)] and =x . + 1. log( )

√
= [ + log (ln x)] and = [ + log( )]

√
= [ + log (ln x)] and = [ + log( )]

√
Now, = = +
= [ + log (ln x)] + [ + log( )] (Ans)

√
Differentiation of parametric function
Sometimes the variables x and y of a function is represent by function of another variable ‘t’,
which is called as a parameter. Such type of representation of a fnction is called parametric
form. For example equation of circle can be given by x = r cos t, y = sin t.
Here x, y both are functions of parameter ‘t’.
So, this form of the function is called parametric form.
Derivative of function given in parametric form
If y = f(t) , x = g(t) , Then
= = =
Example – 24
Find if x = a and y = 2 bt
Ans.
= 2at , = 2b
Now, = ⁄ = =

96
Example -25
Find if x = a(1 + ) and y =b (1 - ) (2018-S)
Ans. = a (- ) = -a sin , = b (- ) = -b cos
⁄
Hence = ⁄
= = cot
Example – 26
Find when x = a ( cos t +t sin t) and y = a (sin t – t cos t) (2017-S, 2017-W)
Ans.
= a (-sin t + t cos t + 1. sin t)
= a (t cos t) = a t cos t
= a (cos t – t (-sint) – 1. cos t)
= a t sin t ,
= = = tan t.
Example – 27
If sin x = and tan y = then find .
Ans.
Put t = tan { In this case by substitution we can convert both x and y into functions of
another parameter , which are easily differentiable w.r.t to .}
Then sin x = = sin 2
x= =
tan y = = = tan 2
y=
Now, = 2 and =2
Hence = = =1

97
Differentiation of a function w.r.t another function
Suppose we have two differentiable functions given by y = f(x) and z = g(x). Then to find
the derivative of y w.r.t. z we have to follow the following formula.
Example-28
Find the derivative of tan x w.r.t cot x (2017-w)
Ans.
Let y = tan x and z = cot x
= , =-
Now, = = =- ,Hence =-
Example – 29
Find the derivative of w.r.t 2 [2018-S, 2017-w]
Ans.
y = and z = 2
= ( )= ( )= ( ) = 2x
= ( ) = 4x
Hence = ( )/( ) = =
Example – 30
Differentiate w.r.t [2014-S]
Ans. y = and z =
Now, = log a and =a
Hence = = = log a (Ans)

98
Example – 31
Differentiate w.r.t (2016-S)
Ans. Let y = &z=
Put x = tan t
y= = = =2t
=2
Similarly, z = = = = 2t
=2
= = =1
Hence =1
Example – 32
Find derivative of log x w.r.t √ [2017-W]
Ans.
y = log x and z = √
Now, = and =
√
√
Hence = = = = (Ans)
√
√
Example –33
Differentiate w.r.t
Ans.
y = and z =
–
= { As { }= }

99
⁄
= = =
Differentiation of implicit function
Functions of the form F(x,y) = 0 where x and y cannot be separated or in other words y
cannot be expressed in terms of x is called Implicit function.
e.g. + - 25 = 0
+ + xy = 25 etc
Derivative of Implicit functions can be found without expressing y explicitly in terms of x. Simply
we differentiate both side w.r.t x and express in terms of both x and y.
Example – 34
Find when + - 3xy = 0 [2015-S]
Ans.
Given + - 3xy = 0
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x We have,
3 +3 - 3x - 3.1.y = 0
(3 ) = 3y - 3
= = (Ans)

100
Example – 35
Find if √ = [2017-w]
Ans.
Given √ =
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x,
(2x+ 2y )= ( )
√ √
= ( )
x+y =x -y
(x-y) =x+y
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
Example – 36
Find if = [2014-S, 2016-S, 2017-w]
Ans. Given =
x ln y = y ln x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we have
x + 1. ln y = . ln x + y
+ ln y = ln x +
( ) =( )

101
( ) =
Example – 37
Find if cot x = cot y
Ans. cot x = cot y
2y cot x + (- ) = 2x cot y + (- )
2y cot x - = 2x cot y -
(2y cot x + ) = 2x cot y +
Example – 38
Find if =
Ans. =
log = log
x log y = sin y log x
1. log y + x = cos y .
( ) =
( ) =

102
Differentiation of Infinite series
Example – 39
If y = , find
Ans.
y=
y= =
log y = log = y log x
Differentiating both sides
= log x + y
( ) =
= =
Example – 2
If y = √ √ √
y=√ √ √ )
y=√
Squaring both sides
= sin x + y
2y = cos x +
(2y-1) = cos x
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦

103
Miscellaneous examples
Example – 1
Differentiate the following functions w.r.t x
√ √
(i)
√ √
(ii) for 0
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi) √
(vii) + x>0
(viii) +
(ix)
√ √
(x)
√ √
Ans.
√ √
(i) y=
√ √
(√ √ ) √ √
= –√
(√ ) √ √
√ √
=
√ √
√ √
=
√
=
√
=
√
Now = ( )
{ } ( √ )
√
=
√
√
=

104
√
=
√
√
=
√
√
=-
√
(ii) y = |x|
When x < 0 , y = |x| = -x
When x > 0 , y = |x| = x
So = = -1 when x < 0
= =1 when x > 0
(iii) y=
= ( )=
(iv) y=
= ( )= ( )
(v) y= =
= =
(Putting = tan 1& = tan 2 )
= ( ) = { }
= = +
Now = ( )+ ( )
= ( )+ ( ) = ( )+ ( )
= +
= + (Ans)

105
(vi) y= √

ln y = ln √
ln y = √
= +√
√
= )
√ √
= √ ( ) (ans)
√
(vii) y= +
= + {as }
= +{ }
= -
= - (ans)
(viii) y= +
Let y = y1 + y2 where y1 = , y2 =
Now, y1 =
log y1 = log = log
log y1 = =
Differentiating w.r.t x we have,
= +
= y1 ( + )
= ( ) -------------- (1)
Again y2 =
Taking log of both sides
ln y2 = ln = x =
= (e+1) = (e+1)
= (e+1) = (e+1) ------------------------ (2)

106
From (1) and (2)

= +
= ( )+ (e+1) (ans)
(ix) y=( )
ln y = ln = ln x
= +
= + )
= (ln x + ) --------------- (1)
Now let z =
Taking logarithm both sides,
log z = ln

= 1. ln x +
= z (ln x + 1)
𝑑 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 𝑥 ---------------(2)
From (1) and (2)
= (ln x (ln x +1)+ )
= ( + ln x + )
= ( ) (Ans)
√ √
x) y=
√ √
Put = = cos
√ √
Then y = ( )
√ √
√ √
= ( )
√ √
√ √
= ( )
√ √

107
= ( ) {dividing numerator and denominator by }
= ( ) = ( )
= (tan ( )) =
= +
Now =0+ (
√
=-
√
Example – 2
If cos y = x cos (a+y) then show that = .
Ans. Given cos y = x cos (a+y)
x=
Differentiate both sides w.r.t x we have,
1=
1= { }
1= { }
= (Proved)
Example – 3
Differentiate w.r.t √
Ans.
Here y = ,z=√
Let x = cos
Then y = =

108
= = =2
= (2 )=
√
= (-2x) =
√ √
√
Now = = =
√
Example – 4
If y = find .
Ans.
= ( )
= ( As )
= ln 10 =
Example – 5
If x = and y = then find

√ √
x= ( Put )
√
= ( )= ( )
√
= = =
Similarly y = = )= ( )
√ √
= = = =
⁄ ⁄
Hence, = = =1
⁄ ⁄

109
Exercise
Short Questions (2 marks)
1) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = at x = - [2014-S]
2) Find the derivative of sin x w.r.t cos x. [2017-S]
3) Find the derivative of cos x w.r.t . [2015-S]
4) Find if x = a , y = 2at. [2017-w]
5) Differentiate w.r.t .
6) Differentiate y = , w.r.t. x.
7) Differentiate cosec( ) w.r.t sec ( )
8) Differentiate ( ) w.r.t (1- )
9) Differentiate √ w.r.t. x.
10) Differentiate w.r.t.
11) Find of each of the following
i)
ii)
iii) √
iv)
v)
Long Questions (5 marks)
12) Differentiate w.r.t x. [2017-w]
13) If y = √ then find .
1 Find if x = y ln (xy) (2016-S)
15) Find if y = (2017-w)

110
16) If x √ + y√ = 0 Prove that (1+ ) + 1 = 0 (for x )
√
17) If y = log ( ) , then find .
√
18) If = , Prove that = .
19) Find =? If + = 1.
20) If = 0 prove that =
√
21) If y = √ √ then prove that = .
22) Find if x = ,y=
23) Differentiate w.r.t
24) Differentiate w.r.t √
25) Differentiate w.r.t √
26) If x = and y = at ( ) then find
27) If sin (xy) + = – y, then find
√
28) If √ +√ = a(x-y) , prove that =
29) Differentiate w.r.t. x.

√
30) If y = log (x+√ ) then find .
31) Find of each of the following
(i) √
(ii) [( ) ]
(iii)
√
√ √
(iv) +
√ √

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76

1. From the astronomical consideration particularly involving an attempt to have a better

After studying this lesson, you will be able to:

(1) Define and Interpret geometrically the derivative of a function y = f(x) at x = a.

Expected background knowledge

x 5 5.1 5.01 5.001 5.0001

SCTE&VT LEARNING MATERRIAL ON ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II

We denote the small changes in the value of x as ’,

y = change in y, when there is a change of in x.

Now, is called Increment ratio or Newton quotient or average rate of change of y.

Now, let us write table -1 in terms of x, y as

0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

From table-2 varies as varies

It is clear from the table when 0

This when  0 is the instantaneous rate of change of y at the value of x.

Definition of derivative of a function (Differentiation)

If y = f(x) is a function. Then derivative of y with respect to x is given by

is also denoted by f ꞌ(x)

SCTE&VT LEARNING MATERRIAL ON ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II

Derivative of a function at a point ‘a’

Derivative of y = f(x) at a point ‘a’ in the domain is given by

Find the derivative of f(x) = at x = 5

Ans. ]x=5 = f ꞌ (5) =

SCTE&VT LEARNING MATERRIAL ON ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II

Let f(x) is represented by the curve in fig-1 given above.

Let Q(x+ ) be the neighbourhood of P(x,y). PM and QN are drawn perpendicular to X-

Similarly, ON = x+ and OM = x => PS = MN = ON – OM =

When 0 then Q P and QP secant becomes tangent at P.

In PQS 𝛿𝑦 { gives slope of PQ line}

Now when 0 the line PQ becomes tangent at P

= = slope of the tangent to the curve at P.

Q. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = at x = 5.

Ans. As we have done it in example – 1.

Therefore, slope of the tangent at x = 5 is 10.

SCTE&VT LEARNING MATERRIAL ON ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II

Derivative of some standard functions

9. (sec x) = sec x.tan x

10. (cosec x) = - cosec x. cot x

Algebra of derivatives or fundamental theorems of derivatives

(i) {cf(x)} = c f ꞌ (x)

(iv) {fg} = fgꞌ + f ꞌ g

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Find the derivative of the following:

(i)3 (ii) 6√ (iii) 9 (iv) 5 cot x

(i) = (3 )=3 =3X3 =9

(iii) y = cosec x - .cot x

SCTE&VT LEARNING MATERRIAL ON ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II

Find the derivative of following functions w.r.t x.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) x sin x -

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SCTE&VT LEARNING MATERRIAL ON ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II

Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = at x = [2017-w]

Slope of tangent to the curve y = at x = is ]x=

Find f ꞌ (√ ) if f(x) = x [2017-w]

Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve 2 -3x-1 at (1,-2).

SCTE&VT LEARNING MATERRIAL ON ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II

Derivative of a composite function (Chain Rule)

Example of composite functions

1) is form by composition of two functions, one is function and other is .

3) y= √ is form by composition of three functions.