Computer Hardware and Maintenance

Unit - 1
Introduction to Computer Hardware
Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. These
components work together to process data and perform various tasks. Here are some of the key
hardware components in a typical computer:
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is often considered the "brain" of the computer. It
performs calculations, executes instructions, and manages the overall operation of the
computer. Modern CPUs can have multiple cores, allowing them to handle multiple tasks
simultaneously.
2. Memory (RAM): Random Access Memory (RAM) is used to temporarily store data that the
CPU is actively working on. It provides fast access to data and programs, allowing for
efficient multitasking.
3. Storage Devices: Computers have various storage devices for long-term data storage.
Common types include:
 Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): These use spinning disks to store data and are commonly
used for larger storage needs.
 Solid State Drives (SSDs): SSDs use flash memory and are much faster than HDDs.
They are often used for the operating system and frequently accessed data.
 Optical Drives: These include CD/DVD drives used for reading and writing optical
discs.
4. Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer. It houses the
CPU, memory, and provides connectors for other components like graphics cards, storage
drives, and input/output devices.
5. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): GPUs are specialized processors designed for rendering
graphics. They are essential for tasks like gaming, video editing, and 3D modelling.
6. Input/Output (I/O) Devices: These include devices like keyboards, mice, monitors, printers,
and speakers. They allow users to interact with the computer and receive output.
7. Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU provides electrical power to the computer components.
It converts electrical energy from the outlet into the appropriate voltages for the computer's
operation.
8. Cooling System: Computers generate heat, especially the CPU and GPU. Cooling systems,
such as fans and heat sinks, help dissipate this heat to prevent overheating.
9. Expansion Cards: These include components like network interface cards (NICs) and sound
cards, which can be added to the motherboard to enhance functionality.
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):
The BIOS is a critical piece of software embedded in a computer's motherboard. It acts as the initial
point of contact when you power on your computer. Key functions of the BIOS include:
1. Hardware Checks: It conducts a series of tests known as the Power-On Self-Test (POST) to
ensure that all hardware components (CPU, memory, storage, etc.) are functioning correctly.
2. Booting: Once hardware checks are successful, the BIOS locates and starts the operating
system (like Windows or macOS) from the storage device.
3. Configuration: The BIOS also contains settings that allow users to customize various aspects
of their computer's behavior, such as boot order and hardware settings.
4. Legacy vs. UEFI: In modern computers, BIOS is often replaced by UEFI (Unified Extensible
Firmware Interface), which offers more advanced features and a graphical interface for
configuration.
Flashing the BIOS:
Flashing the BIOS refers to the process of updating or upgrading the BIOS firmware. Here's why you
might need to do this:
1. Bug Fixes: Manufacturers release BIOS updates to fix bugs, enhancing the stability and
performance of your computer.
2. Hardware Support: When you add new hardware components to your computer, like a new
CPU or memory, a BIOS update might be necessary for proper compatibility.
3. Security Enhancements: BIOS updates often include security improvements to protect your
system from vulnerabilities and potential threats.
4. Procedure: To flash the BIOS, you typically download the latest firmware update from the
motherboard or computer manufacturer's website. Then, you follow specific instructions to
install the update. Caution is necessary during this process to avoid errors.
In summary, BIOS is the initial software that kicks off your computer's operation, and flashing the
BIOS means updating it for improved performance, compatibility, and security. However, it's
recommended to seek assistance from a knowledgeable source when performing a BIOS update if
you're not familiar with the process to ensure it's done correctly and safely.
Motherboard (Mainboard):
The motherboard is a fundamental component of a computer that serves as a central circuit board.
It connects various hardware components and facilitates communication between them. Here are
more details about motherboards:
1. Central Component: The motherboard is the primary circuit board in a computer, providing
the foundation for all other components.
2. Connection Hub: It has connectors and slots that allow you to attach essential hardware
components, including the CPU, RAM, storage drives, graphics cards, sound cards, and more.
3. Types: Motherboards come in different sizes and form factors, such as ATX, microATX, Mini-
ITX, and more. The choice of motherboard type affects the physical dimensions of your
computer and determines how many components you can connect.
4. Expansion Slots: These are slots on the motherboard where you can insert expansion cards
or supporting cards to enhance your computer's capabilities. Common expansion cards
include graphics cards and sound cards.

HDDs are typically connected to the motherboard using interfaces such as IDE (Integrated Drive
Electronics), EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics), SATA (Serial Advanced Technology
Attachment), or more modern interfaces like NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) for SSDs (Solid-
State Drives).
Components of mother board:
1. CPU Socket (Central Processing Unit): The CPU socket is where the central processor, or
CPU, is installed. It is often referred to as the brain of the computer.
2. RAM Slots (Random Access Memory): These slots are used for installing RAM modules,
which provide temporary storage for data that the CPU is actively using.
3. Expansion Slots: These slots allow you to add expansion cards or supporting cards to
enhance your computer's capabilities. Common types include PCIe slots for graphics cards
and other peripherals.
4. Chipset: The chipset is a set of integrated circuits on the motherboard that manages data
flow between the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and other hardware components.
5. SATA Ports: SATA (Serial ATA) ports are used for connecting storage devices such as hard
drives and SSDs.
6. USB Ports: USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports provide connectivity for various peripherals like
keyboards, mice, external hard drives, and more.
7. Audio Ports: are used for connecting speakers, headphones other audio devices.
8. LAN (Ethernet) Port: This port allows for a wired network connection, typically used for
internet access.
9. Battery: A small battery powers the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)
memory, which stores BIOS settings even when the computer is powered off. CMOS
10. BIOS/UEFI Chip: The BIOS (or UEFI in modern systems) chip stores the firmware that
initializes the hardware during startup. It also contains settings that can be configured by the
user.
11. Power Connectors: These connectors include the main power connector from the power
supply unit (PSU) and additional power connectors for the CPU and other components.
12. Clock Generator: This component generates clock signals that synchronize the operation of
various parts of the motherboard and other hardware components.
13. Heat Sinks and Fans: Heat sinks and fans are used to dissipate heat generated by the CPU,
chipset, and other components to prevent overheating.
14. Front Panel Connectors: These connectors allow you to attach buttons, LEDs, and other
controls from the computer case's front panel to the motherboard.
Supporting Cards (Expansion Cards): Supporting cards, also known as expansion cards, are
additional hardware components that you can attach to the motherboard to extend your
computer's functionality:
1. Graphics Card (GPU): A dedicated graphics card is used to improve the rendering of
graphics, making it essential for gaming, video editing, and graphic-intensive tasks.
 2. Sound Card: While many motherboards have integrated audio capabilities, a dedicated
sound card can provide higher audio quality, making it beneficial for audiophiles and content
creators.
3. Network Interface Card (NIC): If you require additional network connections, you can add a
network interface card (NIC) to your motherboard to expand your networking options.
4. Other Expansion Cards: Various other expansion cards are available for specialized needs,
including RAID controller cards for managing data storage efficiently.

CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor):

1. CMOS Battery: In the context of computer motherboards, the CMOS battery is a small, coin-
cell battery (often a CR2032 battery) that is used to power a special type of memory called
the CMOS memory. This battery is typically located on the motherboard.
2. CMOS Memory: The CMOS memory is a small amount of non-volatile memory (NVRAM)
where the computer stores important system configuration information. This includes
settings like the date and time, BIOS/UEFI settings, boot order, and other hardware settings.
3. Preserving BIOS Settings: The CMOS battery is essential because it keeps the CMOS memory
powered even when the computer is turned off. This ensures that BIOS/UEFI settings and
other critical information are preserved and don't need to be reconfigured each time the
computer is restarted.
4. Battery Replacement: Over time, the CMOS battery may lose its charge, causing the
computer to lose its BIOS settings and time/date information when powered off. When this
happens, the battery needs to be replaced to maintain proper functionality

Different types of BUS architecture in a PC

Different types of bus architectures in a PC refer to standardized communication pathways or
channels that facilitate data transfer between various hardware components within the computer
system. These architectures are essential for enabling seamless communication and coordination
among different hardware devices, ensuring the efficient operation of the computer.
The main types of bus architectures in a PC include:
1. PCI Express (PCIe): PCIe is a high-speed serial bus architecture primarily used for connecting
expansion cards like graphics cards, network cards, and storage devices to the motherboard.
It offers various lane configurations (x1, x4, x8, x16) to accommodate different bandwidth
needs.
2. USB (Universal Serial Bus): USB is a versatile bus architecture used for connecting external
peripherals such as keyboards, mice, printers, and storage devices. It is known for its plug-
and-play functionality and hot-swap-ability.
 3. SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment): SATA is a bus architecture designed for
connecting storage devices like hard drives and SSDs to the motherboard. It provides high-
speed data transfer for storage purposes.
4. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): Although an older bus architecture, PCI was
widely used for connecting expansion cards in legacy systems. It has been largely replaced by
PCIe in modern PCs.
5. DMI (Direct Media Interface): DMI is utilized in modern Intel-based PCs to link the CPU and
chipset, enabling high-speed internal data transfer.
6. M.2: M.2 is a compact form factor interface used for connecting storage devices directly to
the motherboard, commonly seen in laptops and compact PCs.

SMPS and other types of power supplies

1. Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS):
 Description: SMPS is the most common type of power supply used in modern
electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and many other gadgets.
 Operation: SMPS efficiently converts AC (Alternating Current) voltage from the mains
into DC (Direct Current) voltage required by electronic components. It does this by
rapidly switching the input voltage on and off, storing energy in capacitors and
inductors, and then smoothing the output voltage. This switching action results in
higher efficiency and smaller size compared to linear power supplies.
 Advantages: SMPS are compact, energy-efficient, and can provide stable output
voltages even with varying input voltages.
2. Linear Power Supply:
 Description: Linear power supplies are older and less efficient than SMPS but are still
used in some applications.
 Operation: They use a linear regulator to drop the excess voltage as heat, which can
make them less energy-efficient and bulkier than SMPS.
 Advantages: Linear power supplies have low output noise and are suitable for
applications where noise is a concern.
3. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS):
 Description: A UPS is a device that provides backup power to a system in the event of
a power outage or voltage fluctuations.
 Operation: It typically consists of a battery and an inverter. When the main power
supply fails or drops below a certain threshold, the UPS switches to battery power,
allowing connected devices to continue running without interruption.
  Advantages: UPS devices are crucial for critical systems like servers, medical
equipment, and data canters to ensure uninterrupted operation.
4. Battery Chargers:
 Description: Battery chargers are used to recharge rechargeable batteries in various
devices, including smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles.
 Operation: They provide a controlled charging current and voltage to recharge
batteries safely and efficiently.
 Advantages: Battery chargers are essential for keeping rechargeable devices
operational.

Grounding (Earthing) in AC Power Supply:

Grounding or earthing in an AC (Alternating Current) power supply is a safety measure that involves
connecting electrical devices and systems to the Earth or a ground reference point. It plays a crucial
role in ensuring the safety of both people and equipment in electrical installations. Here's an
explanation of grounding and its significance:
Grounding (Earthing) in AC Power Supply:
1. Physical Connection to Earth: Grounding involves physically connecting electrical
components, devices, and the electrical system to the Earth using a conductive wire or a
grounding rod buried in the ground.
2. Electrical Reference: In an electrical system, one conductor is designated as the "ground" or
"earth" conductor. It is typically connected to the physical ground. The ground conductor
serves as a reference point for voltage measurements and electrical potential.
Significance of Grounding (Earthing) in AC Power Supply:
1. Electrical Safety: The primary purpose of grounding is to enhance electrical safety. It
provides a low-resistance path for electrical faults, such as short circuits and electrical
leakage, to dissipate current safely into the Earth. This prevents the buildup of dangerous
voltages that could cause electrical shock or fires.
2. Equipment Protection: Grounding helps protect electrical equipment from damage in the
event of a power surge or lightning strike. By providing a path to dissipate excess electrical
energy, grounding reduces the risk of damage to sensitive electronics.
3. EMI/RFI Mitigation: Grounding can help reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
radio-frequency interference (RFI) by providing a reference point for shielding and filtering in
electrical systems.
4. Stabilizing Voltage: Grounding helps stabilize the voltage levels in an electrical system. It
provides a common reference point for all electrical circuits, ensuring that voltages are
consistent and predictable.
 5. Static Discharge: Grounding is essential in environments where static electricity can
accumulate, such as in industrial settings. It allows static charges to safely discharge into the
ground, reducing the risk of sparks that could ignite flammable materials.
In summary, grounding or earthing in an AC power supply is a vital safety measure that protects
people, equipment, and the environment from electrical hazards. It provides a safe path for fault
currents, stabilizes voltage levels, and helps prevent electrical shocks, fires, and damage to electrical
devices. Proper grounding is a fundamental aspect of electrical safety and is widely practiced in
electrical installations worldwide.

Quick Revision of What We’ve Learned till Now (Unit 1)-

1. Introduction to Computer Hardware:
 Hardware components: CPU, memory, storage, input/output peripherals.
2. BIOS & Flash BIOS:
 BIOS: Basic Input/Output System, firmware for hardware initialization.
 Flash BIOS: Updating or upgrading BIOS software.
3. Motherboard of PC and Supporting Cards:
 Motherboard: Main circuit board in a computer.
 Supporting cards: Graphics, sound, network cards, etc.
4. Motherboard Types:
 ATX, Micro ATX, Mini ITX, etc. - Different motherboard form factors.
5. Different Types of BUS Architecture in a PC:
 Bus architectures: PCIe, USB, SATA, PCI etc. - Data transfer pathways in a PC.
6. SMPS and Other Types of Power Supplies:
 SMPS: Switched-Mode Power Supply - Efficient power conversion.
 Other types: Linear power supplies, UPS, battery chargers, etc.
7. Grounding or Earthing in Input (AC) Power Supply and Its Significance:
 Grounding/earthing: Connecting electrical systems to the Earth.
 Significance: Electrical safety, equipment protection, EMI/RFI mitigation.
 Unit 2
Different types of Motherboards in desktops laptops and servers:
These are the main types of motherboards used in desktops, laptops, and servers. Each type is
tailored to the specific requirements and form factors of its intended use. Desktop motherboards
offer versatility, laptop motherboards prioritize compactness, and server motherboards focus on
reliability and scalability for enterprise environments.
1. Desktop Motherboards:
 ATX (Advanced Technology Extended): ATX motherboards are the most common in desktop
computers. They offer a standard size and layout with various slots for components. ATX
motherboards are versatile and can accommodate multiple expansion cards, RAM modules,
and storage devices.
 Micro ATX (mATX): Micro ATX motherboards are smaller versions of ATX boards. They fit in
smaller cases but still offer decent expandability. They have fewer slots and connectors
compared to ATX motherboards.
 Mini ITX: Mini ITX motherboards are the smallest standard motherboard size for desktops.
They are compact and designed for compact computer cases. Mini ITX boards have limited
expansion options but are excellent for small form factor (SFF) PCs.
2. Laptop Motherboards:
 Customized Designs: Laptop motherboards are custom-designed for each laptop model.
They are highly integrated and compact to fit within the laptop's slim form factor.
 Soldered Components: Many laptop components, such as CPU, GPU, and RAM, are often
soldered directly onto the motherboard to save space. This limits upgradability but reduces
size and power consumption.
 Specific Features: Laptop motherboards often include features like integrated graphics,
power management for longer battery life, and specialized connectors for laptop
components like the display and keyboard.
3. Server Motherboards:
 Extended ATX (EATX): EATX motherboards are larger than standard ATX motherboards and
are designed for high-performance servers. They often have additional CPU sockets, RAM
slots, and support for multiple GPUs.
 Dual Socket: Server motherboards may support two or more CPUs for increased processing
power. These boards are common in data centers and enterprise environments.
 RAID Support: Many server motherboards include integrated RAID controllers to manage
multiple hard drives for data redundancy and performance.
 ECC Memory: Servers often use Error-Correcting Code (ECC) memory, and server
motherboards are compatible with ECC RAM to ensure data accuracy.