EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY NOTES

1. An ideal of experiment has;

-high internal validity, low external validity.

2. This is a non-probability sampling technique in which existing research participants

provide referrals to recruit samples required for a research study. This is a useful way to
conduct research about people with specific traits who might otherwise be difficult to
identify.

-Snowball sampling

3. Modern science

-The contents of science changes as we acquire new scientific explanation and results should
be dictated by empirical data not by preconceived notions of a researcher.

4. A phenomenon in which some people experience a benefit after the administration of an

inactive “look like” substance or treatment is called

-Placebo effect

5. The rule of parsimony implies that;

-the simplest explanation is always preferred until it is ruled out by conflicting data.

6. In an experiment on the levels of sunlight, the volume of water given each day and the soil
type on the growth of eggplants excludes the volume of water on certain times when each
plant has a different degree of exposure to rain water during rainy days. The exposure to rain
water at this instance may threaten the result of the experiment. This variable not measured is
specifically called

-Situational variable

7. Why is it necessary to be as unobtrusive as possible in naturalistic observations?

-To avoid the inaccuracy of results caused by reactivity.

8. There are office staff who go through a series of different training given every first
Saturday of the month starting January until May. During their bi-annual performance
evaluation on the results were assessed in comparison to those who have not gone through
the training. Which among the factors below can be considered confounding variable?

-The age group of trainees

9. What is the key difference between description and explanation of behavior?

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-Description is to understanding the complex behaviors while explanation is identifying
causes why the behavior occurs.

10. This is a rating scale used to measure opinions, attitudes or behaviors that contains
statements or questions followed by a series of 5 or 7 response options from which
respondents will choose which corresponds with how they feel about the statement or
question.

-Likert scale

11. True about sampling in research

-The samples should be able to represent the entire population and sampling can either be
randomized or intentional.

12. This refers to the level of measurement that reports the ranking and ordering of the data
without actually establishing the degree of variation between them.

-Ordinal scale

13. This theory holds the idea that the presentation of violence in the media provides
individuals “cognitive scripts” that can be used as a response when they experience similar
aggressive situations.

-Cognitive priming theory

14. Test takers find the test quite relevant and appropriate as it simply appears to them to
have measured what it claims to measure. Thus, the test is valid. In such case what type of
validity it portrays?

-Face validity

15. A researcher involving her student as the participants, informed them that they could only
receive their incentives for participation when the research is completed. What is the ethical
consideration being breached here?

-the right of the participant to withdraw

16. After 12 rounds of exciting exchanges of blows in boxing, the winner has to determined
by the scorecard from the 3 judges of the fight. All 3 judges gave a score of 116-114
unanimously in favor of the challenger in the right corner. The decisions arrived at by the
judges is deemed in high

-interrater reliability

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17. Person A is an MA student currently working in her dissertation. Her target participants
are first generation students ; she has asked them to participate in the research through
Facebook messenger. Once she got their yeses through chats, she proceeded to conduct her
study. What is the ethical issue present here.

-failure to provide informed consent

18. After a week-long training, the participants were given a composite theoretical and
practical assessment to test their newfound knowledge and learned work-related skills.
Everything incorporated in the knowledge and skill test were based on the different activities
these trainees were exposed to during the workshop. Assessment results show that those who
religiously and actively participate in the training got high ratings while the others who
merely participated out of compliance show failing marks. From this, it is safe to infer that
the assessment given is highly

-valid

19. Which of the following statements best describes an external validity in research?

-Results reported in a research should be applicable to natural settings.

20. A test result of the recently conducted psychological test that measures the emotional
intelligence of 2nd year college students show more or less the same scores when these were
compared to their scores when they took the same psychological test upon entry to college 2
years ago. What psychometric property is expressed in the above example?

-reliability

21, Researcher X used confederates to achieve the goals of his study. The respondents only
knew that when the study was already published. What is the ethical issue here?

-no debriefing

22. This is a quantitative research that uses predetermined questions aimed to describe or
explain features of a very large group or groups usually drawn out from carefully selected
samples.

-survey research

23. If an experiment research results suggest that the changes in the dependent variable is
ultimately caused by the independent variable, we can say that ______.

-The research has high internal validity.

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24. The statements here are true about intuition in the conduct of research, except

-Intuitive hypothesis result in serendipitous findings.

25. If a research results is applicable to situations outside the research, we can say that
_________.

-The research has high external validity.

26. Research findings other than what the researcher tries to pursue such as the case when
Pavlov arrived at the theory of classical conditioning when his experiment was supposedly
geared towards digestion, are best labeled as

-serendipitous

27. When is it ethical to involve minors in scientific inquiry?

-when consent and an assent is obtained.

28. A group of students tasked to conduct an experiment made sure that the research process
is designed, analyzed and interpreted based on empirical evidence, logical reasoning and with
a questionable attitude towards any previous relevant claims and presumed knowledge. In
other words, the students practiced

-Scientific thinking

29. The main feature of an experimentation is its ability to ______.

-determine causality

30. In the study entitled “The effects of the Modality in the Delivery of the Lessons to
Students’ Comprehension” the dependent variable is _________.

-Students’ comprehension

31. The tendency to overly hold that our predictions, guesses, and explanations are more
correct than they actually are, even without solid justifications.

-overconfidence bias

32. This type of reliability measures test consistency over time.

-Test-retest reliability

33. Which of the following statements refers to the downside of an experimentation?

-it tends to produce artificial results that is not applicable to real-life settings.

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34. Which among the following statements is correct about validity of a test?

-Whether construct validity is high or low depends on how you operationalize your research
design from the theoretical construct to measurements that are actually used in testing the
hypotheses.

35. What distinctive feature of an archival study?

-It is cost-efficient since you only have to scour records to address your objectives.

36. This type of reliability measures test consistency over time.

-Test-retest reliability

37. How can we establish a high internal validity?

-through manipulation and random assignment.

38. The research findings in the study on employee performance among call center agents
show more or less the same result when conducted to the employees of the provincial capitol
as well as to sales and marketing agents of an insurance company. This shows that the study
is high in

-external validity

39. Why is it necessary to do random assignment in experimental research?

-This is to eliminate the systematic differences between research subjects under different
treatments.

40. These are the general purpose of a case study, EXCEPT

-Observe spontaneous behavior of the client in nature of surroundings

41. advantages of survey research.

-it is able to collect a somehow comprehensive data through open ended questions.

-It can be done either through interviews and questionnaires.

42. This research design focuses on the commonality of a lived experience within a particular
group.

-phenomenological

43. When is experimentation as a method not applicable when researching?

-when you are dealing with naturally occurring events.

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44. Your research on the relationship between a child’s inquisitive behavior and exposure to
tv news programs claims that exposure to television news report has some bearing with a
child’s behavior to keep on asking questions. Despite the absence of manipulation of an
independent variable, the panel members during your oral defense were much satisfied with
the evidence written in your paper supported by arguments cited from related studies that
generally reflects relationship that exists in real world. In this case, your research is

-high in external validity but low in internal validity

45. The independent variable is _____ by the experimenter whereas the dependent variable is
_____.

-manipulated, recorder

46. The scores a boxing enthusiast gave after viewing the film on eight rounds of boxing are
too wide when it was compared to his earlier scorecard when he viewed the same film some
months ago. With this, it can be inferred that the decision of this enthusiast about the fight is

-Low in intra-rater reliability

47. When is it ethical to conduct naturalistic observation?

-when you are observing an individual in public places.

48. There are thoughts, beliefs or precepts acquired, debated, and even accepted as truths.
However, still these ideas are viewed as non-scientific because as a whole

-There is the absence of steps, processes or standards to accurately establish scientific

knowledge.

49. What is the key difference between confidentiality and privacy?

-Confidentiality is a responsibility of a researcher while privacy acted upon by research

subjects.

50. The variable that you change or manipulate in an experiment is the

-Independent variable

51. The proponent of the widely criticized Stanford Prison Experiment wherein the effects of
situational variables on the participants reactions were examined.

-Philip Zimbardo

52.This refers to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

-Psychology

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53. Which of the following statements adheres to scientific practice in the field of
Psychology?

-A practitioner who doesn’t utilizes psychological tests that has no valid scientific basis.

54. What paved the way to the birth of modern psychology was the advent of
experimentation which started with

-Wundt’s investigation on the time lag between hearing a ball hit the platform and pressing a
key thereby assessing the speed of thought in making a judgment.

55. As a researcher, how can you steer clear of inaccuracies in research results caused by
reactivity?

-Naturalistic observation

56. XYZ Developmental School conceptualized research design that would follow through
the lives of the first batch of the Gen Z enrollees in the school’s nursery curriculum. There
are 56 enrollees, 3-year-old kids at year 2000, whose learning behavior and adaptation to the
environment were focused in the study. During the year 2003 while these kids were in Grade
1, a follow through data gathering was conducting identifying possible changes in their
learning behavior and adaptation especially there are a some who went places for their
elementary schooling. There learning and adaptation behaviors were followed through at the
onset of middle childhood year, during early and late adolescence and lately during early
adulthood. Data gathered through the years were compared and analyzed and drawing out of
inferences about Gen Z’s development were made in their first 25 years inlife. This research
is an example of

-Longitudinal study

57. The following statements are true about the ethical practice an informed consent in
research EXCEPT,

-An informed consent can be used to justify an lawful research practices.

58. Incoherent

-The goal of non-experimental research is to measure the causes and effects of variables
present in research

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 59. Researcher A wants to investigate about the behavior of a middle-aged female working as
a forensic expert with schizophrenia symptoms in comparison with another middle-aged
female forensic expert without the schizophrenia symptoms. What is the most appropriate
research approach?

-Deviant case analysis

60. A commissioned marketing research investigates how a certain tv commercial influence

the consumer behavior. Here, the researcher examines past occurrence (viewing the tc
commercial) in order to understand a current state (consumer behavior). IN this case
manipulation of the independent variable cannot be applied since the exposure to the tv
commercial already takes place before the study is conducted. The design that best apply
here is

-Ex post facto

61. When the researcher begins with a set of empirical observations, seeking patterns in those
observations, and then come up with theories about those patterns, the logical approach utilized
is

-Induction

62. Characteristics and qualities of a good hypothesis include the following. EXCEPT
-It shall be analytic
63. The statements below describe a hypothesis, EXCEPT

-A conclusion drawn out of sound and logical inference.

64. This is a process of reasoning by which logical conclusions are drawn from a set of
general premises.

-Deductive approach

65. This refers to the statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research.

-Statement of Hypotheses
66. The variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment is the

-Dependent variable
67. Researches that explain phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using
mathematically based methods particularly statistics is generally classified as

-Quantitative Research

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68. Research that involves searching for and extracting information and evidences from original
manuscripts, documents, records or other related materials to identify key events, actors and
trends is called

-Archival Research

69. To capture better the story behind the folk healing and hexing practices of the folk healers in
Siquijor, I spent 3 consecutive years of Holy Week holidays in the mountain barangays of
Cantabon and San Antonio, Siquijor living with the folks and participating in the customary
practices with the "Mananambals", sharing stories and experiences with patients seeking medical
help from them, observing and conducting interviews and focus-group discussions. This is best
described as

-Participant Observatio
70. Having been interested to gain insight about people's behavior on throwing garbage in
public places, I went to parks, bus terminals, church vicinities, public markets and similar venues
and simply keep a record of instances relating to the behavior I am interested about. Upon
analyzing the data, one insight drawn out is that regardless of one's status, one is inclined to
throw wrappers, peelings and other small trash on in public markets but not in well-maintained
parks. The method I used in this research is

-Naturalistic Observation

71. The following are classified as qualitative researches, EXCEPT

-Quasi-Experimental
72. Your research on the relationship between a child's inquisitive behavior and exposure to tv
news programs claims that exposure to television news reports has some bearing with a child's
behavior to keep on asking questions. However, the panel members during your oral defense
were not satisfied with the evidences written in your paper to support your claim. In this case,
your research is low in

-Internal validity

73. Activities that result in the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge
in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings are
referred to as

-Research
74. A study on the perceived emotional quotient of the psychology students in SWU in relation
to their adjustment to remote and distance learning utilized a sample of students classified
according to year level. In doing so, further analysis can be done which may vary from each year
level. This is an example of

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-Stratified sampling

75. This is a non-probability sampling technique in which existing research participants provide
referrals to recruit samples required for a research study. This is a useful way to conduct research
about people with specific traits who might otherwise be difficult to identify

-Snowball Sampling
76. To get a more or less a balanced data in the study on the transition to face to face learning
among college students in Cebu City, the researchers decided to come up with a number of
respondents grouped according to schools where they are enrolled. This is an example of

-Cluster Sampling
77. This is a form of non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgment
when choosing members of the population to participate in their study.

-Purposive Sampling

78. There are instances when the interviewer prepares only few planned questions to while the
rest of the questions are not predetermined but spontaneously come out during the conduct of the
interview.

-Semi Structured

79. When the interview questions are predetermined in both topic and order, this type
of interview is called
-Structured
80. Effective survey questions feature the following, EXCEPT

-Leading questions
81. Advantages of survey include the following, EXCEPT

-Time-consuming

82. The following characterize survey research, EXCEPT

-Help researchers draw out in-depth information from lived experiences of participants for
thematic analysis

83. Any range of values that have a meaningful mathematical difference but holds no true zero
and can represent values below zero is classified as
-Interval

84. Educational level of the participants as categorized into college graduate, college level and
example of high school graduate is an
-Ordinal Scale
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85. This refers to is a classification that describes the nature of information within the
values assigned to variables helping the researcher interpret the data from these variables.

-Level of measurement
86. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes is called

-Psychology

87. Which one among these steps in scientific method is a feedback step?

-Using the results to make hypothesis

88. A group of students tasked to conduct an experiment made sure that the research process is
designed, analyzed, and interpreted based on empirical evidence, logical reasoning and with a
questionable attitude towards any previous relevant claims and presumed knowledge. In other
words, the students practiced

-Scientific Thinking

89. Scientific thinking is essential in the conduct of research. One component in scientific
thinking is to assume a questioning attitude towards any presumed knowledge. This attitude to
doubt is rooted to a philosophical inquiry on the existence of truth known as
-Skepticism
90. There are thoughts and ideas which are drawn out of hunches or past experiences and may
have thrived and accepted in the course of everyday discussions. These ideas are generally
acquired through

-Non-scientific method
91. While many learned thinkers over the ages studied and theorized about man himself, his
behavior and mental processes, modern psychology was established as a separate science when
the first psychology laboratory was established by

-Wilhelm Wundt

92. This research involves the comparison of two or more pre-existing groups of people under
the same criteria. This approach is classified as non-experimental because the groups are not
randomly selected and the independent variable is not manipulated
-Cross Sectional

93. These are advantages of true experiments, EXCEPT

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-Manipulating control variables may have ethical implications.
94. This research involves the manipulation of an independent variable without the random
assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions.

-Quasi-experimantal
95. An assessment measure given to participants after they have received treatment as part of
a research study is called

-Posttest

96. Having been exposed to a new instructional method used by the teacher, the researcher
observed what possible effect such a method has among students. In this example the researcher
utilizes
-Pre-experimental research
97. This type of experimental research is carried out by observing a group or groups of
dependent variables after the treatment of an independent variable which is presumed to cause
change on the group(s).

-Pre-experimental research

98. The following characterize non-experimental researches, EXCEPT

-Establishes cause and effect relation between variables

99. When research does not create levels of independent variables and there is no random
assignment of subjects for each level of independent variables, it is best classified as

-Non-experimental

100. This the study focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables but does not
include the manipulation of an independent variable.
-Correlational

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