Terminologies

Terminologies
1. Centering:
Centering means setting the theodolite exactly
over an instrument- station so that its vertical axis
lies immediately above the station- mark.
It can be done by means of plumb bob suspended
from a small hook attached to the vertical axis of
the theodolite.
The center shifting arrangement if provided with
the instrument helps in easy and rapid
performance of the centering.
2. Transiting
Transiting is also known as plunging or reversing. It is the process of turning the
telescope about its horizontal axis through 180degree in the vertical plane
3. Swinging:
It is the process of turning the telescope about its vertical axis on horizontal
plane . A swing is called right or left according as the telescope is rotated
clockwise or counter clockwise (anticlockwise)
4. Face Left
If the vertical circle of the instrument is on the left side of the observer while
taking a reading ,the position is called the face left and the observation taken
on the horizontal or vertical circle in this position, is known as the face left
observation
5. Face Right
If the vertical circle of the instrument is on the right side of the observer while
taking a reading ,the position is called the face right and the observation taken
on the horizontal or vertical circle in this position, is known as the face right
observation.
6. Changing Face
It is the operation of bringing the vertical circle to the right of
the observer ,if originally it is to the left , and vice – versa.
7. Axis of the Level Tube
It is also called the bubble line.
It is a straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the
level tube at the centre of the tube. It is horizontal when the
bubble is in the centre.
8. Line of Collimation
DIAPHRAG
M
LINE OF
COLLIMATIO
N
TELESCOPE
It is also known as the line of sight .It is an
imaginary line joining the intersection of the
cross- hairs of the diaphragm to the optical centre
of the object- glass and its continuation.
9. Axis of the telescope
OBJECT
GLASS
. AXIS OF THE TELESCOPE
TELESCOP
E
It is also known an imaginary line joining the
optical centre of the object- glass to the centre of
eye piece.
10.Horizontal axis(trunion axis):
it is the axis about which the telescope and
vertical circle rotate in vertical plane
11.Telescope Normal:
When the vertical circle is to the left of observer
and the bubble of telescope is up,it is called
telescope normal
12Telescope Inverted:
When the vertical is to the right of observer and the
bubble of the telescope is down,I t is called
telescope inverted
13.Lining in:
It is the process of establishing intermediate points
with a theodolite on a given straight line whose
ends are intervisible
14.Balancing in:
It is the process of establishing intermediate points
with a theodolite on a given straight line whose
ends are not intervisible
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL
ANGLES
There are three methods of measuring horizontal
angles:-
i) General (Ordinary) Method.
ii) Repetition Method.
iii) Reiteration Method.
1. Ordinary method
1. Set up the theodolite at station point O and level it accurately
2. Set the vernier A to the 0 degree of horizontal circle.
Tighten the upper clamp
3. Loosen the lower clamp. Turn the instrument and direct

the telescope towards left hand object ‘A’ to bisect it
accurately with the use of tangent screw. After bisecting
accurately check the reading which must still read zero
Fig. Horizontal angle
4. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise
AOB
until line of sight bisects point B on the right hand side.
Then tighten the upper clamp and bisect it accurately by
turning its tangent screw.
5. Read both verniers. The reading of the vernier a which was

initially set at zero gives the value of the angle AOB directly
6. Change the face of the instrument and bisect B then swing
anticlockwise then bisect ,the difference of these two
readings gives the second value of the angle AOB which
should be approximately or exactly equal to the previous
value.
7. The mean of the two values of the angle AOB ,one

with face left and the other with face right gives the
required angle free from all instrumental errors

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. AXIS OF THE TELESCOPE

3. Loosen the lower clamp. Turn the instrument and direct

5. Read both verniers. The reading of the vernier a which was

7. The mean of the two values of the angle AOB ,one

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