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Part 3 of 3. Sets

This document provides an overview of sets and basic set theory concepts including defining sets, elements of sets, types of sets such as finite and infinite sets, set operations like union and intersection, and applications of sets such as Venn diagrams. Key concepts explained include subsets, universal sets, cardinality, complements, and using sets and set operations to solve word problems involving surveys. Visual representations of sets using Venn diagrams and roster notation are also covered.

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27 views29 pages

Part 3 of 3. Sets

This document provides an overview of sets and basic set theory concepts including defining sets, elements of sets, types of sets such as finite and infinite sets, set operations like union and intersection, and applications of sets such as Venn diagrams. Key concepts explained include subsets, universal sets, cardinality, complements, and using sets and set operations to solve word problems involving surveys. Visual representations of sets using Venn diagrams and roster notation are also covered.

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ladyv939
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Sets

Math 100 – Mathematics in the Modern World


Contents
▪ Basic Properties of Sets
▪ Subsets and Venn Diagrams
▪ Set Operations
▪ Applications of Sets
Definition of Sets
▪ Any well-defined group or collection of objects is called a set. The objects that
belong in a set are the elements or members of the set.
o For example, a set consisting of counting numbers less than eight has 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 and 7 as its elements.
▪ When a complete list of the members of a set is given, it is customary to write them
within braces, separated by commas.
▪ Sets are commonly represented by English capital letters.
o For instance, let’s use A to represent the set consisting of counting numbers less
than eight. Using the listing method, we would write, A= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
▪ Order is irrelevant in listing members of a set and only distinct elements are listed
in a set. Thus it can also be written as, A= { 2, 6, 4, 7, 3, 5, 1}
Elements or Members of a Set (∈)
▪ If A is a set and 1 is an element in A, then we write it in
symbols,1∈ A.
▪ If 1 is not an element of A, then we write it as 1∉ A.
▪ If 1 ∈ A and 2 ∈ A, we often denote this by the shorthand
notation,1, 2 ∈ A.
Null Set or Empty Set - { } or Ø
▪ Set that contains no elements.
Example:
▪ Consider the set of counting numbers that are negative
integers.
▪ In symbols, S= { } or Ø.
Singleton
▪ Set with one element.
Example:
▪ {3} and {5} are singletons.
Subset (⊆ )
▪ A set whose elements are all members of another set.
Example:
A⊆ B A is a subset of B A= { 2, 3, 4}
B= { 3, 4, 2}
S⊆ T S is a subset of T S= { a, b, c}
T= { x, y, c, a, b}
▪ Any set is a subset of itself.
▪ The empty set is a subset of every set.
Proper Subset (⊂)
▪ Set A is a proper subset of set B, denoted by A ⊂ B, if every element
of A is an element of B, and A ≠ B.
Finite and Infinite Sets
▪ Any set which has countable number of elements is called finite set.
Example:
A= {1, 2, 3, 5, 8} B= { x, y, z} C= { 2, 4, 6, …, 28}
▪ Any set in which it is impossible to list and count all the members of
the set is called infinite set.
Example:
D= set of counting numbers D= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …}
E= set of positive even numbers E= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}
Equal Sets (=) & Equivalent Sets (~)
▪ Two sets are equal if they have the same elements.
Example :
A=B
A= { 2, 3, 4} B= { 3, 4, 2}
▪ Two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of elements.
✓All equal sets are considered equivalent sets.
Example :
A~B
A= { 2, 3, 4} B= { 3, 4, 2}
C~D
C= {1, 2, 3, 4} D= { 7, 8, 9, 10}
Universal Set (U)
▪ A universal set is the set of all elements under consideration, denoted
by capital U.
Example:
Consider sets:
A= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B= {4, 5, 6}
C= { 3, 8, 7,9}

U= { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
Ways of Describing a Set
▪ Word Description
▪ Roster Method
o Listing all the members of a set between braces.
▪ Set Builder Notation
o Stating the property or properties of the members of a set. The
general of this notation is {x|x has property P} and is read “ the set
of all x such that x has property P.”
Ways of Describing a Set
Check your Progress 1 of 2
Use The Roster Method to Represent a Set of Number.
1. The set of natural numbers less than 5
2. The set of negative integers greater than -4
3. The set of whole numbers less than 4
4. The set of letter in the English Alphabet
Check your Progress 2 of 2
Write the ff sets in a set builder notation form.
1. A = {red, blue, green} – primary colors of light
2. B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
3. C = {2, 3, 5, 7}
4. E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
5. I = {Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune}
Cardinality of a Set |A| or n(A)
▪ The cardinal number of a finite set is the number of elements in the set.
Example:
o Let A be the set of odd integers less than 10.
|A|= 5
o B = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
|B|= 7
o Null Set
| Ø |= 0
o M = { Ø}
|M|= 1
Venn Diagram
▪ Venn diagrams were created by John Venn in 1880. They are circles that
show commonalities and differences between two or more sets.
▪ A convenient way to visualize set relationships is by using the pictorial
representation of Venn Diagrams. It usually consists of a rectangle which
represents the Universal set and circles within it to represent particular
sets.
Example:
Consider the ff sets:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 5, 6}
B = {3, 9}
Set Operations
▪Union of Sets
▪Intersection of Sets
▪Difference of Sets
▪Complement of a Set
Union of Sets (∪)
▪ The union of sets A and B, denoted
by ∪ ,is the set that contains all the
elements that belong to A or to B or
to both. It is a set which consists of
all elements found in either set.
Example:
A = {2, 4, 6}
B = {0, 3, 4}
C = {7, 9, 11}
Intersection of Sets (∩)
▪ The intersection of sets A and B,
denoted by ∩, is the set of elements
common to both A and B.
Example:
A = {2, 4, 6}
B = {0, 3, 4}
C = {7, 9, 11}
Difference of Sets (-)
▪ A – B – is the set of elements in A
which do not belong to B.
▪ B – A – is the set of elements in B
which do not belong to A.
Example:
A = {2, 4, 6}
B = {0, 3, 4}
C = {7, 9, 11}
𝑪
Complement of a Set ( 𝑨 or A’ )
▪ The complement of set A is the set
of all elements in the Universal Set
(U) which do not belong to A.
Example:
U = {1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {3, 4} ,
B = {7, 3, 5, 8, 9}
C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Check your Progress
Consider the following: Determine the following:
1. A∪B
U= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
2. A∩C
A= { 0, 1, 2, 3 ,4}
3. B∩C∩C
B= { 2, 4, 6, 8} 4. A–B
C= { 1, 3, 4, 8, 9} 5. A∪B∪C
6. 𝑪𝑪
7. (A ∪ B)𝑪
8. (A ∩ B ) ∩ 𝑨𝑪
9. (B ∪ C)𝑪 ∩ (A ∪ C)𝑪
10. (A ∪ C) ∩ B
Application of Sets
Consider the sets:
U = {whole numbers less than 10},
J = {multiples of 3 less than 10} and
D = {even numbers less than 10},
Draw a Venn diagram to represent these sets.
Application of Sets
Consider the sets:
U = {counting numbers less than 14},
P = {prime numbers less than 14} and
Q = {even prime numbers},
Draw a Venn diagram to represent these sets.
Problem 1 of 5
A survey asks 200 people “What beverage do you drink in the
morning?”, and offers choices:
▪ Tea only
▪ Coffee only
▪ Both coffee and tea
Suppose 20 report tea only, 80 report coffee only, 40 report both. How
many people drink tea in the morning? How many people drink neither
tea nor coffee?
Problem 2 of 5
A survey asks: Which online services have you used in the last month?
▪ Twitter
▪ Facebook
▪ Have used both
The results show 40% of those surveyed have used Twitter, 70% have
used Facebook, and 20% have used both. How many people have used
neither Twitter nor Facebook if there were 500 people surveyed?
Problem 3 of 5
100 students were interviewed
28 took PE, 31 took BIO, 42 took ENG, 9 took PE and BIO, 10 took PE
and ENG, 6 took BIO and ENG, 4 took all three subjects.
a. How many students took none of the three subjects?
b. How many students took PE but not BIO or ENG?
c. How many students took BIO and PE but not ENG?
Problem 4 of 5
In the town of LeMars, 385 families have a CD player, 142 families have
a DVD player, 41 families have both a CD player and a DVD player, and
55 families do not have a CD player or a DVD player. How many families
live in LeMars?
Problem 5 of 5
A survey of 1000 households was taken to determine how they obtained news about
current events. The survey considered only television, newspapers, and the Internet
as sources for news. Of the households surveyed, 724 obtained news from television,
545 obtained news from newspapers, 280 obtained news from the Internet, 412
obtained news from both television and newspapers, 185 obtained news from both
television and the Internet, 105 obtained news from television, newspapers, and the
Internet, 64 obtained news from the Internet but not from television or newspapers.
Of those households that were surveyed,
a. how many obtained news from television but not from newspapers or the Internet?
b. how many obtained news from newspapers but not from television or the Internet?
c. how many obtained news from television or newspapers?
d. how many did not acquire news from television, newspapers, or the Internet?

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