Coiled Tubing Handbook

Part No. 04-0806

 Coiled Tubing
Handbook
Internal Use Only

Developed by Richard Hampson

of the Halliburton Energy Institute

Acknowledgements:
HEI would like to thank Michael Bailey for his contribution to the manual as well as Varco for the rights to
publish information from the Varco Coiled Tubing Handbook.

© 2005 Halliburton, All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

First Release: April 2004

Second Release: June 2004
Third Release: July 2004
Fourth Release: September 2004
Fifth Release: January 2005
Sixth Release: February 2005
Seventh Release: September 2005

To report errors, ask questions or leave feedback, send email to FESGHRD@halliburton.com

Halliburton warrants only title to the products, supplies and material and that the same are free from defects in work-
manship and materials. THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OTHERWISE WHICH EXTEND BEYOND THOSE STATED IN
THE IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING SENTENCE. Halliburton's liability and customer's exclusive remedy in any
cause of action (whether in contact, tort, breach of warranty or otherwise) arising out of the sale or use of any products,
supplies or materials is expressly limited to the replacement of such products, supplies, or materials on their return to
Halliburton or, at Halliburton's option, to the allowance to the customer of credit for the cost of such items. Further:
Halliburton makes no warranties, guarantees, or representations, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the data, cal-
culations and/or opinions contained herein. In no event shall Halliburton be liable for special, incidental, indirect, puni-
tive or consequential damages arising out of the use of any products, supplies, materials, data, calculations or opinions
contained herein.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 04-0806

All pages with a logo have been duplicated with the kind permission of:

Varco International, Inc.

2000 W. Sam Houston Parkway South
Houston, TX 77042
1 (281) 953.2200

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this handbook, the publisher assumes no respon-
sibility for error or omissions. Information in this documentation is also subject to change without notice.
Varco makes no warranties, express or implied as to the accuracy of the calculations, data and/or opinions.
Neither is any liability assumed for damages whatsoever arising out of the use of the information contained
herein.
 Table of Contents
Section 1—General Information
Unit Conversions ..................................................................................... 1-1
Acceleration ....................................................................................... 1-1
Angular .............................................................................................. 1-2
Area ................................................................................................... 1-2
Density .............................................................................................. 1-4
Electrical ............................................................................................ 1-5
Energy/Torque/Power ....................................................................... 1-5
Flow Rate .......................................................................................... 1-9
Force/Mass/Weight ........................................................................... 1-9
Length ............................................................................................... 1-12
Pressure ............................................................................................ 1-15
Rotation ............................................................................................. 1-16
Time .................................................................................................. 1-17
Velocity .............................................................................................. 1-17
Volume .............................................................................................. 1-18
Fractional Decimal Equivalents ............................................................... 1-23
Temperature Conversions ....................................................................... 1-24
API Conversion Table .............................................................................. 1-25
Buoyancy Factors for Steel Pipe In Various Weight Fluids ..................... 1-26
Gas Pressure Conversion Factors ........................................................... 1-27
Shear Strengths of Common Shear Pin Material ..................................... 1-28
Conversion Table for Hardness Testing .................................................. 1-28
Boyle's Gas Law ...................................................................................... 1-29
Ideal Gas Law .......................................................................................... 1-29
Pipe Bouyancy ......................................................................................... 1-30
Nozzle Calculations ................................................................................. 1-30
Useful Formulas ....................................................................................... 1-31
Temperature Conversions ................................................................. 1-31
Volume Capacity of Pipes ................................................................. 1-31
Approximate Volume of Hose ............................................................ 1-31
Velocity .............................................................................................. 1-31

i
 Hydraulics .......................................................................................... 1-31
Volumes ............................................................................................. 1-31
Mud Pit Calculation ............................................................................ 1-32
Pipe Displacement ............................................................................. 1-32
ID ........................................................................................................ 1-32
Area of Tubing Wall ............................................................................ 1-32
Tubing Weight Per Foot (Wall Thickness Unknown) .......................... 1-32
Tubing Weight Per Foot ..................................................................... 1-32
Buoyancy Factor ................................................................................ 1-32
Weight of Tubing in Fluid ................................................................... 1-32
Load Capacity at Minimum Yield ........................................................ 1-32
Pressure Capacity .............................................................................. 1-32
Pipe Capacity in Barrels Per Linear Foot ........................................... 1-33
Annular Volume in Barrels Per Linear Foot ........................................ 1-33
Annular Velocity, ft/min ...................................................................... 1-33
Time to Displace ................................................................................ 1-33
Fluid Pressure Gradient ..................................................................... 1-33
Hydrostatic Pressure .......................................................................... 1-33
Bottomhole Pressure .......................................................................... 1-33
Kill Fluid Weight ................................................................................. 1-33
Stretch Due to Weight in Hole, ft ........................................................ 1-33
"Free Point" for Stuck Tubing or the Length of Free Pipe .................. 1-33
Elongation Due to Temperature, ft ..................................................... 1-34
Specific Gravity of Oil from API .......................................................... 1-34
Thermal Gradient, °F / ft ..................................................................... 1-34
KCL in lb for % Needed ...................................................................... 1-34
Rate of Travel with Coiled Tubing ...................................................... 1-34
Pump Rate ......................................................................................... 1-34
Physical Constants ............................................................................. 1-35
Coiled Tubing Glossary ........................................................................... 1-36
Coiled Tubing Cable Installation System ................................................. 1-43
Cables and Slickline Information ............................................................. 1-46
Slicklines - Minimum Breaking Loads ................................................ 1-46
Swablines - Minimum Breaking Loads ............................................... 1-46
GD Stainless and Special Alloy Wirelines .......................................... 1-46
Camesa, Inc.™ Cable Type Designation ........................................... 1-47
Commonly Used Cables: Electric Lines ............................................. 1-48

ii
VannGun™ Assemblies .......................................................................... 1-49
1 9/16-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ...................................... 1-49
2-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-49
2 1/2-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-50
2 3/4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-50
2 7/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-51
2 7/8-in. Heavy Wall Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .................... 1-51
3 3/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-51
4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-53
4 5/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-54
4 3/4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-56
5-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-57
5 1/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-58
5 3/4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-59
6-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-59
6 1/2-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-59
6 1/2-in. High-Pressure Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ................ 1-60
7-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-60
Gun Washover/Fishing Specifications ............................................... 1-61
O-ring Dimensions ................................................................................... 1-62
Displacing Fluid from Coiled Tubing with Nitrogen .................................. 1-64
Procedure ........................................................................................... 1-64
Using Nitrogen Bottles for Purging Coiled Tubing .............................. 1-67
Coiled Tubing and Corrosion ................................................................... 1-69
Procedures to Minimize CT Corrosion ............................................... 1-69
Corrosive fluids .................................................................................. 1-70
Coiled Tubing Storage Guidelines ..................................................... 1-72
Pre-Job Guidelines ............................................................................. 1-76
Post-Job Guidelines ........................................................................... 1-76
Maintenance Recommendations, Special Cases ............................... 1-79
References ......................................................................................... 1-80

Section 2—Pipe Data Tables and Charts

General Engineering Information ............................................................. 2-1
Definitions .......................................................................................... 2-1
Coiled Tubing Ovality .............................................................................. 2-10
Stress Factor/Safety Factor ..................................................................... 2-11
Catastrophic Buckling .............................................................................. 2-16

iii
Coiled Tubing Fatigue ............................................................................. 2-22
Coiled Tubing Performance Data ............................................................ 2-28
Grade 70 ............................................................................................ 2-28
Grade 80 ............................................................................................ 2-32
Grade 90 ............................................................................................ 2-36
Grade 100 .......................................................................................... 2-40
Grade 110 .......................................................................................... 2-44
Grade 120 .......................................................................................... 2-48
Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements ............................................ 2-52
Tubing Sizes, Volumes, and Displacements ........................................... 2-56
Casing Sizes and Volumes ...................................................................... 2-58
Drillpipe Sizes and Volumes .................................................................... 2-66
Annular Volumes for Coiled Tubing Inside of Tubing .............................. 2-68
Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing ......................................... 2-74

Section 3—Stimulation and Fluids Data

Stimulation Definitions ............................................................................. 3-1
Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian Fluids ...................................................... 3-3
Fluid Density ............................................................................................ 3-6
Fluid Flow Patterns .................................................................................. 3-6
Friction Pressure ..................................................................................... 3-7
Hydraulic Horsepower ............................................................................. 3-8
Pump Rate ............................................................................................... 3-8
Horsepower ............................................................................................. 3-9
Volumetric Rate ....................................................................................... 3-10
Manifolding .............................................................................................. 3-11
Stimulation Fluids and Fluid Additives ..................................................... 3-15
Fluid Additives .................................................................................... 3-15
pH Control Agents .............................................................................. 3-16
Clay Control ....................................................................................... 3-17
Fluid Loss Control Additives ............................................................... 3-19
Surfactants ......................................................................................... 3-21
Gelling Agents .................................................................................... 3-26
Complexors and Crosslinkers ............................................................ 3-32
Breakers and Stabilizers .................................................................... 3-35

iv
 Bactericides/Biocides ......................................................................... 3-41
Conductivity Enhancers ..................................................................... 3-43
Acids .................................................................................................. 3-45
Corrosion Inhibitors ............................................................................ 3-51
Proppants ................................................................................................ 3-53
Resin-Coated Sand ............................................................................ 3-54
Ceramics ............................................................................................ 3-55
Sintered Bauxite ................................................................................. 3-56
Proppant Calculations ........................................................................ 3-57
Proppant Data Tables ........................................................................ 3-61
Sand and Gel Required for 1 bbl of Slurry ......................................... 3-64
Density of Sand Slurry ....................................................................... 3-66
Miscellaneous Fluid Information Tables .................................................. 3-67
Maximum Density of Common Completion Brines ............................. 3-67
Sodium Chloride Solution Properties ................................................. 3-67
Calcium Chloride Solution Properties ................................................ 3-68
Ammonium Chloride Solution Properties ........................................... 3-68
Potassium Chloride Solution Properties ............................................. 3-69
Fracturing Fluid Systems ................................................................... 3-69
Hydraulics and Friction Pressure Losses ................................................ 3-71
Pressure Losses in Liquids ................................................................ 3-72
Pressure Losses in Gases ................................................................. 3-75
Pressure Losses in Foams ................................................................. 3-75
Pressure Losses in Multiphase Fluids ................................................ 3-75
Nomenclature ..................................................................................... 3-76
References ......................................................................................... 3-76
Tables of Friction Pressure Losses in Coiled Tubing ......................... 3-77

Section 4—Operations Guidelines

Coiled Tubing Rig-up ............................................................................... 4-1
Coiled Tubing Components ................................................................ 4-1
H2S and Equipment Selection ............................................................ 4-1
Wellhead Control Devices .................................................................. 4-1
Maximum Anticipated Surface Pressure (MASP) .............................. 4-6

v
 Maximum Anticipated Working Pressure (MAWP) ............................ 4-6
Well Control Barriers .......................................................................... 4-6
Minimum Pressure Control Requirements ......................................... 4-7
Special Applications: Pressure Control Requirements ...................... 4-8
Lubricators and Risers ....................................................................... 4-9
Definitions .......................................................................................... 4-9
Flowback Control Equipment ............................................................. 4-10
Function and Pressure Test Requirements for All Pressure
Control Equipment ............................................................................. 4-13
BHA Pressure Control Equipment ..................................................... 4-14
Emergency Responses and Contingency Planning ................................. 4-15
Emergency Well Control Operation ................................................... 4-15
Contingency Plans ............................................................................. 4-15
Power Pack Failure ............................................................................ 4-16
Leaking Stripper Assembly ................................................................ 4-16
Collapsed Coiled Tubing .................................................................... 4-17
Coiled Tubing Stuck in the Hole ......................................................... 4-19
Leak in the Riser or Connections Below the Well-Control Stack ....... 4-20
Coiled Tubing Parted Between the Reel and Injector ........................ 4-21
Coiled Tubing Parted Downhole ........................................................ 4-21
Coiled Tubing Parted between Injector and Stripper Assembly ......... 4-22
A Hole in the Coiled Tubing Above the Stripper (Run in the Hole) .... 4-22
A Hole in the Coiled Tubing Above the Stripper ................................ 4-23
A Hole in the Coiled Tubing Downhole .............................................. 4-23
Coiled Tubing Buckled between the Stripper and Injector ................. 4-23
Uncontrolled Descent of Coiled Tubing into the Well ......................... 4-23
Uncontrolled Ascent Out of the Well .................................................. 4-24
Crane Operations ............................................................................... 4-25
Guy Lines and Base Support ................................................................... 4-26
Free-standing (Injector Supported by Telescopic Legs) / Crane ....... 4-26
Support Structure (Track Stack or Injector Stand) ............................. 4-27
Guy Lines ........................................................................................... 4-28
Anchors .............................................................................................. 4-32
Foundations (Well Location) for Support Structures and
Crane Outriggers ............................................................................... 4-33
Working Near Power Lines ................................................................ 4-35
Guy Line Placement ........................................................................... 4-36
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 104-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor . 4-37
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 104-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-37
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 128-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-38

vi
 Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 128-in. Flange, 80-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-38
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 142-in. Flange, 84-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-39
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 148-in. Flange, 84-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-39
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 996.15954, 128-in. Flange,
80-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor ................................................................... 4-40
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 996.16074, 118-in. Flange,
72-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor ................................................................... 4-40
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 997.02400, 128-in. Flange,
80-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor ................................................................... 4-41
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 997.02407, 138-in. Flange,
80-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor ................................................................... 4-41
References ......................................................................................... 4-42

Section 5—Applications and Job Design

Wellbore Cleanouts with Coiled Tubing ................................................... 5-1
Coiled Tubing Cleanouts with Chemicals ........................................... 5-1
Paraffin and Salt Removal ................................................................. 5-1
Paraffin Removal Chemicals .............................................................. 5-1
Paraffin Removal with Hot Oil ............................................................ 5-2
Paraffin and Salt Removal with Hot Water ......................................... 5-3
Asphaltene Removal .......................................................................... 5-3
Acid-Soluble Scale Removal .............................................................. 5-4
Acid-Insoluble Scale Removal ........................................................... 5-5
Backflushing Injection Wells ............................................................... 5-7
Pulsonix™ Oscillating Tool ................................................................ 5-7
Hydra-Blast Pro™ Rotating Tool and Hydra-Blast™ Indexing Tool ... 5-7
Sand and Loose Fill Removal ............................................................ 5-8
Unloading a Well with Nitrogen ............................................................... 5-20
Unloading Considerations .................................................................. 5-20
Calculations ........................................................................................ 5-21
Example Programs/Operational Concerns for Various Well
Unloading Operations ........................................................................ 5-22
Pinpoint Stimulation ................................................................................. 5-25
General Overview of Pinpoint Stimulation .......................................... 5-25
Cobra Frac™ ...................................................................................... 5-25
SurgiFrac™ ........................................................................................ 5-29
CobraMaxSM ....................................................................................... 5-30
Pinpoint Stimulation Summary Table ................................................. 5-32

vii
Section 6—Well Control Equipment
Summary of Well Control Equipment ...................................................... 6-1
Blowout Preventer (BOP) Systems .................................................... 6-2
Stripper Packer Systems .................................................................... 6-7
Hydraulic Quick-Latches/Connectors ................................................. 6-9
Coiled Tubing Drilling/Workover Equipment ...................................... 6-11
Work Window ..................................................................................... 6-13
Specialty Equipment .......................................................................... 6-13
Adapters/Spools/Lubricators/Flow Cross/Hand Unions ..................... 6-14
Blowout Preventers (BOPs) ..................................................................... 6-14
Features ............................................................................................. 6-15
Options ............................................................................................... 6-16
Operation ........................................................................................... 6-16
Preparation ......................................................................................... 6-16
Closing and Locking the Rams .......................................................... 6-17
Unlocking and Opening the Rams ..................................................... 6-17
Blind Ram Assembly .......................................................................... 6-17
Pipe Ram Assembly ........................................................................... 6-18
Slip Ram Assembly ............................................................................ 6-19
Shear Ram Assembly ........................................................................ 6-20
Shear Seal Rams ............................................................................... 6-24
Pipe Slip Rams ................................................................................... 6-25
BOP Field Testing .............................................................................. 6-25
BOP Specifications ............................................................................ 6-26
Stripper Packers ...................................................................................... 6-32
Operation ........................................................................................... 6-33
Top Loading Stripper Packer ............................................................. 6-34
Side Door Stripper Packer ................................................................. 6-35
Sidewinder Stripper Packer ................................................................ 6-36
Anti-Buckling Device .......................................................................... 6-37
Inhibitor Injection ................................................................................ 6-37
Test Pressure ..................................................................................... 6-37
Test Procedure ................................................................................... 6-37
Specifications ..................................................................................... 6-38
Quick-latches ........................................................................................... 6-41
Hydraconn Connectors ...................................................................... 6-41
Injector Connectors ............................................................................ 6-42
Operation ........................................................................................... 6-42
Hydraulic Releasing Connector .......................................................... 6-43

viii
Unions and Flanges ................................................................................. 6-43
CB Unions .......................................................................................... 6-44
CH, CQ Unions .................................................................................. 6-45
CO Unions ......................................................................................... 6-46
Flange Dimensions ............................................................................ 6-47
Maintenance and Field Inspection ............................................................ 6-49
Suggested Maintenance Schedule .................................................... 6-49
Field Inspections ................................................................................ 6-49

Section 7—Downhole Tools

Connectors ............................................................................................... 7-1
Coiled Tubing Service Connector ...................................................... 7-1
Coiled Tubing Double-Slip Connector ................................................ 7-3
Splined Quick-Connect ...................................................................... 7-7
Roll-on Connectors for 1.25- to 1.75-in. CT ....................................... 7-9
Roll-On Connectors for 2.00- to 2.375-in. CT .................................... 7-12
Coiled Tubing Reel Connector ........................................................... 7-14
Basic Coiled Tubing Tools ........................................................................ 7-15
Double-flapper Check Valve .............................................................. 7-15
Hydraulic Disconnect ......................................................................... 7-17
Ball-Drop Circulating Valve ................................................................ 7-19
Rupture Disc Sub ............................................................................... 7-21
Compact Motorhead Assembly .......................................................... 7-24
Coiled Tubing Swivel ......................................................................... 7-28
Flow-Through Knuckle Joint .............................................................. 7-29
Flow-Control Tools ................................................................................... 7-31
Ball-Drop Diverter Sub ....................................................................... 7-31
Flow-Controlled Circulating Valve ...................................................... 7-33
Downhole Ball-Drop Tool ................................................................... 7-35
Features and Benefits .................................................................. 7-35
Applications .................................................................................. 7-35
Operation ...................................................................................... 7-35
Acid Stimulation Tools .............................................................................. 7-37
GO Retrievable Packer ...................................................................... 7-37
TW Shorty Retrievable Bridge Plug ................................................... 7-39
Swab Cup Straddle Tool .................................................................... 7-41
Selective Injection Packer (SIP) Tool ................................................. 7-43
RS Coiled Tubing Stimulation Tool .................................................... 7-45
Gauge Carrier .................................................................................... 7-47

ix
Fishing Tools ........................................................................................... 7-48
Up/Down Hydraulic Jar ...................................................................... 7-48
Up/Down Accelerator ......................................................................... 7-50
GS Hydraulically Activated Pulling Tool ............................................. 7-52
Flow-Releasing GS Pulling Tool ........................................................ 7-54
Flow-Through Stem ............................................................................ 7-56
Hydra-Blast, CoilSweep, and Pulsonix Tools .......................................... 7-58
Hydra-Blast Pro™ Rotating Tool ........................................................ 7-58
Hydra-Blast™ Indexing Tool .............................................................. 7-60
CT Downhole Inline Filter ................................................................... 7-63
CT Surface Inline Filters ..................................................................... 7-64
CoilSweep™ Sand Cleaning Tool ...................................................... 7-65
Pulsonix™ Oscillating Tool ................................................................ 7-66
Setting Tools and Downhole Force Generator ........................................ 7-68
Hydraulic Setting Tools ...................................................................... 7-68
PressureSetPro™ Tool ...................................................................... 7-70
Pressure-Activated Firing Head with Wireline .................................... 7-72
Setting Tools ...................................................................................... 7-72
X-Line® Hydraulically Activated Running Tool .................................... 7-74
Downhole Force Generator ................................................................ 7-76
Logging and Perforating .......................................................................... 7-78
Coiled Tubing Mechanical-Release Cablehead ................................. 7-78
Coiled Tubing Flow-Releasing Cablehead ......................................... 7-80
Deployment Bars ................................................................................ 7-82
Surface Termination Assembly .......................................................... 7-83
Depth Measuring Heads .................................................................... 7-84
DepthPro™ Collar Locator Equipment .................................................... 7-86
DepthPro™ Coiled Tubing Collar Locator .......................................... 7-86
Surface Computer Package ............................................................... 7-87
Features and Benefits ........................................................................ 7-87
Warrior Software ................................................................................ 7-90
Universal Logging Kit ......................................................................... 7-91
Inflatable Straddle Packer ....................................................................... 7-93
Pin-Point Stimulation ............................................................................... 7-95
Coiled Tubing Connectors .................................................................. 7-95
Shear Disconnect ............................................................................... 7-97
Splined Quick-Connect ...................................................................... 7-99
Centralizers ........................................................................................ 7-100

x
 Features and Benefits ........................................................................ 7-100
Knuckle Joint ...................................................................................... 7-101
Blast Joints ......................................................................................... 7-102
Ported Subs ....................................................................................... 7-103
Top Cup Packers ............................................................................... 7-104
RR4-EV Packers ................................................................................ 7-106
SurgiFrac™ Jetting Tools ................................................................... 7-108
Ball Subs ............................................................................................ 7-110
CT Thread Selection ................................................................................ 7-111
Dimensional Data for Recommended CT Tool Threads .......................... 7-112
Coiled Tubing Thread Strengths and Recommended Makeup Torque ... 7-113
Commonly Used CT Threads Recognition .............................................. 7-114
1.7 - 10 Stub Acme ........................................................................... 7-114
Stub Acme .......................................................................................... 7-114
Ammt with O-ring Groove ................................................................... 7-115
1 1/4-in. Ammt .................................................................................... 7-115
API Regular with O-ring Groove ......................................................... 7-116
PAC .................................................................................................... 7-116
External Fishing Necks ............................................................................ 7-117
Internal Fishneck Reference Table for CT Flow Activated "GS" ............. 7-118
Guidelines for Selection of Seals and O-rings ......................................... 7-119
O-ring Selections ................................................................................ 7-120
Quality Checks ................................................................................... 7-121

Section 8—Coiled Tubing Equipment

Coiled Tubing Units Overview ................................................................. 8-1
Standard Units vs. Certified Units ...................................................... 8-1
15K CTU ............................................................................................ 8-1
30K/38K CTUs ................................................................................... 8-2
60K CTU ............................................................................................ 8-3
80K CTU ............................................................................................ 8-4
V95HP QR CTU ................................................................................. 8-4
100K, V135HP CTU ........................................................................... 8-6
Halliburton Injectors ................................................................................. 8-7
15K Injector ........................................................................................ 8-7
30K and 38K Injectors ........................................................................ 8-8
60K Injector ........................................................................................ 8-10

xi
 80K Injector ........................................................................................ 8-12
V95HP Injector ................................................................................... 8-14
100K Injector ...................................................................................... 8-15
V135HP Injector ................................................................................ 8-17
Injector Chains and Gripper Blocks .................................................... 8-18
Two Hole Gripper Blocks: V-Blocks® .................................................. 8-21
Minimum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks ............. 8-23
Maximum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks ............ 8-25
Tubing Guide Arches ............................................................................... 8-39
Overview ............................................................................................ 8-39
Selection and Job Considerations ...................................................... 8-39
48-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch ......................................................... 8-41
72-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch ......................................................... 8-41
72-in. Fixed-Radius Special Guide Arch ............................................ 8-42
96-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch ......................................................... 8-43
120-in. Fixed-Radius Special Guide Arch .......................................... 8-43
52-96 in. Progressive-Radius Guide Arch .......................................... 8-44
72-120 in. Progressive-Radius Guide Arch ........................................ 8-45
72-120 in. Segmented-Guide Arch ..................................................... 8-46
Coiled Tubing Reels ................................................................................ 8-47
Shaft-Type Reel Assemblies .............................................................. 8-48
Shaftless Type Reel Assemblies ........................................................ 8-49
Reel Swivels ....................................................................................... 8-53
Halliburton Reel Capacities ................................................................ 8-54
Reel Capacity Calculation .................................................................. 8-55
Shipping Spools ................................................................................. 8-56
Additional Reel Equipment ...................................................................... 8-57
Yard Spooling Device ......................................................................... 8-57
Coiled Tubing Embedded Reel Stand ................................................ 8-58
Bump Guard for Embedded Reel Stand ............................................ 8-58
Coiled Tubing Spreader/Lifter Bar with Slings and Shackles ............. 8-59
Coiled Tubing Hydraulic Power Packs .................................................... 8-60
Standard 30K Hydraulic Coiled Tubing Power Pack .......................... 8-60
Universal High-Pressure Coiled Tubing Power Pack ......................... 8-61
Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure Coiled Tubing Power Pack
(Detroit Diesel 8V92TA) ..................................................................... 8-62
Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure Coiled Tubing Power Pack
(CAT 3406/CI5) .................................................................................. 8-64

xii
Coiled Tubing Operator Houses ............................................................... 8-65
Trucks and Trailers ................................................................................... 8-69
Large Load Capacity Coiled Tubing Crane Truck .............................. 8-69
QMC 6070 High-Capacity Crane Trailer ............................................ 8-70
Standard Drop-Deck Coiled Tubing Reel Trailer ............................... 8-71
3-Axle International (Canada) Embedded Reel Trailer ...................... 8-72
4-Axle Embedded Reel Trailer ........................................................... 8-72
Offshore Skid Units .................................................................................. 8-73
Standard 60K Offshore Skid Unit ....................................................... 8-74
Certified 60K Offshore Skid Unit ........................................................ 8-78
Halliburton Fluid Pumps ........................................................................... 8-82
HT-150 (Coyote) ................................................................................ 8-82
HT-400 ............................................................................................... 8-83
HT-1200 (Bearcat) ............................................................................. 8-85
HT-2000 ............................................................................................. 8-86
HQ-2000 (Grizzly) .............................................................................. 8-87
Complete Pump Units ........................................................................ 8-88
General Statistics ............................................................................... 8-88
Unit Performance ............................................................................... 8-89
Centrifugal Pumps ............................................................................. 8-90

Section 9—Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment

Nitrogen Properties and Uses .................................................................. 9-1
Temperature Characteristics .............................................................. 9-1
Volume Characteristics ...................................................................... 9-1
Conversion Data ................................................................................ 9-2
Nitrogen Characteristics ..................................................................... 9-3
Safety ................................................................................................. 9-3
First Aid .............................................................................................. 9-4
Oilfield Applications ............................................................................ 9-4
Treating Iron ....................................................................................... 9-4
Nitrogen Calculations ............................................................................... 9-5
Nomenclature ..................................................................................... 9-5
Nitrogen Compressibility Factor ......................................................... 9-8
Volume Factor, Low Pressure ............................................................ 9-9
Volume Factor, Medium Pressure ..................................................... 9-10
Volume Factor, High Pressure ........................................................... 9-11
Volume Factor, High Temperature ..................................................... 9-12
Pressure vs. Depth for Well Full of Nitrogen ...................................... 9-13

xiii
Commingled Fluids with Nitrogen ............................................................ 9-14
Terminology ....................................................................................... 9-14
Applications of Commingled Fluids .................................................... 9-14
Hydrajetting with Nitrogen .................................................................. 9-14
Nitrogen in Workover Fluids ............................................................... 9-14
Placing Corrosion Inhibitors with Nitrogen ......................................... 9-15
Nitrogen in Drilling Muds Ahead of Cement Jobs .............................. 9-15
Freeing Differentially Stuck Drillpipe .................................................. 9-15
Jetting with Nitrogen ........................................................................... 9-15
Nitrogen-Assisted Unloading .............................................................. 9-15
Nitrogen with Fracturing and Acidizing Services ................................ 9-16
Density Control with Nitrogen ............................................................. 9-16
Nitrogen Foams and Foam Cleanouts ..................................................... 9-17
Introduction ........................................................................................ 9-17
What is foam? .................................................................................... 9-17
When Should Foam Be Used for a Cleanout? ................................... 9-17
Foam Behavior During Circulation ..................................................... 9-18
Temperature ....................................................................................... 9-19
Reservoir Liquid Influxes .................................................................... 9-19
Base Fluid .......................................................................................... 9-20
Foam Generators ............................................................................... 9-20
What Affects the Fluid Loss During a Cleanout? ............................... 9-21
How to Change Velocities and Downhole Circulating Pressures ....... 9-21
Miscellaneous Guidelines .................................................................. 9-22
Nitrogen Equipment ................................................................................. 9-23
Terminology ....................................................................................... 9-23
Nitrogen Converter Performance Summary ....................................... 9-23
MPU-60A Nitrogen-Converter Truck .................................................. 9-24
MPU-90A Nitrogen-Converter Truck .................................................. 9-25
MPU-660A Nitrogen-Converter Truck ................................................ 9-26
TPU-300A Nitrogen-Converter Trailer ................................................ 9-27
TPU-340FA Nitrogen-Converter Trailer ............................................. 9-28
TPU-660 Nitrogen-Converter Trailer .................................................. 9-29
SPU-60B Nitrogen-Converter Skid ..................................................... 9-30
S120-15F Nitrogen-Converter Skid .................................................... 9-31
SPU-180F (Wellnite Design) and NCS-180F (ISO-compatible)
Offshore Nitrogen-Converter Skids .................................................... 9-32
SPU-340F Nitrogen-Converter Skid ................................................... 9-33
BLT-3700 Nitrogen Transport Truck .................................................. 9-34

xiv
 TLT-2000 Nitrogen "PUP" Trailer ....................................................... 9-35
ST-72-LNSM MVE/LOX Liquid Nitrogen Trailer ................................. 9-36
TRS-74-P-85 CRYENCO Pressure-Off Liquid Nitrogen Trailer ......... 9-37
Offshore Skid Tanks ........................................................................... 9-38
NTS-2150, -3000, and -5000 ISO-Framed Offshore Nitrogen Tanks 9-39
Nitrogen Purge Tube Trailer ............................................................... 9-40
Nitrogen Losses ................................................................................. 9-41
High-Pressure N2 Tank vs. Low-Pressure N2 Tank and Boost Pump:
Which is best? .................................................................................... 9-44
Membrane and PSA Nitrogen Generating Equipment -
Non-Cryogenic Production of Nitrogen .............................................. 9-46
Tank Contents Gauge Charts ............................................................ 9-47

Section 10—Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System

CTWin ...................................................................................................... 10-1
HalWin Directory Structure and File Types ............................................. 10-4
Directory Structure ............................................................................. 10-4
File Types ........................................................................................... 10-4
RTD File Names ................................................................................. 10-4
Setting Up CTWin to Run Real-Time Fatigue Calculations and Stress
Calculations ............................................................................................. 10-5
Updating Coiled Tubing Fatigue After a Job ............................................ 10-9
Cerberus Data and Terminology ............................................................. 10-10
De-Rating Factors .............................................................................. 10-10
Application Factors ............................................................................. 10-10
Coiled Tubing Welds .......................................................................... 10-11
Safety Factor/Allowable Stress Factor ............................................... 10-11
Coiled Tubing Bend Radius ............................................................... 10-12
Tubing Guide Arch Dimensions ......................................................... 10-13
Zero Depth ......................................................................................... 10-14
Fatigue Theory, Corrosive De-rating Factor ....................................... 10-15
Fatigue Simulator Pressure Calculations ........................................... 10-16
Fatigue due to Heave of Floating Vessels ......................................... 10-16
Manual Job Log Recording ...................................................................... 10-17
Example Job Log Sheets .................................................................... 10-18

xv
xvi
Section 1 General Information

Unit Conversions ..................................................................................... 1-1

Acceleration ........................................................................................ 1-1
Angular ............................................................................................... 1-2
Area .................................................................................................... 1-2
Density ............................................................................................... 1-4
Electrical ............................................................................................. 1-5
Energy/Torque/Power ........................................................................ 1-5
Flow Rate ........................................................................................... 1-9
Force/Mass/Weight ............................................................................ 1-9
Length ................................................................................................ 1-12
Pressure ............................................................................................. 1-15
Rotation .............................................................................................. 1-16
Time ................................................................................................... 1-17
Velocity ............................................................................................... 1-17
Volume ............................................................................................... 1-18
Fractional Decimal Equivalents ............................................................... 1-23
Temperature Conversions ....................................................................... 1-24
API Conversion Table .............................................................................. 1-25
Buoyancy Factors for Steel Pipe In Various Weight Fluids ..................... 1-26
Gas Pressure Conversion Factors ........................................................... 1-27
Shear Strengths of Common Shear Pin Material ..................................... 1-28
Conversion Table for Hardness Testing .................................................. 1-28
Boyle's Gas Law ...................................................................................... 1-29
Ideal Gas Law .......................................................................................... 1-29
Pipe Bouyancy ......................................................................................... 1-30
Nozzle Calculations ................................................................................. 1-30
Useful Formulas ....................................................................................... 1-31
Temperature Conversions .................................................................. 1-31
Volume Capacity of Pipes .................................................................. 1-31
Approximate Volume of Hose ............................................................. 1-31
Velocity ............................................................................................... 1-31
Hydraulics ........................................................................................... 1-31
Volumes ............................................................................................. 1-31
Mud Pit Calculation ............................................................................ 1-32

i
 Pipe Displacement ............................................................................. 1-32
ID ........................................................................................................ 1-32
Area of Tubing Wall ............................................................................ 1-32
Tubing Weight Per Foot (Wall Thickness Unknown) .......................... 1-32
Tubing Weight Per Foot ..................................................................... 1-32
Buoyancy Factor ................................................................................ 1-32
Weight of Tubing in Fluid .................................................................... 1-32
Load Capacity at Minimum Yield ........................................................ 1-32
Pressure Capacity .............................................................................. 1-32
Pipe Capacity in Barrels Per Linear Foot ........................................... 1-33
Annular Volume in Barrels Per Linear Foot ........................................ 1-33
Annular Velocity, ft/min ....................................................................... 1-33
Time to Displace ................................................................................. 1-33
Fluid Pressure Gradient ..................................................................... 1-33
Hydrostatic Pressure .......................................................................... 1-33
Bottomhole Pressure .......................................................................... 1-33
Kill Fluid Weight .................................................................................. 1-33
Stretch Due to Weight in Hole, ft ........................................................ 1-33
"Free Point" for Stuck Tubing or the Length of Free Pipe .................. 1-33
Elongation Due to Temperature, ft ..................................................... 1-34
Specific Gravity of Oil from API .......................................................... 1-34
Thermal Gradient, °F / ft ..................................................................... 1-34
KCL in lb for % Needed ...................................................................... 1-34
Rate of Travel with Coiled Tubing ...................................................... 1-34
Pump Rate ......................................................................................... 1-34
Physical Constants ............................................................................. 1-35
Coiled Tubing Glossary ........................................................................... 1-36
Coiled Tubing Cable Installation System ................................................. 1-43
Cables and Slickline Information ............................................................. 1-46
Slicklines - Minimum Breaking Loads ................................................. 1-46
Swablines - Minimum Breaking Loads ............................................... 1-46
GD Stainless and Special Alloy Wirelines .......................................... 1-46
Camesa, Inc.™ Cable Type Designation ........................................... 1-47
Commonly Used Cables: Electric Lines ............................................. 1-48
VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................................................... 1-49
1 9/16-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ...................................... 1-49
2-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-49
2 1/2-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-50
2 3/4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-50
2 7/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-51

ii
 2 7/8-in. Heavy Wall Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ..................... 1-51
3 3/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-51
4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-53
4 5/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-54
4 3/4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-56
5-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-57
5 1/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-58
5 3/4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-59
6-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-59
6 1/2-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ........................................ 1-59
6 1/2-in. High-Pressure Premium VannGun™ Assemblies ................ 1-60
7-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies .............................................. 1-60
Gun Washover/Fishing Specifications ................................................ 1-61
O-ring Dimensions ................................................................................... 1-62
Displacing Fluid from Coiled Tubing with Nitrogen .................................. 1-64
Procedure ........................................................................................... 1-64
Using Nitrogen Bottles for Purging Coiled Tubing .............................. 1-67
Coiled Tubing and Corrosion ................................................................... 1-69
Procedures to Minimize CT Corrosion ............................................... 1-69
Corrosive fluids ................................................................................... 1-70
Coiled Tubing Storage Guidelines ...................................................... 1-72
Pre-Job Guidelines ............................................................................. 1-76
Post-Job Guidelines ........................................................................... 1-76
Maintenance Recommendations, Special Cases ............................... 1-79
References ......................................................................................... 1-80

iii
iv
Section 1

General Information
Unit Conversions

Acceleration Preface
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.03281 ft/second/second
0.036 kilometers/hour/second
centimeters/second/second
0.01 meters/second/second
0.02237 miles/hour/second
30.48 centimeters/second/second
1.097 kms/hour/second
ft/second/second
0.3048 meters/second/second
0.6818 miles/hour/second
27.78 centimeters/hour/second
0.9113 foot/second/second
kilometers/hour/second
0.2778 meters/second/second
0.6214 miles/hour/second
100 centimeters/second/second
3.281 foot/second/second
meters/second/second
3.6 kilometers/hour/second
2.237 miles/hour/second
44.7 centimeters/second/second
1.467 ft/second/second
miles/hour/second
1.609 kilometers/hour/second
0.447 meters/second/second
572.9578 revolutions/minute/minute
radians/second/second 9.549 revolutions/minute/second
0.1592 revolutions/second/second
1.75E-03 radians/second/second
revolutions/minute/minute 0.01667 revolutions/minute/minute
2.78E-04 revolutions/second/second
6.283 radians/second/second
revolutions/second/second 3600 revolutions/minute/minute
60 revolutions/minute/second

September 2005 General Information 1-1

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Angular
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.01111 quadrants
degrees (angle) 0.01745 radians
3600 seconds
ft/100 ft 1 percent grade
1.85E-04 quadrants
2.91E-04 radians
minutes (angles)
0.01667 degrees
60 seconds
1.571 radians
90 degrees
quadrants (angle)
5400 minutes
3.24E+05 seconds
57.29578 degrees
radians 3438 minutes
2.06E+05 seconds
3.09E-06 quadrants
4.85E-06 radians
seconds (angle)
2.78E-04 degrees
0.01666667 minutes

Area
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.4047 hectare or square hectometer
10 square chain (Gunter's)
acre
100000 square links (Gunter's)
160 square rods
43560 cubic ft
acre-ft
325900 gal
43560 square ft
4047 square meters
acres
0.001562 square miles
4840 square yards
centares (centiares) 1 square meters
5.07E-06 square centimeters
circular mils 7.85E-07 square in.
0.7854 square mils
2.471 acres
hectares
107600 square ft

1-2 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Area (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
1.97E+05 circular mils
3.86E-11 square miles
100 square millimeters
square centimeters 1.20E-04 square yards
1.08E-03 square ft
0.155 square in.
0.0001 square meters
2.30E-05 acres
1.83E+08 circular mils
929 square centimeters
144 square in.
square ft
0.0929 square meters
3.59E-08 square miles
9.29E+04 square millimeters
0.1111 square yards
1.27E+06 circular mils
6.452 square centimeters
6.94E-03 square ft
square in.
645.2 square millimeters
1.00E+06 square mils
7.72E-04 square yards
247.1 Inch acres
1.00E+10 square centimeters
1.08E+07 square ft
square kilometers 1.55E+09 square in.
1.00E+06 square meters
0.3861 square miles
1.20E+06 square yards
2.47E-04 acres
1.00E+04 square centimeters
10.76 square ft
square meters 1550 square in.
3.86E-07 square miles
1.00E+06 square millimeters
1.196 square yards
640 acres
2.79E+07 square ft
square miles 2.59 square kilometers
2.59E+06 square meters
3.10E+06 square yards
1973 circular mils
0.01 square centimeters
square millimeters
1.08E-05 square ft
1.55E-03 square in.

September 2005 General Information 1-3

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Area (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
1.273 circular mils
square mils 6.45E-06 square centimeters
1.00E-06 square in.
2.07E-04 acres
8361 square centimeters
9 square ft
square yards 1296 square in.
0.8361 square meters
3.23E-07 square miles
8.36E+05 square millimeters

Density
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
grains/imp. gallon 14.286 parts/million
17.118 parts/million
grains/US gallon
142.86 lb/million gallon
62.43 lb/cubic ft
grams/cubic centimeter 0.03613 lb/cubic inch
3.41E-07 lb/mil-foot
grams/liter 58.417 grains/gallon
grams/liter 8.345 lb/1000 gallon
grams/liter 0.062427 lb/cubic foot
62.43 lb/cubic foot
grams/cubic centimeter 0.03613 lb/cubic inch
3.41E-07 lb/mil-foot
0.001 grams/cubic centimeter
0.06243 pound/cubic foot
3.61E-05 lb/cubic inch
3.41E-10 lb/mil-foot
kilograms/cubic meter
3.28E-03 ft of water
2.90E-03 in. of mercury
0.2048 lb/square foot
1.42E-03 lb/square inch
0.01602 grams/cubic centimeter
16.02 kilograms/cubic meter
5.79E-04 lb/cubic inch
5.46E-09 lb/mil-foot
0.13368 lb/gallon
lb/cubic foot
27.68 gms/cubic centimeter
2.77E+04 kilograms/cubic meter
1728 lb/cubic foot
9.43E-06 lb/mil-foot
231 lb/gallon

1-4 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Density (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
7.48052 lb/cubic foot
lb/gallon
0.004329 lb/cubic inch
lb/mil-foot 2.31E+06 gms/cubic centimeter
0.07016 grains/imperial gallon
parts/million 0.0584 grains/U.S. gallon
8.345 lb/million gallon

Electrical
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
3.00E+09 statcoulombs
coulombs
1.04E-05 faradays
64.52 coulombs/square inch
coulombs/square centimeter
10000 coulombs/square meter
0.155 coulombs/square centimeter
coulombs/square inch
1550 coulombs/square meter
0.0001 coulombs/square centimeter
coulombs/square meter
0.0006452 coulombs/square inch
faraday/second 96500 ampere (absolute)
26.8 ampere-hours
faradays
96490 coulombs
farads 1000000 microfarads
international ampere 0.9998 ampere (absolute)
96540 joules
International volt
1.59E-19 joules (absolute)
1.00E+12 microhms
megohms
1.00E+06 ohms
microfarad 1.00E-06 farads
microhms 1.00E-06 ohms
ohm (international) 1.0005 ohm (absolute)
1.00E-06 megohms
ohms
1.00E+06 microhms

Energy/Torque/Power
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
1.06E+10 ergs
778.3 foot-lbs
252 gram-calories
0.0003931 horsepower-hours
Btu
1054.8 joules
0.252 kilogram-calories
107.5 kilogram-meters
0.0002928 kilowatt-hours

September 2005 General Information 1-5

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Energy/Torque/Power (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.2162 foot-lb/second
0.07 gram-cal/second
Btu/hour
0.0003929 horsepower-hours
0.2931 watts
12.96 foot-lbs/second
0.02356 horsepower
Btu/minute
0.01757 kilowatts
17.57 watts
Btu/square ft/minute 0.1221 watts/square inch
1.56E-06 horsepower-hour
1.58E-06 horsepower-hour (metric)
calorie
4.1868 joule
1.16E-06 kilowatt-hour
calorie, gram (mean) 0.00396832 Btu (mean)
dynes/square centimeter 0.000001 bars
9.48E-11 Btu
1 dyne-centimeters
7.37E-08 foot-lb
2.39E-08 gram-calories
0.00102 grams-centimeters
ergs 3.73E-14 horsepower-hours
0.0000001 joules
2.39E-11 kg-calories
1.02E-08 kg-meters
2.78E-14 kilowatt-hours
2.78E-11 watt-hours
5.69E-06 Btu/minute
1 dyne-centimeter/second
4.43E-06 foot-lbs/minute
ergs/second 7.38E-08 foot-lbs/second
1.34E-10 horsepower
1.43E-09 kg-calories/minute
1.00E-10 kilowatts
0.001286 Btu
1.36E+07 ergs
0.3238 gram-calories
5.05E-07 hp-hours
foot-lb
1.356 joules
0.000324 kg-calories
0.1383 kg-meters
3.77E-07 kilowatt-hours
0.001286 Btu/minute
0.01667 foot-lb/second
foot-lb/minute 0.0000303 horsepower
0.000324 kg-calories/minute
0.0000226 kilowatts

1-6 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Energy/Torque/Power (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
4.6263 Btu/hour
0.07717 Btu/minute
foot-lb/second 8.18E-04 horsepower
1.01945 kg-calories/minute
0.001356 kilowatts
0.0039683 Btu
9.30E-08 Btu
4.19E-07 ergs
gram-calories 3.088 foot-lb
1.56E-06 horsepower-hours
1.16E-06 kilowatt-hours
0.001163 watt-hours
gram-calories/second 14.286 Btu/hour
980.7 ergs
980700 joules
gram-centimeters
2.34E+08 kg-cal
100000 kg-meters
grams/square centimeter 2.0481 lb/square foot
hectowatts 100 watts
42.44 Btu/minute
33000 foot-lbs/minute
550 foot-lbs/second
horsepower
10.68 kg-calories/minute
0.7457 kilowatts
745.7 watts
33479 Btu/hour
horsepower (boiler)
9.803 kilowatts
horsepower (metric) 0.9863 horsepower
2547 Btu
2.68E+13 ergs
1980000 foot-lbs
641190 gram-calories
horsepower-hours
2684000 joules
641.1 kg-calories
273700 kg-meters
0.7457 kilowatt-hours
9.48E-04 Btu
10000000 ergs
0.7376 foot-lb
joules
0.0002389 kg-calories
0.102 kg-meters
0.0002778 watt-hours

September 2005 General Information 1-7

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Energy/Torque/Power (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
9.29E-03 Btu
9.80E+07 ergs
7.233 foot-lb
kilogram-meters
9.804 joules
2.34E-03 kg-calories
2.72E-06 kilowatt-hours
3413 Btu
3.60E+13 ergs
2.66E+06 foot-lbs
859850 gram-calories
1.341 horsepower-hours
kilowatt-hours
3.60E+06 joules
860.5 kg-calories
3.67E+05 kg-meters
22.75 lbs of water from 62°-212°F
3.53 lbs of water evap. at 212°F
56.92 Btu/minute
4.43E+04 foot-lbs/minute
737.6 foot-lbs/second
kilowatts
1.341 horsepower
14.34 kg-calories/minute
1000 watts
9.81E+07 centimeter-dynes
meter-kilograms 1.00E+05 centimeter-grams
7.233 lb-ft
1.36E+07 centimeter-dynes
lb-ft 13825 centimeter-grams
0.1383 meter-kilograms
lb/foot 1.488 kilograms/meter
lb/inch 178.6 gms/centimeter
watt (international) 1.0002 watt (absolute)
centigrams 0.01 grams
0.00102 centimeter-grams
centimeter-dynes 1.02E-08 meter-kilograms
7.38E-08 lb-ft
centimeter-grams 980.7 centimeter-dynes
centimeter-grams 0.00001 meter-kilograms
centimeter-grams 0.07233 lb-ft
3.413 Btu
3.60E+10 ergs
2656 foot-lb
859.85 gram-calories
watt-hours
1.34E-03 horsepower-hours
0.8605 kilogram-calories
367.2 kilogram-meters
0.001 kilowatt-hours

1-8 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Energy/Torque/Power (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
3.4129 Btu/hour
0.05688 Btu/minute
107 erg/second
44.27 foot-lbs/minute
watts 0.7378 foot-lbs/second
1.34E-03 horsepower
1.36E-03 horsepower (metric)
0.01433 kg-calories/minute
0.001 kilowatts
0.056884 Btu (mean)/minute
watts (absolute)
1 joules/second

Flow Rate
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
472 cubic centimeters/second
0.1247 gal/second
cubic ft/minute 0.472 liters/second
62.43 lb of water/minute
.028317 cubic meters/minute
448.831 gal/minute
cubic ft/second
0.646317 million gal/day
0.45 cubic ft/second
cubic yards/minute 3.367 gal/second
12.74 liters/second
cubic meters/minute 35.314 cubic ft/minute
8.0208 cubic ft/hour
gal/minute 0.002228 cubic foot/second
0.6308 liters/second
5.89E-04 cubic foot/second
liters/minute
4.40E-03 gal/second
million gal/day 1.54723 cubic foot/second
lb of water/minute 2.67E-04 cubic foot/second

Force/Mass/Weight
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.1 grams
decigrams
10 grams
drams 27.3437 grains
drams 1.7718 grams
drams 0.0625 ounces
0.125 ounces (troy)
drams(apoth. or troy)
0.1371429 ounces(avoirdupois)

September 2005 General Information 1-9

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Force/Mass/Weight (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.00102 grams
0.0000001 joules/centimeter
0.00001 joules/meter (newtons)
dynes
1.02E-06 kilograms
7.23E-05 poundals
2.25E-06 lb
grains 0.03657143 drams (avoirdupois)
1 grains (avoirdupois)
0.0648 grams
grains (troy)
0.0020833 ounces (avoirdupois)
0.04167 pennyweight (troy)
5 carat(metric)
0.56438339 dram
980.7 dynes
15.43 grains
9.81E-05 joules/centimeter
9.81E-03 joules/meter (newtons)
grams
0.001 kilograms
1000 milligrams
0.032150747 ounces (troy)
0.035273962 ounces(avoirdupois)
0.07093 poundals
0.002204623 lb
grams/centimeter 0.0056 lb/inch
hectograms 100 grams
112 lb
hundredweights (long)
0.05 tons (long)
1600 ounces (avoirdupois)
100 lb
hundredweights (short)
0.0446429 tons (long)
0.0453592 tons (metric)
joules 723.3 poundals
joules 22.48 lb
10000000 dynes
joules/centimeter 10200 grams
100 joules/meter (newton)
980665 dynes
1000 grams
0.09807 joules/centimeter
9.807 joules/meter (newtons)
kilograms
70.93 poundals
2.205 lb
9.84E-04 tons (long)
1.10E-03 tons (short)
kilograms/meter 0.672 lb/foot
kilograms/square centimeter 980665 dynes
micrograms 1.00E-06 grams

1-10 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Force/Mass/Weight (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
milliers 1000 kilograms
0.01543236 grains
milligrams
0.001 grams
1.00E+05 dynes
newton
.2248 pound
16 drams
437.5 grains
28.349523 grams
ounces 0.9115 ounces (troy)
0.0625 lb
2.79E-05 tons (long)
2.84E-05 Tons (metric)
24 grains
1.55517 grams
pennyweights (troy)
0.05 ounces (troy)
4.17E-03 lb (troy)
poise 1 gram/centimeter second
13826 dynes
14.1 grams
1.38E-03 joules/centimeter
poundals
0.1383 joules/meter (newtons)
0.0141 kilograms
0.03108 lb
256 drams
4.45E+05 dynes
7000 grains
453.5924 grams
0.04448 joules/centimeter
4.448 joules/meter (newtons)
lb 0.4536 kilograms
16 ounces
14.5833 ounces (troy)
32.17 poundals
1.21528 lb (troy)
0.07142857 stones (British)
0.0005 tons (short)
5760 grains
373.24177 grams
13.1657 ounces (avoirdupois)
12 ounces (troy)
lb (troy) 240 pennyweights (troy)
0.822857 lb (avoirdupois)
3.67E-04 tons (long)
3.73E-04 tons (metric)
4.11E-04 tons (short)
scruples 20 grains

September 2005 General Information 1-11

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Force/Mass/Weight (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
slug 14.59 kilogram
slug 32.17 lb
stone (British) 14 pound (avoirdupois)
teaspoons (US) 4.93 cubic centimeters
1016 kilograms
tons (long) 2240 lb
1.12 tons (short)
1000 kilograms
tons (metric) 907.1848 kilograms
2205 lb
32000 ounces
29166.66 ounces (troy)
2000 lb
tons (short)
2430.56 lb (troy)
0.89287 tons (long)
0.9078 tons (metric)

Length
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.01 in.
caliber
0.254 millimeters
0.03281 ft
0.3937 in.
0.00001 kilometers
0.01 meters
centimeters
6.21E-06 miles
10 millimeters
393.7 mils
0.01094 yards
792 in.
chain
20.12 meters
chain (surveyor's or Gunter's) 22 yards
circumference 6.283 radians
decimeters 0.1 meters
dekameters 10 meters
114.3 centimeter
ell
45 in.
0.167 inch
em (pica)
0.4233 centimeter
fathoms 1.828804 meter
fathoms 6 ft

1-12 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Length (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
30.48 centimeters
0.0003048 kilometers
0.3048 meters
ft 0.0001645 miles (naut.)
0.0001894 miles (stat.)
304.8 millimeters
12000 mils
0.125 miles (US)
furlongs 40 rods
660 ft
hand 10.16 centimeter
hectometers 100 meters
2.54 centimeters
0.08333333 ft
0.0254 meters
in. 0.00001578 miles
25.4 millimeters
1000 mils
0.027777778 yards
6.68E-09 Astronomical unit
1.00E+05 centimeters
3280.84 ft
3.94E+04 in.
kilometers 1.06E-13 light year
1000 meters
0.6214 miles
1.00E+06 millimeters
1094 yards
league 3 miles (approx.)
63239.7 astronomical unit
light-year 5.90E+12 miles
9.46E+12 kilometers
links (engineer's) 12 in.
links (surveyor's) 7.92 in.
100 centimeters
3.281 ft
39.37 in.
0.001 kilometers
meters
5.40E-04 miles (nautical)
6.21E-04 miles (statute)
1000 millimeters
1.094 yards
microns 1.00E-06 meters

September 2005 General Information 1-13

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Length (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
6080.27 ft
1.853 kilometers
miles (nautical) 1853 meters
1.1516 miles (statute)
2027 yards
1.61E+05 centimeters
5280 ft
6.34E+04 in.
miles (statute) 1.609 kilometers
1609 meters
0.8684 miles (nautical)
1760 yards
0.1 centimeters
3.28E-03 ft
0.03937 in.
1.00E-06 kilometers
millimeters
0.001 meters
6.21E-07 miles
39.37 mils
1.09E-03 yards
millmicrons 1.00E-09 meters
2.54E-03 centimeters
8.33E-05 ft
mils 0.001 in.
2.54E-03 kilometers
2.78E-05 yards
1.90E+13 miles
parsec
3.08E+13 kilometers
0.25 chain (Gunter's)
rod 5.029 meters
16.5 ft
rods (surveyor's meas.) 5.5 yards
span 9 inch
91.44 centimeters
0.5 fathom
3 foot
36 in.
yards 9.14E-04 kilometers
0.9144 meters
4.93E-04 miles (nautical)
5.68E-04 miles (statute)
914.4 millimeters

1-14 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pressure
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.007348 ton/square inch
76 centimeters of mercury
33.9 foot. of water (at 4°C)
29.92 in. of mercury (at 0°C)
atmospheres
1.0333 kilograms/square centimeter
10332 kilograms/square meter
14.7 lb/square inch
1.058 tons/square foot
0.9869 atmospheres
1000000 dynes/square centimeter
bars 10200 kilograms/square meter
2089 lb/square foot
14.5 lb/square inch
0.01316 atmospheres
0.4461 ft of water
centimeters of mercury 136 kilograms/square meter
27.85 lb/square foot
0.1934 lb/square inch
dyne/centimeter 0.01 erg/square millimeter
9.87E-07 atmospheres
dyne/square centimeter 2.95E-05 in. of mercury at 0°C
0.0004015 in. of water at 4°C
0.0295 amospheres
0.8826 in. of mercury
0.03048 kilograms/square centimeter
ft of water
304.8 kilograms/square meter
62.43 lb/square foot
0.4335 lb/square inch
0.03342 atmospheres
1.133 ft of water
0.03453 kilograms/square centimeter
in. of mercury
345.3 kilograms/square meter
70.73 lb/square foot.
0.4912 lb/square inch
0.002458 atmospheres
0.07355 in. of mercury
0.00254 kilograms/square centimeter
in. of water (at 4°C)
0.5781 ounces/square inch
5.204 lb/square foot
0.03613 lb/square inch
3.968 Btu
3088 foot-lb
1.56E-03 hp-hours
kilogram-calories 4186 joules
426.9 kg-meters
4.186 kilojoules
1.16E-03 kilowatt-hours

September 2005 General Information 1-15

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pressure (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.9678 atmospheres
32.81 ft of water
kilograms/square centimeter 28.96 in. of mercury
2048 lb/square foot
14.22 lb/square inch
9.68E-05 atmospheres
kilograms/square meter
9.81E-05 bars
kilograms/square mm 1.00E+06 kilograms/square meter
newton/square meter 1.0 pound
4309 dynes/square centimeter
ounces/square inch
0.0625 lb/square inch
4.73E-04 atmospheres
0.01602 ft of water
lb/square foot 0.01414 in. of mercury
4.882 kilograms/square meter
6.94E-03 lb/square inch
0.06804 atmospheres
2.307 ft of water
2.036 in. of mercury
lb/square inch 703.1 kilograms/square meter
144 lb/square foot
6.8947 kilopascals
.0068947 megapascals
9765 kilograms/square meter
tons (short)/square foot
2000 lb/square inch
83.333 lb of water/hour
tons of water/24 hours 0.16643 gal/minute
1.3349 cubic foot/hour

Rotation
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.01745 radians/second
degrees/second 0.1667 revolutions/minute
0.002778 revolutions/second
57.29578 degrees/second
radians/second 9.549 revolutions/minute
0.1592 revolutions/second
360 degrees
revolutions 4 quadrants
6.283 radians
revolutions/minute 6 degrees/second
revolutions/minute 0.1047 radians/second
revolutions/minute 0.01667 revolutions/second
360 degrees/second
revolutions/second 6.283 radians/second
60 revolutions/minute

1-16 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Time
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
days 86400 seconds
0.04166667 days
hours (mean solar)
0.005952381 weeks
7 day
168 hour
week 10080 minute (time)
0.2299795 month
6.05E+05 second
365.25 day
8766 hour
year (mean of 4 year period) 5.26E+05 minute (time)
3.16E+07 second (time)
52.17857 week

Velocity
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
1.9685 ft/minute
0.03281 ft/second
0.036 kilometers/hour
centimeters/second 0.1943 knots
0.6 meters/minute
0.02237 miles/hour
0.0003728 miles/minute
0.508 centimeters/second
0.01667 ft/second
ft/minute 0.01829 kms/kr
0.3048 meters/minute
0.01136 miles/hour
30.48 centimeters/second
1.097 kms/hour
0.5921 knots
ft/second
18.29 meters/minute
0.6818 miles/hour
0.01136 miles/minute
27.78 centimeters/second
54.68 ft/minute
0.9113 ft/second
kilometers/hour
0.5396 knots
16.67 meters/minute
0.6214 miles/hour

September 2005 General Information 1-17

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Velocity (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
6080 ft/hour
1.8532 kilometers/hour
1 nautical miles/hour
knots
1.151 statute miles/hour
2027 yards/hour
1.689 ft/second
1.667 centimeters/second
3.281 ft/minute
0.05468 ft/second
meters/minute
0.06 kms/hour
0.03238 knots
0.03728 miles/hour
196.8 ft/minute
3.281 ft/second
3.6 kilometers/hour
meters/second
0.06 kilometers/minute
2.237 miles/hour
0.03728 miles/minute
44.7 centimeters/second
88 ft/minute
1.467 ft/second
1.609 kms/hour
miles/hour
0.02682 kms/minute
0.8684 knots
26.82 meters/minute
0.1667 miles/minute
2682 centimeters/second
88 ft/second
miles/minute 1.609 kms/minute
0.8684 knots/minute
60 miles/hour

Volume
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
barrels (oil) 42 gal (oil)
7056 cubic in.
barrels (US dry)
105 quarts (dry)
barrels (US, liquid) 31.5 gal
1.2445 cubic foot
2150.4 cubic inch
0.03524 cubic meters
bushels 35.24 liters
4 pecks
64 pint (dry)
32 quarts (dry)

1-18 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Volume (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
0.3382 ounce fluid (US)
0.6103 cubic inch
centiliter
2.705 drams
0.01 liters
cord ft 16 cubic ft
cords 8 cord ft
3.53E-05 cubic foot
0.06102374 cubic inch
0.000001 cubic meter
1000 cubic millimeter
1.31E-06 cubic yard
0.2815606 drachm (Brit. fluid)
cubic centimeter
0.2705122 Dram (U.S. fluid)
2.20E-04 gallon (Brit liquid)
2.64E-04 gallon (US liquid)
0.001 liter
0.002113 pint (US liquid)
0.001057 quart (US liquid)
0.8036 bushels (dry)
28320 cubic centimeters
1728 cubic in.
0.02832 cubic meters
0.037037037 cubic yards
cubic ft
7.48052 gal (US liquid)
28.32 liters
59.84 pints (US liquid)
29.92 quarts (US liquid)
1 sack
16.39 cubic centimeters
0.0005787 cubic ft
1.64E-05 cubic meters
2.14E-05 cubic yards
cubic in.
0.004329 gal
106100 mil-ft
0.03463 pints (US liquid)
0.01732 quarts (US liquid)
28.38 bushels (dry)
1000000 cubic centimeters
35.31 cubic ft
61023 cubic in.
cubic meters 1.307951 cubic yards
264.2 gal (US liquid)
1000 liters
2113 pints (US liquid)
1057 quarts (US liquid)

September 2005 General Information 1-19

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Volume (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
764600 cubic centimeters
27 cubic ft
46656 cubic in.
0.7646 cubic meters
cubic yards
202 gal (US liquid)
764.6 liters
1615.9 pints (US liquid)
807.9 quarts (US liquid)
cups 236.588 cubic centimeters
deciliters 0.1 liters
dekaliters 10 liters
drams (US fluid or apoth.) 3.6967 cubic centimeter
drops 0.01666 teaspoons
3785.412 cubic centimeters
0.1337 cubic ft
231 cubic in.
gal
0.003785 cubic meters
0.004951 cubic yards
3.785 liters
gal (liquid British imp.) 1.20095 gal (US liquid)
gal (US) 0.83267 gal (imperial)
gal of water 8.3453 lb of water
hectoliters 100 liters
hogsheads (British) 10.114 cubic ft
8.42184 cubic ft
hogsheads (U.S.)
63 gal (U.S.)
kiloliters 1000 liters
0.02838 bushels (U.S. dry)
1000 cubic centimeter
0.03531 cubic ft
61.02 cubic in.
liters 0.001 cubic meters
1.31E-03 cubic yards
0.2642 gal (U.S. liquid)
2.113 pints (U.S. liquid)
1.057 quarts (U.S. liquid)
microliters 1.00E-06 liters
mil-ft 9.43E-06 cubic in.
milliliters 0.001 liters
minims (British) 0.059192 cubic centimeter
minims (US fluid) 0.061612 cubic centimeter
1.805 cubic in.
ounces (fluid)
0.02957 liters

1-20 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Volume (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
480 grains
31.103481 grams
ounces (troy) 1.09714 ounces (avoirdupois)
20 pennyweights (troy)
0.08333 lb (troy)
554.6 cubic in.
pecks (British)
9.091901 liters
0.25 bushels
537.605 cubic in.
pecks (US)
8.809582 liters
8 quarts (dry)
568.26125 cubic centimeters
34.67743 cubic in.
0.125 gal (Brit.)
4 gills (Brit.)
pints (Brit.) 0.56826125 liters
568.26125 milliliters
20 ounces (Brit. fluid)
1.032057 pints (US dry)
1.20095 pints (US liquid)
550.6105 cubic centimeters
33.6003125 cubic in.
0.5506105 liters
pints (US dry) 550.6105 milliters
0.0625 peck (US)
0.968939 pint (Brit. dry)
0.5 quarts (US dry)
473.1765 cubic centimeter
0.01671 cubic ft
28.875 cubic in.
4.73E-04 cubic meters
6.19E-04 cubic yards
0.125 gal (US)
pints (US liquid)
4 gills (US)
0.4731765 liters
473.1765 milliliters
16 ounce (US fluid)
0.8326742 pints (Brit. liquid)
0.5 quarts (liquid)
0.01602 cubic ft
lb of water 27.68 cubic in.
0.1198 gal
quarts (dry) 67.2 cubic in.

September 2005 General Information 1-21

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Volume (Continued)
MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN
946.4 cubic centimeters
0.03342 cubic ft
57.75 cubic in.
quarts (liquid) 9.46E-04 cubic meters
1.24E-03 cubic yards
0.25 gal
0.9463 liters
sack 1 cubic ft
tablespoons (metric) 15 milliliter
tablespoons (US) 14.79 milliliter
teaspoons (metric) 5 milliliter

1-22 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Fractional Decimal Equivalents

Decimal Decimal
Fraction mm Fraction mm
Equivalent Equivalent
1/64 0.015625 0.397 33/64 0.515625 13.097
1/32 0.031250 0.794 17/32 0.531250 13.494
3/64 0.046875 1.191 35/64 0.546875 13.891
1/16 0.062500 1.588 9/16 0.562500 14.288
5/64 0.078125 1.984 37/64 0.578125 14.684
3/32 0.093750 2.381 19/32 0.593750 15.081
7/64 0.109375 2.778 39/64 0.609375 15.478
1/8 0.125000 3.175 5/8 0.625000 15.875
9/64 0.140625 3.572 41/64 0.640625 16.272
5/32 0.156250 3.969 21/32 0.656250 16.669
11/64 0.171875 4.366 43/64 0.671875 17.066
3/16 0.187500 4.763 11/16 0.687500 17.463
13/64 0.203125 5.159 45/64 0.703125 17.859
7/32 0.218750 5.556 23/32 0.718750 18.256
15/64 0.234375 5.953 47/64 0.734375 18.653
1/4 0.250000 6.350 3/4 0.750000 19.050
17/64 0.265625 6.747 49/64 0.765625 19.447
9/32 0.281250 7.144 25/32 0.781250 19.844
19/64 0.296875 7.541 51/64 0.796875 20.241
5/16 0.312500 7.938 13/16 0.812500 20.638
21/64 0.328125 8.334 53/64 0.828125 21.034
11/32 0.343750 8.731 27/32 0.843750 21.431
23/64 0.359375 9.128 55/64 0.859375 21.828
3/8 0.375000 9.525 7/8 0.875000 22.225
25/64 0.390625 9.922 57/64 0.890625 22.622
13/32 0.406250 10.319 29/32 0.906250 23.019
27/64 0.421875 10.716 59/64 0.921875 23.416
7/16 0.437500 11.113 15/16 0.937500 23.813
29/64 0.453125 11.509 61/64 0.953125 24.209
15/32 0.468750 11.906 31/32 0.968750 24.606
31/64 0.484375 12.303 63/64 0.984375 25.003
1/2 0.500000 12.700 1 1.000000 25.400

September 2005 General Information 1-23

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Temperature Conversions

Fahrenheit Centigrade Fahrenheit Centigrade Fahrenheit Centigrade

+ 300º + 148.89º + 180º + 82.22º + 60º + 15.56º
+ 295º + 146.11º + 175º + 79.44º + 55º + 12.78º
+ 290º + 143.33º + 170º + 76.67º + 50º + 10.00º
+ 285º + 140.56º + 165º + 73.89º + 45º + 7.22º
+ 280º + 137.78º + 160º + 71.11º + 40º + 4.44º
+ 275º + 135.00º + 155º + 68.33º + 35º + 1.67º
+ 270º + 132.22º + 150º + 65.56º + 30º - 1.11º
+ 265º + 129.44º + 145º + 62.78º + 25º - 3.89º
+ 260º + 126.67º + 140º + 60.00º + 20º - 6.67º
+ 255º + 123.89º + 135º + 57.22º + 15º - 9.44º
+ 250º + 121.11º + 130º + 54.44º + 10º - 12.22º
+ 245º + 118.33º + 125º + 51.67º + 5º - 15.00º
+ 240º + 115.56º + 120º + 48.89º 0º - 17.78º
+ 235º + 112.78º + 115º + 46.11º -5º - 20.56º
+ 230º + 110.00º + 110º + 43.33º -10º - 23.33º
+ 225º + 107.22º + 105º + 40.56º -15º - 26.11º
+ 220º + 104.44º + 100º + 37.78º -20º - 28.89º
+ 215º + 101.67º + 95º + 35.00º -25º - 31.67º
+ 210º + 98.89º + 90º + 32.22º -30º - 34.44º
+ 205º + 96.11º + 85º + 29.44º -35º - 37.22º
+ 200º + 93.33º + 80º + 26.67º -40º - 40.00º
+ 195º + 90.56º + 75º + 23.89º -45º - 42.78º
+ 190º + 87.78º + 70º + 21.11º -50º - 45.56º
+ 185º + 85.00º + 65º + 18.33º -55º - 48.33º

5
ºC = (º F - 32) or º F = 9 ׺ C + 32
9 5

Absolute Zero = 0K = -273.16ºC = -459.69ºF

K = Kelvin (Absolute Temperature). This scale uses the same size unit as the Celsius scale but the degree
symbol (º) is not used. Since the Kelvin scale starts at zero there can never be a negative Kelvin
temperature.

1-24 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

API Conversion Table

API Specific Density Pressure Gradient

Gravity Gravity lb/gal kg/m3 psi/ft bar/m kPa/m
15% HCI 1.0750 8.962 1075.00 0.4654 0.1055 10.547
10 (water) 1.0000 8.337 1000.00 0.4330 0.0981 9.807
12 0.9861 8.221 986.10 0.4270 0.0967 9.670
15 0.9659 8.053 965.90 0.4182 0.0947 9.472
18 0.9465 7.891 946.50 0.4098 0.0928 9.282
20 0.9340 7.787 934.00 0.4044 0.0916 9.159
22 0.9218 7.685 921.80 0.3991 0.0944 9.044
24 0.9100 7.587 910.00 0.3940 0.0892 8.924
26 0.8984 7.490 898.40 0.3890 0.0881 8.810
28 0.8871 7.396 887.10 0.3841 0.0870 8.700
30 0.8762 7.305 876.20 0.3794 0.0859 8.592
31 0.8708 7.260 870.80 0.3771 0.0854 8.539
32 0.8654 7.215 865.40 0.3747 0.0849 8.487
33 0.8602 7.171 860.20 0.3725 0.0844 8.436
34 0.8550 7.128 855.00 0.3702 0.0836 8.385
35 0.8498 7.085 849.80 0.3680 0.0833 8.334
36 0.8448 7.043 844.80 0.3658 0.0828 8.284
37 0.8398 7.001 839.80 0.3638 0.0824 8.235
38 0.8348 6.960 834.80 0.3615 0.0819 8.187
39 0.8299 6.919 829.90 0.3593 0.0814 8.139
40 0.8251 6.879 825.10 0.3573 0.0809 8.091
41 0.8203 6.839 820.30 0.3552 0.0804 8.044
42 (diesel) 0.8156 6.800 815.60 0.3532 0.0800 7.998
43 0.8109 6.760 810.90 0.3511 0.0795 7.952
44 0.8063 6.722 806.30 0.3491 0.0791 7.907
46 0.7972 6.646 797.20 0.3452 0.0782 7.818
48 0.7883 6.572 788.30 0.3413 0.0773 7.731
50 0.7796 6.500 779.60 0.3376 0.0765 7.645

September 2005 General Information 1-25

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Buoyancy Factors for Steel Pipe In Various Weight Fluids

Buoyancy Factors for Steel Pipe In Various Weight Fluids

Fluid Density
Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy
lb/gal kg/m3 Factor
lb/gal kg/m3 Factor
lb/gal kg/m3 Factor
6.0 718.96 0.9083 9.7 1162.32 0.8518 13.5 1617.66 0.7937
6.1 730.94 0.9068 9.8 1174.3 0.8502 13.6 1629.64 0.7922
6.2 742.92 0.9053 9.9 1186.28 0.8487 13.7 1641.62 0.7906
6.3 754.91 0.9037 10 1198.26 0.8472 13.8 1653.6 0.7891
6.4 766.89 0.9022 10.1 1210.25 0.8457 13.9 1665.59 0.7876
6.5 778.87 0.9007 10.2 1222.23 0.8441 14 1677.57 0.7861
6.6 790.85 0.8991 10.3 1234.21 0.8426 14.1 1689.55 0.7845
6.7 802.84 0.8976 10.4 1246.19 0.8411 14.2 1701.53 0.783
6.8 814.82 0.8961 10.5 1258.18 0.8395 14.3 1713.52 0.7815
6.9 826.80 0.8946 10.6 1270.16 0.838 14.4 1725.5 0.78
7.0 838.78 0.8930 10.7 1282.14 0.8365 14.5 1737.48 0.7784
7.1 850.77 0.8915 10.8 1294.13 0.835 14.6 1749.47 0.7769
7.2 862.75 0.8900 10.9 1306.11 0.8334 14.7 1761.45 0.7754
7.3 874.73 0.8884 11 1318.09 0.8319 14.8 1773.43 0.7738
7.4 886.72 0.8869 11.1 1330.07 0.8304 14.9 1785.41 0.7723
7.5 898.70 0.8854 11.2 1342.06 0.8289 15 1797.4 0.7708
7.6 910.68 0.8839 11.3 1354.04 0.8273 15.1 1809.38 0.7693
7.7 922.66 0.8823 11.4 1366.02 0.8258 15.2 1821.36 0.7677
7.8 934.65 0.8808 11.5 1378 0.8243 15.3 1833.34 0.7662
7.9 946.63 0.8793 11.6 1389.99 0.8227 15.4 1845.33 0.7647
8.0 958.61 0.8778 11.7 1401.97 0.8212 15.5 1857.31 0.7631
8.1 970.59 0.8762 11.8 1413.95 0.8197 15.6 1869.29 0.7616
8.2 982.58 0.8747 11.9 1425.93 0.8182 15.7 1881.27 0.7601
8.3 994.56 0.8732 12 1437.92 0.8166 15.8 1893.26 0.7586
8.33 998.15 0.8727 12.1 1449.9 0.8151 15.9 1905.24 0.757
8.4 1006.54 0.8716 12.2 1461.88 0.8136 16 1917.22 0.7555
8.5 1018.52 0.8701 12.3 1473.86 0.812 16.1 1929.21 0.754
8.6 1030.51 0.8686 12.4 1485.85 0.8105 16.2 1941.19 0.7524
8.7 1042.49 0.8671 12.5 1497.83 0.809 16.3 1953.17 0.7509
8.8 1054.47 0.8655 12.6 1509.81 0.8075 16.4 1965.15 0.7494
8.9 1066.45 0.8640 12.7 1521.8 0.8059 16.5 1977.14 0.7479
9.0 1078.44 0.8625 12.8 1533.78 0.8044 16.6 1989.12 0.7463
9.1 1090.42 0.8609 12.9 1545.76 0.8029 16.7 2001.1 0.7448
9.2 1102.40 0.8594 13 1557.74 0.8013 16.8 2013.08 0.7433
9.3 1114.39 0.8579 13.1 1569.73 0.7998 16.9 2025.07 0.7417
9.4 1126.37 0.8564 13.2 1581.71 0.7983 17 2037.05 0.7402
9.5 1138.35 0.8548 13.3 1593.69 0.7968 17.1 2049.03 0.7387
9.6 1150.33 0.8533 13.4 1605.67 0.7952 17.2 2061.01 0.7372

1-26 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Buoyancy Factors for Steel Pipe In Various Weight Fluids

(Continued)
Fluid Density
Buoyancy Buoyancy Buoyancy
lb/gal kg/m3 Factor
lb/gal kg/m3 Factor
lb/gal kg/m3 Factor
17.3 2073 0.7356 18.3 2192.82 0.7204 19.2 2300.67 0.7066
17.4 2084.98 0.7341 18.4 2204.81 0.7188 19.3 2312.65 0.7051
17.5 2096.96 0.7326 18.5 2216.79 0.7173 19.4 2324.63 0.7035
17.6 2108.94 0.7311 18.6 2228.77 0.7158 19.5 2336.61 0.702
17.7 2120.93 0.7295 18.7 2240.75 0.7142 19.6 2348.6 0.7005
17.8 2132.91 0.728 18.8 2252.74 0.7127 19.7 2360.58 0.699
17.9 2144.89 0.7265 18.9 2264.72 0.7112 19.8 2372.56 0.6974
18 2156.88 0.7249 19 2276.7 0.7097 19.9 2384.55 0.696
18.1 2168.86 0.7234 19.1 2288.68 0.7081 20 2396.53 0.6944
18.2 2180.84 0.7219

Gas Pressure Conversion Factors

Well Depth Correction Factor

or
(Gas Depth) 0.6 Gravity 0.7 Gravity 0.8 Gravity 0.9 Gravity

3,000 1.064 1.075 1.087 1.098

3,500 1.075 1.089 1.102 1.115
4,000 1.087 1.102 1.117 1.133
4,500 1.098 1.115 1.133 1.151
5,000 1.110 1.129 1.149 1.169
5,500 1.121 1.143 1.165 1.187
6,000 1.133 1.157 1.181 1.206
6,500 1.145 1.171 1.197 1.224
7,000 1.157 1.185 1.214 1.244
7,500 1.169 1.204 1.232 1.264
8,000 1.181 1.214 1.248 1.282
8,500 1.193 1.239 1.266 1.304
9,000 1.206 1.244 1.282 1.324
9,500 1.218 1.259 1.302 1.345
10,000 1.232 1.275 1.320 1.366
10,500 1.244 1.289 1.338 1.388
11,000 1.257 1.306 1.357 1.410
11,500 1.270 1.322 1.376 1.433
12,000 1.282 1.338 1.395 1.455
12,500 1.297 1.354 1.415 1.477
13,000 1.311 1.371 1.434 1.500
13,500 1.324 1.388 1.455 1.523
14,000 1.338 1.405 1.475 1.548
14,500 1.352 1.422 1.495 1.573
15,000 1.366 1.438 1.515 1.596

September 2005 General Information 1-27

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Shear Strengths of Common Shear Pin Material

Ultimate Shear
Material Type or Description
Strength (psi)
Yellow Brass 1/2 Hard Rockwell B 70 40,500
Aluminum 2024 - T4 41,000
Naval Brass
1/4 Hard Rockwell B 80 43,000
(Tobin Bronze)
Mild Steel 1018 58,000
Low Fuming Bronze Type RCUZN-C Rockwell B 82 Anaconda welding Rod No. 997 58,000
Low Fuming Bronze Type RCUZN-C Rockwell B 80 Airco welding Rod No. 27 60,000
Drill Rod Oil hardening, polished, annealed - Rockwell C 10 81,000

Conversion Table for Hardness Testing

(Approximate Values)

Brinell Rockwell Brinell Rockwell

Tensile Tensile
Impression Hardness C B Strength Impression Hardness C B Strength
Diameter No. Scale Scale Diameter No. Scale Scale
2.45 627 60 — 311 3.80 255 25 102 125

2.50 601 58 — 298 3.85 248 24 101 122

2.55 578 57 — 287 3.90 241 23 100 119

2.60 555 55 — 276 3.95 235 22 99 116

2.65 534 53 — 266 4.00 229 21 98 113

2.70 514 52 — 256 4.05 223 20 97 110

2.75 495 50 — 247 4.10 217 18 96 107

2.80 477 49 — 238 4.15 212 16 96 104

2.85 461 47 — 229 4.20 207 15 95 101

2.90 444 46 — 220 4.25 202 14 94 99

2.95 429 45 — 212 4.30 197 13 93 97

3.00 415 44 — 204 4.35 192 12 92 95

3.05 401 42 — 196 4.40 187 10 91 93

3.10 388 41 — 189 4.45 183 9 90 91

3.15 375 40 110 182 4.50 179 8 89 89

3.20 363 38 110 176 4.55 174 6 88 87

3.25 352 37 109 170 4.60 170 5 87 85

3.30 341 36 109 165 4.65 166 4 86 83

3.35 331 35 108 160 4.70 163 3 85 82

3.40 321 34 108 155 4.75 159 84 80

3.45 311 33 107 150 4.80 156 83 78

3.50 302 32 107 146 4.85 153 82 76

3.55 293 31 106 142 4.90 149 81 75

3.60 285 30 105 138 4.95 146 80 74

3.65 277 29 104 134 5.00 143 79 72

3.70 269 28 104 131 5.05 140 78 71

3.75 262 26 103 128 5.10 137 77 70

Diameter of Impression 3,000 kg. load - 10 MM. Steel Ball
Rockwell C-Scale 150 kg. load - 102° Diamond Cone
Rockwell B-Scale 100 kg. load - .0625 in. Steel Ball
Tensile Strength 1000 lb per square inch

1-28 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Boyle's Gas Law

Boyle's Gas Law - P1 × V1 = P2 × V2 (Boyle's Law assumes a constant temperature)

P = Pressure and V = Volume

P2 = (V1 x P1) / V2 or V2 = (V1 x P1) / P2

The above gas law shows that the gas pressure is related to the gas volume.

If gas is not allowed to expand during a kick, then the gas bubble would maintain the bottomhole pressure
(BHP) as it migrated to the surface. This could apply BHP near the surface, which could cause one of the
following

• Underground blowout
• Lost circulation Depth Gas Volume Bubble Pressure
• Surface blowout 10,000 1 5,200
If the gas is allowed to expand as it migrates to surface 5,000 2 2,600
then the volume and pressure relationships are 2,500 4 1,300
demonstrated in the following table. 1,250 8 650
625 16 325
Any units can be applied to the following table but the 312 32 162
pressure assumes 10ppg fluid in the wellbore.

Ideal Gas Law

The Ideal gas law is similar to Boyle's Law but also takes account of temperature.

P1 × V1 P2 × V2
=
T1 T2

Pressure and Volume can be expressed in

any units but temperature must be Temperature Bubble
Depth Gas Volume
converted to the Kelvin scale to avoid any ºF Kelvin Pressure
negative numbers. More details on the 10,000 350 450 1 5,200
Kelvin scale can be found earlier in this 5,000 200 366 1.6 2,600
section under 'Temperature Conversions' 2,500 125 325 2.9 1,300
1,250 88 304 5.4 650
Applying this equation to the same 625 69 294 10.5 325
example as above but also considering a 312 59 288 20.5 162
typical wellbore temperature now results
in the following table.

September 2005 General Information 1-29

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pipe Bouyancy
Pipe Buoyancy - when tubulars are run in a well displacing fluid, a buoyancy effect is created on the
tubulars. When the volume of steel in the tubulars displaces the same volume of fluid in the well a
buoyancy effect is created due to the difference in densities between the steel and fluid.

The buoyancy factor can be determined if the density or weight per unit volume of the fluid and solid are
known. The formula is:

B = (Ds - Df) ÷ Ds

Where: B = Buoyancy factor

Fluid PPG Bouyance Factor
Ds = Density of steel
8.34 0.873
Df = Density of fluid
12.1 0.815
16.5 0.748
19.2 0.707

Steel has a density of 65.5 lb/gal.To figure pipe weight if the I.D. is dry and the annular is wet, use the
following calculation:

Dry String = Steel weight in air - Displaced fluid weight - Snub force

• To figure pipe weight if the I.D. has a different fluid then the annulus, use the following calculation:
Wet String with different fluids = Steel weight in air - Displaced fluid weight - snub force +
inside fluid weight.

Nozzle Calculations

Nozzle Area (in.2) = Number of nozzles × 3.1416 × D 2

4

Where: D = Nozzle Diameter (in.)

Flow Rate
Fluid Velocity through a nozzle (ft/sec) =
3.117 × Nozzle Area
Where: Flow Rate in gpm
Nozzle Area in in.2

Flow Rate 2 × Fluid Density

Pressure drop across a nozzle (psi) =
12,032 × Nozzle Area 2 × Cd 2
Where: Flow Rate in gpm
Fluid Density in ppg
Nozzle Area in in.2

Cd = Coefficient of discharge for the nozzle (dimensionless) should be between 0.6

(for a new nozzle) and 0.95 (for a worn nozzle).

1-30 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Useful Formulas
Temperature Conversions
• Temperature Centigrade = 5/9 (Temp. °F - 32)
• Temperature Fahrenheit = 9/5 (Temp. °C) + 32
• Temperature Absolute C = Temp. °C + 273
• Temperature Absolute F = Temp. °F + 460

Volume Capacity of Pipes

• Gal per 1,000 ft = 40.8 × (ID in in.)2
• Barrels per 1,000 ft = 0.9714 × (ID in in.)2
• Cubic ft per 1,000 ft = 5.454 × (ID in in.)2
• Gal per mile = 215.4240 × (ID in in.)2
• Barrels per mile = 5.1291 × (ID in in.)2
• Cubic meter per 100 meter = 0.0000785 (ID in in.)2

Approximate Volume of Hose

• 2-in. hose = 0.02 cubic ft per foot length or 51 mm = 0.00186 m3 per meter length
• 2½-in. hose = 0.03 cubic ft per foot length or 64 mm = 0.00279 m3 per meter length
• 3-in. hose = 0.04 cubic ft per foot length or 76 mm = 0.00372 m3 per meter length
• 4-in. hose = 0.08 cubic ft per foot length or 102 mm = 0.00743 m3 per meter length

Velocity
• Feet per minute = 1029.42 (bbl per minute) ÷ (ID in in.)2
• Meter per minute = 1273240 (m3 per minute) ÷ (ID in mm)2
• Feet per second = gal per minute (0.4085) ÷(ID in in.)2
• Meters per second = 76394400 (m3 per minute) ÷ (ID in mm)2

Hydraulics
• Horsepower = work per time = (force × distance) ÷ time
• Heat (BTU / hr) = pressure (psi. across relief) × flow rate (gpm discharge) × 1.4848 work
(foot-lb) = force (lbs) × distance (ft)
• Power = pressure × flow or 1 HP = psi. × gpm ÷ 1713.6
• Hydraulic HP = 0.000584 (gal per minute) × (pressure, psi.)
• Hydraulic HP = 0.02448 (barrels per minute) × (pressure, psi.)
• Hydraulic HP = (barrels per minute) × (pressure, psi.) ÷40.8
• Hydraulic HP = (brake HP) × (efficiency of power train to pump) × (pump efficiency)

Volumes
• Bbl/ft in round tank = (diameter, in ft)2 ÷ 7.14
• Bbl/in. in round tank = (diameter, in ft)2 ÷ 85.7
• Bbl/in. in square tank = 0.0143 × length, ft × width, ft
• Cubic ft per inch in square tank = 0.0833 × length, ft × width, ft
• m3 per M in round tank = 0.7854 × (diameter, in meters)2
• m3 per centimeter in round tank = 0.007854 × (diameter, in meters)2
• m3 per centimeter in square tank = length (m) × width (m) × 0.01

September 2005 General Information 1-31

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Mud Pit Calculation

• 0.0833 × length, ft × width, ft = cubic ft per inch of depth
• 0.0148 × length, ft × width, ft = barrels per inch of depth
• 0.00058 × length, in. × width, in. = cubic ft per inch of depth
• m3 per centimeter of depth = length in meter × width in meter × 0.01
• m3 per m of Length = length in meter × width in meter

Pipe Displacement
(Metal only w/coupling)

• 0.002 × wt of pipe per ft with coupling × depth, ft = displacement in ft3

• 0.00367 × wt of pipe per ft with coupling × depth, ft = displacement in bbl
• 0.000124 × wt of pipe in kg/m with couplings × depth, m = displacement in m3

ID
• OD - (2 × wall)
eg. 1.75 - (2 × 0.156) = 1.438 in

Area of Tubing Wall

• (OD2 - ID2 ) × π / 4 NOTE: ( π/ 4 =.7854)
eg. (1.752 - 1.4382) × .7854 = .781 in2

Tubing Weight Per Foot (Wall Thickness Unknown)

• ((((OD2 - ID2) × 0.7854) × 12) / 231) × 65.5
eg. ((((2.8752 - 2.4412) × 0.7854) × 12) / 231) × 65.5 = 6.168 lb/ft

Tubing Weight Per Foot

• π × ( OD - wall ) × wall × 12 × 0.2833
eg. π × (1.75 - 0.156) × 0.156 × 12 × 0.2833 = 2.656 lb/ft

Buoyancy Factor
• ( 65.447 - Fluid Weight, lb/gal ) / 65.447
eg. ( 65.447 - 8.33 ) / 65.447 = .873

Weight of Tubing in Fluid

• Weight in air × buoyancy factor
eg. 2.656 × 0.873 = 2.319 lb/ft

Load Capacity at Minimum Yield

• ( OD2 - ID2 ) × 0.7854 × yield × SF
eg. ( 1.752 - 1.4382 ) × 0.7854 × 80,000 × 0.8 = 49,997 psi

Pressure Capacity
• 2 × ( wall - 0.005 ) × yield / OD (where 0.005 is the manufacturers tolerance on wall thickness)
eg. 2 × (0.156 - 0.005 ) × 80,000 / 1.75 = 13,806 psi

1-32 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pipe Capacity in Barrels Per Linear Foot

• ID2 × 0.0009714
eg. 1.4382 × 0.0009714 = 0.002009 bbl/ft
• Multiply by total length for total capacity in barrels

Annular Volume in Barrels Per Linear Foot

• (IDprod2 - ODcoil2) × 0.0009714
eg. (2.4412 - 1.752) × 0.0009714 = 0.00281316 bbl/ft
• Multiply by total length for total capacity in barrels

Annular Velocity, ft/min

• (GPM × 24.51) / (IDprod2 - ODcoil2)
eg. (84 × 24.51) / (4.8922 - 1.752) = 98.7 ft/min

Time to Displace
• Total volume, bbl ÷ pump rate, bbl/min = minutes
or
• Total volume, gal ÷ pump rate, gal/min = minutes

Fluid Pressure Gradient

• Downhole pressure ÷ depth = psi/ft
or
• Fluid weight, lb/gal × 0.05195 = psi/ft

Hydrostatic Pressure
• Weight, lb/gal × 0.05195 × depth
eg. 9.6 × 0.05195 × 11,200 = 5,591 psi

Bottomhole Pressure
• Wellhead pressure + hydrostatic pressure
eg. 2,200 + ((9.6 × .05195 × 11,200)) = 7785.664 psi

Kill Fluid Weight

• Weight, lb/gal + [wellhead pressure / ( .05195 × depth )]
eg. 9.6 + (2,200 / (.05195 × 11,200 )) = 13.4 lb/gal

Stretch Due to Weight in Hole, ft

• 0.0567 × (length / 1000)2
eg. 0.0567 × (12000 / 1000)2 = 8.1648 ft

"Free Point" for Stuck Tubing or the Length of Free Pipe

L = Stretch in in. × (30000000 × area) / force /12
Stretch = in., from over-pull force
Area = cross-sectional area of CT pipe wall
Force = applied weight over weight of pipe in air to stretch the CT

Example:
CT OD = 1.5
CT ID = 1.76

September 2005 General Information 1-33

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Stretch = 120 in.

Force = 15,000 lb (weight indicator)
120 × 30,000,000 × 0.476 / 15000/12 = 9,520 ft

Elongation Due to Temperature, ft

• Depth × 0.0000828 × ΔT / 12
eg. 9650 × 0.0000828 × 70 / 12 = 4.7 ft
• Average temperature, ΔT= (surface temperature + bottomhole temperature) / 2

Specific Gravity of Oil from API

• 141.5 / ( 131.5 + API )
eg. 141.5 / ( 131.5 + 30° ) = 0.876

Thermal Gradient, °F / ft
(bottomhole temperature - surface temperature) / depth
• eg. ( 195 - 60 ) / 9800 = 0.00138 °F / ft
– or 0.138 °F / 100 ft
– or 1.38 °F / 1000 ft

KCL in lb for % Needed

• Gal × (fluid weight) × % KCL wanted = lb
eg. 80 bbl × 42 = 3,360 gal
• 3360 × 8.6 lb/gal × 2% = 578 lb KCL

Rate of Travel with Coiled Tubing

• (Total bbl ÷ pump rate in bbl/min = total minutes)
• (Total interval in ft ÷ minutes = ft/min)
• 150 bbl Acid
• 200 ft Interval to place acid
• 150 bbl ÷ 2 bbl/min = 75 min
• 200 ft Interval ÷ 75 min = 2.6 fpm
• To make 3 passes using same problem
• 75 min ÷ 3 = 25 min
• 200 ft Interval ÷ 25 min = 8 ft/min each pass

Pump Rate
• (Bore2 × 0.7854 × stroke × number of plungers)
eg. 42 × 0.7854 × 8 × 3 = 301.6 in.3
= 301.6 in3 × (1 gal ÷ 231 in.3) × (1 bbl ÷ 42 gal)
= 0.0312 bbl/rev
= 1 ÷ .0312 = 32.05 rev/bbl
• Assume operating range in the 80 to 90% efficiency range
• 32.05 rev/bbl × 85% = 27.2 rev/bbl
• 2 bbl/min × 27.2 rev/bbl = 54.4 strokes/min

1-34 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Physical Constants
• Viscosity of water at 70ºF = 1 centipoise
• API gravity of water = 10 Deg. API
• Fresh water n' and k' = 1.0 and .00002
• Fresh water weighs 8.33 lb/gal
• 1 ft3 = 7.4805 gal
• Water weighs 8.33 × 7.4805 = 62.312565 lb/ft3
• 1 ft3 = 12 in. × 12 in. × 12 in. = 1,728 in.3
• Pressure = force / area
• 62.312565 lb / 144 in.2 = 0.4327261458 lbf / in.2 / ft or psi/ft
• 0.4327261458 psi/ft / 8.33 lb/gal = .05194791666 (0.05195) thus the constant born 0.052
• 1 bbl = 5.615 ft3 = 42 gal
• 1 gal of liquid (cryogenic) N2 expands to 93.11 SCF
• N2 expands 697 times (more exact: 696.4 times)

September 2005 General Information 1-35

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Glossary

-A-
Absolute pressure—The pressure measured from a vacuum. (0 psi absolute pressure = vacuum)
Absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure equals gauge pressure. Note that it is physically
impossible to have a negative absolute pressure.

Accumulator—A pressure vessel charged with nitrogen gas used to store hydraulic fluid under pressure
for operation of pressure control equipment (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition,
December 1996).

Accumulator precharge—An initial nitrogen charge in an accumulator which is further compressed

when the hydraulic fluid is pumped into the accumulator storing potential energy (as per API
Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Actuation Test, well control component—The closing and opening of a well control component to
assure mechanical functioning (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Annulus—The annulus is the area between the CT and the well tubulars.

Axial load—Force applied along the length of the CT string. Tension is positive. Compression is
negative.

Axial stress—The axial load at a given point in the CT divided by the cross-sectional area of the CT. The
axial stress is part of the Von Mises Stress.

Azimuth—The azimuth in well survey data is the angle from North, in degrees, of the well axis at a given
point. For example, a section of a well that goes East, has an azimuth of 90 degrees.

-B-
BHA—Bottomhole assembly

Bingham Plastic—Bingham plastic is the model for a fluid which does not flow until a specific yield
point is reached. Cement and some drilling muds are often modeled as Bingham plastics.

Blind rams—The rams in a well control stack which are designed to seal against each other to effectively
close the wellbore when there are no tools or pipe through the well control stack. The blind rams are not
intended to seal against coiled tubing (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December
1996).

Blowout—An uncontrolled flow of pressurized wellbore fluids and/or formation fluids out of the
wellbore or into lower pressured subsurface zones (underground blowout) (as per API Recommended
Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

-C-
Check valve—A valve that allows flow through it in one direction only. This device is installed at the
coiled tubing connector and allows fluid to be circulated down the string but prevents backflow. This
device may be a ball-and-seat type or flapper type (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition,
December 1996).

1-36 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Choke—A device with either a fixed or a variable aperture used to control the rate of flow of liquids
and/or gas (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Christmas tree—A term applied to the combination of valves and fittings assembled above the top of
the tubing spool on a completed well to contain well pressure and control the flow of hydrocarbons and
other fluids (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Closing ratio—The ratio of the wellhead pressure to the hydraulic actuation pressure required to close
the well control component (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Collapse—Flattening of the coiled tubing due to external pressure or external pressure combined with
either tension or bending (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Compression—When a portion of a CT string is pushed together along its axis, it is in compression.

Compression is the opposite of tension.

Continuous taper—Varying wall thickness of a section of CT linearly from one end of the section to the
other.

Critical buckling—The point where a section of CT begins to form a sinusoidal curve in the hole.
Critical bucking does not mean that your tubing cannot go further into the hole. Usually called sinusoidal
buckling.

-D-
Derate—To manually lower the used life of a string to the derating factor. You derate welds and zones.

Derating factor—The amount the used life of a weld or zone is reduced to. For example, a zone with a
derating factor of 85% means that it has 85% of the life it would normally have.

Depth—The distance from the zero depth datum at the top of the well to the point in question. Depth can
be measured from the downhole end of a string, but depth is not related to string position.

Drawdown—The difference between the bottomhole pressure at the reservoir and the reservoir pressure.
The change in pressure causes the fluid in a reservoir to flow into the well. In a killed well, there is no
drawdown because the bottomhole pressure is equal to the reservoir pressure.

-E-
E-line capable—A work reel that is e-line capable has connections for an electrical cable installed inside
the CT string.

Effective wall—The effective wall of a CT string is the minimum wall minus the wall reduction. It
represents the worst case for the actual wall thickness used in tubing life and strength calculations.

Effective well—The effective well is what is used in force and hydraulics calculations. In general, the
effective well follows the innermost tubulars (tubing, casing, liners, and open hole).

-F-
Failure criterion—The point which the fatigue simulator software uses as 100% used life for a string.
Failure can be defined in two ways: as crack initiation, or as fracture. In crack initiation the beginnings

September 2005 General Information 1-37

Coiled Tubing Handbook

of a crack appears on the CT. In fracture, the crack has propagated through the wall of the CT and the CT
cannot hold pressure.

Foam quality—The ratio of the volume of gas over the total volume of the fluid. Foam with a quality of
1 is all gas. A foam with a quality of 0 is all liquid. Foam quality is dependent on temperature, as
temperature affects the volume of gas.

Freeboard—The distance from the top of the last wrap of coiled tubing to the outside of the flange of
the reel. For safety reasons, the reel is never completely filled with coiled tubing. Some operators
recommend a different freeboard for each coiled tubing diameter. The more freeboard, the less the reel
capacity.

-G-
Gate valve—A valve which employs a sliding gate to open or close the flow passage. The valve may or
may not be full-opening (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Gauge pressure—The pressure indicated by a pressure gauge. (0 psi gauge pressure = atmospheric
pressure) Gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure equals absolute pressure. Note that it is possible to
have a negative gauge pressure.

-H-
Helical buckling—The point where a section of CT begins to form a helix in the well casing. In a vertical
well, helical buckling begins as soon as any compressive load is applied. The helix introduces additional
bending stresses and friction, which can lead to lockup.

Helical buckling load—The amount of force required to reach helical buckling.

Hoop stress—The stress around the circumference of the CT due to inner and outer pressure. The hoop
stress is part of the Von Mises stress.

-I-
Inclination—The inclination in well survey data is the angle, in degrees, between the well axis and the
vertical axis at a given depth. A vertical section of well has an inclination of 0 degrees. A horizontal
section of well has an inclination of 90 degrees.

-K-
Kill line—A high-pressure line between the pumps and some point below a well control component. This
line allows fluids to be pumped into the well or annulus with the well control component closed (as per
API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

-L-
Lockup depth—The depth, if any, at which the increased drag due to helical buckling causes the
downhole end of the tubing to stop moving into the well, even though tubing may still be entering the
well at the surface. If this occurs, the bottom of the well cannot be reached and the job cannot be
performed with the existing configuration.

1-38 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

-M-
Measured depth—The current depth of the tubing following the trajectory of the well as indicated by
the depth counter at the surface. The actual depth may be slightly less due to buckling. Note that
measured depth is different from True Vertical Depth.

Minimum wall—The minimum wall is the smallest allowable thickness for a given nominal wall
according to the manufacturer's specifications. Although the actual wall thickness will in most cases be
greater, for critical calculation purposes, the minimum wall thickness is used to ensure that a worst-case
scenario is considered.

-N-
Newtonian fluid—Newtonian is the model for fluids exhibiting a linear relationship between shear stress
and shear rate. Few oil field fluids are truly Newtonian, but the Newtonian model is the best known and
easiest to understand. Fresh water can be modeled as a Newtonian fluid.

Nominal wall—The nominal wall is the target wall thickness sold by the manufacturer and commonly
referred to by users. The actual wall size may vary within the plus and minus specifications quoted by
the manufacturer.

-P-
Pipe ram—The rams in a well control stack which are designed to seal around coiled tubing to close and
isolate pressure in the annular space below the rams (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First
Edition, December 1996).

Pipe/slip ram—The rams in a well control stack which are designed to provide the functions of both a
pipe ram and a slip ram in one ram body (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition,
December 1996).

Plug valve—A valve whose mechanism consists of a plug with a hole through it on the same axis as the
direction of fluid flow. Turning the plug 90 degrees opens or closes the valve. The valve may or may not
be full-opening (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

POOH—An acronym for “pulling out of hole.”

Position—Position on a string is the distance measured from the reel core end to the point in question.
The reel core end is at position zero. Position is not related to depth, although depth is measured from the
free end of a string.

Power fluid—Pressurized hydraulic fluid dedicated to the direct operation of functions (as per API
Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Power Law fluid—Power Law is the model for fluids exhibiting a non-linear relationship between shear
stress and shear rate. Many oil field fluids, both water-based muds and hydrocarbons, are modeled using
the Power Law.

Precharge—An initial nitrogen charge in an accumulator which is further compressed when the
hydraulic fluid is pumped into the accumulator storing potential energy (as per API Recommended
Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

September 2005 General Information 1-39

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pressure Test, well control component—The process of performing an internal pressure test on the
well control component or well control stack (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition,
December 1996).

Primary barrier—The primary barrier is the means which allows the coiled tubing service to be
performed in underbalanced conditions. Since coiled tubing service units are designed to operate with
surface well pressure present, the primary barrier is the stripper packer.

-R-
Radial stress—The stress through the CT wall due to inner and outer pressure. The radial stress is part
of the Von Mises stress.

Reel back tension—The tension maintained at the reel to insure that the tubing on the reel does not
uncoil or become slack. Reel back tension only affects the surface weight calculation, not the downhole
forces, since the tubing is held at the injector.

Regulator (pressure)—A hydraulic device that reduces upstream supply pressure to a desired
(regulated) pressure. It may be manual or remotely operated and, once set, will automatically maintain
the regulated output pressure unless reset to a different pressure.

RIH—An acronym for “running in hole.”

RTKB—RTKB (rotary table Kelly bushing) is the depth reference typically used by conventional
drilling rigs when they drill a well.

-S-
Secondary barrier—The secondary barrier is the means which provides a contingency for maintaining
well control in the event the primary barrier is unable to function properly. For coiled tubing service units,
the secondary barrier may include additional surface well control components, such as BOPs or kill
weight fluids.

Section—A CT string is divided into sections which have different physical properties, such as different
wall sizes.

Shear ram—The rams in a well control stack which are designed to shear the coiled tubing located
directly across the ram position (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Shear/blind ram—The rams in a well control stack which are designed to provide the functions of both
a shear ram and a blind ram in one ram body (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition,
December 1996).

Shipping spool—A shipping spool is a spool used to hold a CT string for shipping purposes only, and is
not used for a job like a work reel.

Shut-off valve—A valve that closes a hydraulic or pneumatic supply line (as per API Recommended
Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Sinusoidal buckling—The CT snaking back and forth in the form of a sine wave. Also called snake
buckling. Sinusoidal buckling is not critical and does not affect tubing forces calculations.

Sinusoidal buckling load—The compressive axial force at which the CT begins sinusoidal buckling.

1-40 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Slip ram—The rams in a well control stack which are equipped with tubing slips that, when engaged,
prevent movement of the coiled tubing but do not isolate pressure or control flow (as per API
Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Snubbing—Condition for working coiled tubing through an energized stripper, where wellbore pressure
applied against the cross-sectional area of the tube creates an upward acting force greater than the weight
of the tubing in the wellbore. In this condition mechanical assistance is required to apply thrust to the
tubing while injecting or to maintain control of the tubing when extracting. This condition is commonly
called pipe-light operations (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Stored hydraulic fluid volume—The fluid volume recoverable from the accumulator system between
the maximum designed accumulator operating pressure and the precharge pressure (as per API
Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

String—The makeup of a specific length of coiled tubing used for well intervention (as per API
Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Stripper—A device with a resilient elastomeric element used to effect a seal in the annulus. This device
is used primarily to isolate well pressure from the atmosphere when injecting or extracting the coiled
tubing in pressurized wellbores (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December 1996).

Stripper friction—The frictional force caused by the compression of the stripper packing elements on
the tubing. This friction always acts in the opposite direction of the tubing movement. Although variable,
it is usually assumed to lie in the range of 300 to 1,000 lb of force.

Surface weight—The weight measured at the surface as the CT is run into and out of the well.

System pressure test—The integrity test used to verify the ability of the pipe and pressure containment
equipment in the service to maintain a pressure seal (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First
Edition, December 1996).

-T-
Target depth—Most hydraulics calculations are performed with a particular CT depth in mind. This
depth is the target depth.

Tensile strength—The maximum tensile stresses which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile
strength is calculated from the maximum load during a tension test carried to rupture and the original
cross-sectional area of the specimen (as per API Recommended Practice 5C7, First Edition, December
1996).

Tension—When a portion of a CT string is being pulled, it is in tension. Tension is the opposite of

compression.

Tool—A single component in a tool string, such as a connector, nozzle, or packer.

Tool String—A tool string is a bottomhole assembly (BHA). It is composed of tools.

Trip—One trip is the string running into and out of the hole.

True vertical depth—The vertical distance from the surface to a point in the well.

September 2005 General Information 1-41

Coiled Tubing Handbook

-U-
Used life—Used life of a work string comes from accumulated fatigue and derating. The used life of a
work string is represented by a percentage. A new string has 0% used life. A work string should be retired
or repaired before it reaches too high a used life.

-V-
Von Mises stress—The Von Mises stress ( vm) is a common method for describing the yielding of steel
under combined states of stress. It includes the influences of axial stress ( a), radial stress ( r), and hoop
stress ( h).

σ vm =
1
[(σ a − σ r )2 + (σ a − σ h )2 + (σ r − σ h )2 ]
2

-W-
Wall reduction—The reduction in wall thickness due to exposure to service conditions such as acid jobs
and sand abrasion.

Work reel—A work reel is a reel you use for an actual job, as opposed to a shipping spool, which is only
used for shipping or storage.

Work string—A work string is a CT string which is actively used in coiled tubing operations. When a
work string accumulates too much fatigue, it may be retired and used for other purposes.

-Y-
Yield strength—The stress at which a material exceeds its elastic limits and the material begins to
deform permanently.

Young’s Modulus—The modulus of elasticity of the material. Young's Modulus is a measurement of

how elastic a material is, or how much a material can bend and still return to its original shape. Young's
Modulus for steel is 30,000,000 psi.

-Z-
Zero depth datum—The point from which depth is measured at the wellsite (depth = 0). This may be
the Master Valve, ground level, RTKB, at the reel, or any other user specified position.

Zone—You use zones to flag portions of a CT string and to manually derate fatigue life.

1-42 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Cable Installation System

(Installs/Removes Cable while Coiled Tubing is on the Reel)

Figure 1.1—CT cable installation system

• Available service from CT manufacturer

• Fast (up to 200 ft per minute)
• No impact on working life of CT
• All CT sizes
• Small footprint (79-in. × 73-in.)
• Installs plastic coated cable
• DNV Certification available
CTES, L.C. has developed a system that pumps cable into and out of coiled tubing (CT) while it is still
on the reel. This development was a joint industry project (JIP) for six companies: Atlas Wireline,
Halliburton Energy Services, Nowsco Well Services, Precision Tube Technology, Quality Tubing, and
Dowell Schlumberger. The cable injector greatly reduces the installation cost compared to vertical or
horizontal installations.

The system uses a capstan wheel inside a high-pressure housing. The cable enters the housing through a
wireline pressure control head. After 6 wraps around the wheel, the cable exits the cable injector housing
and enters the CT. A hydraulic motor drives the capstan wheel which pulls the cable through the pressure
control head. Water pumped at a high flow rate through the CT flushes the cable through. Typical cable
installation rates are 100 to 200 ft/min.

September 2005 General Information 1-43

Coiled Tubing Handbook

These cable injection systems are skid mounted for ease of transport offshore (Figure 1.2). This allows
lifting a CT string onto a platform without the cable inside, reducing the total weight of lift. The cable
can then be installed before and removed after a job.

Figure 1.2—Cable injection system

1-44 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

The cable feeds off of the wireline spooling unit vertically to a sheave wheel, down to another sheave,
and then to the cable injector (Figure 1.3). This allows the cable spool to rotate around the vertical axis
removing any cable torque before the cable enters the cable injector. When a cable is being removed from
a reel of CT, a levelwind on the cable spooling unit allows the cable to spool neatly on the reel (Figure
1.4).

Figure 1.3—Wireline spooling unit and cable injector system

Figure 1.4—Levelwind on cable spooling unit

September 2005 General Information 1-45

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Cables and Slickline Information

Slicklines - Minimum Breaking Loads
Nominal Nominal Plain Plain UHT UHT 316 316 Supa Supa Rec. Min Rec. Min
Diameter Diameter Carbon Carbon Carbon Carbon Stainless Stainless 75 75 Pulley Dia. Pulley Dia.
(In.) (mm) (lb/ft) (kN) (lb/ft) (kN) (lb/ft) (kN) (lb/ft) (kN) (in.) (mm)
0.082 2.08 1240 5.5 1610 7.2 1100 4.9 1240 5.5 10 254
0.092 2.34 1545 6.9 2050 9.1 1400 6.2 1550 6.9 11 279
0.108 2.74 2110 9.4 2730 12.1 1920 8.5 2030 9.0 13 330
0.125 3.18 2830 12.6 3665 16.3 2500 11.1 2560 11.4 15 381

Swablines - Minimum Breaking Loads

Galvanised Galvanised 316 Stainless
Diameter Diameter Conventional Dyform Conventional
(in.) (mm)
(lbf) (kN) (lbf) (kN) (lbf) (kN)
3/16 4.76 4960 22.1 6170 27.5 3990 17.8
7/32 5.56 6610 29.5 8370 37.3 5400 24.1
1/4 6.35 8640 38.5 11200 49.9 7030 31.3
5/16 7.94 13490 60.1 17550 78.2 11000 49.0

316 Stainless Supa75 Supa75

Dyform Conventional Dyform
(lbf) (kN) (lbf) (kN) (lbf) (kN)
4940 22.0 4320 19.2 4960 22.1
6500 29.0 5842 26.0 5990 26.7
8640 38.5 7600 33.9 8530 38.0
13560 60.4 11880 52.9 13380 59.6

GD Stainless and Special Alloy Wirelines

Nom. dia. Nom. nett wt per
GD 316 GD2205 GD 31MO GD 35MO GD 50N
(in.) 1,000 ft kg
0.072 6.35 875 875 875 875 875
0.082 8.23 1135 1135 1135 1135 1135
0.092 10.36 1429 1429 1575 1429 1429
0.105 13.49 1882 1862 1862 1862 1862
0.108 15.59 1970 2275 2150 1970 1970
0.125 19.12 2638 3045 2638 2638 2638

1-46 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Camesa, Inc.™ Cable Type Designation

Example
1 N 32 P P
Number of Electrical Conductors
Armor Package
(Number Inner Wires/Number Outer Wires)

B - 12/24 J - 24/24
C - 18/24 K - 15/15
E - 12/15 L - 12/12
F - 11/15 N - 12/18
G - 10/16 O - other
H - 18/18

Nominal Cable Diameter in Hundredths of an inch

Type of Electrical Copper Strand

R - 6 wires around 1 central wire

S - 6 wires around 1 central wire
P - 12 wires around 6 wires around 1 wire
T - 18 wires around 12 wires around 6 wires around 1 wire
Y - others

Type of Electrical Insulation

P - Propylene Copolymer
T - FEP™*
Z - ETFE (Tetzel)™*
X - Camiane
A - PFA™*
E - PTFE

*Dupont trademark

Figure 1.5—Cable configuration

September 2005 General Information 1-47

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Commonly Used Cables: Electric Lines

Wire
Cable No Nom. Min
Nom. Max Break Nom Max
Cable Size Break Wgt Armour Stretch Sheave Nom Res
Dia. Temp Strength Cap Volt
Type (in.) Strength* (lb/kft) Wires Coe Dia. (ohm/kft)
(in.) (°F) (lb) (pf/ft) (DC)
(lb) (In/Out) (ft/kft/klb) (in.)
(In/Out)
1K22PP 7/32 .224 300 5,200 94 15/15 139/280 2.2 14 4.0 60 1000
1K22PZ 7/32 .224 500 5,200 96 15/15 139/280 2.3 14 4.0 69 1000
1N22PP 7/32 .224 300 5,200 94 12/18 212/212 2.5 12 4.1 58 1000
1N22PZ 7/32 .224 500 5,200 96 12/18 212/212 2.6 12 4.1 68 1000
1N32PP 5/16 .322 300 11,000 188 12/18 434/434 1.2 18 2.9 46 1500
1N32PTZ 5/16 .322 500 11,000 192 12/18 434/434 1.3 18 2.9 45 1500
1N29PTZ 9/32 .288 500 9,100 159 12/18 351/351 1.6 16 3.5 55 1500
7H38RP 3/8 .378 300 13,000 240 18/18 300/580 .95 21 9.8 64 1000
7H42RP 7/16 .428 300 18,500 310 18/18 401/750 .80 24 9.8 53 1000
7H42RZ 7/16 .428 500 18,500 319 18/18 401/750 .73 24 9.8 62 1000
7J46RP 15/32 .464 300 18,500 321 24/24 338/535 .82 20 9.8 40 1200
7J46RTZ 15/32 .464 500 18,000 341 24/24 338/535 .82 20 9.8 39 1200
7H47RP Slammer .476 300 22,000 377 18/18 460/910 .61 26 9.8 46 1000
7H47RTZ Slammer .476 500 22,000 392 18/18 460/910 .61 26 9.8 46 1000
*Maximum working tension = 1/2 breaking strength

1-48 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

VannGun™ Assemblies
This information is provided for quick reference only. Important information should be checked for
current validity before use.

1 9/16-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
4 spf Millennium
0° 4 (1.22) 21 (9) 17 (8)
60° 20,000 70,000 7 (2.13) 31 (14) 24 (11)
100157028 HMX Millennium™ 4
90° (1379) (31 746) 11 (3.35) 46 (21) 34 (15)
180° 15 (4.57) 60 (27) 44 (20)
21 (6.40) 81 (37) 59 (27)
6 spf Millennium
4 (1.22) 21 (10) 17 (8)
20,000 70,000 7 (2.13) 32 (14) 24 (11)
100157028 HMX Millennium™ 6 60°
(1379) (31 746) 11 (3.35) 48 (22) 34 (15)
15 (4.57) 63 (28) 44 (20)
21 (6.40) 85 (30) 59 (27)

2-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
4 spf Millennium
100008017 HMX SDP
4 (1.22) 28 (13) 23 (10)
0° 7 (2.13) 44 (20) 35 (16)
101206246 HMX BH 60° 20,000 77,000
4 11 (3.35) 66 (30) 51 (23)
90° (1379) (34 921)
180° 15 (4.57) 87 (39) 63 (29)
101208224 HMX Millennium™
21 (6.40) 120 (54) 92 (42)
100157018 HNS DP
6 spf Millennium
100008017 HMX SDP
4 (1.22) 28 (13) 23 (10)
7 (2.13) 44 (20) 35 (16)
101206246 HMX BH 20,000 77,000
6 60° 11 (3.35) 66 (30) 51 (23)
(1379) (34 921)
15 (4.57) 87 (39) 63 (29)
101208224 HMX Millennium™
21 (6.40) 120 (54) 92 (42)
100157018 HNS DP

September 2005 General Information 1-49

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

2 1/2-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
4 spf Millennium
0° 4 (1.22) 43 (20) 34 (15)
60° 20,000 121,000 7 (2.13) 67 (30) 52 (24)
101206251 HMX Millennium™ 4
90° (1379) (54 875) 11 (3.35) 98 (44) 75 (34)
180° 15 (4.57) 129 (59) 98 (44)
21 (6.40) 176 (80) 133 (60)
6 spf Millennium
4 (1.22) 45 (20) 34 (15)
20,000 121,000 7 (2.13) 70 (32) 52 (24)
101206251 HMX Millennium™ 6 60°
(1379) (54 875) 11 (3.35) 104 (47) 75 (34)
15 (4.57) 133 (60) 98 (44)
21 (6.4) 189 (86) 133 (60)

2 3/4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
101233817 HMX Millennium™ 4 spf Millennium
100157026 RDX SDP 4 (1.22) 57 (26) 50 (23)
101206793 RDX BH 22,000 134,000 8 (2.44) 97 (44) 82 (37)
4 180°
100010399 HMX SDP (1517) (60 771) 11 (3.35) 127 (58) 105 (48)
101251723 HNS SDP 16 (4.88) 173 (78) 145 (66)
101201843 PYX SDP 22 (6.71) 237 (108) 193 (88)
101233817 HMX Millennium™ 6 spf Millennium
100157026 RDX SDP 4 (1.22) 59 (27) 50 (23)
101206793 RDX BH 60° 20,000 134,000 8 (2.44) 102 (46) 82 (37)
6
100010399 HMX SDP Two Row (1379) (54 875) 11 (3.35) 134 (61) 105 (48)
101251723 HNS SDP 16 (4.88) 183 (83) 145 (66)
101201843 PYX SDP 22 (6.71) 252 (114) 193 (88)
101233817 HMX Millennium™
100157026 RDX SDP
101206793 RDX BH 22,000 134,000
6 60°
100010399 HMX SDP (1517) (60 771)
101251723 HNS SDP
101201843 PYX SDP

1-50 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

2 7/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
6 spf Millennium
4 (1.22) 62 (28) 54 (24)
22,000 142,000 8 (2.44) 106 (48) 86 (39)
101233817 HMX Millennium™ 6 60°
(1517) (64 399) 11 (3.35) 138 (63) 110 (50)
16 (4.88) 186 (84) 150 (68)
22 (6.71) 258 (117) 198 (90)

2 7/8-in. Heavy Wall Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
6 spf Millennium
4 (1.22) 64 (29) 55 (25)
22,000 142,000 8 (2.44) 112 (51) 92 (42)
101233817 HMX Millennium™ 6 60°
(1517) (64 399) 11 (3.35) 148 (67) 120 (54)
16 (4.88) 204 (93) 166 (75)
22 (6.71) 281 (127) 221 (100)

3 3/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
4 spf DP
100005322 RDX DP
4 (1.22) 86 (39) 77 (35)
8 (2.44) 144 (65) 125 (57)
100005327 HMX DP
11 (3.35) 187 (85) 160 (73)
16 (4.88) 256 (116) 219 (99)
100008014 RDX SDP 60°
25,000 238,000 22 (6.71) 345 (157) 290 (132)
4 90°
(1724) (107 937) 4 spf SDP and Millennium
101293450 RDX SDP/LD 180°
4 (1.22) 89 (40) 77 (35)
8 (2.44) 149 (68) 125 (57)
101233819 HMX Millennium™
11 (3.35) 195 (88) 160 (73)
16 (4.88) 268 (121) 219 (99)
100008015 PYX SDP
22 (6.71) 361 (164) 290 (132)
5 spf SDP and Millennium
100008014 RDX SDP
4 (1.22) 90 (41) 77 (35)
8 (2.44) 153 (69) 125 (57)
100008249 HMX SDP 20,000 238,000
5 0° 11 (3.35) 201 (91) 160 (73)
(1379) (107 937)
16 (4.88) 277 (126) 219 (99)
101233819 HMX Millennium™
22 (6.71) 374 (170) 290 (132)
100008015 PYX SDP

September 2005 General Information 1-51

Coiled Tubing Handbook

3 3/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies (Continued)

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
100005333 RDX DP 6 spf SDP and Millennium
100008014 RDX SDP 4 (1.22) 92 (42) 77 (35)
101293450 RDX SDP/LD 8 (2.44) 158 (72) 125 (57)
100008249 HMX DP 11 (3.35) 207 (94) 160 (73)
25,000 238,000
10123819 HMX Millennium™ 6 60° 16 (4.88) 287 (130) 219 (99)
(1724) (107 955)
101309223 HMX Dominator™ 22 (6.71) 388 (176) 290 (132)
100008015 PYX SDP
100005321 RDX BH
100157017 HMX BH
100005333 RDX DP
100008014 RDX SDP
101293450 RDX SDP/LD
100008249 HMX DP
60° 23,000 238,000
101233819 HMX Millennium™ 6
Two Row (1586) (107 955)
101309223 HMX Dominator™
100008015 PYX SDP
101295321 RDX BH
100007017 HMX BH
8 spf BH
100008251 RDX BH 4 (1.22) 86 (39) 77 (35)
21,000 238,000 8 (2.44) 144 (65) 125 (57)
8 180°
(1448) (107 955) 11 (3.35) 187 (85) 160 (73)
100005312 HMX BH 16 (4.88) 256 (116) 219 (99)
22 (6.71) 345 (156) 290 (132)
12 spf BH
100008251 RDX BH 4 (1.22) 89 (40) 77 (35)
30”/150” 23,000 238,000 8 (2.44) 150 (68) 125 (57)
12
OMNI™ (1586) (107 955) 11 (3.35) 197 (88) 160 (73)
100005312 HMX BH 16 (4.88) 271 (123) 219 (99)
22 (6.71) 365 (166) 290 (132)

1-52 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
4 spf DP
100005322 RDX DP
4 (1.22) 107 (49) 99 (45)
8 (2.44) 173 (78) 155 (70)
100005327 HMX DP
11 (3.35) 223 (101) 197 (89)
16 (4.88) 297 (135) 267 (121)
100005323 PYX DP
22 (6.71) 404 (183) 351 (159)
60° 20,000 278,000
4 4 spf SDP
100008014 RDX SDP 90° (1379) (126 077)
4 (1.22) 110 (50) 99 (45)
8 (2.44) 179 (81) 155 (70)
101293450 RDX SDP/LD
11 (3.35) 230 (104) 197 (89)
16 (4.88) 309 (140) 267 (121)
100008249 HMX SDP
22 (6.71) 420 (191) 351 (159)
100008015 PYX SDP
6 spf DP
100005322 RDX DP
4 (1.22) 111 (50) 99 (45)
8 (2.44) 180 (82) 155 (70)
100005327 HMX DP
11 (3.35) 233 (106) 197 (89)
16 (4.88) 319 (144) 267 (121)
100005323 PYX DP
22 (6.71) 424 (192) 351 (159)
20,000 278,000
6 60° 6 spf SDP
100008014 RDX SDP (1379) (126 077)
4 (1.22) 114 (52) 99 (45)
8 (2.44) 189 (86) 155 (70)
101293450 RDX SDP/LD
11 (3.35) 244 (111) 197 (89)
16 (4.88) 336 (152) 267 (121)
100008249 HMX SDP
22 (6.71) 448 (203) 351 (159)
100008015 PYX SDP

September 2005 General Information 1-53

Coiled Tubing Handbook

4 5/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
4 spf DP
100005322 RDX DP
4 (1.22) 145 (66) 135 (61)
8 (2.44) 231(105) 208 (94)
100005327 HMX DP
11 (3.35) 296 (134) 265 (120)
16 (4.88) 396 (179) 357 (162)
100005323 PYX DP
22 (6.71) 534 (242) 469 (213)
20,000 414,000
4 180° 4 spf 39 g Millennium
100008014 RDX SDP (1379) (187 755)
4 (1.22) 152 (69) 135 (61)
8 (2.44) 248 (113) 208 (94)
101293450 RDX SDP/LD
11 (3.35) 320 (145) 265 (120)
16 (4.88) 432 (196) 357 (162)
100008249 HMX SDP
22 (6.71) 584 (265) 469 (213)
100008015 PYX SDP
5 spf 39 g Millennium
101210636 HMX Millennium
4 (1.22) 156 (71) 135 (61)
60°
20,000 414,000 8 (2.44) 257 (117) 208 (94)
101287306 HNS SDP 5
(1379) (187 755) 11 (3.35) 333 (151) 265 (120)
16 (4.88) 447 (203) 357 (162)
101321963 RDX SH 135°
22 (6.71) 611 (277) 469 (213)
100005322 RDX DP 6 spf 32 g DP
100005327 HMX DP 4 (1.22) 147 (67) 134 (61)
100005323 PYX DP 8 (2.44) 235 (107) 207 (94)
20,000 414,000
100008014 RDX SDP 6 60° 11 (3.35) 301 (137) 262 (119)
(1379) (187 755)
101293450 RDX SDP/LD 16 (4.88) 405 (184) 354 (161)
100008249 HMX SDP 22 (6.71) 544 (247) 464 (210)
100008015 PYX SDP
8 spf SH
100005311 RDX SH
4 (1.22) 151 (69) 134 (61)
8 (2.44) 245 (111) 207 (94)
101228756 RDX SH/LD 8 45°/135° 20,000 414,000
11 (3.35) 316 (143) 262 (119)
180° (1379) (187 755)
16 (4.88) 420 (191) 353 (160)
100156995 HMX SH
22 (6.71) 574 (260) 462 (210)
101233690 HMX SH/LD
100005324 RDX DP 8 spf DP
100005325 RDX DP/LD 4 (1.22) 152 (69) 134 (61)
100014352 HMX DP 8 (2.44) 247 (112) 207 (94)
100005340 HMX DP/LD 11 (3.35) 319 (144) 262 (119)
101210674 HMX Millennium™ 18,000 414,000 16 (4.88) 424 (192) 353 (160)
8 180°
100157060 PYX DP (1241) (187 755) 22 (6.71) 580 (263) 462 (210)
100005319 RDX BH
100005326 RDX BH/LD
100157006 HMX BH
120038060 HMX BH/LD

1-54 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

4 5/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies (Continued)

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
100005319 RDX BH/LD 11 spf BH
100005326 RDX BH 4 (1.22) 153 (69) 129 (59)
100157006 HMX BH/LD 8 (2.44) 252 (114) 197 (89)
120038060 HMX DP 140°/16 16.000 414,000 11 (3.35) 326 (148) 248 (112)
11
100005324 RDX DP 0° (1103) (187 755) 16 (4.88) 438 (199) 334 (151)
100014352 HMX Millennium™ 22 (6.71) 600 (272) 436 (198)
101210674 HMX DP
100157060 PYX BH/LD
100005324 RDX DP 12 spf Millennium
100005325 RDX DP/LD 4 (1.22) 158 (72) 127 (58)
100014352 HMX DP 8 (2.44) 262 (119) 194 (88)
100005340 HMX DP/LD 11 (3.35) 340 (154) 244 (111)
101210674 HMX Millennium™ 16 (4.88) 459 (208) 327 (148)
100157060 PYX DP 22 (6.71) 626 (284) 427 (194)
100005319 RDX BH 12 spf BH
100005326 RDX BH/LD 4 (1.22) 154 (70) 127 (58)
100157006 HMX BH 30°/150° 20,000 414,000 8 (2.44) 254 (115) 194 (88)
12
120038060 HMX BH/LD OMNI™ (1379) (187 755) 11 (3.35) 328 (149) 244 (111)
16 (4.88) 442 (200) 327 (148)
100005311 RDX SH
22 (6.71) 602 (273) 427 (194)
12 spf SH
101228756 RDX SH/LD
4 (1.22) 150 (68) 127 (58)
8 (2.44) 245 (111) 194 (88)
199156995 HMX SH
11 (3.35) 315 (143) 244 (111)
16 (4.88) 422 (191) 327 (148)
101233690 HMX SH/LD
22 (6.71) 575 (281) 427 (194)
14 spf SH
100005311 RDX SH 4 (1.22) 150 (68) 124 (56)
25.7°/ 20,000 414,000 8 (2.44) 244 (111) 188 (85)
14
128.5° (1379) (187 755) 11 (3.35) 315 (143) 235 (107)
100156995 HMX SH 16 (4.88) 422 (192) 314 (142)
22 (6.71) 575 (261) 410 (186)
18 spf
100156990 RDX BH 4 (1.22) 139 (63) 118 (54)
18,000 414,000 8 (2.44) 222 (101) 176 (80)
18 45°/135°
(1241) (187 755) 11 (3.35) 285 (129) 219 (99)
100157005 HMX DP 16 (4.88) 379 (172) 291 (132)
22 (6.71) 513 (233) 378 (171)

September 2005 General Information 1-55

Coiled Tubing Handbook

4 ¾-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
12 spf BH
100005324 RDX DP
4 (1.22) 169 (77) 144 (65)
8 (2.44) 284 (129) 228 (103)
100005325 RDX DP/LD
11 (3.35) 370 (168) 291 (132)
16 (4.88) 505 (229) 395 (179)
100014352 HMX DP
22 (6.71) 685 (311) 521 (236)
12 spf DP
100005340 HMX DP/LD
4 (1.22) 166 (75) 144 (65)
8 (2.44) 277 (126) 228 (103)
101210674 HMX Millennium™
11 (3.35) 361 (164) 291 (132)
16 (4.88) 491 (223) 395 (179)
100157060 PYX DP
22 (6.71) 666 (302) 521 (236)
30°/150° 24,000 516,000 12 spf Millennium
100005319 RDX BH 12
OMNI™ (1655) (234 014) 4 (1.22) 173 (78) 144 (65)
8 (2.44) 292 (132) 228 (103)
100005326 RDX BH/LD
11 (3.35) 381 (173) 291 (132)
16 (4.88) 522 (237) 395 (179)
100157006 HMX BH
22 (6.71) 709 (321) 521 (236)
12 spf SH
120038060 HMX BH/LD
4 (1.22) 165 (75) 144 (65)
8 (2.44) 275 (125) 228 (103)
100005311 RDX SH
11 (3.35) 357 (162) 291 (132)
16 (4.88) 485 (220) 395 (179)
101228756 RDX SH/LD
22 (6.71) 657 (298) 521 (236)
100156995 HMX SH
101233690 HMX SH/LD

1-56 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

5-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
12 spf SH
100005311 RDX SH
4 (1.22) 175 (79) 152 (69)
8 (2.44) 280 (127) 230 (104)
101228756 RDX SH/LD 30°/150° 18,000 427,000
12 11 (3.35) 359 (163) 288 (131)
OMNI™ (1241) (193 651)
16 (4.88) 490 (222) 385 (175)
100156995 HMX SH
22 (6.71) 648 (294) 502 (228)
101233690 HMX SH/LD
14 spf SH
100005311 RDX SH
4 (1.22) 177 (80) 152 (69)
8 (2.44) 286 (130) 230 (104)
101228756 RDX SH/LD 25.7°/ 17,000 427,000
14 11 (3.35) 368 (167) 288 (131)
128.5° (1172) (193 651)
16 (4.88) 504 (228) 386 (175)
100156995 HMX SH
22 (6.71) 667 (302) 503 (228)
101233690 HMX SH/LD
18 spf SH
101268719 RDX SH 4 (1.22) 181 (82) 152 (69)
60°/120° 17,000 427,000 8 (2.44) 296 (134) 229 (104)
18
3/Plane (1172) (193 651) 11 (3.35) 383 (174) 288 (130)
AR HMX SH 16 (4.88) 527 (239) 385 (174)
22 (6.71) 701 (318) 501 (227)
21 spf BH
4 (1.22) 185 (84) 152 (69)
60°/120° 16,000 427,000 8 (2.44) 304 (138) 229 (104)
101292616 RDX BH 21
3/Plane (1103) (193 651) 11 (3.35) 393 (178) 287 (130)
16 (4.88) 540 (245) 384 (174)
22 (6.71) 717 (325) 500 (227)

September 2005 General Information 1-57

Coiled Tubing Handbook

5 1/8-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
6 spf 56.50 g SH
101240223 RDX
18,000 520,000 4 (1.22) 187 (85) 160 (73)
SH 6 135°
(1241) (239 929) 8 (2.44) 305 (138) 244 (111)
AR HMX
11 (3.35) 393 (178) 307 (139)
100005319 RDX BH 16 (4.88) 499 (226) 412 (187)
100005326 RDX BH/LD 22 (6.71) 717 (325) 538 (244)
100157006 HMX BH 12 spf 22.7 g
120038060 HMX BH/LD 4 (1.22) 181 (82) 157 (71)
100005324 RDX DP 8 (2.44) 290 (132) 239 (108)
100005325 RDX DP/LD 11 (3.35) 372 (169) 300 (136)
100014352 HMX DP 16,000 520,000 16 (4.88) 505 (229) 401 (182)
12 OMNI™
100005340 HMX DP/LD (1103) (239 929) 22 (6.71) 672 (305) 523 (237)
101210674 HMX Millennium™ 12 spf 28 g SH
100157060 PYX DP 4 (1.22) 180 (81) 157 (71)
100005311 RDX SH 8 (2.44) 287 (130) 239 (108)
101228756 RDX SH/LD 11 (3.35) 368 (167) 300 (136)
100156995 HMX SH 16 (4.88) 499 (226) 401 (182)
101233690 HMX SH/LD 22 (6.71) 663 (301) 523 (237)
14 spf 28 g SH
4 (1.22) 182 (82) 157 (71)
8 (2.44) 292 (133) 238 (108)
100157007 RDX
11 (3.35) 375 (170) 298 (135)
16 (4.88) 511 (232) 399 (181)
25.7°/ 16,000 520,000 22 (6.71) 679 (308) 520 (236)
SH 14
128.5° (1103) (239 929) 14 spf 32 g SH
4 (1.22) 186 (84) 157 (71)
8 (2.44) 302 (137) 238 (108)
100157011 HMX
11 (3.35) 389 (176) 298 (135)
16 (4.88) 531 (241) 399 (181)
22 (6.71) 708 (321) 520 (236)
21 spf
101292616 RDX 4 (1.22) 190 (86) 156 (71)
60°/120° 16,000 520,000 8 (2.44) 311 (141) 236 (107)
BH 21
3/Plane (1103) (239 929) 11 (3.35) 402 (182) 296 (134)
AR HMX 16 (4.88) 553 (251) 395 (179)
22 (6.71) 734 (333) 515 (234)

1-58 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

5 3/4-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
14 spf SH
4 (1.22) 216 (98) 192 (87)
25.7°/ 17,000 512,000 8 (2.44) 344 (156) 293 (133)
101278515 RDX SH/LD 14
128.5° (1172) (232 200) 11 (3.35) 442 (200) 369 (167)
16 (4.88) 647 (294) 496 (225)
22 (6.71) 859 (389) 648 (294)

6-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
12 spfDP
100156993 RDX DP
4 (1.22) 272 (123) 216 (98)
8 (2.44) 447 (203) 318 (144)
100156994 HMX DP
51.4°/ 15,000 672,000 15 (4.57) 706 (320) 497 (225)
12
154.2° (1034) (304 762) 12 spfBH
100156992 HMX BH
4 (1.22) 251 (114) 216 (98)
8 (2.44) 398 (181) 318 (144)
100156991 RDX BH
15 (4.57) 608 (276) 497 (225)

6 1/2-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
12 spf BH Mirage
101228161 RDX Mirage® BH
4 (1.22) 275 (125) 240 (109)
8 (2.44) 431 (195) 354 (160)
101304878 RDX Mirage SH
15,000 480,000 16 (4.88) 733 (333) 582 (264)
12 45°/135°
(1034) (217 687) 12 spf SH/LD
101213474 RDX SH
4 (1.22) 277 (126) 240 (109)
8 (2.44) 435 (197) 354 (160)
101212693 RDX SH/LD
16 (4.88) 743 (337) 582 (264)
14 spf SH Mirage
101228161 RDX Mirage BH 4 (1.22) 277 (124) 240 (109)
8 (2.44) 437 (198) 354 (160)
16 (4.88) 754 (342) 582 (264)
15,000 480,000
101304878 RDX Mirage SH 14 138° 14 spf SH
(1034) (217 687)
4 (1.22) 283 (128) 240 (109)
8 (2.44) 451 (205) 354 (160)
101213474 RDX SH 16 (4.88) 784 (355) 582 (264)

September 2005 General Information 1-59

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

6 1/2-in. High-Pressure Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive Charge
SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
12 spf BH Mirage
101228161 RDX Mirage BH
4 (1.22) 298 (135) 268 (121)
8 (2.44) 476 (216) 410 (186)
101304878 RDX Mirage SH
20,000 480,000 16 (4.88) 824 (370) 684 (310)
12 45°/135°
(1379) (217 687) 12 spf SH/LD
101213474 RDX SH
4 (1.22) 300 (136) 268 (121)
8 (2.44) 481 (218) 410 (186)
101212693 RDX SH/LD
16 (4.88) 834 (378) 684 (310)
14 spf SH Mirage
101228161 RDX Mirage BH 4 (1.22) 300 (136) 268 (121)
8 (2.44) 482 (219) 410 (186)
16 (4.88) 841 (382) 684 (310)
20,000 480,000
101304878 RDX Mirage SH 14 138° 14 spf SH
(1379) (217 687)
4 (1.22) 305 (138) 268 (121)
8 (2.44) 496 (225) 410 (186)
101213474 RDX SH 16 (4.88) 871 (395) 684 (310)

7-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
12 spf BH Mirage
100005325 RDX DP/LD
4 (1.22) 326 (148) 292 (132)
8 (2.44) 494 (224) 421 (191)
100005340 HMX DP/LD
16 (4.88) 831 (377) 679 (308)
12 spf SH/LD
101228161 RDX Mirage BH
4 (1.22) 328 (149) 292 (132)
13,000 802,000
12 45°/135° 8 (2.44) 499 (226) 421 (191)
101304878 RDX Mirage SH (897) (363 719)
16 (4.88) 841 (381) 679 (308)
12 spf Millennium
101213474 RDX SH
4 (1.22) 356 (161) 292 (132)
8 (2.44) 565 (256) 421 (191)
101212693 RDX SH/LD
16 (4.88) 984 (446) 679 (308)
101207997 HMX Millennium™

1-60 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

7-in. Premium VannGun™ Assemblies (Continued)

Collapse Tensile Weights
Charge Explosive
Charge Type SPF Phasing Pressure Strength Length Loaded Spacer
Part No. Type
psi (bars) lb (kg) ft (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
14 spf SH Mirage
101228161 RDX Mirage BH 4 (1.22) 328 (149) 291 (132)
8 (2.44) 501 (227) 420 (190)
13,000 802,000 16 (4.88) 847 (384) 677 (307)
101304878 RDX Mirage SH 14 138°
(897) (363,719) 14 spf SH
4 (1.22) 334 (151) 291 (132)
101213474 RDX SH 8 (2.44) 515 (234) 420 (190)
16 (4.88) 877 (398) 677 (307)

Gun Washover/Fishing Specifications

Gun Size Gun OD in.* Max Shot Minimum Casing Size
(in.) (Gun OD after shooting) (Density) per ft SPF (for washing over w/o milling guns)
1.745 4
1.563 4 in.
1.76 6
2.166 4
2 4 in.
2.203 6
TBD* 4
2.5 4.5 in. 13.5 #/ft
2.67 6
2.97 4
2.75 2.79 5 4.5 in. 9.5 #/ft
3.09 6
3.125 3.25 9 5 in. 15 #/ft
3.68 4
3.375 3.68 6 5.5 in. 23 #/ft
3.53 12
4 4.26 6 6 5/8 in. 35 #/ft
4.87 5
4.88 6
4.86 8
4.625 7 in. 35 #/ft
4.87 11
4.96 12
4.79 14
5.2 12
5 5.3 14 7 in. 26 #/ft/**
5.23 18
5.41 6
5.21 12
5.125 7 5/8 in. 39 #/ft
5.38 14
5.36 21
6 6.79 12 9 5/8 in.
6.5 6.76 14 9 5/8 in. 71.8 #/ft
7.14 12
7 9 5/8 in. 58.4 #/ft
7.15 14
**Worst case - Atmospheric pressure, submerged in water.
**It is possible to washover 5-in. guns in 7-in., 29-lb casing, but washover pipe to be used is not a common size
and is difficult to find.

September 2005 General Information 1-61

Coiled Tubing Handbook

O-ring Dimensions
Size *ASA Part Size *ASA Part
OD (in.) ID (in.) Cross-section (in.) No. OD (in.) ID (in.) Cross-section (in.) No.
7/16 5/16 1/16 568-011 3 1/2 3 1/4 1/8 568-236
3/4 5/8 1/16 568-016 3 5/8 3 3/8 1/8 568-237
15/16 13/16 1/16 568-019 3 3/4 3 1/2 1/8 568-238
1 1/16 15/16 1/16 568-021 3 7/8 3 5/8 1/8 568-239
1 1/4 1 1/8 1/16 568-024 4 3 3/4 1/8 568-240
1 7/8 1 3/4 1/16 568-031 4 1/8 3 7/8 1/8 568-241
2 1/2 2 3/8 1/16 568-036 4 1/4 4 1/8 568-242
3 3/8 3 1/4 1/16 568-042 4 3/8 4 1/8 1/8 568-243
9/16 3/8 3/32 568-110 4 1/2 4 1/4 1/8 568-244
1 1/16 1/2 3/32 568-112 4 5/8 4 3/8 1/8 568-245
3/4 9/16 3/32 568-113 4 3/4 4 1/2 1/8 568-246
13/16 5/8 3/32 568-114 4 7/8 4 5/8 1/8 568-247
7/8 1 1/16 3/32 568-115 5 4 3/4 1/8 568-248
15/16 3/4 3/32 568-116 5 1/8 4 7/8 1/8 568-249
2 7/16 2 1/4 3/32 568-140 5 1/4 5 1/8 568-250
2 11/16 2 1/2 3/32 568-144 5 3/8 5 1/8 1/8 568-251
2 3/4 2 9/16 3/32 568-145 5 1/2 5 1/4 1/8 568-252
3 7/16 3 1/4 3/32 568-152 5 5/8 5 3/8 1/8 568-253
1 3/4 1/8 568-210 5 3/4 5 1/2 1/8 568-254
1 1/16 13/16 1/8 568-211 5 7/8 5 5/8 1/8 568-255
1 1/8 7/8 1/8 568-212 6 5 3/4 1/8 568-256
1 3/16 15/16 1/8 568-213 6 1/8 5 7/8 1/8 568-257
1 1/4 1 1/8 568-214 6 1/4 6 1/8 568-258
1 5/16 1 1/16 1/8 568-215 6 1/2 6 1/4 1/8 568-259
1 3/8 1 1/8 1/8 568-216 6 3/4 6 1/2 1/8 568-260
1 7/16 1 3/16 1/8 568-217 7 6 3/4 1/8 568-261
1 1/2 1 1/4 1/8 568-218 7 1/4 7 1/8 568-262
1 9/16 1 5/16 1/8 568-219 7 1/2 7 1/4 1/8 568-263
1 5/8 1 3/8 1/8 568-220 7 3/4 7 1/2 1/8 568-264
1 11/16 1 7/16 1/8 568-221 8 7 3/4 1/8 568-265
1 3/4 1 1/2 1/8 568-222 8 1/4 8 1/8 568-266
1 7/8 1 5/8 1/8 568-223 8 1/2 8 1/4 1/8 568-267
2 1 3/4 1/8 568-224 8 3/4 8 1/2 1/8 568-268
2 1/8 1 7/8 1/8 568-225 9 8 3/4 1/8 568-269
2 1/4 2 1/8 568-226 9 1/4 9 1/8 568-270
2 3/8 2 1/8 1/8 568-227 9 1/2 9 1/4 1/8 568-271
2 1/2 2 1/4 1/8 568-228 9 3/4 9 1/2 1/8 568-272
2 5/8 2 3/8 1/8 568-229 10 9 3/4 1/8 568-273
2 3/4 2 1/2 1/8 568-230 10 1/4 10 1/8 568-274
2 7/8 2 5/8 1/8 568-231 11 1/4 11 1/8 568-276
3 2 3/4 1/8 568-232 1 7/8 1 1/2 3/16 568-325
3 1/8 2 7/8 1/8 568-233 2 1 5/8 3/16 568-326
3 1/4 3 1/8 568-234 2 1/8 1 3/4 3/16 568-327
3 3/8 3 1/8 1/8 568-235 2 1/4 1 7/8 3/16 568-328
*American Standards Association

1-62 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

O-ring Dimensions (Continued)

Size *ASA Part Size *ASA Part
OD (in.) ID (in.) Cross-section (in.) No. OD (in.) ID (in.) Cross-section (in.) No.
2 3/8 2 3/16 568-329 5 1/2 5 1/4 568-429
2 1/2 2 1/8 3/16 568-330 5 5/8 5 1/8 1/4 568-430
2 5/8 2 1/4 3/16 568-331 5 3/4 5 1/4 1/4 568-431
2 3/4 2 3/8 3/16 568-332 5 7/8 5 3/8 1/4 568-432
2 7/8 2 1/2 3/16 568-333 6 5 1/2 1/4 568-433
3 2 5/8 3/16 568-334 6 1/8 5 3/8 1/4 568-434
3 1/8 2 3/4 3/16 568-335 6 1/4 5 3/4 1/4 568-435
3 1/4 2 7/8 3/16 568-336 6 3/8 5 7/8 1/4 568-436
3 3/8 3 3/16 568-337 6 1/2 6 1/4 568-437
3 1/2 3 1/8 3/16 568-338 6 3/4 6 1/4 1/4 568-438
3 5/8 3 1/4 3/16 568-339 7 6 1/2 1/4 568-439
3 3/4 3 3/8 3/16 568-340 7 1/4 6 3/4 1/4 568-440
3 7/8 3 1/2 3/16 568-341 7 1/2 7 1/4 568-441
4 3 5/8 3/16 568-342 7 3/4 7 1/4 1/4 568-442
4 1/8 3 3/4 3/16 568-343 8 7 1/2 1/4 568-443
4 1/4 3 7/8 3/16 568-344 8 1/4 7 3/4 1/4 568-444
4 3/8 4 3/16 568-345 8 1/2 8 1/4 568-445
4 1/2 4 1/8 3/16 568-346 9 8 1/2 1/4 568-446
4 5/8 4 1/4 3/16 568-347 9 1/2 9 1/4 568-447
4 3/4 4 3/8 3/16 568-348 10 9 1/2 1/4 568-448
4 7/8 4 1/2 3/16 568-349 10 1/2 10 1/4 568-449
7 5/8 7 1/4 3/16 568-366 11 10 1/2 1/4 568-450
5 4 1/2 1/4 568-425 11 1/2 11 1/4 568-451
5 1/8 4 5/8 1/4 568-426 12 11 1/2 1/4 568-452
5 1/4 4 3/4 1/4 568-427 14 1/2 14 1/4 568-457
5 3/8 4 7/8 1/4 568-428
*American Standards Association

September 2005 General Information 1-63

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Displacing Fluid from Coiled Tubing with Nitrogen

Displacement of fluids from a coil tubing reel after a job is critical to the life of the pipe and the safe
operation of the unit. In general displacement with nitrogen takes two steps. The first is to blow out the
free water. This is accomplished by pumping nitrogen at a high rate to mobilize and remove all free water.
The second step is to dry the film of fluid that remains. Drying works best at low pressure. This means
pumping as slow as possible to keep the friction pressure down.

Volume of nitrogen required is a function of tubing volume. Each barrel of tubing volume requires 1000
scf of nitrogen to displace and dry the pipe. An example would be displacing a reel that has 10 bbls of
fluid. Volume of nitrogen required would be 10 x 1000 = 10,000 scf. Initial rate would be 400 to 1000
scf/min. When nitrogen breaks through decrease the rate to 100 to 400 scf/min. larger size tubing will
require the higher range of rates while smaller tubing will require the lower rate.

Procedure
This procedure should be performed at the wellsite while the CT unit is still connected to the wellhead
and return equipment. If the operation is to be done off site or at the services center, provisions must be
made to safely collect and contain all fluids for disposal. Flow lines connecting the end of the CT to
disposal tanks or pits should be properly secured and should not contain rubber hoses.

Customers are responsible for properly disposing of hazardous materials pumped through the CT. This
includes any material left in the tubing after operations are complete. Halliburton supervisors/operators
should confirm that the customer has the proper fluid or gas on location to purge the CT before moving
off site. If hazardous fluids are to be disposed of off site, all requirements for containment, manifesting
and placards should be met as required by the Department of Transport or other regulatory agencies.

1. Displace the CT with the best available water source. Treat the CT at this time to prevent corro-
sion. (see Best Practices Series "Coiled Tubing and Corrosion").
2. Start pumping nitrogen at higher suggested rates listed (Table 1.1, Page 1-65). Do not exceed
3000 psi.(21.0 mPa / 210 bar) pump pressure.
3. When nitrogen breaks out at the end of the tubing, reduce the nitrogen rate to the lower suggested
rate and pump the remaining volume (Table 1.2, Page 1-66).

1-64 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 1.1—Suggested Nitrogen Rates

Specified OD Specified Wall Thickness Nitrogen Requirements
Purge High Rate Dry Low Rate Purge High Rate Dry Low Rate
(in.) (mm) (in.) (mm)
(scf/min) (scf/min) (scm/min) (scm/min)
1.000 25.4 0.080 2.0 371 111 11 3
1.000 25.4 0.087 2.2 359 108 10 3
1.000 25.4 0.095 2.4 345 104 10 3
1.000 25.4 0.102 2.6 333 100 9 3
1.000 25.4 0.109 2.8 322 97 9 3
1.250 31.8 0.080 2.0 625 187 18 5
1.250 31.8 0.087 2.2 609 183 17 5
1.250 31.8 0.095 2.4 591 177 17 5
1.250 31.8 0.102 2.6 576 173 16 5
1.250 31.8 0.109 2.8 560 168 16 5
1.250 31.8 0.125 3.2 526 158 15 4
1.250 31.8 0.134 3.4 507 152 14 4
1.250 31.8 0.156 4.0 463 139 13 4
1.500 38.1 0.095 2.4 903 271 26 8
1.500 38.1 0.102 2.6 884 265 25 8
1.500 38.1 0.109 2.8 865 259 24 7
1.500 38.1 0.125 3.2 822 247 23 7
1.500 38.1 0.134 3.4 798 240 23 7
1.500 38.1 0.156 4.0 742 223 21 6
1.500 38.1 0.175 4.4 696 209 20 6
1.750 44.5 0.109 2.8 1235 370 35 10
1.750 44.5 0.125 3.2 1184 355 34 10
1.750 44.5 0.134 3.4 1155 347 33 10
1.750 44.5 0.156 4.0 1088 326 31 9
1.750 44.5 0.175 4.4 1031 309 29 9
1.750 44.5 0.188 4.8 993 298 28 8
2.000 50.8 0.109 2.8 1670 501 47 14
2.000 50.8 0.125 3.2 1611 483 46 14
2.000 50.8 0.134 3.4 1578 473 45 13
2.000 50.8 0.156 4.0 1499 450 42 13
2.000 50.8 0.175 4.4 1432 430 41 12
2.000 50.8 0.188 4.8 1387 416 39 12
2.000 50.8 0.203 5.2 1337 401 38 11
2.375 60.3 0.109 2.8 2447 734 69 21
2.375 60.3 0.125 3.2 2375 713 67 20
2.375 60.3 0.134 3.4 2335 701 66 20
2.375 60.3 0.156 4.0 2239 672 63 19
2.375 60.3 0.175 4.4 2157 647 61 18
2.375 60.3 0.188 4.8 2102 631 60 18
2.375 60.3 0.203 5.2 2039 612 58 17
2.875 73.0 0.125 3.2 3625 1087 103 31
2.875 73.0 0.134 3.4 3575 1073 101 30
2.875 73.0 0.156 4.0 3455 1037 98 29
2.875 73.0 0.175 4.4 3354 1006 95 28
2.875 73.0 0.188 4.8 3285 985 93 28
2.875 73.0 0.203 5.2 3207 962 91 27

September 2005 General Information 1-65

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 1.1—Suggested Nitrogen Rates (Continued)

Specified OD Specified Wall Thickness Nitrogen Requirements
Purge High Rate Dry Low Rate Purge High Rate Dry Low Rate
(in.) (mm) (in.) (mm)
(scf/min) (scf/min) (scm/min) (scm/min)
3.500 88.9 0.134 3.4 5495 1648 156 47
3.500 88.9 0.156 4.0 5346 1604 151 45
3.500 88.9 0.175 4.4 5219 1566 148 44
3.500 88.9 0.188 4.8 5134 1540 145 44
3.500 88.9 0.203 5.2 5035 1511 143 43

Table 1.2—Nitrogen Volumes for Various Tubing Sizes

Specified OD Specified Wall Thickness ID Nitrogen Requirements to Purge Fluid
(in.) (mm) (in.) (mm) (in.) (mm) (scf/ft) (scm/m)
1.000 25.4 0.080 2.0 0.840 21.3 0.69 0.064
1.000 25.4 0.087 2.2 0.826 21.0 0.66 0.062
1.000 25.4 0.095 2.4 0.810 20.6 0.64 0.059
1.000 25.4 0.102 2.6 0.796 20.2 0.62 0.057
1.000 25.4 0.109 2.8 0.782 19.9 0.59 0.055
1.250 31.8 0.080 2.0 1.090 27.7 1.15 0.107
1.250 31.8 0.087 2.2 1.076 27.3 1.12 0.104
1.250 31.8 0.095 2.4 1.060 26.9 1.09 0.101
1.250 31.8 0.102 2.6 1.046 26.6 1.06 0.099
1.250 31.8 0.109 2.8 1.032 26.2 1.03 0.096
1.250 31.8 0.125 3.2 1.000 25.4 0.97 0.090
1.250 31.8 0.134 3.4 0.982 24.9 0.94 0.087
1.250 31.8 0.156 4.0 0.938 23.8 0.85 0.079
1.500 38.1 0.095 2.4 1.310 33.3 1.67 0.155
1.500 38.1 0.102 2.6 1.296 32.9 1.63 0.152
1.500 38.1 0.109 2.8 1.282 32.6 1.60 0.148
1.500 38.1 0.125 3.2 1.250 31.8 1.52 0.141
1.500 38.1 0.134 3.4 1.232 31.3 1.47 0.137
1.500 38.1 0.156 4.0 1.188 30.2 1.37 0.127
1.500 38.1 0.175 4.4 1.150 29.2 1.28 0.119
1.750 44.5 0.109 2.8 1.532 38.9 2.28 0.212
1.750 44.5 0.125 3.2 1.500 38.1 2.19 0.203
1.750 44.5 0.134 3.4 1.482 37.6 2.13 0.198
1.750 44.5 0.156 4.0 1.438 36.5 2.01 0.187
1.750 44.5 0.175 4.4 1.400 35.6 1.90 0.177
1.750 44.5 0.188 4.8 1.374 34.9 1.83 0.170
2.000 50.8 0.109 2.8 1.782 45.3 3.08 0.287
2.000 50.8 0.125 3.2 1.750 44.5 2.97 0.276
2.000 50.8 0.134 3.4 1.732 44.0 2.91 0.271
2.000 50.8 0.156 4.0 1.688 42.9 2.77 0.257
2.000 50.8 0.175 4.4 1.650 41.9 2.64 0.246
2.000 50.8 0.188 4.8 1.624 41.2 2.56 0.238
2.000 50.8 0.203 5.2 1.594 40.5 2.47 0.229
Note—CT capabilities are calculated using specified (nominal) OD and wall thickness.

1-66 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 1.2—Nitrogen Volumes for Various Tubing Sizes (Continued)

Specified OD Specified Wall Thickness ID Nitrogen Requirements to Purge Fluid
(in.) (mm) (in.) (mm) (in.) (mm) (scf/ft) (scm/m)
2.375 60.3 0.109 2.8 2.157 54.8 4.52 0.420
2.375 60.3 0.125 3.2 2.125 54.0 4.39 0.407
2.375 60.3 0.134 3.4 2.107 53.5 4.31 0.401
2.375 60.3 0.156 4.0 2.063 52.4 4.13 0.384
2.375 60.3 0.175 4.4 2.025 51.4 3.98 0.370
2.375 60.3 0.188 4.8 1.999 50.8 3.88 0.361
2.375 60.3 0.203 5.2 1.969 50.0 3.77 0.350
2.875 73.0 0.125 3.2 2.625 66.7 6.69 0.622
2.875 73.0 0.134 3.4 2.607 66.2 6.60 0.613
2.875 73.0 0.156 4.0 2.563 65.1 6.38 0.593
2.875 73.0 0.175 4.4 2.525 64.1 6.19 0.575
2.875 73.0 0.188 4.8 2.499 63.5 6.07 0.563
2.875 73.0 0.203 5.2 2.469 62.7 5.92 0.550
3.500 88.9 0.134 3.4 3.232 82.1 10.15 0.943
3.500 88.9 0.156 4.0 3.188 81.0 9.87 0.917
3.500 88.9 0.175 4.4 3.150 80.0 9.64 0.895
3.500 88.9 0.188 4.8 3.124 79.3 9.48 0.881
3.500 88.9 0.203 5.2 3.094 78.6 9.30 0.864
Note—CT capabilities are calculated using specified (nominal) OD and wall thickness.

Using Nitrogen Bottles for Purging Coiled Tubing

When it is not possible to purge the CT with a nitrogen unit it is still possible to purge most of the fluids
using nitrogen stored in bottles or quads. This may be necessary to lighten the weight of the CT reel prior
to transportation but is not suitable for drying the CT for corrosion and freeze protection. Drying the CT
should be done with a nitrogen pumping unit as outlined previously.

Since nitrogen bottles come in many different sizes and pressure ratings the volume of gas that a
particular nitrogen bottle can store can be found using Boyles Law. When temperature is constant the
formula is:
P1 x V1
P1 × V1 = P2 × V2 or V2 =
P2

Where: P1 is the pressure of the N2 bottle.

V1 is the volume of the N2 bottle.
P2 is the atmospheric pressure (approx 15 psi)
V2 is the volume of nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure.

For example using a common N2 bottle size. How much gas does a 50Liter, 2,400psi bottle hold.

The volume of the bottle in ft3 is 50 L x 0.03531 = 1.7655 ft3

2,400 x 1.7655
Volume of the gas at atmospheric pressure = = 282 scf
15

September 2005 General Information 1-67

Coiled Tubing Handbook

As a guide for purging most of the fluids from a CT string we need to calculate the volume of gas required
based on pressuring up the CT string to 200 psi.

For example, 15,000 ft of 1.5-in. OD, 0.109 wall has a total volume of 24 bbls or 135 ft3. Using the bottles
mentioned above how many bottles are required to purge the fluids from the CT?

Using boyles law again but substituting atmospheric pressure for a CT pressure of 200 psi. We can come
up with the following equation:

P2 x V2
V1 =
P1

Where: V1 is the volume of gas in the nitrogen bottles that we require.

P2 is the pressure we need in the CT = 200 psi.
V2 is the CT volume = 135 ft3
P1 is the pressure of the nitrogen bottles = 2,400 psi.

Therefore V1 = 11.25 ft3 of pressurized nitrogen.

Divide by 1.7655 ft3 per bottle = 6.4 or 7 bottles of nitrogen.

If absolutely necessary it is possible to calculate using a CT pressure of 100 psi, but this obviously leaves
more fluid behind.

1-68 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing and Corrosion

Procedures to Minimize CT Corrosion
Scope

Good storage, pre-job and post-job tubing maintenance practices are required to minimize CT corrosion
and ensure safe and successful completion of CT services, as well as maximizing service life of the
tubing. Taking the proper steps to minimize corrosion will reduce the probability of unexpected failures
and reduce risk to personnel safety as well as to the customer's well. It should be recognized that different
locations may require different procedures but these basic guidelines and recommendations should be
followed where possible to maximize service life of the CT string. Coiled tubing can be attacked by
corrosion externally and internally, either of which can cause premature and unexpected problems and
failures. For example, exposure of unprotected CT to humid atmospheric conditions will produce iron
oxide (rust) which can interfere with proper functioning of the injector gripper blocks and well head
stripper as well as promote pitting of the CT. Internal pitting corrosion can be due to untreated aqueous
fluids left in the tubing after a job. Taking proper maintenance steps to mitigate corrosion will aid in
performance of consistent and successful CT jobs.

Underutilized pipe can also create unexpected problems if the pipe is not properly protected during
storage. Operations should have realistic inventory plans to insure that there is not excessive tubing in
storage. The longer the tubing sits, the more potential there is for corrosion related problems. In addition
to these guidelines, the operator must be aware of the nature of the downhole conditions and take
precautions where appropriate. For example, if H2S is expected, the use of QT-1000 may be prohibited
or stress cracking inhibitors may be required.

Corrosion and Environmental Cracking of Coiled Tubing

Coiled tubing corrosion considerations that operations should be aware of are described below for
informational purposes. These various forms of corrosion can have several specific detrimental effects
on CT, such as reduced strength, reduced pressure integrity (collapse and burst), reduced fatigue life as
well as an increase in susceptibility to sudden, unexpected premature failures.

General Corrosion

The result of general corrosion is uniform wall thinning of the CT. General corrosion is not a common
mechanism but may occur when galvanic corrosion (see below) is operative downhole.

Pitting Corrosion

Pitting can represent a more severe form of corrosion than uniform metal loss. This is due to extensive
localized loss of wall thickness which compromises the integrity of the entire string. Low pH (acidic) and
higher temperature environments tend to initiate pitting corrosion. Pitting corrosion also occurs in aerated
brines under atmospheric conditions. This type of corrosion is a common form of CT damage and is
particularly insidious because pitting creates stress concentration when the tubing is being worked,
promoting development of fatigue cracking that could quickly lead to a pinhole leak or, worse, complete
tubular failure. Since pitting is difficult to detect, effective inhibition and care of CT is essential.

Galvanic Corrosion

Galvanic corrosion is not usually a problem when CT is used in wells containing low alloy steel
components. However, in corrosive wells, downhole tubulars may be made of duplex stainless steels,
nickel based superalloys or titanium alloys. In contact with an electrolytic fluid, the CT will become the

September 2005 General Information 1-69

Coiled Tubing Handbook

anode and accelerated corrosion (wall thinning) of the CT may occur. The effects of general corrosion
may be minimized by using chemical inhibition, limiting the exposure time or using thicker wall CT

Industrial Atmospheric Corrosion

Sulfur compounds are the major cause of increased corrosion rates in industrial areas. Corrosion will be
accelerated in areas of high humidity and warmer temperatures. Timeof- wetness is also a critical
variable. Wetness is greater inside the wraps than on top. Water which condenses and is trapped within
the tubing wraps as the pipe “breathes” with temperature changes can result in permanent wetness in the
wraps. Condensation also occur inside the CT itself and collect in bottom wraps.

Marine Corrosion

Corrosion of CT occurs through contact with marine salts, primarily sodium chloride but also potassium,
magnesium, calcium and sulfate ions. Chloride salts are hygroscopic and the chloride ion promotes
pitting in CT steels. Once pitting is established, penetration can occur at accelerated rates. It has been
found that steel will corrode 12 times faster when located 80 ft from the coastline than when it is located
800 ft from the coastline, due to the level of marine salts present at the two locations. However, sea salt
can be found a great distances from the sea (often as much as 100 miles inland) and can come down both
as dry dust and in rainfall. Time-of-wetness is a critical variable in determining the level of corrosion and
salt tends to increase time-of-wetness by absorbing water at lower humidity.

Filiform Corrosion

Filiform corrosion is localized corrosion in the form of randomly distributed filaments or streaks of sharp
and long, narrow pits. It can be caused by condensing water solutions containing carbon dioxide,
chlorides, sulfates or sulfides. Warm temperatures usually worsen the situation. Elimination of aqueous
fluids from the tubing ID will eliminate filiform corrosion.

Corrosive fluids
Production Fluids

Production fluids can be corrosive to CT if they contain the acid gases H2S and/or CO2. These gases
lower pH of the aqueous phase. Also, production water containing brines increase the overall corrosivity
of the production fluids. H2S in brine with or without CO2 is more corrosive than H2S in oil. Risk of
corrosion or cracking in dry gas wells containing H2S is low. An expert software (CLI International's
Predict, a program for evaluation and determination of corrosion in steels) is available for use in
predicting the extent of corrosion losses from exposure to reservoir fluids (contact Terry McCoy,
memoid ENGZ101).

Completion Fluids

Brines used in workovers and completions increase in corrosivity as temperature increases and as the
specific gravity of the brine increases. Aerated brines are also more corrosive than deaerated brines.

Acidizing Fluids

Acid corrosion inhibitor systems are designed to protect CT from pitting and unacceptable wall thickness
loss under downhole conditions. However, corrosion inhibitors do not impede the ability of the acid to
dissolve rust. When the acidized tubing is exposed air (oxygen) back on the surface, then the freshly
cleaned surface now has a significantly increased susceptibility to atmospheric corrosion (rusting),
particularly in marine environments. Research has shown that alternate exposure of CT to inhibited acid,

1-70 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

then air, then inhibited acid, etc. can cause corrosion rates to increase by up to 5 to 7 times the corrosion
rate if exposed only to inhibited acid.

Spent Acid

Because of the depletion and/or dilution of acid inhibitors, spent acid can be more corrosive than properly
inhibited live acid. Flowback acid from sandstone reservoirs may not be totally spent. Most of the
corrosion inhibitor may be lost to the tubing or formation leaving highly corrosive acid. Also, corrosion
inhibitors are blends of components, some of which will adsorb in the formation more easily than others.
The result is that the inhibitor composition in flowback fluids may not be the same as that originally
pumped and its effectiveness may be compromised.

In addition, if the well is underbalanced during acidizing operations, inflow of reservoir fluids is possible.
Formation brine may dilute both the acid and the inhibitor concentration. For example, properly inhibited
15% HCl is not as corrosive as 5% HCl with 1/3 the original inhibitor concentration, under most
conditions. Also, the produced reservoir fluid and/or gases (such as H2S) may themselves be quite
corrosive and reduce the effectiveness of normal acid corrosion inhibitors.

Nitrogen

Nitrogen generating units (excluding cryogenic nitrogen) can also generate oxygen which will increase
corrosion downhole. Membrane generated nitrogen typically contains 2% to 6% oxygen at typical
pumping rates. Presence of dissolved oxygen in water is a major factor influencing corrosion rates on CT.
Even at a temperature of 75°F, water equilibrated with air will contain 7 to 8 ppm oxygen and corrosion
rates up to 600 mils per year have been measured under turbulent conditions. The effects of oxygen on
corrosion is magnified by highly erosive environments.

H2S Containing Environments

Coiled tubing strength can be reduced by exposure to wet H2S. This occurs when aqueous fluids
containing H2S corrode the tubing. The corrosion reaction releases atomic hydrogen which enters the
steel matrix potentially causing hydrogen embrittlement of the CT. The potential for cracking and related
problems depends on several factors, such as partial pressure of the H2S, duration of exposure,
metallurgy of the CT (chemistry, strength, pre-existing mechanical damage, type of welds, etc.), severity
of applied stresses and condition of tubing.

QT-700 and QT-800 are suitable for H2S service. Due to its higher strength and hardness, QT-1000 is
not usually recommended for sour service as it is more susceptible to hydrogen cracking in wet H2S
environments than QT-700 or QT-800. However, it should be noted that QT-1000 has been used in some
low H2S sour service situations. Also, use of CT with butt welds in wet H2S fluids should be avoided if
possible as butt welds are more susceptible to cracking than bias welds. Also, end connectors which are
designed to induce mechanical damage (dimpling, for instance) cause the CT to be more susceptible to
failure.

When H2S is present in the reservoir, then some judgment must be exercised. For instance, the use of new
(or relatively new) tubing may be in order. Also, chemical inhibition may be required where
underbalanced conditions may exist and inflow of H2S is possible. As an example, in Canada, one
location's general practice is to use an inhibitor whenever H2S concentration is 10% or more and contact
time is over 8 hours. It may also be advisable to use an inhibitor for lower concentrations of H2S,
especially if extended time downhole is a possibility. In these cases, various inhibitors would be used
depending on the type of fluid being pumped. The inhibitor concentrations listed in Table 1.3 would be
circulated from the start of the job to protect tubing OD.

September 2005 General Information 1-71

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 1.3—Inhibitor Concentrations

Concentration
Inhibitor Treating Fluid
(by volume)*
Produced fluids
CoilGard™ Drilling mud 0.20%
Oil
Produced fluids
Crack Chek-97 Drilling mud 0.05% to 0.20%
Oil
SCA-130* Acids 0.4% to 4%
Mixed brines
Anhib II 0.1% to 0.4%
Fresh water
*See also Chemical Stimulation Manual or HalWeb. Most commonly used
range for SCA-130 is 1 % to 2%.

In cases where only nitrogen was being pumped, the inhibitor would be periodically injected into the reel
at rates of 1 to 4 liters/hour. CoilGard (replacement for Crack Chek-97) is an inhibitor that is particularly
effective for preventing corrosion and sulfide stress cracking of high strength carbon steel in sour brine
waters.

Note Never use CoilGard or Crack Chek-97 in acid solutions. SCA-130 inhibitor was
developed for use in acid solutions.

Coiled Tubing Storage Guidelines

General

Local conditions must be taken into account when determining the amount of maintenance required to
prevent external CT corrosion while tubing is being stored. In warm climates with high humidity,
damaging corrosion can occur within a short time and can be especially severe near coastal areas. In dry
climates, storage protection requirements may be minimal. Changing conditions during day and night
hasten corrosion when temperature of CT falls below the dew point. Moisture may be trapped for
extended periods between the tubing wraps and if chlorides are present, pitting corrosion will be
accelerated. For long-term storage, it may be necessary to store the CT inside and out of the weather.
Application of a corrosion inhibitor is still recommended if environmental conditions (temperature and
relative humidity) are not controlled and can be damaging. Infrequently used CT is also subject to internal
corrosion and is usually attributed to aqueous solutions remaining is the tubing for extended period of
times.

Covers

Use of weather resistant covers may be helpful in minimizing amount of water and contaminants (such
as chlorides from salt spray at sea or in some coastal areas) that the CT is exposed to and in preventing
previously applied inhibitors from being washed off. Unfortunately, covers can also be detrimental to the
tubing since they act to trap moisture (condensation) and do not let the tubing “breathe,” even if the
bottom of the cover is open. Covers are not the answer to external CT corrosion problems but may be
useful in some limited situations.

1-72 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Freeze Protection

Although the tubing should be free of water during storage, there is always the possibility of unintended
residual moisture in the tubing string. If the tubing is to be stored at a location where temperature is
expected to drop below the freezing point, then it may be advisable to pump an antifreeze (ethylene
glycol) mixture through the string. Commercially available antifreeze has the added advantage of
containing corrosion inhibitors. See Table 1.4 for expected lowest temperatures and recommended
concentrations in water.

Table 1.4—Expected Low Temperatures

and Recommended Concentrations
Expected Lowest Temperature, Recommended Concentration
°F in Water
-10 40%
-20 44%
-30 48%
-40 52%
-50 56%

Bedwrap Protection

Initial external protection of the bed wrap tubing is recommended when CT is used in warm, humid
coastal areas. The inhibitors listed in Table 1.5 are recommended in the order of their expected
performance. Other inhibitors may be satisfactory.

Note No Halliburton part numbers have been assigned to these products but may be
assigned in the future if usage warrants.

Table 1.5—Recommended Inhibitors*

for Bedwrap Protection
Approximate Inhibitor Relative Cost
PermaStopRust’s Istrol Iosguard1 33
(Best)
Cortec’s VCI-3862 6
Nalco/Exxon’s CT-Armor3 (neat) 2
Exxon’s Rust Ban 3434 1
*References included at the end of Section 1.

On storage or shipping reels, the inhibitor could be applied when the tubing is spooled onto the working
reel. Quality Tubing expects that Rust Ban 343 is a suitable inhibitor to protect CT during shipments to
North America locations with expectations that tubing would not be stored over 30 days. VCI-386 is
thought to be suitable for export shipments. No significant loss in injector force capabilities is expected
when using the above inhibitors; however, it should be cautioned that no field trials have been conducted
at this time on the Isotrol/Isoguard or VCI-381. Rust Ban 343 has a proven field record for internal
storage conditions. To date, only lab tests have been run on the other inhibitors.

September 2005 General Information 1-73

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Tubing OD Protection

When required (also see paragraph 6), apply a corrosion inhibitor to the tubing OD after each job.
Inhibitor should be applied to the tubing by wiping to ensure complete coverage of the tubing.

Note A wiping mechanism is currently being developed.

Recommended corrosion inhibitors are shown in Table 1.6 in the order of their expected performance.
Other inhibitors may be satisfactory. The tubing should be as clean as possible for maximum
effectiveness of the inhibitor.

Note No Halliburton part numbers have been assigned to these products, but numbers may
be assigned in the future if usage warrants.

Table 1.6—Recommended Inhibitors* for Tubing OD

Approximate Inhibitor Relative Cost
Cortec’s VCI 398 (Best) 6
Nalco/Exxon’s CT-Armor (neat) 2
Oil Research Center’s Wireline Spray 7825 1.5
Exxon’s Rust Ban 343 1
*References included at the end of Section 1.

Note Wireline Spray 782 is the only environmentally friendly, completely biodegradable
corrosion inhibitor listed in Table 1.6. Corrosion testing seemed to indicate that the
inhibitor would perform well for a few weeks then performance would decrease at a
more rapid rate with time.

Note Nalco/Exxon’s CT-Armor is most effective in neat (concentrated) form. It can be

used diluted (10% in water) but when applied, the inhibitor must be continually mixed
to ensure proper inhibitor coverage. CT-Armor is water-dispersible but not
water-soluble.

1-74 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Tubing ID Protection

• Option 1—Use dry nitrogen to displace specific volume of 10% CT-Armor (1 part CT-Armor and 9
parts fresh water) through the tubing to achieve a 3-mil coating thickness. Inhibitor should be
pumped behind wiper ball(s) if another fluid is being displaced (see note 1). The solution must be
continually mixed as the fluid is pumped into the tubing as CT-Armor is water dispersible but not
water soluble. See Table 1.8 (Page 1-79) for the recommended volume of inhibitor needed to coat
the tubing ID.

Seal ends of tubing to prevent loss of inhibitor or air ingression (see Note 2, Page 1-76).

• Option 2—Pump fresh water that has been adjusted to a pH 8 to 9 using sodium bicarbonate and that
is also treated with 0.2% Anhib II (HES Part No. 516.00854). Displacing volume should be a
minimum of 2 times tubing volume. If chlorides are to be removed, then displacing volume should
be 5 times tubing volume. Proper mixing is required to insure that Anhib II is well dispersed in the
fluid.

Purge with nitrogen until dry and seal ends (see Notes 2 and 3, Page 1-76).

• Option 3—Fill tubing with diesel fuel. A good grade of diesel fuel (such as No. 2 automotive diesel)
should be used to avoid possibility of water contamination. If residual water is in the tubing prior to
filling with diesel, it may get mixed in with the diesel (causing a cloudy appearance) and will separate
out in the tubing causing corrosion to occur. If diesel fuel is used, it is recommended that at least one
(1) quart of API 30 wt. motor oil be used per 100 gal of diesel. The oil has alkalinity as well as
corrosion inhibitors that will help protect the CT.
Note 1 Wiper Balls—Whenever displacing tubing containing fluid(s), a tight polyurethane
wiper ball or dart should precede the pumped fluid. The wiper ball aids in the
effectiveness of its “chaser” by (1) separating the different fluids preventing
intermixing, and (2) wiping the tubing walls from the preceding fluid. If gas is being
used to push a fluid through the CT, use at least 2 wiper balls. Table 1.7 provides
guidelines for choosing the proper size wiper ball.

Table 1.7—Wiper Ball Size Guide

Tubing OD, Wiper Ball Diameter,
in. in.
1.00 1 1/4
1.25 1 1/2
1.50 2 (for thick walls, use 1 ¾)
1.75 2 1/4
2.00 2 1/2
2.375 2 3/4
2.875 3 1/4
3.50 3 7/8

Wiper balls can be purchased from Laser Plastics, 903 Hodgkins, Suite #103, Houston, TX. 77032 (Tel:
281-590-0566; Fax: 281-590-8174). If standard wiper balls are not available, a tightly made wad of foam
rubber (seat-cushion type material) may be used.

September 2005 General Information 1-75

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Note 2 Sealing Ends of Pipe—When using nitrogen in tubing to prevent corrosion, the ends
of the tubing must be sealed such that a slight positive pressure (say, 5 to 10 psig) is
maintained to prevent air ingression. For information purposes, Quality Tubing’s
present procedure is to place a Drilltec thread protector on the male half of 1502
fittings on all nitrogen purged strings. On the free end, a plastic or metal cap is placed
on the tubing and taped. Quality Tubing also offers a system to install a ball valve on
each end of tubing with a pressure gauge to monitor internal pressure. This systems
requires fittings on both ends of tubing.

Note 3 Purging Water from Coiled Tubing with Nitrogen—Displacement of fluids, such as
water from a coil tubing reel after a job, is critical to the life of the pipe and the safe
operation of the unit. In general, displacement with nitrogen to remove water takes
two steps.

(1) Remove the free water. This is accomplished by pumping nitrogen at a high rate
to mobilize and remove all free water. Use of wiper balls to remove the water is
recommended (see Note 1, Page 1-75).

(2) Dry the film of fluid that remains. Drying works best at low pressure. This means
pumping as slow as possible to keep the friction pressure down. Volume of nitrogen
required is a function of tubing volume. Each barrel of tubing volume requires 1,000
scf of nitrogen to displace and dry the pipe.

Example—Displacing a reel that has 10 bbls of fluid. Volume of nitrogen required

would be 10 × 1,000 = 10,000 scf. Initial rate would be 400 to 1,000 scf/min. When
nitrogen breaks through, decrease the rate to 100 to 400 scf/min. Larger sized tubing
will require the higher range of rates while smaller tubing will require the lower rate.
See Best Practices Series “Purging Fluids from Coiled Tubing” for other information.

Pre-Job Guidelines
If unsure of the condition of the tubing ID, flush coil tubing with fresh water. If the water in the exit
stream is clear, then the coiled tubing ID probably has been sufficiently protected during previous storage
and no further fluid maintenance work is required. If significant rust is present in the initial portion of the
exit stream then the condition of the tubing ID should be questioned. If necessary, the ID can be pickling
with 5 % HCl + 0.1 % HAI-81M + 2 % Ferchek.

Post-Job Guidelines
Tubing OD

Refer to “Tubing OD Protection” on Page 1-74.

Tubing ID

This section covers treating options for tubing ID following its use with the following types of fluids:
acid, workover/completion fluids, and H2S.

1-76 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Acid
After acid jobs, the tubing should be treated as per one of the options listed below. Research indicates
that CT does not undergo excessive corrosion when exposed to properly inhibited acid being pumped
at treatment velocities. However, laboratory tests on tubing exposed to inhibited acid and air indicate
that oxygen is a secondary corrosive agent and can cause corrosion rates to increase 5 to 7 times that
in acid alone. Aeration occurs between jobs so it is important that the tubing be cleaned and protected
with a corrosion inhibitor as soon as possible after an acid job.

– Option 1
1. Flush with fresh water (or seawater when necessary). Continue flush until pH of exit stream
is approximately 7.
2. Displace with water adjusted to pH 8 to 9 using 1% K-34 (sodium bicarbonate, HES Part No.
70.15186) and 0.20% Anhib II (HES Part No. 516.00854).
3. Purge with nitrogen (see Note 3, Page 1-76) until tubing is dry, then seal ends.

– Option 2
1. Neutralize/flush acid remaining in tubing using 1% K-34 (sodium bicarbonate, HES Part No.
70.15186).
2. Flush with fresh water.
3. Displace fresh water with 10% CT-Armor. Use dry nitrogen to push the inhibitor mixture
through the tubing. See Table 1.8 (Page 1-79) for recommended volumes for specific tubing
sizes.
4. Seal ends of tubing to prevent inhibitor loss or air ingression.

– Option 3, MB TechServ

This is a specialized process used by Quality Tubing’s service center in Aberdeen. This process
has not been utilized in other locations. For further information, contact MB TechServ at
44-1224-879696.
1. Flush—Remove debris, acid, brine, etc. by flushing CT with fresh water (onshore) or seawa-
ter (offshore) immediately after use. If available, purge with nitrogen to displace excess
water.
2. Clean (onshore)—Flush with fresh water to remove seawater and any corrosive contami-
nants. Pig with wiper ball(s) and purge with nitrogen to remove residual water.
3. Dry (onshore)—Connect MBT injection unit (see note below) with 120 psi compressed and
filtered air supply to the CT. Establish constant flow of dry air through coil to remove resid-
ual moisture. Allow coil to depressurize fully to atmosphere.
4. Preserve (onshore)—Charge MBT with VCI 609 powder. Release charge to the CT until fog
emission is detected. Allow coil to depressurize fully then seal ends.

September 2005 General Information 1-77

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Workover and Completion Fluid

These fluids may be corrosive to the CT and should be removed before the tubing is stored.

– Option 1
1. Flush with fresh water.
2. Displace with water adjusted to pH 8 to 9 using 1% K-34 (sodium bicarbonate, HES part
number 70.15186) and 0.20% Anhib II (HES part number 516.00854).
3. Purge with nitrogen until tubing is dry, then seal ends.

– Option 2
1. Flush with fresh water.
2. Displace fresh water with 10% CT-Armor. Use dry nitrogen to push the inhibitor mixture
through the tubing. See Table 1.8 (Page 1-79) for recommended volumes for specific tubing
sizes.
3. Seal ends of tubing to prevent inhibitor loss or air ingression.

– Option 3, MB TechServ
See “Option 3, MB TechServ” on Page 1-77.
H2 S
If the tubing contains iron sulfide scale, pickling with 5% HCl + 0.40 - 2.0% SCA-130 (concentration
of SCA-130 dependent on the amount of FeS in the tubing) may be necessary to clean the tubing.

Caution This process may generate H2S gas in the tubing.

1-78 General Information September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Maintenance Recommendations, Special Cases

Although frequency and type of maintenance depends on local conditions as well as frequency and type
of service work, the following are some recommendations for consideration. Ideally, each local service
center should have documented procedures to follow.

Case 1: Daily Use

Tubing being used daily in non-corrosive service (considering both atmospheric as well as downhole and
pumped fluids) probably does not need to be treated daily with corrosion inhibitors.

Case 2: Stored 1 Week or More

Tubing stored or not expected to be used for 1 week or longer should be suitably protected on the ID and
OD.

Case 3: Used with Acid

Tubing used in acid service should be treated immediately upon job completion.

Table 1.8—Recommended Volume

of Inhibitor to Coat Tubing ID
Gal of 10% CT-Armor
Tubing Flash in Flash free
Wall
OD gal/1,000 ft gal/1,000 ft
1.00 .080 4.26 4.11
1.00 .087 4.21 4.04
1.00 .095 4.14 3.97
1.00 .102 4.09 3.90
1.00 .109 4.03 3.83
1.25 .080 5.49 5.34
1.25 .087 5.43 5.27
1.25 .095 5.37 5.19
1.25 .102 5.31 5.12
1.25 .109 5.26 5.05
1.25 .125 5.13 4.90
1.25 .134 5.06 4.81
1.25 .156 4.88 4.59
1.50 .095 6.59 6.41
1.50 .102 6.54 6.34
1.50 .109 6.48 6.28
1.50 .125 6.35 6.12
1.50 .134 6.28 6.03
1.50 .156 6.11 5.82
1.75 .109 7.70 7.50
1.75 .125 7.58 7.34
1.75 .134 7.51 7.26
1.75 .156 7.33 7.04
1.75 .188 7.08 6.73

September 2005 General Information 1-79

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 1.8—Recommended Volume

of Inhibitor to Coat Tubing ID (Continued)
Gal of 10% CT-Armor
Tubing Flash in Flash free
Wall
OD gal/1,000 ft gal/1,000 ft
2.00 .109 8.93 8.72
2.00 .125 8.80 8.57
2.00 .134 8.73 8.48
2.00 .156 8.56 8.26
2.00 .175 8.41 8.08
2.00 .188 8.30 7.95
2.00 .203 8.18 7.80
2.375 .109 10.76 10.56
2.375 .125 10.64 10.40
2.375 .134 10.57 10.32
2.375 .156 10.39 10.10
2.375 .175 10.24 9.91
2.375 .188 10.14 9.79
2.375 .203 10.02 9.64
2.875 .125 13.08 12.85
2.875 .134 13.01 12.76
2.875 .0156 12.84 12.55
2.875 .175 12.69 12.36
2.875 .188 12.59 12.23
2.875 .203 12.47 12.09
3.50 .156 15.90 15.82
3.50 .175 15.75 15.42
3.50 .188 15.65 15.29
3.50 .203 15.53 15.15

References
PermaStopRust (America), Inc. Exxon Company USA
2911 Dixwell Avenue P.O. Box 2180
Hamden, CT 06518 Houston, TX 77252-2180
Tel: (800) 611-7713 Tel: (713) 656-5949
(203) 287-3700
Fax: (203) 407-3840

Cortec Corporation Oil Research Center

4119 White Bear Parkway, 626 W. Pont Des Mouton Road
St. Paul, MN 55110 Lafayette, LA 70507-4002
Phone: (800) 4-CORTEC
(612) 429-1100
Fax: (612) 429-1122

Nalco-Exxon Energy Chemicals, L.P. MB TechServ

7705 Hwy 90A Corrosion Technology Services, Ltd.
Sugar Land, TX 77478 38 Abbotswell Road
P.O. Box 87 Aberdeen, AB12 3AB
Sugar Land, TX 77487-0087 Tel: (01224) 879 696
Phone: (713) 263-7836 Fax: (01224) 899 180

1-80 General Information September 2005

Section 2 Pipe Data Tables and Charts

General Engineering Information ............................................................. 2-1

Definitions .......................................................................................... 2-1
Coiled Tubing Ovality .............................................................................. 2-10
Stress Factor/Safety Factor ..................................................................... 2-11
Catastrophic Buckling .............................................................................. 2-16
Coiled Tubing Fatigue ............................................................................. 2-22
Coiled Tubing Performance Data ............................................................ 2-28
Grade 70 ............................................................................................ 2-28
Grade 80 ............................................................................................ 2-32
Grade 90 ............................................................................................ 2-36
Grade 100 .......................................................................................... 2-40
Grade 110 .......................................................................................... 2-44
Grade 120 .......................................................................................... 2-48
Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements ............................................ 2-52
Tubing Sizes, Volumes, and Displacements ........................................... 2-56
Casing Sizes and Volumes ...................................................................... 2-58
Drillpipe Sizes and Volumes .................................................................... 2-66
Annular Volumes for Coiled Tubing Inside of Tubing .............................. 2-68
Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing ......................................... 2-74

i
ii
Section 2

Pipe Data Tables and Charts

General Engineering Information
Definitions Preface
Pipe Body Yield Load

The Pipe Body Yield Load is defined as the axial tension load (in the absence of pressures or torque) that
produces a stress in the tube equal to the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) in tension;

Fy = p × (D - t) × t × SMYS

Where:

Fy = Pipe Body Yield Load (lb)

SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Strength (psi)
D = Specified Outside Diameter (inches)
t = Specified Wall Thickness (in.)

Inside Diameter is equal to the CT OD, minus twice the specified WT:

d = D - 2t in.

Wall Cross-Section Area is defined by specified OD and specified WT:

Aw = π (D - t) t in.2

The Weight per foot of CT length is calculated by specified OD, specified WT, and applying steel density
of 0.2833 lb/in3

W =10.68 (D - t) t lb/ft

Internal Volume Capacity of 1,000 ft long non-tapered CT string (at constant WT and OD) is defined as

Vi = 0.971426d2 = 0.971426 (1-2/α)2D2 bbl/1,000 ft

Internal Volume Capacity of 1,000 ft long tru-tapered CT segment is defined as the volume of a frustum
cone

0.9714262 2
Vi = (d1 + d1d 2 + d 2 ) bbl/1,000 ft
3

External Volume Capacity of 1,000 ft long CT string is defined as a volume for 1000 ft long solid
cylinder with diameter D

Vo = 5.45415 D2 ft3/1,000 ft
Vo = 40.7999 D2 gal/1,000 ft
Vo = 0.971426 D2 bbl/1,000 ft

where D = CT OD in in.

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-1

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Displacement is the material (metallic) volume occupied by 1,000-ft long CT string

V = Vo - Vi

where Vo and Vi are volumes in consistent units.

Yield Pressure, Load, and Torque Capacities and CP are defined using:

• CT inner surface stress state,

• distortion energy failure theory (Von Mises),
• production maximum OD (DD = D + 0.01),
• production minimum WT (tt = t - 0.005), and

• ratio α = DD Production Maximum OD

=
tt Production Minimum WT

Yield Internal Pressure Capacity is a pressure, Py, which induces combined stress on inner surface of
the CT equal to the specified minimum yield strength, σy. It is assumed that the pressure does not produce
axial tensile load (“open end” tubing).
σy
Py =
2
4M − 2M + 1

Yield Load Capacity is an axial force, Fy, which induces a stress in the CT cross-section equal to the
specified minimum yield strength, σy

Fy = σyπ (DD - tt) tt

Yield Torque Capacity is the torque, Ty, which produces shear stress on the CT outer surface equal to
the specified minimum yield strength in shear,

Ty = σy /√3

Ty = σyπ DD3 (1 - (1 - 2/α) 4) lb-ft

192 3

CP is a function of CT ovality (Ov = (Dmax - Dmin)/D), applied internal pressure, Pi, applied axial force,
F, and D/t-ratio. The condition of the CT in service cannot be considered as "perfectly round". Therefore,
CT should always be considered as oval, with minimum ovality of 0.02 (2%).

CP for CT with ovality Ov = 0 (round tubing), = 0.02, and = 0.05 is in the Coiled Tubing Collapse
Pressures Table for various CT sizes and material grades. For ovalilty 2% and 5% CP is tabulated at zero
axial force (Fa = 0) and at axial force equal to one half of yield load capacity (Fa = Fy / 2).

In general, if external pressure is combined with internal pressure, Pi, and/ or with axial force, F, and CT
ovality is other than in the Coiled Tubing Collapse Pressures Table, then CP should be calculated using
formulas

Pco = 2
g− g −f

2-2 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

where
σ y Ky Pce
g= + ( 2 + 3 • α • Ov )
4M 4
σ y K y Pce
f=
2M

Coiled Tubing, Drillpipe and Casing Stretch Data

The stretch or elongation of oil well tubular material resulting from an applied pulling force is a
commonly required determination. Robert Hooke (1635-1702) discovered the law (Hooke’s law) that
strain or distortion is proportional to stress or force if the elastic limit of the material is not exceeded.
(The elastic limit of the material is the maximum stress that can be developed within it without causing
permanent deformation or permanent stretch in oil field terms.)

The amount of stretch that will occur when a pull force is applied varies with the amount of pull, the
length of the material being stretched, the elasticity of the material and its cross-sectional area, provided
the elastic limit is not exceeded.

General Stretch Formula:

F × L × 12
S=
Aw × E
Where:
S = stretch in in.
F = pull force, in lb
L = length, in feet
E = modulus of elasticity, in lb per square inch (for steel, E =30,000,000 psi)
Aw = pipe metal cross-section in square in..

Note It is a common misconception that the amount of stretch for oilfield tubular material
is affected by the grade of steel (J-55, N-80, etc.). This is not true because the modulus
of elasticity remains the same.

Higher grades of steel have greater elastic limits and can therefore be stretched farther before reaching
their elastic limits than can the lower grades. The only factors that affect the amount of stretch are those
shown in the preceding general stretch formula.

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-3

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Formula for Stretch in Tubular Steel Products:

F×L
S=
Aw × E
Where:
S = Stretch in in.
F = Force in lb
L = Length in in.
Aw = Pipe metal cross-section in sq. in.
E = Elasticity Modulus of steel
= 30,000,000 psi

Example:

15,000 ft of 1.50-in. × .095-in. coiled tubing with 20,000 lb overpull would stretch how many inches?
20,000 lb × 180,000 in.
S =
0.419 sq in × 30,000,000 psi

= 286 in.

Collapse Pressure

The collapse pressure in the absence of axial stress, P, for new, as manufactured coiled tubing is
calculated using the appropriate formula of API Bul 5C3 for Yield Strength, Plastic or Transition
Collapse pressure, but using the specified wall thickness (t).

For coiled tubing in service, the condition of the tube cannot be considered perfectly round.. Coiled
tubing should always be considered as oval, with a minimum ovality of 0.02 (2%). For standard coiled
tubing sizes and material grades, collapse pressures at ovalities of 0.02 and 0.05 are calculated and listed
in the following tables. When actual ovality is other than 0.02 or 0.05, these equations should be used.

Example: Collapse Pressure of Coiled Tubing

Input:

QT-800, 1.50-in. OD × 0.109-in. WT, as the CT identification

D = 1.5 Specified CT OD, in.

t = 0.109 Specified CT WT, in.
DD = D + 0.01 DD = 1.51 CT OD, production maximum, in
tt = t - 0.005 tt = 0.104 Wall thickness, production minimum, in
Dmax = 1.57 Section major diameter, measured, in
Dmin = 1.45 Section minor diameter, measured, in
σy = 80000 CT yield strength, psi
E = 30000000 Modulus of elasticity, psi
μ = 0.3 Poisson’s Ratio
Fy = 36750 Tensile load capacity, from table of CT technical data, lb
F = 20000 Applied axial force in design section, lb
P = 2000 Applied internal pressure, psi
UF = 0.5 CT utilization factor, UF = 0 for new
CT, UF=1 for fully worn CT

2-4 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Evaluation:

C = 2× E C = 65934066 Material constant, psi

1 − μ2

SF = 1.5 SF = 0.739 Safety factor

0.8 × 0.8 UF

α =
DD α = 14.519 Ratio
tt

M = α2 M = 3.898 CT constant
4 × (α −1)

Ov = D max − D min Ov = 0.08 Ovality index

D

2 ⋅ M ⋅ Pi ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ Pi ⎞⎟ 2
1 F Pi ⎟
− ⋅ ⎜⎜
3 ⎜ F
Ky = + + 1 − ⋅ +
σy 2 ⎜ Fy σ y ⎟⎟ 4 ⎜⎜ Fy σ y ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Ky = 0.78 Yield correction factor

⎛
⎜
⎞
Pce = 0 .7125 ⎜
C ⎟ +P
⎜ 2 ⎟ i
⎝ σ ⋅ (σ −1) ⎠

Pce = 19128 Elastic collapse pressure for round CT when

internal pressure is applied, psi

σy ⋅K y
Pyo =
2⋅ M

Pyo = 8007 Yield external pressure capacity, psi

Pc = (Pyo-2 + Pce -2) - ½

Pc = 7386 Collapse pressure for round CT with internal

pressure and axial load, psi

σy ⋅K y
g = + (2 + 3 × Ov × α) Pce
4⋅ M 4

g = 30231 Factor
σ y ⋅ K y ⋅ Pce
f =
2⋅ M

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-5

Coiled Tubing Handbook

f = 153161456 Factor

Pco = g - 2
g −f

Pco = 2649 Collapse pressure of oval CT with internal

pressure and axial force, psi
PAco = Pco × SF

PAco = 1959 Allowable collapse pressure, psi

Nomenclature

C elastic constant, psi

2E
C=
1− μ2

D specified outside diameter (OD) of coiled tubing

(CT), in.

DD production maximum OD, in.

DD = D + 0.01 in.

Dmax , Dmin major and minor CT section diameters, in.

d inside diameter, in.

d = D - 2t

d1 and d2 inside diameter at opposite ends of the tru-tapered

segment, in.

d1 = D - 2t1
d2 = D - 2t2

E modulus of elasticity, E = 30 × 106 for steel CT

f factor in collapse pressure calculations

f = σ y K y Pce
2M

g factor in collapse pressure calculations

g = σy Ky P
+ (2 + 3⋅ α ⋅ Ov) ⋅ ce
4M 4

2-6 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Ky yield strength correction factor

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
P 3 ⎜ F Pi ⎟ 2 1 ⎜ F Pi ⎟
K y = 2M i + SF 2 − ⎜ + − +
σy 4 ⎜ Fy σ y ⎟⎟ 2 ⎜⎜ Fy σ y ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

M CT factor, defined as
2
M= α
4 (α −1)

Ov CT ovality,

Ov = (Dmax - Dmin) / Dnom

Pc collapse pressure for round tubing is calculated

using the appropriate of API Bul 5C3 (1)

Pc = (Pyo-2 + Pce -2) -½

Pce elastic collapse pressure for round CT, psi

⎛ ⎞
Pce = .7125 ⎜ C
⎟+ P
⎜ α (α − 1) 2 ⎟ i
⎝ ⎠

Pco collapse pressure for oval CT, psi

Pco = g - 2
g −f

Py CT yield internal pressure capacity, psi

σy
Py =
4M 2 − 2 M + 1

Pi applied internal pressure, psi

Pyo CT yield external capacity, psi

Pyo = σ y K y
2M

F applied axial force, lb

Fy CT yield load capacity, lb

Fy = σy π(DD - tt) tt

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-7

Coiled Tubing Handbook

SF safety factor against failure. It is a utilized portion of

the CT yield or collapse capacity when pressure,
load, and/or torque are acting alone or
simultaneously. It varies in the range 0 < SF < 1.
Maximum of the factor, SF=S/Sy=1, means that
design load or stress reached ultimate capacity, and
therefore tubing can fail. The actual SF should never
exceed allowable safety factor.

SF = 0.8 x 0.8 UF1.5

Ty CT yield torque capacity, lb-ft

σyπ
Ty =
DD3 (1 − (1 − 2/σ) 4 ) lb − ft
192 3

t specified wall thickness, in.

tt production minimum wall thickness, in.

tt = t-0.005 in.

t1, t2 specified wall thickness at opposite ends of the

tru-tapered segment, in.

V displacement, material (metallic) volume occupied

by 1,000-ft long CT string,

V=Vo-Vi

Vi internal volume capacity of 1,000-ft long CT string

Vo xternal volume capacity of 1,000-ft long CT string

W CT weight, lb/ft

W = 10.68 (D - t) t lb/ft

α D/t-ratio; for CT yield pressure, load, torque

capacities, and CP evaluation
DD Production Maximum OD
α= =
tt Production Minimum WT

σy specified minimum yield strength in tension of CT,

psi

τy specified minimum yield strength in shear of CT,

σy
τy = , psi
3
μ Poisson’s ratio, μ = 0.30 for steel

2-8 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Abbreviations
CT - coiled tubing
CP - collapse pressure
ID - inside diameter
OD - outside diameter
WT - wall thickness
UF - utilization factor

References
1. American Petroleum Institute, BULLETIN ON FORMULAS AND CALCULATIONS FOR
CASING, TUBING, DRILLPIPE AND LINE PIPE PROPERTIES. API Bulletin 5C3, Sixth
Edition, October 1, 1994; 47 [CONTAINS ISO 10400:1993, PETROLEUM AND NATURAL
GAS INDUSTRIES - FORMULAE AND CALCULATIONS FOR CASING, TUBING, DRILL
PIPE, AND LINE PIPE PROPERTIES]
2. Timoshenko, S. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. PART II - ADVANCED THEORY AND
PROBLEMS. 2nd Ed., N.Y., Van Nostrand, 1954; 510
3. Timoshenko, S. WORKING STRESSES FOR COLOMNS AND THIN-WALLED STRUC-
TURES. Trans. ASME, Applied Mechanics, Vol. 1, 1993; 173-183
4. Avakov, V. and Fowler, H. COMPUTING COLLAPSE PRESSURE FOR COILED TUBING.
SPE 36340, 1st North American Coiled Tubing Roundtable, Proceedings; Montgomery, TX;
SPE/ICoTA, 1996; 7
5. Avakov, V.A. EQUATIONS SHORTEN PIPE COLLAPSE CALCULATIONS. Oil & Gas
Journal, Vol. 93, NO. 15, Apr. 10, 1995; 53-55
6. Avakov, V.A. and Taliaferro, W. EQUATIONS DETERMINE COILED TUBING COLLAPSE
PRESSURE. Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 93, No. 390, July 24, 19095; 36-39.

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-9

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Ovality

As soon as coiled tubing is spooled onto a drum for the first time it becomes oval. This ovality has a major
effect on the maximum external pressure (collapse pressure) that can be applied to the tubing. For
calculation purposes new coiled tubing should be considered to have an ovality no less than 0.02 and
worn coiled tubing can easily be as high as 0.06. To calculate this more accurately the following formula
can be used:

(D max - D min )
Ovality =
D

Figure 2.1—Ovality of coiled tubing that has been

spooled

2-10 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Stress Factor/Safety Factor

Maximum Allowable Stress Factor can also be called the Safety Factor.

The actual calculated stress factor at any time for any part of the coiled tubing string should never exceed
the maximum allowable stress factor.

The maximum allowable stress factor is dependant solely on the amount of fatigue (utilisation) on the
coiled tubing string at the point in question. Table 2.1 shows the maximum allowable stress factor for
different amounts of fatigue.

Note The decrease in maximum allowable stress factor is due to the Baushinger effect that
causes the coiled tubing to lose strength as it work-softens.

The relationship between tubing utilization and maximum allowable stress factor is determined from the
following equation where UF is the tubing utilization entered as a fraction and not a percentage.

1.5
SFmax = 0.8 × 0.8 UF

Table 2.1—Maximum Allowable Stress Factor

for Different Tubing Utilization
Tubing Utilization Maximum SF
0 - 15% 0.80
15 – 30% 0.78
30 – 40% 0.76
40 – 50% 0.74
50 – 60% 0.72
60 – 70% 0.70
70 – 80% 0.68
80 – 90% 0.66
90 – 100% 0.64

Using the procedure below, the actual stress factor in the CT sections under various combined loading
conditions can be evaluated. Common load combinations and stress factor expressions are listed in the
following table. The load combinations include:

• Internal pressure acting simultaneously with tensile load or with drilling torque.
Condition against yielding should be evaluated.
• External pressure is acting simultaneously with tensile load or compressive load.
Resistance against collapse should be evaluated.

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-11

Coiled Tubing Handbook

When internal pressure and external pressure are acting simultaneously, then equivalent pressure, P,
should be used as it is explained below for two design occasions:

1. Internal pressure, Pi, is dominating pressure, and Pi is greater than outside pressure, Po. Then,
equivalent internal pressure is the differential pressure, P=Pi-Po.
2. If external pressure is greater than internal pressure and CT collapse might take place, then
equivalent external pressure P=Po-0.8Pi should be used. The external equivalent pressure is
NOT a differential pressure but higher than arithmetic difference.
The stress factor expressions in Table 2.2 (Page 2-13) could be resolved for maximum allowable internal
pressure, external pressure, hoisting load or torque when other loading components and maximum
allowable stress factor are known.

The procedure is applicable to steel CT of any size, including tapered strings. Calculation results are
applicable for operations with either open end or closed end CT.

CT yield capacities (load Fy, pressure Py, torque Ty) are listed in tables within this handbook. The data is
listed for all CT sizes and strengths currently available.

CT collapse pressure data is also listed in these tables and is shown in five separate columns. These
collapse pressures are defined for:

• Perfectly round CT without any axial load (Fa=0) as it is prescribed by API Bul 5C3
• Oval CT with ovality (Dmax-Dmin)/D=0.02 (2%) when axial load is not applied (Fa=0).
• Oval CT with ovality of 2% when axial load is applied, and it is a half of the yield load capacity
(Fa=Fy/2).
• Oval CT with ovality of 5% when axial load is not applied (Fa=0).
• Oval CT with ovality of 5% when axial load is applied, and it is a half of the yield load capacity
(Fa=Fy/2).
For any operations it is recommended to use CT collapse pressure at ovality no less than 2%. If external
pressure is high and collapse is in question during an oncoming job then make measurements of
maximum and minimum diameters in two or three sections in the vicinity of the working area. Make SF
evaluation by this procedure using maximum measured ovality.

If measured ovality is less than or equal to 0.02, then use ovality of 2% and Collapse Pressure from the
tables corresponding to this. If measured ovality is higher than 0.02 but less than 0.05 then use the
collapse pressure from the column titled Ovality = 5%.

If ovality is greater than 5% or more accuracy is required then the collapse pressure should be calculated
using the method outlined earlier in this section or by using the applicable spreadsheet or software.

2-12 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 2.2—Stress Factor Expressions

Loading
Load Combinations Stress Factor Equation
Case

Internal or Internal & External 2 2

⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ F ⎞
SF = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
Pressure, P=Pi-Po 2
1. Strength
AND ⎜ Py ⎟ ⎜ Fy ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Tensile Load, F

Internal or Internal & External 2 2

⎛ P ⎞ ⎛T ⎞
SF = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
Pressure, P=Pi-Po 2
2. Strength ⎜ Py ⎟ ⎜ Ty ⎟
AND ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Torque, T

External or External & Internal 4 4

4
⎛ ⎞ 3 ⎛ F ⎞3
⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
Pressure, P=Po-0.8Pi P
3. Collapse SF 3 = ⎜⎜
AND ⎝ c⎠ ⎜ Fy ⎟
P
⎝ ⎠
Tensile Load, F

External or External & Internal 2 2

⎛ P ⎞ ⎛⎜ F ⎞⎟
SF = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ +
Pressure, P=Po-0.8Pi 2
⎠ ⎜⎝ Fy ⎟⎠
4. Collapse
AND ⎝ Pc
Compressive Load, F

When all loading conditions are present, the Actual Stress Factor is defined as follows:

SF = K
⎛F K +P A −P A
⎜ ov o o i i
2 2 ⎛ 2
⎡ ( )
⎟ + ⎛⎜ Pi − Po ⎞⎟ + ⎜ T ⎟ + ⎢ H Pe Pe α (α − 1) ⎥
⎞ ⎞ ⎤2
(1)
OV ⎜⎜ Fy ⎟⎟ ⎜ P ⎟ ⎜⎜ T ⎟⎟ ⎢
C ⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ max ⎠ ⎝ y⎠ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

External pressure equivalent is defined as:

α − 2 psi
Pe = Po − Pi
α

and H(Pe) is Heaviside step function, it returns 1 if Pe ≥ 0, otherwise, returns 0. That is, only positive
values of the excess pressure will be taken into the account, otherwise, the last term of Eq. 1 disappears.

External pressure factor

⎛P −L⎞
K e = 0.5 + 0.5tanh⎜⎜ e ⎟
⎟
⎝ S ⎠

where Ke is collapse factor, shown in the chart at the end of this section. The graph is plotted at arbitrary
defined location and scale parameters L=S=500 psi.

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-13

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Ovality factor:
K OV = 1 + 1.5 ⋅ α ⋅ Ov ⋅ K e

Nomenclature:

In all equations/evaluations, CT capacities are defined using production maximum OD and production
minimum WT.
2E
C- material elastic constant, C = = 58,810,460
1 − μ2

D- production maximum OD, D = Dnominal + 0.01 in.

Dmax - major diameter of oval tubing

Dmin - minor diameter of oval tubing

E- modulus of elasticity, for steel tubing E=27,000,000 psi

H(x) - Heaviside step function, it returns 1 if x ≥ 0, otherwise, returns 0

μ- Poisson's ratio, for steel tubing μ=0.286

t- production minimum WT, t = t nominal − 0.005 in.

α- D/t - ratio

parameter, M =
Ao α2
M- =
At 4(α − 1)

2
Ao - OD cross-section area, A = πD
o 4

ID cross-section area, A = π(D − 2t ) = A M − 2

2
Ai -
i 4 o M

A
At - wall cross-section area, A = π t (D − t ) = o
t M

L- location parameter to proper define collapsing condition, L=500 psi is used in this
procedure

F- axial load in CT body; for closed-end CT it is load that can be detected by load cell
plus pump pressure times ID cross-section area at section of evaluation. For
open-end CT it is a load that can be detected by load cell at specified location.

Fy - yield load capacity, Fy = A t σ y

2-14 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pi - section internal pressure

Po - section external pressure

Pe - external pressure equivalent, P = P − P α − 2

e o i α

σy
Pmax - maximum pressure capacity,
Pmax =
M 3

S- scale parameter to define collapsing condition, S=500 psi is used in this procedure

T torque applied, lb-ft

Ty - yield torque capacity,

9.44687 σ y D 3 ⎡ 2 ⎤ , lb-ft
4
Ty = ⎢1 − ⎛⎜1 − ⎞⎟ ⎥
1000 ⎢ ⎝ α⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
σy - yield strength

Ov - ovality index, Ov = D max − D min

D

K- average-to-minimum elastic collapse pressure correction factor, K 0.758 is used.

Figure 2.2—Graph shows KPE factor vs. external pressure equivalent Pe

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-15

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Catastrophic Buckling
It is possible for catastrophic buckling of the CT to occur in the unsupported length between the bottom
of the injector chains and the top of the stripper when snubbing into a well as shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3—Catastrophic buckling of CT

The Catastrophic Buckling tables are used to calculate the amount of axial compressive load that can
safely be applied to the CT in this unsupported length.

To use these tables:

1. Measure the unsupported length, defined as the vertical length from the top of the stripper guide
to the centerline of the lower chain sprockets.
2. Look up the value from the table in the appropriate unsupported length column for the CT size
of interest.
3. Multiply the value from the table by the yield strength of the CT material. For the English units
table the yield strength must be in psi. For the Metric units table the yield strength must be in
MPa. The result is the maximum safe axial compressive load (including a 50% safety factor) in
the unsupported section in lb for the English units and Newtons for the Metric table.
Example

The unsupported length is 14 in. for 1.5-in. diameter, 0.109-in. wall CT with a yield strength of 80,000
psi. The value from the English units table is 0.1381. 80,000 × 0.1381 = 11,048 lb.

In Metric the unsupported length is 350 mm for 38.10-mm diameter, 2.77 mm-wall CT with a yield
strength of 552 MPa. The value from the Metric units table is 90.3. 552 × 90.3 = 49,845 Newtons.

2-16 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Equations

The equation for the radius of gyration is:

1
rg = r 2 + ri 2
2 o

The equation for the slenderness ratio is:

ξ = L/rg

The equation for the buckling load is:

Pb A
=
σ y 1+ (0.03ξ02

This value is multiplied by 0.5 to provide a factor of safety of 2.

Nomenclature

A = cross sectional area of the CT wall = Ao - AI

L = length of the unsupported CT section

ri = internal radius of the CT

ro = external radius of the CT

rg = radius of gyration of the CT

Pb = buckling load

ζ = slenderness ratio

σy = yield stress of the CT

References

Newman, K., Aasen, J.: "Catastrophic Buckling of Coiled Tubing in the Injector," SPE 46007,
SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing Roundtable, Houston, Texas, 15-16 April 1998.

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-17

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Catastrophic Buckling English Units

Unsupported Length (in.)
Wall
OD 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Thickness
(in.)
(in.)
in.2* in.2* in.2* in.2* in.2* in.2* in.2* in.2* in.2* in.2* in.2*
1.000 0.087 0.1097 0.0954 0.0806 0.0672 0.0559 0.0466 0.0391 0.0331 0.0282 0.0243 0.0210
1.000 0.095 0.1186 0.1029 0.0868 0.0722 0.0600 0.0499 0.0419 0.0354 0.0302 0.0259 0.0225
1.000 0.102 0.1261 0.1092 0.0920 0.0765 0.0634 0.0527 0.0442 0.0373 0.0318 0.0273 0.0237
1.000 0.109 0.1335 0.1154 0.0971 0.0806 0.0667 0.0554 0.0464 0.0392 0.0334 0.0286 0.0248
1.250 0.087 0.1465 0.1335 0.1187 0.1039 0.0902 0.0780 0.0675 0.0585 0.0510 0.0446 0.0393
1.250 0.095 0.1587 0.1445 0.1283 0.1122 0.0973 0.0840 0.0727 0.0630 0.0548 0.0479 0.0422
1.250 0.102 0.1693 0.1539 0.1366 0.1193 0.1033 0.0892 0.0770 0.0667 0.0581 0.0508 0.0446
1.250 0.109 0.1796 0.1632 0.1446 0.1262 0.1092 0.0942 0.0813 0.0704 0.0612 0.0535 0.0470
1.250 0.118 0.1927 0.1748 0.1548 0.1349 0.1165 0.1004 0.0866 0.0749 0.0651 0.0569 0.0499
1.250 0.125 0.2027 0.1837 0.1625 0.1414 0.1221 0.1051 0.0906 0.0783 0.0680 0.0594 0.0521
1.250 0.134 0.2153 0.1949 0.1721 0.1496 0.1290 0.1110 0.0955 0.0825 0.0716 0.0625 0.0549
1.250 0.145 0.2303 0.2082 0.1836 0.1593 0.1372 0.1178 0.1013 0.0874 0.0758 0.0661 0.0580
1.250 0.156 0.2450 0.2211 0.1946 0.1686 0.1450 0.1244 0.1068 0.0921 0.0798 0.0696 0.0610
1.250 0.175 0.2693 0.2425 0.2128 0.1839 0.1577 0.1350 0.1157 0.0996 0.0862 0.0750 0.0657
1.500 0.095 0.1982 0.1854 0.1701 0.1538 0.1377 0.1225 0.1087 0.0963 0.0855 0.0760 0.0678
1.500 0.102 0.2116 0.1979 0.1814 0.1639 0.1466 0.1304 0.1156 0.1024 0.0908 0.0808 0.0720
1.500 0.109 0.2249 0.2102 0.1926 0.1739 0.1554 0.1381 0.1223 0.1083 0.0961 0.0854 0.0761
1.500 0.118 0.2417 0.2257 0.2067 0.1864 0.1665 0.1478 0.1308 0.1158 0.1026 0.0911 0.0812
1.500 0.125 0.2546 0.2377 0.2174 0.1960 0.1749 0.1551 0.1373 0.1214 0.1075 0.0955 0.0850
1.500 0.134 0.2710 0.2527 0.2310 0.2080 0.1855 0.1644 0.1453 0.1285 0.1137 0.1009 0.0898
1.500 0.145 0.2906 0.2708 0.2473 0.2224 0.1980 0.1754 0.1549 0.1368 0.1210 0.1073 0.0955
1.500 0.156 0.3098 0.2885 0.2631 0.2364 0.2103 0.1860 0.1641 0.1448 0.1280 0.1134 0.1009
1.500 0.175 0.3422 0.3181 0.2895 0.2596 0.2305 0.2035 0.1793 0.1579 0.1394 0.1234 0.1097
1.750 0.102 0.2533 0.2411 0.2259 0.2089 0.1913 0.1740 0.1575 0.1423 0.1284 0.1159 0.1047
1.750 0.109 0.2695 0.2564 0.2401 0.2219 0.2031 0.1846 0.1671 0.1509 0.1361 0.1228 0.1109
1.750 0.118 0.2900 0.2758 0.2581 0.2384 0.2181 0.1981 0.1792 0.1617 0.1457 0.1314 0.1187
1.750 0.125 0.3058 0.2907 0.2719 0.2510 0.2295 0.2084 0.1884 0.1699 0.1531 0.1380 0.1246
1.750 0.134 0.3259 0.3096 0.2894 0.2670 0.2440 0.2213 0.2000 0.1802 0.1623 0.1463 0.1320
1.750 0.145 0.3500 0.3324 0.3105 0.2862 0.2613 0.2369 0.2138 0.1926 0.1733 0.1561 0.1408
1.750 0.156 0.3738 0.3548 0.3311 0.3050 0.2782 0.2520 0.2273 0.2046 0.1840 0.1656 0.1493
1.750 0.175 0.4140 0.3924 0.3658 0.3365 0.3064 0.2772 0.2497 0.2245 0.2017 0.1813 0.1633
1.750 0.188 0.4408 0.4175 0.3889 0.3573 0.3251 0.2938 0.2644 0.2375 0.2132 0.1916 0.1724
2.000 0.109 0.3137 0.3020 0.2869 0.2697 0.2512 0.2324 0.2139 0.1962 0.1796 0.1642 0.1502
2.000 0.118 0.3379 0.3251 0.3088 0.2901 0.2701 0.2497 0.2297 0.2106 0.1927 0.1762 0.1610
2.000 0.125 0.3565 0.3430 0.3257 0.3058 0.2846 0.2630 0.2419 0.2217 0.2028 0.1853 0.1693
2.000 0.134 0.3803 0.3657 0.3471 0.3258 0.3030 0.2799 0.2573 0.2357 0.2155 0.1968 0.1798
2.000 0.145 0.4089 0.3931 0.3729 0.3498 0.3251 0.3002 0.2757 0.2524 0.2306 0.2106 0.1922
2.000 0.156 0.4372 0.4201 0.3983 0.3734 0.3469 0.3200 0.2938 0.2688 0.2454 0.2240 0.2044
2.000 0.175 0.4850 0.4658 0.4412 0.4132 0.3834 0.3533 0.3240 0.2961 0.2702 0.2463 0.2246
2.000 0.188 0.5171 0.4963 0.4699 0.4397 0.4077 0.3754 0.3440 0.3142 0.2865 0.2610 0.2379
2.000 0.203 0.5535 0.5309 0.5022 0.4696 0.4351 0.4003 0.3665 0.3344 0.3047 0.2774 0.2526
*Multiply by the yield stress in lb per square inch (psi) to obtain the compressive force in lb
**Includes 50% safety factor

2-18 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Catastrophic Buckling English Units (Continued)

Unsupported Length (in.)
Wall
OD 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Thickness
(in.)
(in.)
in.2 * 2
in. * 2
in. * 2
in. * 2
in. * 2
in. * 2
in. * 2
in. * 2
in. * 2
in. * in.2*
2.375 0.125 0.4320 0.4203 0.4050 0.3869 0.3669 0.3457 0.3241 0.3027 0.2819 0.2620 0.2432
2.375 0.134 0.4612 0.4486 0.4322 0.4127 0.3912 0.3685 0.3454 0.3225 0.3002 0.2789 0.2588
2.375 0.145 0.4965 0.4829 0.4650 0.4439 0.4206 0.3960 0.3710 0.3462 0.3221 0.2992 0.2775
2.375 0.156 0.5314 0.5167 0.4974 0.4747 0.4496 0.4231 0.3962 0.3695 0.3437 0.3191 0.2958
2.375 0.175 0.5908 0.5742 0.5525 0.5269 0.4986 0.4689 0.4387 0.4089 0.3800 0.3525 0.3266
2.375 0.188 0.6308 0.6129 0.5895 0.5619 0.5315 0.4995 0.4671 0.4352 0.4042 0.3748 0.3471
2.375 0.203 0.6762 0.6568 0.6314 0.6016 0.5687 0.5342 0.4992 0.4648 0.4315 0.3998 0.3701
2.375 0.236 0.7737 0.7509 0.7212 0.6863 0.6479 0.6077 0.5672 0.5273 0.4889 0.4525 0.4183
2.625 0.145 0.5545 0.5421 0.5256 0.5058 0.4836 0.4597 0.4350 0.4099 0.3851 0.3610 0.3378
2.625 0.156 0.5938 0.5804 0.5627 0.5413 0.5174 0.4917 0.4650 0.4380 0.4114 0.3855 0.3606
2.625 0.175 0.6609 0.6457 0.6257 0.6017 0.5747 0.5458 0.5159 0.4857 0.4559 0.4269 0.3991
2.625 0.188 0.7061 0.6897 0.6681 0.6423 0.6132 0.5822 0.5500 0.5176 0.4856 0.4545 0.4248
2.625 0.203 0.7575 0.7398 0.7164 0.6884 0.6570 0.6234 0.5886 0.5537 0.5192 0.4858 0.4538
2.625 0.236 0.8683 0.8475 0.8201 0.7873 0.7506 0.7114 0.6710 0.6304 0.5905 0.5519 0.5150
2.875 0.156 0.6561 0.6438 0.6273 0.6073 0.5846 0.5598 0.5337 0.5069 0.4799 0.4533 0.4273
2.875 0.175 0.7307 0.7168 0.6982 0.6757 0.6501 0.6222 0.5929 0.5628 0.5327 0.5028 0.4738
2.875 0.188 0.7811 0.7661 0.7461 0.7219 0.6943 0.6643 0.6327 0.6004 0.5680 0.5360 0.5049
2.875 0.203 0.8386 0.8223 0.8006 0.7744 0.7445 0.7121 0.6780 0.6431 0.6081 0.5736 0.5401
2.875 0.236 0.9625 0.9435 0.9180 0.8873 0.8524 0.8146 0.7749 0.7343 0.6937 0.6538 0.6150
3.500 0.156 0.8111 0.8009 0.7871 0.7700 0.7500 0.7278 0.7037 0.6782 0.6519 0.6251 0.5981
3.500 0.175 0.9046 0.8931 0.8775 0.8583 0.8358 0.8108 0.7837 0.7551 0.7255 0.6954 0.6652
3.500 0.188 0.9679 0.9556 0.9388 0.9180 0.8939 0.8669 0.8377 0.8070 0.7752 0.7428 0.7104
3.500 0.203 1.0403 1.0269 1.0087 0.9862 0.9601 0.9309 0.8994 0.8661 0.8318 0.7968 0.7618
3.500 0.236 1.1971 1.1814 1.1601 1.1338 1.1032 1.0691 1.0323 0.9936 0.9536 0.9129 0.8722
4.500 0.204 1.3681 1.3576 1.3432 1.3250 1.3036 1.2790 1.2519 1.2225 1.1912 1.1584 1.1245
4.500 0.224 1.4952 1.4836 1.4677 1.4477 1.4240 1.3970 1.3671 1.3347 1.3003 1.2643 1.2270
4.500 0.236 1.5708 1.5585 1.5417 1.5207 1.4957 1.4672 1.4356 1.4014 1.3651 1.3271 1.2878
4.500 0.250 1.6584 1.6454 1.6276 1.6052 1.5787 1.5484 1.5149 1.4787 1.4401 1.3998 1.3582
6.625 0.280 2.7827 2.7729 2.7592 2.7417 2.7207 2.6963 2.6687 2.6381 2.6047 2.5688 2.5305
6.625 0.300 2.9720 2.9614 2.9467 2.9280 2.9055 2.8792 2.8496 2.8167 2.7808 2.7423 2.7012
*Multiply by the yield stress in lb per square inch (psi) to obtain the compressive force in lb
**Includes 50% safety factor

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-19

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Catastrophic Buckling Metric Units

Unsupported Length (mm)
Wall
OD 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Thickness
(mm)
(mm)
mm2* mm2* mm2* mm2* mm2* mm2* mm2* mm2* mm2* mm2* mm2*
25.40 2.210 71.1 62.0 52.6 44.0 36.7 30.7 25.8 21.8 18.6 16.1 13.9
25.40 2.413 76.8 66.9 56.6 47.3 39.4 32.9 27.6 23.4 19.9 17.2 14.9
25.40 2.591 81.7 71.0 60.0 50.1 41.6 34.7 29.1 24.6 21.0 18.1 15.7
25.40 2.769 86.4 75.0 63.3 52.8 43.8 36.5 30.6 25.9 22.1 19.0 16.4
31.75 2.210 94.8 86.6 77.2 67.8 59.0 51.1 44.3 38.5 33.6 29.4 25.9
31.75 2.413 102.7 93.7 83.5 73.2 63.6 55.1 47.7 41.5 36.1 31.6 27.9
31.75 2.591 109.5 99.8 88.8 77.8 67.6 58.5 50.6 43.9 38.3 33.5 29.5
31.75 2.769 116.2 105.8 94.1 82.3 71.4 61.8 53.4 46.3 40.3 35.3 31.1
31.75 2.997 124.6 113.4 100.7 88.0 76.2 65.9 56.9 49.3 42.9 37.5 33.0
31.75 3.175 131.1 119.2 105.7 92.3 79.9 68.9 59.5 51.6 44.8 39.2 34.5
31.75 3.404 139.2 126.4 112.0 97.6 84.4 72.8 62.8 54.3 47.2 41.3 36.3
31.75 3.683 149.0 135.1 119.4 104.0 89.8 77.3 66.6 57.6 50.0 43.7 38.3
31.75 3.962 158.5 143.5 126.7 110.1 94.9 81.6 70.2 60.7 52.7 45.9 40.3
31.75 4.445 174.3 157.3 138.5 120.1 103.2 88.6 76.1 65.6 56.9 49.6 43.5
38.10 2.413 128.1 120.1 110.4 100.1 89.8 80.1 71.2 63.2 56.2 50.1 44.7
38.10 2.591 136.7 128.1 117.8 106.6 95.6 85.2 75.7 67.2 59.7 53.2 47.5
38.10 2.769 145.3 136.1 125.0 113.1 101.4 90.3 80.1 71.1 63.1 56.2 50.2
38.10 2.997 156.2 146.2 134.1 121.3 108.6 96.6 85.7 76.0 67.4 60.0 53.5
38.10 3.175 164.5 153.9 141.1 127.5 114.1 101.4 89.9 79.7 70.7 62.9 56.0
38.10 3.404 175.1 163.7 150.0 135.4 121.0 107.5 95.2 84.3 74.8 66.4 59.2
38.10 3.683 187.8 175.4 160.5 144.7 129.2 114.7 101.5 89.8 79.6 70.7 62.9
38.10 3.962 200.3 186.8 170.8 153.9 137.2 121.6 107.6 95.1 84.2 74.7 66.5
38.10 4.445 221.2 206.0 188.0 169.0 150.4 133.1 117.5 103.7 91.7 81.3 72.3
44.45 2.591 163.7 156.0 146.4 135.6 124.5 113.5 102.9 93.1 84.2 76.1 68.9
44.45 2.769 174.1 165.9 155.6 144.1 132.2 120.4 109.2 98.8 89.2 80.6 72.9
44.45 2.997 187.4 178.4 167.3 154.8 141.9 129.2 117.1 105.8 95.6 86.3 78.0
44.45 3.175 197.6 188.1 176.2 163.0 149.4 135.9 123.1 111.2 100.4 90.6 81.9
44.45 3.404 210.5 200.3 187.6 173.4 158.8 144.4 130.7 118.0 106.5 96.1 86.8
44.45 3.683 226.1 215.1 201.3 185.9 170.1 154.5 139.8 126.1 113.7 102.5 92.6
44.45 3.962 241.5 229.5 214.6 198.1 181.1 164.4 148.6 134.0 120.7 108.8 98.2
44.45 4.445 267.4 253.9 237.2 218.6 199.5 180.9 163.2 147.0 132.3 119.1 107.4
44.45 4.775 284.8 270.2 252.1 232.2 211.7 191.7 172.9 155.6 139.9 125.9 113.4
50.80 2.769 202.6 195.2 185.8 174.9 163.2 151.3 139.5 128.2 117.5 107.6 98.5
50.80 2.997 218.2 210.2 200.0 188.1 175.5 162.6 149.8 137.6 126.1 115.4 105.7
50.80 3.175 230.2 221.8 210.9 198.3 184.9 171.2 157.8 144.8 132.7 121.4 111.1
50.80 3.404 245.6 236.4 224.7 211.3 196.9 182.2 167.8 154.0 141.0 129.0 118.0
50.80 3.683 264.1 254.1 241.5 226.9 211.3 195.4 179.8 164.9 150.9 138.0 126.2
50.80 3.962 282.3 271.6 257.9 242.2 225.4 208.4 191.6 175.6 160.6 146.8 134.1
50.80 4.445 313.3 301.2 285.7 268.0 249.2 230.1 211.4 193.5 176.9 161.5 147.4
50.80 4.775 334.0 320.9 304.3 285.3 265.0 244.5 224.5 205.4 187.6 171.1 156.2
50.80 5.156 357.5 343.3 325.3 304.7 282.8 260.7 239.1 218.6 199.5 181.9 165.9
*Multiply by the yield stress in Mega Pascals to obtain the compressive force in Newtons
**Includes 50% safety factor

2-20 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Catastrophic Buckling Metric Units (Continued)

Unsupported Length (mm)
Wall
OD 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Thickness
(mm)
(mm) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
mm * mm * mm * mm * mm * mm * mm * mm * mm * mm * mm2*
60.33 3.175 278.9 271.6 262.0 250.6 238.0 224.6 210.9 197.2 184.0 171.2 159.1
60.33 3.404 297.7 289.9 279.6 267.3 253.8 239.4 224.7 210.1 195.9 182.2 169.3
60.33 3.683 320.5 312.0 300.8 287.5 272.8 257.3 241.4 225.6 210.2 195.5 181.6
60.33 3.962 343.1 333.9 321.8 307.5 291.6 274.9 257.8 240.8 224.3 208.5 193.6
60.33 4.445 381.4 371.0 357.4 341.3 323.5 304.7 285.5 266.5 248.1 230.4 213.8
60.33 4.775 407.2 396.0 381.3 364.0 344.8 324.6 304.0 283.6 263.9 245.0 227.2
60.33 5.156 436.6 424.4 408.5 389.7 369.0 347.1 324.9 303.0 281.7 261.4 242.3
60.33 5.994 499.5 485.3 466.6 444.6 420.4 395.0 369.2 343.8 319.2 295.9 273.9
66.68 3.683 358.0 350.2 339.8 327.4 313.4 298.3 282.6 266.7 251.0 235.6 220.7
66.68 3.962 383.3 374.9 363.8 350.4 335.3 319.1 302.2 285.1 268.1 251.6 235.6
66.68 4.445 426.6 417.1 404.6 389.5 372.5 354.2 335.3 316.1 297.1 278.6 260.8
66.68 4.775 455.8 445.6 432.0 415.8 397.5 377.8 357.5 336.9 316.5 296.7 277.6
66.68 5.156 489.0 477.9 463.3 445.6 425.9 404.6 382.6 360.4 338.4 317.1 296.6
66.68 5.994 560.5 547.5 530.3 509.7 486.6 461.8 436.2 410.4 385.0 360.3 336.7
73.03 3.962 423.5 415.8 405.5 392.9 378.6 363.0 346.5 329.5 312.4 295.4 278.8
73.03 4.445 471.6 463.0 451.3 437.2 421.1 403.5 384.9 365.9 346.7 327.7 309.2
73.03 4.775 504.2 494.8 482.3 467.0 449.7 430.8 410.8 390.3 369.7 349.4 329.5
73.03 5.156 541.3 531.1 517.5 501.0 482.2 461.8 440.2 418.1 395.9 373.9 352.5
73.03 5.994 621.3 609.4 593.4 574.1 552.2 528.3 503.2 477.5 451.7 426.2 401.4
88.90 3.962 523.4 517.1 508.4 497.7 485.2 471.2 456.0 439.9 423.3 406.3 389.2
88.90 4.445 583.8 576.6 566.9 554.8 540.7 524.9 507.9 489.8 471.1 452.0 432.8
88.90 4.775 624.7 616.9 606.4 593.4 578.2 561.3 542.9 523.5 503.4 482.9 462.2
88.90 5.156 671.4 663.0 651.6 637.5 621.1 602.8 582.9 561.9 540.2 518.0 495.7
88.90 5.994 772.6 762.8 749.4 732.9 713.7 692.3 669.1 644.6 619.3 593.5 567.7
114.30 5.182 882.8 876.2 867.2 855.9 842.4 827.0 810.0 791.4 771.7 751.1 729.7
114.30 5.690 964.8 957.6 947.6 935.1 920.3 903.3 884.5 864.2 842.5 819.7 796.2
114.30 5.994 1013.6 1006.0 995.4 982.2 966.6 948.7 928.9 907.4 884.5 860.5 835.7
114.30 6.350 1070.2 1062.0 1050.9 1036.9 1020.2 1001.2 980.2 957.4 933.1 907.7 881.4
168.28 7.112 1795.5 1789.3 1780.7 1769.8 1756.7 1741.4 1724.1 1704.9 1684.0 1661.4 1637.4
168.28 7.620 1917.6 1911.0 1901.8 1890.1 1876.0 1859.6 1841.0 1820.4 1797.9 1773.6 1747.8
*Multiply by the yield stress in Mega Pascals to obtain the compressive force in Newtons
**Includes 50% safety factor

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-21

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Fatigue

In a typical application CT experiences 3 bending and 3 unbending events in one "trip" into and out of a
well:

1. Unbending off of the reel,

2. Bending over the guide arch (while RIH),
3. Unbending off of the guide arch (RIH),
4. Bending over the guide arch (while POOH),
5. Unbending off of the guide arch (when POOH),
6. Bending onto the reel.
Note Four of these bending events involve the guide arch and two involve the reel. Thus,
in a typical situation, more fatigue damage is done at the guide arch than at the reel.

The primary factors that affect the fatigue life are:

• CT diameter
• CT material
• CT wall thickness
• pressure in the CT while it is being bent
• welds in the CT
• radius of bending at the reel
• radius of bending at the guide arch
• tension in the CT while bending
• rotation of the CT between bends
• CT surface finish, internal and external
• previous fatigue history
Calculating the fatigue life is very complex, and thus must be done with computer modeling.

Three major “fatigue models” have been developed to determine the fatigue life of CT.

These models have been developed by:

S. Tipton - University of Tulsa

V. Avakov - Halliburton
BJ/Nowsco

The model developed by Tipton is used in the CTES Cerberus™ (non-Halliburton) software and the
Schlumberger Dowell software. The Avakov model is used in the CTES Cerberus™ (Halliburton),
Maurer and Medco software. The BJ/Nowsco model is exclusive to BJ.

This section includes a series of graphs produced using the Avakov model in the CTES Cerberus™
(Halliburton) software. These graphs show the number of “trips” to “failure.” In a trip, the section of CT
of interest experiences the 3 bending and 3 unbending events listed above.

These graphs provide a qualitative understanding of the fatigue life and how it varies as the various
parameters are varied. In actual field operations, the pressure is not constant for the entire life of the CT.

2-22 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Thus these graphs cannot be used to determine the actual life of a section of CT used in the field. The
computer models must be used to determine the actual fatigue life.

All these graphs assume a 95% reliability factor and it is important to note that no safety factor
(application factor = 1) has been included in these graphs.

The application factor is simply a safety factor applied to fatigue calculations only. eg. a coiled tubing
string with an AF = 2 will show twice as much fatigue as one with an AF = 1. In operations, an AF
between 1.6 and 2.5 can be estimated using a spreadsheet that takes into account factors such as string
management practices, typical string life, corrosion protection practice, associated risk, and string length.
More information regarding application factors can be found in the Data Acquisition Section of this
handbook.

All fatigue calculations have been calculated using CTES Cerberus™ (Halliburton Version) Fatigue
Calculator Version 7.0.003.

Figure 2.4—Fatigue trips to failure for varying materials

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-23

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 2.5—Fatigue trips to failure for CT diameters 1.00 to 1.75-in.

Figure 2.6—Fatigue trips to failure for CT diameters 2.00 to 3.50-in.

2-24 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 2.7—Fatigue trips to failure for varying wall thickness

Figure 2.8—Fatigue trips to failure for varying reel diameters

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-25

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 2.9—Fatigue trips to failure for varying tubing guide radius

2-26 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

This page left blank intentionally.

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-27

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data

Grade 70
Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 70
70,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Wall Thickness Load Pressure Torque
Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.) t (in.)
(psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
1.000 0.087 16,730 11,180 346 10,444 7,038 4,727 4,954 3,334
1.000 0.095 18,210 12,230 371 11,364 7,999 5,332 5,733 3,834
1.000 0.102 19,480 13,130 391 12,154 8,821 5,852 6,419 4,274
1.000 0.109 20,720 14,030 410 12,931 9,627 6,364 7,106 4,715
1.250 0.080 19,540 8,260 526 7,837 4,308 3,021 2,902 2,013
1.250 0.087 21,240 9,010 566 8,518 5,019 3,464 3,411 2,342
1.250 0.095 23,160 9,870 609 9,286 5,824 3,967 4,010 2,728
1.250 0.102 24,810 10,620 645 9,948 6,519 4,401 4,545 3,072
1.250 0.109 26,440 11,360 680 10,602 7,204 4,831 5,086 3,419
1.250 0.118 28,500 12,300 723 11,430 8,068 5,375 5,789 3,870
1.250 0.125 30,080 13,030 755 12,063 8,727 5,792 6,339 4,223
1.250 0.134 32,080 13,960 794 12,866 9,560 6,321 7,048 4,677
1.250 0.145 34,480 15,070 839 13,827 10,554 6,954 7,912 5,233
1.250 0.156 36,830 16,170 881 14,767 11,524 7,575 8,773 5,786
1.250 0.175 40,750 18,030 947 16,340 13,145 8,615 10,242 6,731
1.500 0.095 28,100 8,270 906 7,847 4,319 3,027 2,909 2,018
1.500 0.102 30,140 8,900 963 8,416 4,912 3,397 3,333 2,292
1.500 0.109 32,160 9,530 1,018 8,978 5,501 3,765 3,767 2,572
1.500 0.118 34,720 10,330 1,086 9,693 6,251 4,234 4,337 2,938
1.500 0.125 36,680 10,950 1,137 10,242 6,827 4,594 4,786 3,227
1.500 0.134 39,180 11,740 1,201 10,938 7,555 5,052 5,370 3,601
1.500 0.145 42,180 12,700 1,274 11,777 8,429 5,603 6,089 4,063
1.500 0.156 45,130 13,650 1,344 12,600 9,284 6,145 6,812 4,526
1.500 0.175 50,100 15,260 1,456 13,987 10,719 7,060 8,058 5,326
1.500 0.188 53,400 16,340 1,527 14,911 11,672 7,669 8,906 5,871
1.500 0.203 57,130 17,570 1,602 15,950 12,744 8,357 9,875 6,495
1.750 0.109 37,870 8,200 1,425 7,784 4,253 2,986 2,863 1,988
1.750 0.118 40,930 8,890 1,525 8,412 4,907 3,395 3,330 2,290
1.750 0.125 43,280 9,430 1,600 8,895 5,414 3,710 3,702 2,530
1.750 0.134 46,270 10,120 1,693 9,509 6,059 4,113 4,189 2,843
1.750 0.145 49,880 10,960 1,802 10,251 6,836 4,600 4,794 3,231
1.750 0.156 53,430 11,790 1,907 10,981 7,600 5,080 5,406 3,624
1.750 0.175 59,440 13,200 2,077 12,217 8,886 5,893 6,473 4,309
1.750 0.188 63,460 14,160 2,186 13,043 9,743 6,437 7,206 4,779
1.750 0.203 68,010 15,250 2,305 13,978 10,710 7,054 8,050 5,321
2.000 0.109 43,590 7,190 1,901 6,869 3,317 2,397 2,222 1,569
2.000 0.118 47,140 7,810 2,038 7,428 3,886 2,756 2,608 1,822
2.000 0.125 49,880 8,280 2,141 7,859 4,331 3,035 2,918 2,023

2-28 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 70

70,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Wall Thickness Load Pressure Torque
Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 F a = 0 Fa = F y/2 F a = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.) t (in.)
(psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
2.000 0.134 53,360 8,890 2,270 8,408 4,904 3,393 3,328 2,288
2.000 0.145 57,570 9,630 2,423 9,072 5,600 3,827 3,841 2,619
2.000 0.156 61,730 10,370 2,570 9,727 6,288 4,256 4,365 2,956
2.000 0.175 68,790 11,630 2,811 10,839 7,452 4,987 5,286 3,547
2.000 0.188 73,530 12,480 2,967 11,586 8,230 5,478 5,924 3,957
2.000 0.203 78,900 13,450 3,137 12,433 9,110 6,035 6,663 4,431
2.375 0.109 52,170 6,080 2,743 5,839 2,323 1,753 1,568 1,137
2.375 0.118 56,460 6,600 2,947 6,319 2,775 2,049 1,863 1,333
2.375 0.125 59,770 7,000 3,102 6,690 3,138 2,283 2,102 1,491
2.375 0.134 64,000 7,520 3,296 7,163 3,614 2,585 2,422 1,701
2.375 0.145 69,120 8,150 3,527 7,736 4,203 2,955 2,828 1,965
2.375 0.156 74,180 8,770 3,751 8,303 4,793 3,323 3,247 2,237
2.375 0.175 82,810 9,850 4,122 9,268 5,805 3,955 3,996 2,719
2.375 0.188 88,620 10,580 4,364 9,918 6,487 4,381 4,520 3,056
2.375 0.203 95,230 11,420 4,632 10,658 7,262 4,867 5,133 3,449
2.875 0.125 72,970 5,800 4,660 5,581 2,091 1,598 1,419 1,036
2.875 0.134 78,180 6,230 4,963 5,980 2,454 1,839 1,653 1,193
2.875 0.145 84,510 6,750 5,324 6,464 2,916 2,140 1,955 1,394
2.875 0.156 90,790 7,280 5,676 6,944 3,393 2,445 2,272 1,603
2.875 0.175 101,500 8,180 6,263 7,763 4,232 2,973 2,848 1,978
2.875 0.188 108,740 8,790 6,650 8,317 4,809 3,333 3,258 2,244
2.875 0.203 117,000 9,490 7,082 8,949 5,471 3,746 3,744 2,557
3.500 0.134 95,910 5,130 7,525 4,956 1,566 1,238 1,082 806
3.500 0.145 103,750 5,560 8,090 5,361 1,899 1,469 1,296 953
3.500 0.156 111,540 5,990 8,643 5,764 2,254 1,708 1,524 1,107
3.500 0.175 124,870 6,740 9,572 6,452 2,905 2,133 1,948 1,389
3.500 0.188 133,890 7,250 10,188 6,919 3,367 2,428 2,255 1,591
3.500 0.203 144,210 7,830 10,881 7,452 3,910 2,771 2,625 1,833

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-29

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 70

483 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units
Specified Nominal Yield Yield Yield Collapse Pressure
Wall Load Pressure Torque Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD
Thickness Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm) Fy (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m)
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
25.40 2.21 74.42 77.08 469 72.01 48.53 32.59 34.16 22.99
25.40 2.41 81.00 84.32 503 78.35 55.15 36.76 39.53 26.43
25.40 2.59 86.65 90.53 530 83.80 60.82 40.35 44.26 29.47
25.40 2.77 92.17 96.73 556 89.16 66.38 43.88 48.99 32.51
31.75 2.03 86.92 56.95 713 54.03 29.70 20.83 20.01 13.88
31.75 2.21 94.48 62.12 767 58.73 34.60 23.88 23.52 16.15
31.75 2.41 103.02 68.05 826 64.02 40.16 27.35 27.65 18.81
31.75 2.59 110.36 73.22 875 68.59 44.95 30.34 31.34 21.18
31.75 2.77 117.61 78.32 922 73.10 49.67 33.31 35.07 23.57
31.75 3.00 126.77 84.81 980 78.81 55.63 37.06 39.91 26.68
31.75 3.18 133.80 89.84 1024 83.17 60.17 39.93 43.71 29.12
31.75 3.40 142.70 96.25 1077 88.71 65.91 43.58 48.59 32.25
31.75 3.68 153.37 103.90 1138 95.33 72.77 47.95 54.55 36.08
31.75 3.96 163.83 111.49 1194 101.81 79.46 52.23 60.49 39.89
31.75 4.45 181.26 124.31 1284 112.66 90.63 59.40 70.62 46.41
38.10 2.41 124.99 57.02 1228 54.10 29.78 20.87 20.06 13.91
38.10 2.59 134.07 61.36 1306 58.03 33.87 23.42 22.98 15.80
38.10 2.77 143.05 65.71 1380 61.90 37.93 25.96 25.97 17.73
38.10 3.00 154.44 71.22 1472 66.83 43.10 29.19 29.90 20.26
38.10 3.18 163.16 75.50 1542 70.62 47.07 31.67 33.00 22.25
38.10 3.40 174.28 80.94 1628 75.41 52.09 34.83 37.02 24.83
38.10 3.68 187.63 87.56 1727 81.20 58.12 38.63 41.98 28.01
38.10 3.96 200.75 94.11 1822 86.87 64.01 42.37 46.97 31.21
38.10 4.45 222.86 105.21 1974 96.44 73.90 48.68 55.56 36.72
38.10 4.78 237.53 112.66 2070 102.81 80.48 52.88 61.40 40.48
38.10 5.16 254.13 121.14 2172 109.97 87.87 57.62 68.09 44.78
44.45 2.77 168.45 56.54 1932 53.67 29.32 20.59 19.74 13.71
44.45 3.00 182.07 61.29 2068 58.00 33.83 23.41 22.96 15.79
44.45 3.18 192.52 65.02 2169 61.33 37.33 25.58 25.52 17.44
44.45 3.40 205.82 69.77 2295 65.56 41.78 28.36 28.88 19.60
44.45 3.68 221.88 75.57 2443 70.68 47.13 31.72 33.05 22.28
44.45 3.96 237.67 81.29 2586 75.71 52.40 35.03 37.27 24.99
44.45 4.45 264.40 91.01 2816 84.23 61.27 40.63 44.63 29.71
44.45 4.78 282.28 97.63 2964 89.93 67.18 44.38 49.68 32.95
44.45 5.16 302.52 105.15 3125 96.37 73.84 48.64 55.50 36.69
50.80 2.77 193.90 49.57 2577 47.36 22.87 16.53 15.32 10.82
50.80 3.00 209.69 53.85 2763 51.21 26.79 19.00 17.98 12.56
50.80 3.18 221.88 57.09 2903 54.19 29.86 20.93 20.12 13.95
50.80 3.40 237.36 61.29 3078 57.97 33.81 23.39 22.95 15.78
50.80 3.68 256.08 66.40 3285 62.55 38.61 26.39 26.48 18.06

2-30 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 70

483 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Yield Yield Yield Collapse Pressure
Wall Load Pressure Torque Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD
Thickness Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm) Fy (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m)
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
50.80 3.96 274.59 71.50 3484 67.07 43.35 29.34 30.10 20.38
50.80 4.45 305.99 80.19 3811 74.73 51.38 34.38 36.45 24.46
50.80 4.78 327.08 86.05 4023 79.88 56.74 37.77 40.84 27.28
50.80 5.16 350.96 92.73 4253 85.72 62.81 41.61 45.94 30.55
60.33 2.77 232.06 41.92 3719 40.26 16.02 12.09 10.81 7.84
60.33 3.00 251.15 45.51 3996 43.57 19.13 14.13 12.84 9.19
60.33 3.18 265.87 48.26 4206 46.13 21.64 15.74 14.49 10.28
60.33 3.40 284.69 51.85 4469 49.39 24.92 17.82 16.70 11.73
60.33 3.68 307.46 56.19 4782 53.34 28.98 20.37 19.50 13.55
60.33 3.96 329.97 60.47 5086 57.25 33.05 22.91 22.39 15.42
60.33 4.45 368.36 67.91 5589 63.90 40.02 27.27 27.55 18.75
60.33 4.78 394.20 72.95 5917 68.38 44.73 30.21 31.16 21.07
60.33 5.16 423.60 78.74 6280 73.48 50.07 33.56 35.39 23.78
73.03 3.18 324.59 39.99 6318 38.48 14.42 11.02 9.78 7.14
73.03 3.40 347.76 42.95 6729 41.23 16.92 12.68 11.40 8.23
73.03 3.68 375.92 46.54 7218 44.57 20.11 14.75 13.48 9.61
73.03 3.96 403.85 50.19 7696 47.88 23.39 16.86 15.66 11.05
73.03 4.45 451.49 56.40 8492 53.52 29.18 20.50 19.64 13.64
73.03 4.78 483.70 60.60 9016 57.34 33.16 22.98 22.46 15.47
73.03 5.16 520.44 65.43 9602 61.70 37.72 25.83 25.81 17.63
88.90 3.40 426.63 35.37 10203 34.17 10.80 8.54 7.46 5.56
88.90 3.68 461.50 38.33 10969 36.96 13.09 10.13 8.94 6.57
88.90 3.96 496.15 41.30 11718 39.74 15.54 11.78 10.51 7.63
88.90 4.45 555.45 46.47 12978 44.48 20.03 14.71 13.43 9.58
88.90 4.78 595.57 49.99 13813 47.70 23.21 16.74 15.55 10.97
88.90 5.16 641.48 53.99 14753 51.38 26.96 19.11 18.10 12.64

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-31

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Grade 80
Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 80
80,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
1.000 0.087 19,130 12,770 395 11,935 7,937 5,360 5,585 3,778
1.000 0.095 20,810 13,970 424 12,987 9,051 6,057 6,480 4,351
1.000 0.102 22,260 15,010 447 13,891 10,002 6,656 7,269 4,856
1.000 0.109 23,680 16,040 469 14,779 10,934 7,245 8,059 5,362
1.250 0.080 22,340 9,440 601 8,957 4,770 3,387 3,232 2,262
1.250 0.087 24,280 10,300 646 9,735 5,593 3,901 3,815 2,640
1.250 0.095 26,460 11,280 696 10,612 6,528 4,482 4,501 3,082
1.250 0.102 28,350 12,130 737 11,369 7,335 4,984 5,115 3,476
1.250 0.109 30,220 12,980 777 12,116 8,129 5,480 5,737 3,875
1.250 0.118 32,570 14,060 826 13,062 9,130 6,107 6,545 4,393
1.250 0.125 34,380 14,890 863 13,787 9,893 6,588 7,178 4,798
1.250 0.134 36,670 15,950 907 14,704 10,855 7,195 7,992 5,319
1.250 0.145 39,410 17,230 959 15,802 12,003 7,924 8,986 5,956
1.250 0.156 42,090 18,490 1,007 16,877 13,120 8,636 9,975 6,591
1.250 0.175 46,570 20,610 1,082 18,675 14,984 9,830 11,662 7,675
1.500 0.095 32,120 9,450 1,036 8,968 4,782 3,395 3,240 2,268
1.500 0.102 34,450 10,170 1,101 9,618 5,469 3,823 3,725 2,582
1.500 0.109 36,750 10,890 1,164 10,261 6,153 4,249 4,223 2,903
1.500 0.118 39,670 11,800 1,242 11,077 7,024 4,790 4,876 3,323
1.500 0.125 41,920 12,510 1,300 11,705 7,692 5,206 5,392 3,654
1.500 0.134 44,770 13,420 1,372 12,501 8,537 5,735 6,063 4,084
1.500 0.145 48,200 14,510 1,456 13,459 9,548 6,370 6,890 4,614
1.500 0.156 51,570 15,600 1,536 14,400 10,537 6,994 7,720 5,145
1.500 0.175 57,250 17,440 1,664 15,985 12,193 8,045 9,153 6,063
1.500 0.188 61,030 18,680 1,745 17,041 13,290 8,745 10,127 6,688
1.500 0.203 65,290 20,080 1,831 18,229 14,523 9,534 11,240 7,404
1.750 0.109 43,280 9,370 1,629 8,896 4,706 3,347 3,188 2,233
1.750 0.118 46,770 10,170 1,742 9,613 5,464 3,820 3,722 2,580
1.750 0.125 49,460 10,780 1,828 10,165 6,051 4,185 4,148 2,855
1.750 0.134 52,880 11,570 1,935 10,868 6,800 4,651 4,706 3,214
1.750 0.145 57,000 12,520 2,060 11,715 7,703 5,213 5,401 3,660
1.750 0.156 61,060 13,470 2,180 12,550 8,588 5,767 6,105 4,111
1.750 0.175 67,930 15,090 2,374 13,962 10,077 6,704 7,332 4,896
1.750 0.188 72,530 16,180 2,499 14,907 11,067 7,330 8,174 5,436
1.750 0.203 77,730 17,430 2,634 15,975 12,182 8,038 9,144 6,057
2.000 0.109 49,820 8,220 2,173 7,850 3,629 2,666 2,457 1,755
2.000 0.118 53,870 8,920 2,329 8,489 4,282 3,081 2,897 2,043
2.000 0.125 57,000 9,470 2,447 8,982 4,796 3,404 3,251 2,274
2.000 0.134 60,980 10,160 2,595 9,610 5,460 3,818 3,719 2,578
2.000 0.145 65,800 11,010 2,769 10,368 6,267 4,320 4,307 2,957
2.000 0.156 70,550 11,850 2,937 11,117 7,066 4,816 4,908 3,344
2.000 0.175 78,620 13,290 3,213 12,388 8,417 5,660 5,967 4,022

2-32 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 80

80,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
2.000 0.188 84,030 14,260 3,391 13,241 9,319 6,226 6,700 4,492
2.000 0.203 90,170 15,380 3,586 14,209 10,336 6,867 7,550 5,036
2.375 0.109 59,620 6,940 3,135 6,673 2,501 1,926 1,718 1,262
2.375 0.118 64,520 7,540 3,368 7,222 3,012 2,266 2,050 1,485
2.375 0.125 68,310 8,000 3,545 7,645 3,425 2,535 2,322 1,665
2.375 0.134 73,140 8,590 3,767 8,186 3,970 2,883 2,685 1,905
2.375 0.145 78,990 9,310 4,031 8,841 4,648 3,311 3,148 2,207
2.375 0.156 84,780 10,030 4,287 9,489 5,331 3,738 3,627 2,519
2.375 0.175 94,640 11,260 4,711 10,592 6,506 4,468 4,485 3,071
2.375 0.188 101,280 12,090 4,987 11,335 7,298 4,961 5,086 3,458
2.375 0.203 108,830 13,050 5,293 12,180 8,197 5,522 5,791 3,910
2.875 0.125 83,390 6,630 5,326 6,378 2,242 1,750 1,550 1,148
2.875 0.134 89,350 7,120 5,672 6,834 2,648 2,025 1,814 1,326
2.875 0.145 96,590 7,720 6,084 7,388 3,172 2,371 2,155 1,555
2.875 0.156 103,760 8,320 6,487 7,936 3,716 2,721 2,515 1,793
2.875 0.175 116,000 9,350 7,158 8,873 4,681 3,332 3,171 2,222
2.875 0.188 124,270 10,050 7,600 9,505 5,349 3,749 3,640 2,527
2.875 0.203 133,710 10,850 8,094 10,227 6,117 4,226 4,196 2,886
3.500 0.134 109,620 5,860 8,600 5,664 1,662 1,341 1,173 888
3.500 0.145 118,580 6,360 9,245 6,127 2,029 1,602 1,412 1,053
3.500 0.156 127,480 6,850 9,877 6,587 2,425 1,875 1,669 1,228
3.500 0.175 142,700 7,700 10,939 7,374 3,159 2,362 2,146 1,549
3.500 0.188 153,020 8,280 11,643 7,907 3,686 2,703 2,495 1,780
3.500 0.203 164,810 8,950 12,435 8,517 4,310 3,098 2,916 2,056

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-33

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 80

552 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm)
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
25.40 2.21 85.09 88.05 536 82.29 54.72 36.96 38.51 26.05
25.40 2.41 92.57 96.32 575 89.54 62.40 41.76 44.68 30.00
25.40 2.59 99.02 103.49 606 95.78 68.96 45.89 50.12 33.48
25.40 2.77 105.33 110.59 636 101.90 75.39 49.95 55.56 36.97
31.75 2.03 99.37 65.09 815 61.76 32.89 23.35 22.28 15.60
31.75 2.21 108.00 71.02 876 67.12 38.56 26.90 26.30 18.20
31.75 2.41 117.70 77.77 944 73.17 45.01 30.90 31.03 21.25
31.75 2.59 126.11 83.63 999 78.39 50.57 34.36 35.27 23.97
31.75 2.77 134.43 89.49 1053 83.54 56.05 37.78 39.56 26.72
31.75 3.00 144.88 96.94 1120 90.06 62.95 42.11 45.13 30.29
31.75 3.18 152.93 102.66 1170 95.06 68.21 45.42 49.49 33.08
31.75 3.40 163.12 109.97 1230 101.38 74.84 49.61 55.10 36.67
31.75 3.68 175.30 118.80 1300 108.95 82.76 54.63 61.96 41.07
31.75 3.96 187.23 127.48 1365 116.36 90.46 59.54 68.78 45.44
31.75 4.45 207.15 142.10 1467 128.76 103.31 67.78 80.41 52.92
38.10 2.41 142.88 65.16 1405 61.83 32.97 23.41 22.34 15.64
38.10 2.59 153.24 70.12 1493 66.31 37.71 26.36 25.68 17.80
38.10 2.77 163.47 75.08 1578 70.75 42.42 29.30 29.12 20.02
38.10 3.00 176.46 81.36 1684 76.37 48.43 33.03 33.62 22.91
38.10 3.18 186.47 86.25 1763 80.70 53.03 35.89 37.18 25.19
38.10 3.40 199.15 92.53 1860 86.19 58.86 39.54 41.80 28.16
38.10 3.68 214.40 100.04 1974 92.80 65.83 43.92 47.50 31.81
38.10 3.96 229.39 107.56 2083 99.28 72.65 48.22 53.23 35.47
38.10 4.45 254.66 120.24 2256 110.21 84.07 55.47 63.11 41.80
38.10 4.78 271.47 128.79 2366 117.49 91.63 60.29 69.82 46.11
38.10 5.16 290.42 138.45 2483 125.68 100.13 65.73 77.50 51.05
44.45 2.77 192.52 64.60 2209 61.34 32.45 23.08 21.98 15.40
44.45 3.00 208.04 70.12 2362 66.28 37.67 26.34 25.66 17.79
44.45 3.18 220.01 74.33 2478 70.09 41.72 28.85 28.60 19.68
44.45 3.40 235.22 79.77 2624 74.93 46.88 32.07 32.45 22.16
44.45 3.68 253.55 86.32 2793 80.77 53.11 35.94 37.24 25.23
44.45 3.96 271.61 92.87 2956 86.53 59.21 39.76 42.09 28.34
44.45 4.45 302.17 104.04 3219 96.26 69.48 46.22 50.55 33.76
44.45 4.78 322.63 111.56 3388 102.78 76.30 50.54 56.36 37.48
44.45 5.16 345.76 120.18 3571 110.14 83.99 55.42 63.05 41.76
50.80 2.77 221.61 56.67 2946 54.12 25.02 18.38 16.94 12.10
50.80 3.00 239.63 61.50 3158 58.53 29.52 21.24 19.97 14.09
50.80 3.18 253.55 65.29 3318 61.93 33.07 23.47 22.41 15.68
50.80 3.40 271.25 70.05 3518 66.26 37.65 26.32 25.64 17.77
50.80 3.68 292.69 75.91 3754 71.48 43.21 29.79 29.70 20.39
50.80 3.96 313.82 81.70 3982 76.65 48.72 33.21 33.84 23.06

2-34 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 80

552 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm)
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
50.80 4.45 349.72 91.63 4356 85.41 58.03 39.02 41.14 27.73
50.80 4.78 373.78 98.32 4598 91.29 64.25 42.93 46.19 30.97
50.80 5.16 401.10 106.04 4862 97.97 71.26 47.35 52.06 34.72
60.33 2.77 265.20 47.85 4250 46.01 17.24 13.28 11.85 8.70
60.33 3.00 287.00 51.99 4566 49.79 20.77 15.62 14.13 10.24
60.33 3.18 303.86 55.16 4806 52.71 23.61 17.48 16.01 11.48
60.33 3.40 325.34 59.23 5107 56.44 27.37 19.88 18.51 13.13
60.33 3.68 351.36 64.19 5465 60.96 32.05 22.83 21.70 15.22
60.33 3.96 377.12 69.15 5812 65.42 36.76 25.77 25.01 17.37
60.33 4.45 420.98 77.63 6387 73.03 44.86 30.81 30.92 21.17
60.33 4.78 450.52 83.36 6761 78.15 50.32 34.20 35.07 23.84
60.33 5.16 484.10 89.98 7176 83.98 56.52 38.07 39.93 26.96
73.03 3.18 370.94 45.71 7221 43.97 15.46 12.07 10.69 7.92
73.03 3.40 397.45 49.09 7690 47.12 18.26 13.96 12.51 9.14
73.03 3.68 429.65 53.23 8249 50.94 21.87 16.35 14.86 10.72
73.03 3.96 461.55 57.36 8795 54.72 25.62 18.76 17.34 12.36
73.03 4.45 515.99 64.47 9705 61.18 32.27 22.97 21.86 15.32
73.03 4.78 552.78 69.29 10304 65.53 36.88 25.85 25.10 17.42
73.03 5.16 594.77 74.81 10974 70.51 42.18 29.14 28.93 19.90
88.90 3.40 487.61 40.40 11660 39.05 11.46 9.25 8.09 6.12
88.90 3.68 527.47 43.85 12535 42.24 13.99 11.05 9.74 7.26
88.90 3.96 567.06 47.23 13391 45.42 16.72 12.93 11.51 8.47
88.90 4.45 634.76 53.09 14831 50.84 21.78 16.29 14.80 10.68
88.90 4.78 680.67 57.09 15786 54.52 25.41 18.64 17.20 12.27
88.90 5.16 733.11 61.71 16860 58.72 29.72 21.36 20.11 14.18

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-35

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Grade 90

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 90

90,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
1.000 0.087 21,520 14,370 445 13,427 8,807 5,981 6,198 4,213
1.000 0.095 23,410 15,720 476 14,610 10,077 6,773 7,210 4,861
1.000 0.102 25,040 16,890 503 15,627 11,162 7,452 8,102 5,431
1.000 0.109 26,640 18,040 528 16,626 12,221 8,119 8,997 6,003
1.250 0.080 25,130 10,620 676 10,077 5,195 3,737 3,544 2,503
1.250 0.087 27,310 11,590 727 10,952 6,131 4,321 4,199 2,928
1.250 0.095 29,770 12,690 783 11,939 7,197 4,983 4,973 3,427
1.250 0.102 31,900 13,650 829 12,790 8,119 5,554 5,666 3,872
1.250 0.109 33,990 14,600 874 13,631 9,026 6,117 6,369 4,323
1.250 0.118 36,650 15,820 929 14,695 10,168 6,830 7,284 4,908
1.250 0.125 38,680 16,750 970 15,510 11,038 7,374 7,999 5,365
1.250 0.134 41,250 17,940 1,021 16,542 12,132 8,063 8,920 5,954
1.250 0.145 44,330 19,380 1,078 17,778 13,435 8,887 10,045 6,674
1.250 0.156 47,350 20,800 1,132 18,986 14,702 9,693 11,163 7,390
1.250 0.175 52,390 23,190 1,217 21,009 16,813 11,041 13,070 8,614
1.500 0.095 36,130 10,630 1,165 10,089 5,208 3,745 3,553 2,509
1.500 0.102 38,750 11,440 1,238 10,820 5,989 4,233 4,098 2,863
1.500 0.109 41,340 12,250 1,309 11,543 6,769 4,718 4,659 3,225
1.500 0.118 44,630 13,280 1,397 12,462 7,764 5,334 5,396 3,699
1.500 0.125 47,160 14,080 1,462 13,168 8,527 5,807 5,980 4,074
1.500 0.134 50,370 15,090 1,544 14,064 9,491 6,407 6,738 4,559
1.500 0.145 54,230 16,330 1,638 15,141 10,645 7,128 7,674 5,157
1.500 0.156 58,020 17,550 1,728 16,200 11,770 7,835 8,613 5,758
1.500 0.175 64,410 19,620 1,872 17,983 13,651 9,024 10,234 6,795
1.500 0.188 68,660 21,010 1,963 19,171 14,895 9,816 11,336 7,500
1.500 0.203 73,450 22,590 2,060 20,508 16,291 10,707 12,594 8,308
1.750 0.109 48,700 10,540 1,832 10,008 5,122 3,692 3,494 2,470
1.750 0.118 52,620 11,440 1,960 10,815 5,983 4,230 4,094 2,860
1.750 0.125 55,640 12,130 2,057 11,436 6,653 4,646 4,574 3,171
1.750 0.134 59,490 13,010 2,177 12,226 7,508 5,176 5,204 3,576
1.750 0.145 64,130 14,090 2,317 13,179 8,539 5,815 5,989 4,080
1.750 0.156 68,700 15,160 2,452 14,118 9,550 6,444 6,785 4,589
1.750 0.175 76,430 16,980 2,671 15,707 11,247 7,506 8,173 5,477
1.750 0.188 81,600 18,210 2,811 16,770 12,373 8,215 9,126 6,086
1.750 0.203 87,450 19,610 2,963 17,972 13,639 9,017 10,223 6,788
2.000 0.109 56,050 9,250 2,444 8,832 3,907 2,918 2,676 1,932
2.000 0.118 60,610 10,040 2,620 9,551 4,642 3,389 3,167 2,256
2.000 0.125 64,130 10,650 2,753 10,105 5,224 3,756 3,565 2,516
2.000 0.134 68,610 11,430 2,919 10,811 5,979 4,227 4,091 2,858
2.000 0.145 74,020 12,380 3,115 11,664 6,900 4,799 4,754 3,286
2.000 0.156 79,370 13,330 3,304 12,507 7,812 5,364 5,433 3,723

2-36 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 90

90,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
2.000 0.175 88,440 14,950 3,614 13,936 9,354 6,322 6,629 4,489
2.000 0.188 94,530 16,050 3,814 14,896 10,383 6,964 7,459 5,020
2.000 0.203 101,440 17,300 4,034 15,985 11,542 7,691 8,421 5,635
2.375 0.109 67,070 7,810 3,527 7,507 2,655 2,083 1,855 1,380
2.375 0.118 72,590 8,480 3,789 8,124 3,219 2,465 2,223 1,629
2.375 0.125 76,850 9,000 3,988 8,601 3,678 2,769 2,525 1,831
2.375 0.134 82,290 9,660 4,238 9,209 4,290 3,164 2,931 2,101
2.375 0.145 88,870 10,470 4,535 9,946 5,056 3,650 3,449 2,441
2.375 0.156 95,380 11,280 4,823 10,675 5,833 4,136 3,988 2,792
2.375 0.175 106,470 12,670 5,300 11,916 7,172 4,967 4,954 3,415
2.375 0.188 113,940 13,610 5,611 12,752 8,077 5,528 5,634 3,852
2.375 0.203 122,440 14,680 5,955 13,703 9,103 6,165 6,431 4,362
2.875 0.125 93,810 7,450 5,992 7,176 2,371 1,886 1,669 1,252
2.875 0.134 100,520 8,010 6,380 7,689 2,817 2,194 1,960 1,452
2.875 0.145 108,660 8,680 6,845 8,311 3,396 2,583 2,339 1,707
2.875 0.156 116,730 9,360 7,297 8,928 4,004 2,981 2,740 1,975
2.875 0.175 130,500 10,510 8,053 9,982 5,094 3,674 3,475 2,458
2.875 0.188 139,810 11,300 8,550 10,693 5,853 4,149 4,002 2,801
2.875 0.203 150,430 12,210 9,105 11,506 6,728 4,692 4,629 3,206
3.500 0.134 123,320 6,590 9,675 6,372 1,742 1,432 1,255 963
3.500 0.145 133,400 7,150 10,401 6,893 2,139 1,721 1,517 1,147
3.500 0.156 143,410 7,710 11,112 7,410 2,571 2,025 1,800 1,342
3.500 0.175 160,540 8,670 12,306 8,296 3,382 2,574 2,330 1,701
3.500 0.188 172,150 9,320 13,099 8,895 3,971 2,959 2,719 1,960
3.500 0.203 185,420 10,070 13,989 9,581 4,674 3,409 3,189 2,270

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-37

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 90

621 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Unit
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
OD
Wall Load Pressure Torque Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
Thickness Fy (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm)
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
25.40 2.21 95.73 99.08 603.00 92.58 60.72 41.24 42.73 29.05
25.40 2.41 104.13 108.39 645.00 100.73 69.48 46.70 49.71 33.52
25.40 2.59 111.38 116.45 682.00 107.74 76.96 51.38 55.86 37.45
25.40 2.77 118.50 124.38 716.00 114.63 84.26 55.98 62.03 41.39
31.75 2.03 111.78 73.22 917.00 69.48 35.82 25.77 24.44 17.26
31.75 2.21 121.48 79.91 986.00 75.51 42.27 29.79 28.95 20.19
31.75 2.41 132.42 87.49 1062.00 82.32 49.62 34.36 34.29 23.63
31.75 2.59 141.90 94.11 1124.00 88.18 55.98 38.29 39.07 26.70
31.75 2.77 151.19 100.66 1185.00 93.98 62.23 42.18 43.91 29.81
31.75 3.00 163.03 109.08 1260.00 101.32 70.11 47.09 50.22 33.84
31.75 3.18 172.06 115.49 1315.00 106.94 76.10 50.84 55.15 36.99
31.75 3.40 183.49 123.69 1384.00 114.05 83.65 55.59 61.50 41.05
31.75 3.68 197.19 133.62 1462.00 122.58 92.63 61.27 69.26 46.02
31.75 3.96 210.62 143.41 1535.00 130.90 101.37 66.83 76.97 50.95
31.75 4.45 233.04 159.89 1650.00 144.85 115.92 76.13 90.11 59.39
38.10 2.41 160.71 73.29 1580.00 69.56 35.91 25.82 24.50 17.30
38.10 2.59 172.37 78.88 1679.00 74.60 41.29 29.19 28.25 19.74
38.10 2.77 183.89 84.46 1775.00 79.59 46.67 32.53 32.12 22.24
38.10 3.00 198.52 91.56 1894.00 85.92 53.53 36.78 37.20 25.50
38.10 3.18 209.78 97.08 1982.00 90.79 58.79 40.04 41.23 28.09
38.10 3.40 224.06 104.04 2093.00 96.97 65.44 44.17 46.46 31.43
38.10 3.68 241.23 112.59 2221.00 104.39 73.39 49.15 52.91 35.56
38.10 3.96 258.09 121.00 2343.00 111.70 81.15 54.02 59.38 39.70
38.10 4.45 286.51 135.28 2538.00 123.99 94.12 62.22 70.56 46.85
38.10 4.78 305.41 144.86 2661.00 132.18 102.70 67.68 78.16 51.71
38.10 5.16 326.72 155.75 2793.00 141.40 112.32 73.82 86.83 57.28
44.45 2.77 216.63 72.67 2484.00 69.00 35.31 25.46 24.09 17.03
44.45 3.00 234.07 78.88 2657.00 74.57 41.25 29.16 28.23 19.72
44.45 3.18 247.50 83.63 2789.00 78.85 45.87 32.03 31.54 21.86
44.45 3.40 264.62 89.70 2952.00 84.30 51.77 35.69 35.88 24.66
44.45 3.68 285.26 97.15 3141.00 90.87 58.87 40.09 41.29 28.13
44.45 3.96 305.59 104.52 3324.00 97.34 65.84 44.43 46.78 31.64
44.45 4.45 339.98 117.07 3621.00 108.30 77.55 51.75 56.35 37.76
44.45 4.78 362.97 125.55 3811.00 115.63 85.31 56.64 62.92 41.96
44.45 5.16 389.00 135.21 4017.00 123.91 94.04 62.17 70.49 46.80
50.80 2.77 249.32 63.78 3314.00 60.89 26.94 20.12 18.45 13.32
50.80 3.00 269.61 69.22 3552.00 65.85 32.01 23.37 21.84 15.55
50.80 3.18 285.26 73.43 3733.00 69.67 36.02 25.90 24.58 17.35
50.80 3.40 305.19 78.81 3958.00 74.54 41.22 29.14 28.21 19.71
50.80 3.68 329.26 85.36 4223.00 80.42 47.57 33.09 32.78 22.66
50.80 3.96 353.06 91.91 4480.00 86.23 53.86 36.98 37.46 25.67
50.80 4.45 393.40 103.08 4900.00 96.09 64.49 43.59 45.71 30.95

2-38 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 90

621 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Unit (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
OD
Wall Load Pressure Torque Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
Thickness Fy (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm)
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
50.80 4.78 420.49 110.66 5171.00 102.70 71.59 48.02 51.43 34.61
50.80 5.16 451.23 119.28 5469.00 110.21 79.58 53.03 58.06 38.85
60.33 2.77 298.34 53.85 4782.00 51.76 18.31 14.36 12.79 9.51
60.33 3.00 322.90 58.47 5137.00 56.01 22.19 17.00 15.33 11.23
60.33 3.18 341.85 62.05 5407.00 59.30 25.36 19.09 17.41 12.62
60.33 3.40 366.04 66.60 5746.00 63.49 29.58 21.82 20.21 14.49
60.33 3.68 395.31 72.19 6149.00 68.58 34.86 25.17 23.78 16.83
60.33 3.96 424.27 77.77 6539.00 73.60 40.22 28.52 27.50 19.25
60.33 4.45 473.60 87.36 7186.00 82.16 49.45 34.25 34.16 23.55
60.33 4.78 506.83 93.84 7608.00 87.92 55.69 38.11 38.85 26.56
60.33 5.16 544.64 101.22 8074.00 94.48 62.76 42.51 44.34 30.07
73.03 3.18 417.29 51.37 8124.00 49.48 16.35 13.00 11.51 8.63
73.03 3.40 447.14 55.23 8650.00 53.01 19.42 15.13 13.51 10.01
73.03 3.68 483.34 59.85 9281.00 57.30 23.41 17.81 16.13 11.77
73.03 3.96 519.24 64.53 9893.00 61.56 27.61 20.55 18.89 13.62
73.03 4.45 580.49 72.46 10918.00 68.82 35.12 25.33 23.96 16.95
73.03 4.78 621.91 77.91 11592.00 73.73 40.36 28.61 27.59 19.31
73.03 5.16 669.15 84.19 12345.00 79.33 46.39 32.35 31.92 22.10
88.90 3.40 548.55 45.44 13118.00 43.93 12.01 9.87 8.65 6.64
88.90 3.68 593.39 49.30 14102.00 47.53 14.75 11.87 10.46 7.91
88.90 3.96 637.92 53.16 15066.00 51.09 17.73 13.96 12.41 9.25
88.90 4.45 714.12 59.78 16685.00 57.20 23.32 17.75 16.06 11.73
88.90 4.78 765.76 64.26 17760.00 61.33 27.38 20.40 18.75 13.51
88.90 5.16 824.79 69.43 18967.00 66.06 32.23 23.50 21.99 15.65

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-39

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Grade 100
Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 100
100,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
1.000 0.087 23,910 15,970 494 14,919 9,647 6,591 6,792 4,640
1.000 0.095 26,010 17,460 529 16,234 11,078 7,479 7,922 5,363
1.000 0.102 27,820 18,760 559 17,363 12,298 8,240 8,919 5,999
1.000 0.109 29,600 20,040 586 18,473 13,489 8,986 9,918 6,637
1.250 0.08 27,920 11,800 752 11,196 5,584 4,070 3,838 2,735
1.250 0.087 30,350 12,880 808 12,169 6,633 4,727 4,565 3,208
1.250 0.095 33,080 14,100 870 13,265 7,833 5,470 5,426 3,764
1.250 0.102 35,440 15,170 922 14,212 8,871 6,111 6,199 4,260
1.250 0.109 37,770 16,220 971 15,145 9,894 6,744 6,984 4,763
1.250 0.118 40,720 17,570 1,033 16,328 11,180 7,542 8,005 5,416
1.250 0.125 42,980 18,610 1,078 17,234 12,159 8,152 8,804 5,926
1.250 0.134 45,840 19,940 1,134 18,380 13,389 8,923 9,833 6,583
1.250 0.145 49,260 21,530 1,198 19,753 14,851 9,844 11,090 7,385
1.250 0.156 52,610 23,110 1,258 21,096 16,271 10,744 12,339 8,184
1.250 0.175 58,210 25,760 1,353 23,343 18,631 12,247 14,468 9,548
1.500 0.095 40,150 11,810 1,295 11,210 5,599 4,080 3,849 2,741
1.500 0.102 43,060 12,710 1,376 12,022 6,473 4,628 4,453 3,135
1.500 0.109 45,940 13,610 1,455 12,826 7,351 5,172 5,076 3,539
1.500 0.118 49,590 14,750 1,552 13,847 8,471 5,864 5,898 4,067
1.500 0.125 52,400 15,640 1,625 14,631 9,331 6,396 6,549 4,485
1.500 0.134 55,970 16,770 1,715 15,626 10,418 7,069 7,396 5,027
1.500 0.145 60,260 18,140 1,821 16,824 11,717 7,876 8,440 5,694
1.500 0.156 64,470 19,500 1,920 18,000 12,982 8,668 9,490 6,364
1.500 0.175 71,570 21,800 2,080 19,982 15,093 9,997 11,301 7,520
1.500 0.188 76,290 23,350 2,181 21,301 16,487 10,881 12,531 8,307
1.500 0.203 81,610 25,100 2,289 22,786 18,048 11,875 13,936 9,207
1.750 0.109 54,110 11,710 2,036 11,120 5,503 4,019 3,783 2,698
1.750 0.118 58,470 12,710 2,178 12,016 6,467 4,624 4,449 3,132
1.750 0.125 61,830 13,480 2,285 12,707 7,220 5,091 4,982 3,478
1.750 0.134 66,100 14,460 2,418 13,585 8,183 5,687 5,684 3,930
1.750 0.145 71,250 15,650 2,575 14,644 9,345 6,404 6,559 4,492
1.750 0.156 76,330 16,840 2,725 15,687 10,484 7,110 7,448 5,060
1.750 0.175 84,920 18,860 2,968 17,452 12,394 8,299 8,999 6,050
1.750 0.188 90,660 20,230 3,123 18,633 13,659 9,093 10,063 6,730
1.750 0.203 97,160 21,790 3,292 19,969 15,079 9,989 11,289 7,513
2.000 0.109 62,270 10,280 2,716 9,813 4,155 3,153 2,880 2,101
2.000 0.118 67,340 11,150 2,911 10,612 4,968 3,680 3,422 2,461
2.000 0.125 71,250 11,830 3,058 11,227 5,617 4,091 3,861 2,749
2.000 0.134 76,230 12,700 3,243 12,012 6,462 4,621 4,445 3,130
2.000 0.145 82,250 13,760 3,461 12,960 7,498 5,263 5,182 3,607
2.000 0.156 88,190 14,810 3,672 13,896 8,525 5,898 5,938 4,093
2.000 0.175 98,270 16,610 4,016 15,485 10,264 6,973 7,274 4,949

2-40 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 100

100,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
2.000 0.188 105,040 17,830 4,238 16,551 11,422 7,693 8,200 5,540
2.000 0.203 112,710 19,220 4,482 17,761 12,726 8,507 9,275 6,226
2.375 0.109 74,530 8,680 3,919 8,341 2,788 2,226 1,979 1,490
2.375 0.118 80,660 9,420 4,210 9,027 3,400 2,649 2,382 1,766
2.375 0.125 85,390 10,000 4,431 9,557 3,903 2,987 2,713 1,989
2.375 0.134 91,430 10,740 4,709 10,233 4,578 3,428 3,160 2,288
2.375 0.145 98,740 11,640 5,039 11,051 5,430 3,973 3,733 2,666
2.375 0.156 105,980 12,530 5,359 11,861 6,298 4,518 4,331 3,056
2.375 0.175 118,300 14,070 5,889 13,240 7,804 5,453 5,405 3,751
2.375 0.188 126,600 15,120 6,234 14,168 8,824 6,082 6,163 4,238
2.375 0.203 136,040 16,310 6,617 15,225 9,981 6,798 7,052 4,807
2.875 0.125 104,240 8,280 6,658 7,973 2,481 2,008 1,777 1,350
2.875 0.134 111,690 8,900 7,089 8,543 2,963 2,348 2,095 1,570
2.875 0.145 120,730 9,650 7,605 9,234 3,594 2,780 2,510 1,852
2.875 0.156 129,700 10,400 8,108 9,920 4,262 3,223 2,950 2,148
2.875 0.175 145,000 11,680 8,947 11,091 5,472 4,000 3,762 2,685
2.875 0.188 155,340 12,560 9,500 11,882 6,321 4,532 4,346 3,066
2.875 0.203 167,140 13,560 10,117 12,784 7,305 5,144 5,043 3,517
3.500 0.134 137,020 7,330 10,750 7,080 1,809 1,512 1,329 1,033
3.500 0.145 148,220 7,950 11,557 7,659 2,233 1,828 1,612 1,234
3.500 0.156 159,340 8,560 12,347 8,234 2,697 2,161 1,920 1,449
3.500 0.175 178,380 9,630 13,674 9,217 3,578 2,769 2,499 1,845
3.500 0.188 191,270 10,360 14,554 9,884 4,226 3,199 2,926 2,132
3.500 0.203 206,020 11,190 15,544 10,646 5,004 3,702 3,445 2,476

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-41

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 100

689 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm)
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
25.40 2.21 106.36 110.11 670 102.86 66.51 45.44 46.83 31.99
25.40 2.41 115.70 120.38 717 111.93 76.38 51.57 54.62 36.98
25.40 2.59 123.75 129.35 758 119.71 84.79 56.81 61.49 41.36
25.40 2.77 131.67 138.17 795 127.37 93.00 61.96 68.38 45.76
31.75 2.03 124.19 81.36 1020 77.19 38.50 28.06 26.46 18.86
31.75 2.21 135.00 88.80 1096 83.90 45.73 32.59 31.47 22.12
31.75 2.41 147.15 97.22 1180 91.46 54.01 37.71 37.41 25.95
31.75 2.59 157.64 104.59 1250 97.99 61.16 42.13 42.74 29.37
31.75 2.77 168.01 111.83 1317 104.42 68.22 46.50 48.15 32.84
31.75 3.00 181.13 121.14 1401 112.58 77.08 52.00 55.19 37.34
31.75 3.18 191.18 128.31 1462 118.82 83.83 56.21 60.70 40.86
31.75 3.40 203.91 137.48 1537 126.73 92.31 61.52 67.80 45.39
31.75 3.68 219.12 148.44 1624 136.19 102.39 67.87 76.46 50.92
31.75 3.96 234.02 159.34 1706 145.45 112.18 74.08 85.07 56.43
31.75 4.45 258.93 177.61 1834 160.94 128.46 84.44 99.75 65.83
38.10 2.41 178.60 81.43 1756 77.29 38.60 28.13 26.54 18.90
38.10 2.59 191.54 87.63 1866 82.89 44.63 31.91 30.70 21.62
38.10 2.77 204.35 93.84 1973 88.43 50.68 35.66 35.00 24.40
38.10 3.00 220.59 101.70 2104 95.47 58.41 40.43 40.67 28.04
38.10 3.18 233.09 107.83 2203 100.88 64.34 44.10 45.15 30.92
38.10 3.40 248.97 115.63 2325 107.74 71.83 48.74 50.99 34.66
38.10 3.68 268.05 125.07 2469 116.00 80.79 54.30 58.19 39.26
38.10 3.96 286.78 134.45 2603 124.11 89.51 59.76 65.43 43.88
38.10 4.45 318.36 150.31 2820 137.77 104.06 68.93 77.92 51.85
38.10 4.78 339.35 160.99 2957 146.87 113.67 75.02 86.40 57.27
38.10 5.16 363.02 173.06 3103 157.10 124.44 81.88 96.09 63.48
44.45 2.77 240.69 80.74 2760 76.67 37.94 27.71 26.08 18.60
44.45 3.00 260.09 87.63 2953 82.85 44.59 31.88 30.67 21.59
44.45 3.18 275.03 92.94 3098 87.61 49.78 35.10 34.35 23.98
44.45 3.40 294.03 99.70 3278 93.67 56.42 39.21 39.19 27.10
44.45 3.68 316.94 107.90 3491 100.97 64.43 44.15 45.22 30.97
44.45 3.96 339.53 116.11 3695 108.16 72.28 49.02 51.35 34.89
44.45 4.45 377.74 130.04 4024 120.33 85.45 57.22 62.05 41.71
44.45 4.78 403.28 139.48 4234 128.47 94.18 62.69 69.38 46.40
44.45 5.16 432.19 150.24 4463 137.68 103.97 68.87 77.83 51.80
50.80 2.77 276.99 70.88 3682 67.66 28.65 21.74 19.86 14.49
50.80 3.00 299.54 76.88 3947 73.17 34.25 25.37 23.59 16.97
50.80 3.18 316.94 81.57 4146 77.41 38.73 28.21 26.62 18.95
50.80 3.40 339.09 87.56 4397 82.82 44.55 31.86 30.65 21.58
50.80 3.68 365.87 94.87 4692 89.36 51.70 36.29 35.73 24.87
50.80 3.96 392.29 102.11 4979 95.81 58.78 40.67 40.94 28.22
50.80 4.45 437.13 114.52 5445 106.77 70.77 48.08 50.15 34.12

2-42 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 100

689 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm)
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
50.80 4.78 467.24 122.93 5746 114.12 78.75 53.04 56.54 38.20
50.80 5.16 501.36 132.52 6077 122.46 87.74 58.65 63.95 42.93
60.33 2.77 331.53 59.85 5313 57.51 19.22 15.35 13.64 10.27
60.33 3.00 358.79 64.95 5708 62.24 23.44 18.26 16.42 12.18
60.33 3.18 379.83 68.95 6008 65.89 26.91 20.59 18.71 13.71
60.33 3.40 406.70 74.05 6385 70.55 31.56 23.64 21.79 15.78
60.33 3.68 439.22 80.26 6832 76.19 37.44 27.39 25.74 18.38
60.33 3.96 471.42 86.39 7266 81.78 43.42 31.15 29.86 21.07
60.33 4.45 526.22 97.01 7984 91.29 53.81 37.60 37.27 25.86
60.33 4.78 563.14 104.25 8452 97.68 60.84 41.93 42.49 29.22
60.33 5.16 605.14 112.45 8971 104.97 68.82 46.87 48.62 33.14
73.03 3.18 463.68 57.09 9027 54.97 17.11 13.84 12.25 9.31
73.03 3.40 496.82 61.36 9611 58.90 20.43 16.19 14.44 10.82
73.03 3.68 537.03 66.53 10311 63.67 24.78 19.17 17.31 12.77
73.03 3.96 576.93 71.71 10993 68.40 29.39 22.22 20.34 14.81
73.03 4.45 644.99 80.53 12131 76.47 37.73 27.58 25.94 18.51
73.03 4.78 690.99 86.60 12880 81.92 43.58 31.25 29.96 21.14
73.03 5.16 743.48 93.49 13717 88.14 50.37 35.47 34.77 24.25
88.90 3.40 609.50 50.54 14575 48.81 12.47 10.42 9.16 7.12
88.90 3.68 659.32 54.81 15669 52.81 15.40 12.60 11.11 8.51
88.90 3.96 708.78 59.02 16740 56.77 18.60 14.90 13.24 9.99
88.90 4.45 793.47 66.40 18539 63.55 24.67 19.09 17.23 12.72
88.90 4.78 850.81 71.43 19733 68.15 29.14 22.06 20.17 14.70
88.90 5.16 916.42 77.15 21075 73.40 34.50 25.52 23.75 17.07

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-43

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Grade 110
Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 110
110,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
1.000 0.087 26,300 17,560 544 16,411 10,457 7,189 7,368 5,060
1.000 0.095 28,610 19,210 582 17,857 12,053 8,174 8,617 5,858
1.000 0.102 30,600 20,640 614 19,100 13,412 9,018 9,719 6,560
1.000 0.109 32,560 22,050 645 20,321 14,736 9,845 10,824 7,265
1.250 0.080 30,710 12,980 827 12,316 5,941 4,387 4,116 2,958
1.250 0.087 33,380 14,160 889 13,386 7,100 5,116 4,913 3,479
1.250 0.095 36,390 15,510 957 14,592 8,434 5,943 5,861 4,092
1.250 0.102 38,980 16,680 1,014 15,633 9,592 6,656 6,713 4,640
1.250 0.109 41,550 17,850 1,069 16,660 10,732 7,358 7,580 5,195
1.250 0.118 44,790 19,330 1,136 17,961 12,167 8,245 8,708 5,916
1.250 0.125 47,270 20,470 1,186 18,957 13,257 8,921 9,592 6,479
1.250 0.134 50,420 21,930 1,247 20,218 14,625 9,775 10,730 7,205
1.250 0.145 54,190 23,690 1,318 21,728 16,249 10,795 12,120 8,091
1.250 0.156 57,870 25,420 1,384 23,205 17,824 11,789 13,501 8,972
1.250 0.175 64,040 28,340 1,488 25,678 20,439 13,450 15,854 10,477
1.500 0.095 44,160 12,990 1,424 12,331 5,957 4,398 4,127 2,965
1.500 0.102 47,360 13,980 1,514 13,225 6,924 5,006 4,791 3,399
1.500 0.109 50,530 14,970 1,600 14,109 7,898 5,612 5,476 3,844
1.500 0.118 54,550 16,230 1,707 15,232 9,145 6,381 6,381 4,427
1.500 0.125 57,640 17,200 1,787 16,094 10,104 6,972 7,099 4,888
1.500 0.134 61,560 18,450 1,887 17,189 11,317 7,719 8,035 5,486
1.500 0.145 66,280 19,950 2,003 18,506 12,765 8,616 9,190 6,223
1.500 0.156 70,920 21,450 2,112 19,800 14,173 9,492 10,351 6,963
1.500 0.175 78,720 23,980 2,288 21,980 16,518 10,964 12,353 8,240
1.500 0.188 83,920 25,680 2,399 23,431 18,064 11,941 13,714 9,108
1.500 0.203 89,770 27,610 2,518 25,065 19,793 13,038 15,267 10,101
1.750 0.109 59,520 12,890 2,240 12,232 5,851 4,331 4,056 2,918
1.750 0.118 64,320 13,980 2,396 13,218 6,917 5,002 4,786 3,396
1.750 0.125 68,010 14,820 2,514 13,977 7,752 5,521 5,372 3,777
1.750 0.134 72,710 15,910 2,660 14,943 8,825 6,184 6,145 4,275
1.750 0.145 78,380 17,220 2,832 16,108 10,120 6,981 7,111 4,895
1.750 0.156 83,960 18,520 2,997 17,256 11,391 7,765 8,092 5,523
1.750 0.175 93,410 20,750 3,265 19,197 13,519 9,084 9,807 6,616
1.750 0.188 99,730 22,250 3,436 20,497 14,926 9,963 10,985 7,367
1.750 0.203 106,880 23,960 3,622 21,966 16,503 10,954 12,340 8,231
2.000 0.109 68,500 11,310 2,987 10,794 4,376 3,371 3,069 2,262
2.000 0.118 74,080 12,270 3,202 11,673 5,264 3,954 3,660 2,657
2.000 0.125 78,380 13,020 3,364 12,350 5,977 4,411 4,141 2,974
2.000 0.134 83,850 13,970 3,568 13,213 6,911 4,998 4,782 3,394
2.000 0.145 90,470 15,140 3,808 14,256 8,061 5,713 5,592 3,919
2.000 0.156 97,010 16,290 4,039 15,286 9,206 6,418 6,426 4,456
2.000 0.175 108,100 18,270 4,417 17,033 11,145 7,613 7,900 5,400

2-44 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 110

110,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
2.000 0.188 115,540 19,610 4,662 18,206 12,436 8,412 8,924 6,054
2.000 0.203 123,980 21,140 4,930 19,537 13,888 9,314 10,113 6,811
2.375 0.109 81,980 9,550 4,311 9,175 2,903 2,354 2,093 1,594
2.375 0.118 88,720 10,360 4,631 9,930 3,559 2,817 2,528 1,895
2.375 0.125 93,930 11,000 4,874 10,512 4,103 3,188 2,888 2,140
2.375 0.134 100,570 11,810 5,180 11,256 4,836 3,676 3,375 2,467
2.375 0.145 108,610 12,800 5,543 12,156 5,771 4,279 4,001 2,882
2.375 0.156 116,570 13,790 5,895 13,047 6,730 4,885 4,656 3,312
2.375 0.175 130,130 15,480 6,477 14,564 8,403 5,923 5,838 4,078
2.375 0.188 139,260 16,630 6,858 15,585 9,539 6,624 6,673 4,615
2.375 0.203 149,640 17,950 7,278 16,748 10,830 7,418 7,655 5,243
2.875 0.125 114,660 9,110 7,323 8,770 2,576 2,117 1,875 1,441
2.875 0.134 122,860 9,790 7,798 9,397 3,090 2,488 2,218 1,681
2.875 0.145 132,800 10,610 8,366 10,158 3,768 2,961 2,667 1,989
2.875 0.156 142,670 11,430 8,919 10,912 4,492 3,449 3,146 2,314
2.875 0.175 159,500 12,850 9,842 12,200 5,817 4,309 4,033 2,903
2.875 0.188 170,880 13,810 10,450 13,070 6,755 4,900 4,673 3,323
2.875 0.203 183,850 14,920 11,129 14,063 7,847 5,580 5,439 3,820
3.500 0.134 150,720 8,060 11,826 7,788 1,867 1,583 1,395 1,098
3.500 0.145 163,040 8,740 12,712 8,425 2,313 1,922 1,698 1,316
3.500 0.156 175,280 9,420 13,581 9,057 2,806 2,284 2,029 1,549
3.500 0.175 196,220 10,590 15,041 10,139 3,751 2,949 2,656 1,982
3.500 0.188 210,400 11,390 16,010 10,872 4,453 3,422 3,120 2,296
3.500 0.203 226,620 12,310 17,098 11,710 5,303 3,979 3,686 2,674

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-45

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 110

758 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness F (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm) y
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
25.40 2.21 116.99 121.07 738 113.15 72.10 49.57 50.80 34.89
25.40 2.41 127.26 132.45 789 123.12 83.10 56.36 59.41 40.39
25.40 2.59 136.12 142.31 832 131.69 92.47 62.18 67.01 45.23
25.40 2.77 144.83 152.03 875 140.11 101.60 67.88 74.63 50.09
31.75 2.03 136.60 89.49 1121 84.92 40.96 30.25 28.38 20.39
31.75 2.21 148.48 97.63 1205 92.29 48.95 35.27 33.87 23.99
31.75 2.41 161.87 106.94 1298 100.61 58.15 40.98 40.41 28.21
31.75 2.59 173.39 115.00 1375 107.79 66.13 45.89 46.28 31.99
31.75 2.77 184.82 123.07 1449 114.87 73.99 50.73 52.26 35.82
31.75 3.00 199.24 133.28 1540 123.84 83.89 56.85 60.04 40.79
31.75 3.18 210.27 141.14 1608 130.70 91.40 61.51 66.13 44.67
31.75 3.40 224.28 151.20 1691 139.40 100.84 67.40 73.98 49.68
31.75 3.68 241.05 163.34 1787 149.81 112.03 74.43 83.56 55.79
31.75 3.96 257.42 175.26 1876 159.99 122.89 81.28 93.09 61.86
31.75 4.45 284.86 195.40 2017 177.04 140.92 92.73 109.31 72.24
38.10 2.41 196.43 89.56 1931 85.02 41.07 30.32 28.45 20.44
38.10 2.59 210.67 96.39 2053 91.18 47.74 34.52 33.03 23.44
38.10 2.77 224.77 103.21 2169 97.28 54.45 38.69 37.76 26.50
38.10 3.00 242.65 111.90 2314 105.02 63.05 44.00 44.00 30.52
38.10 3.18 256.40 118.59 2423 110.96 69.66 48.07 48.95 33.70
38.10 3.40 273.83 127.21 2558 118.51 78.03 53.22 55.40 37.82
38.10 3.68 294.83 137.55 2716 127.59 88.01 59.41 63.36 42.91
38.10 3.96 315.47 147.89 2863 136.52 97.72 65.45 71.37 48.01
38.10 4.45 350.16 165.34 3102 151.55 113.89 75.59 85.17 56.81
38.10 4.78 373.29 177.06 3253 161.55 124.55 82.33 94.55 62.80
38.10 5.16 399.32 190.36 3414 172.82 136.47 89.89 105.26 69.64
44.45 2.77 264.76 88.87 3037 84.34 40.34 29.86 27.97 20.12
44.45 3.00 286.11 96.39 3249 91.13 47.69 34.49 33.00 23.41
44.45 3.18 302.52 102.18 3409 96.37 53.45 38.07 37.04 26.04
44.45 3.40 323.43 109.70 3606 103.03 60.85 42.64 42.37 29.48
44.45 3.68 348.65 118.73 3840 111.06 69.77 48.13 49.03 33.75
44.45 3.96 373.47 127.69 4063 118.98 78.54 53.54 55.79 38.08
44.45 4.45 415.51 143.07 4427 132.36 93.21 62.63 67.62 45.62
44.45 4.78 443.62 153.41 4659 141.32 102.91 68.69 75.74 50.79
44.45 5.16 475.43 165.20 4911 151.45 113.78 75.53 85.08 56.75
50.80 2.77 304.70 77.98 4050 74.42 30.17 23.24 21.16 15.60
50.80 3.00 329.52 84.60 4341 80.48 36.29 27.26 25.23 18.32
50.80 3.18 348.65 89.77 4561 85.15 41.21 30.41 28.55 20.51
50.80 3.40 372.98 96.32 4838 91.10 47.65 34.46 32.97 23.40
50.80 3.68 402.43 104.39 5163 98.29 55.58 39.39 38.56 27.02
50.80 3.96 431.52 112.32 5476 105.39 63.47 44.25 44.31 30.72

2-46 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 110

758 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness F (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm) y
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
50.80 4.45 480.85 125.97 5989 117.44 76.84 52.49 54.47 37.23
50.80 4.78 513.95 135.21 6321 125.53 85.74 58.00 61.53 41.74
50.80 5.16 551.49 145.76 6684 134.70 95.75 64.22 69.73 46.96
60.33 2.77 364.67 65.84 5845 63.26 20.02 16.23 14.43 10.99
60.33 3.00 394.65 71.43 6279 68.46 24.54 19.42 17.43 13.07
60.33 3.18 417.82 75.84 6608 72.48 28.29 21.98 19.91 14.75
60.33 3.40 447.36 81.43 7023 77.61 33.34 25.35 23.27 17.01
60.33 3.68 483.12 88.25 7515 83.81 39.79 29.50 27.59 19.87
60.33 3.96 518.53 95.08 7993 89.96 46.40 33.68 32.10 22.84
60.33 4.45 578.85 106.73 8782 100.42 57.94 40.84 40.25 28.12
60.33 4.78 619.46 114.66 9298 107.45 65.77 45.67 46.01 31.82
60.33 5.16 665.63 123.76 9868 115.47 74.67 51.15 52.78 36.15
73.03 3.18 510.03 62.81 9929 60.47 17.76 14.60 12.93 9.94
73.03 3.40 546.51 67.50 10573 64.79 21.30 17.15 15.29 11.59
73.03 3.68 590.72 73.15 11343 70.04 25.98 20.42 18.39 13.71
73.03 3.96 634.63 78.81 12093 75.24 30.97 23.78 21.69 15.95
73.03 4.45 709.49 88.60 13344 84.12 40.11 29.71 27.81 20.02
73.03 4.78 760.11 95.22 14168 90.11 46.57 33.78 32.22 22.91
73.03 5.16 817.81 102.87 15089 96.96 54.10 38.47 37.50 26.34
88.90 3.40 670.44 55.57 16034 53.70 12.87 10.91 9.62 7.57
88.90 3.68 725.24 60.26 17235 58.09 15.95 13.25 11.71 9.07
88.90 3.96 779.68 64.95 18413 62.45 19.35 15.75 13.99 10.68
88.90 4.45 872.83 73.02 20393 69.91 25.86 20.33 18.31 13.67
88.90 4.78 935.91 78.53 21707 74.96 30.70 23.59 21.51 15.83
88.90 5.16 1008.06 84.87 23182 80.74 36.56 27.43 25.41 18.44

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-47

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Grade 120
Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 120
120,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
1.000 0.087 28,690 19,160 593 17,903 11,236 7,774 7,926 5,471
1.000 0.095 31,210 20,960 635 19,480 13,001 8,860 9,294 6,345
1.000 0.102 33,390 22,510 670 20,836 14,502 9,788 10,503 7,114
1.000 0.109 35,520 24,050 704 22,168 15,963 10,696 11,715 7,886
1.250 0.080 33,510 14,160 902 13,435 6,267 4,688 4,378 3,173
1.250 0.087 36,420 15,450 969 14,603 7,535 5,490 5,245 3,742
1.250 0.095 39,700 16,920 1,044 15,918 9,002 6,401 6,278 4,412
1.250 0.102 42,530 18,200 1,106 17,054 10,280 7,188 7,209 5,012
1.250 0.109 45,320 19,470 1,166 18,174 11,540 7,961 8,158 5,619
1.250 0.118 48,860 21,090 1,239 19,593 13,127 8,937 9,394 6,408
1.250 0.125 51,570 22,330 1,294 20,680 14,331 9,681 10,363 7,025
1.250 0.134 55,000 23,920 1,361 22,056 15,841 10,619 11,611 7,820
1.250 0.145 59,110 25,840 1,438 23,704 17,631 11,738 13,135 8,790
1.250 0.156 63,130 27,730 1,510 25,315 19,364 12,829 14,650 9,755
1.250 0.175 69,860 30,910 1,623 28,012 22,235 14,648 17,230 11,402
1.500 0.095 48,180 14,180 1,554 13,452 6,284 4,700 4,390 3,181
1.500 0.102 51,670 15,260 1,651 14,427 7,341 5,369 5,111 3,655
1.500 0.109 55,130 16,330 1,746 15,391 8,411 6,036 5,858 4,140
1.500 0.118 59,510 17,710 1,862 16,616 9,787 6,885 6,847 4,779
1.500 0.125 62,880 18,770 1,950 17,557 10,847 7,535 7,632 5,283
1.500 0.134 67,160 20,130 2,058 18,752 12,187 8,359 8,657 5,938
1.500 0.145 72,310 21,770 2,185 20,189 13,787 9,345 9,922 6,745
1.500 0.156 77,360 23,400 2,304 21,600 15,342 10,309 11,195 7,555
1.500 0.175 85,880 26,160 2,496 23,978 17,927 11,924 13,391 8,953
1.500 0.188 91,550 28,020 2,617 25,561 19,627 12,995 14,883 9,904
1.500 0.203 97,930 30,120 2,747 27,344 21,526 14,197 16,585 10,991
1.750 0.109 64,930 14,060 2,443 13,344 6,169 4,626 4,313 3,130
1.750 0.118 70,160 15,250 2,614 14,420 7,333 5,364 5,106 3,651
1.750 0.125 74,190 16,170 2,742 15,248 8,251 5,937 5,745 4,067
1.750 0.134 79,320 17,350 2,902 16,302 9,433 6,667 6,589 4,613
1.750 0.145 85,500 18,790 3,090 17,572 10,864 7,546 7,645 5,291
1.750 0.156 91,590 20,210 3,270 18,824 12,269 8,409 8,720 5,978
1.750 0.175 101,900 22,640 3,561 20,943 14,620 9,860 10,599 7,176
1.750 0.188 108,800 24,280 3,748 22,360 16,172 10,826 11,891 7,998
1.750 0.203 116,590 26,140 3,951 23,963 17,910 11,914 13,377 8,944
2.000 0.109 74,730 12,330 3,259 11,775 4,573 3,575 3,246 2,415
2.000 0.118 80,810 13,380 3,493 12,734 5,531 4,212 3,884 2,845
2.000 0.125 85,500 14,200 3,670 13,473 6,307 4,714 4,405 3,191
2.000 0.134 91,480 15,240 3,892 14,414 7,327 5,361 5,102 3,649
2.000 0.145 98,700 16,510 4,154 15,552 8,591 6,148 5,985 4,223
2.000 0.156 105,820 17,770 4,406 16,675 9,854 6,926 6,895 4,810
2.000 0.175 117,920 19,930 4,819 18,582 11,997 8,242 8,509 5,843

2-48 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 120

120,000 psi Yield Strength - English Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness Fy (lb) Py (psi) Ty (ft-lb) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (in.)
t (in.) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
2.000 0.188 126,040 21,390 5,086 19,861 13,424 9,121 9,631 6,559
2.000 0.203 135,260 23,060 5,378 21,313 15,027 10,113 10,934 7,389
2.375 0.109 89,430 10,420 4,703 10,009 3,003 2,471 2,198 1,692
2.375 0.118 96,790 11,310 5,052 10,832 3,698 2,971 2,664 2,017
2.375 0.125 102,470 12,000 5,317 11,468 4,280 3,375 3,051 2,283
2.375 0.134 109,710 12,890 5,651 12,279 5,069 3,907 3,575 2,638
2.375 0.145 118,490 13,970 6,047 13,261 6,082 4,569 4,254 3,091
2.375 0.156 127,170 15,040 6,431 14,233 7,128 5,235 4,965 3,559
2.375 0.175 141,960 16,890 7,066 15,888 8,967 6,380 6,253 4,396
2.375 0.188 151,910 18,140 7,481 17,002 10,222 7,152 7,166 4,984
2.375 0.203 163,250 19,580 7,940 18,270 11,648 8,028 8,240 5,672
2.875 0.125 125,090 9,940 7,989 9,567 2,659 2,216 1,965 1,527
2.875 0.134 134,030 10,680 8,507 10,252 3,201 2,615 2,331 1,785
2.875 0.145 144,880 11,580 9,126 11,081 3,922 3,127 2,813 2,120
2.875 0.156 155,630 12,470 9,730 11,904 4,698 3,659 3,329 2,472
2.875 0.175 174,000 14,020 10,737 13,309 6,132 4,602 4,288 3,113
2.875 0.188 186,410 15,070 11,400 14,258 7,156 5,253 4,984 3,571
2.875 0.203 200,570 16,280 12,140 15,341 8,355 6,001 5,818 4,115
3.500 0.134 164,420 8,790 12,901 8,496 1,916 1,645 1,454 1,157
3.500 0.145 177,860 9,530 13,868 9,191 2,383 2,007 1,777 1,392
3.500 0.156 191,210 10,280 14,816 9,881 2,901 2,396 2,129 1,643
3.500 0.175 214,060 11,550 16,408 11,061 3,903 3,114 2,800 2,111
3.500 0.188 229,530 12,430 17,465 11,860 4,655 3,630 3,300 2,453
3.500 0.203 247,220 13,430 18,653 12,775 5,573 4,240 3,912 2,864

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-49

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 120

827 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness F (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm) y
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
25.40 2.21 127.62 132.10 804 123.44 77.47 53.60 54.65 37.72
25.40 2.41 138.83 144.51 861 134.31 89.64 61.09 64.08 43.75
25.40 2.59 148.53 155.20 908 143.66 99.99 67.49 72.42 49.05
25.40 2.77 158.00 165.82 954 152.84 110.06 73.75 80.77 54.37
31.75 2.03 149.06 97.63 1223 92.63 43.21 32.32 30.19 21.88
31.75 2.21 162.00 106.52 1314 100.68 51.95 37.85 36.16 25.80
31.75 2.41 176.59 116.66 1415 109.75 62.07 44.13 43.29 30.42
31.75 2.59 189.18 125.48 1500 117.58 70.88 49.56 49.70 34.56
31.75 2.77 201.59 134.24 1581 125.31 79.57 54.89 56.25 38.74
31.75 3.00 217.34 145.41 1680 135.09 90.51 61.62 64.77 44.18
31.75 3.18 229.39 153.96 1754 142.58 98.81 66.75 71.45 48.44
31.75 3.40 244.65 164.92 1845 152.07 109.22 73.22 80.06 53.92
31.75 3.68 262.93 178.16 1950 163.43 121.56 80.93 90.56 60.60
31.75 3.96 280.82 191.19 2047 174.54 133.51 88.45 101.01 67.26
31.75 4.45 310.75 213.12 2200 193.14 153.30 100.99 118.80 78.61
38.10 2.41 214.32 97.77 2107 92.75 43.33 32.41 30.27 21.93
38.10 2.59 229.84 105.21 2238 99.47 50.61 37.02 35.24 25.20
38.10 2.77 245.23 112.59 2367 106.12 57.99 41.62 40.39 28.54
38.10 3.00 264.71 122.11 2525 114.56 67.48 47.47 47.21 32.95
38.10 3.18 279.70 129.41 2644 121.05 74.79 51.95 52.62 36.43
38.10 3.40 298.74 138.79 2790 129.29 84.03 57.63 59.69 40.94
38.10 3.68 321.65 150.10 2962 139.20 95.06 64.43 68.41 46.51
38.10 3.96 344.11 161.34 3124 148.93 105.78 71.08 77.19 52.09
38.10 4.45 382.01 180.37 3384 165.32 123.60 82.21 92.33 61.73
38.10 4.78 407.23 193.19 3548 176.24 135.32 89.60 102.61 68.29
38.10 5.16 435.61 207.67 3724 188.53 148.42 97.88 114.35 75.78
44.45 2.77 288.82 96.94 3312 92.00 42.53 31.90 29.74 21.58
44.45 3.00 312.09 105.15 3544 99.42 50.56 36.98 35.20 25.17
44.45 3.18 330.01 111.49 3718 105.13 56.89 40.93 39.61 28.04
44.45 3.40 352.83 119.62 3935 112.40 65.04 45.97 45.43 31.81
44.45 3.68 380.32 129.55 4189 121.15 74.90 52.03 52.71 36.48
44.45 3.96 407.41 139.34 4434 129.79 84.59 57.98 60.12 41.22
44.45 4.45 453.27 156.10 4828 144.40 100.80 67.98 73.08 49.48
44.45 4.78 483.97 167.40 5082 154.17 111.50 74.64 81.99 55.14
44.45 5.16 518.62 180.23 5357 165.22 123.49 82.14 92.23 61.67
50.80 2.77 332.42 85.01 4419 81.19 31.53 24.65 22.38 16.65
50.80 3.00 359.46 92.25 4736 87.80 38.13 29.04 26.78 19.62
50.80 3.18 380.32 97.91 4976 92.89 43.49 32.50 30.37 22.00
50.80 3.40 406.92 105.08 5277 99.38 50.52 36.96 35.18 25.16
50.80 3.68 439.04 113.83 5632 107.23 59.23 42.39 41.27 29.12
50.80 3.96 470.71 122.52 5974 114.97 67.94 47.75 47.54 33.16

2-50 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Performance Data, Grade 120

827 MPa Yield Strength - Metric Units (Continued)
Specified Nominal Collapse Pressure
Yield Yield Yield
Wall Ovality = 0% Ovality = 2% Ovality = 5%
OD Load Pressure Torque
Thickness F (kN) Py (MPa) Ty (N-m) Fa = 0 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2 Fa = 0 Fa = Fy/2
D (mm) y
t (mm) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
50.80 4.45 524.53 137.41 6534 128.12 82.72 56.83 58.67 40.29
50.80 4.78 560.65 147.48 6896 136.94 92.56 62.89 66.40 45.22
50.80 5.16 601.67 158.99 7292 146.95 103.61 69.73 75.39 50.95
60.33 2.77 397.80 71.84 6376 69.01 20.70 17.04 15.15 11.67
60.33 3.00 430.54 77.98 6850 74.68 25.50 20.48 18.37 13.91
60.33 3.18 455.81 82.74 7209 79.07 29.51 23.27 21.04 15.74
60.33 3.40 488.01 88.87 7662 84.66 34.95 26.94 24.65 18.19
60.33 3.68 527.07 96.32 8199 91.43 41.93 31.50 29.33 21.31
60.33 3.96 565.68 103.70 8719 98.13 49.15 36.09 34.23 24.54
60.33 4.45 631.47 116.45 9580 109.54 61.83 43.99 43.11 30.31
60.33 4.78 675.73 125.07 10143 117.22 70.48 49.31 49.41 34.36
60.33 5.16 726.17 135.00 10765 125.97 80.31 55.35 56.81 39.11
73.03 3.18 556.43 68.53 10832 65.96 18.33 15.28 13.55 10.53
73.03 3.40 596.19 73.64 11534 70.69 22.07 18.03 16.07 12.31
73.03 3.68 644.46 79.84 12373 76.40 27.04 21.56 19.39 14.62
73.03 3.96 692.28 85.98 13192 82.08 32.39 25.23 22.95 17.04
73.03 4.45 773.99 96.66 14557 91.76 42.28 31.73 29.56 21.46
73.03 4.78 829.19 103.90 15456 98.31 49.34 36.22 34.36 24.62
73.03 5.16 892.18 112.25 16460 105.77 57.61 41.38 40.11 28.37
88.90 3.40 731.38 60.60 17491 58.58 13.21 11.34 10.02 7.98
88.90 3.68 791.16 65.71 18803 63.37 16.43 13.84 12.25 9.60
88.90 3.96 850.54 70.88 20088 68.13 20.00 16.52 14.68 11.33
88.90 4.45 952.19 79.63 22246 76.26 26.91 21.47 19.31 14.55
88.90 4.78 1021.00 85.70 23679 81.77 32.10 25.03 22.75 16.91
88.90 5.16 1099.69 92.60 25290 88.08 38.42 29.23 26.97 19.75

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-51

 Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements

2-52
English Units
Specified
Calculated Plain Pipe Metal Plastic Internal Displacement
Nominal Calculated Flow
ID with End Cross- Stretch Capacity per
Wall ID Area External per Wall (Ext-Int)
OD Flash Weight sectional ft/1,000 ft 1,000 ft
Thickness d (in.) (in.2) 1,000 ft per 1,000 ft
D (in.) dmin (in.) w (lb/ft) Area, A (in.2) per 1,000 lb
t (in.) gal bbl gal bbl gal bbl
1.000 0.087 0.826 0.739 0.849 0.250 0.134 0.536 27.837 0.6628 40.800 0.9714 12.963 0.3086
Coiled Tubing Handbook

1.000 0.095 0.810 0.720 0.919 0.270 0.123 0.515 26.769 0.6374 40.800 0.9714 14.031 0.3341
1.000 0.102 0.796 0.706 0.979 0.288 0.116 0.498 25.852 0.6155 40.800 0.9714 14.948 0.3559
1.000 0.109 0.782 0.692 1.038 0.305 0.109 0.480 24.950 0.5941 40.800 0.9714 15.850 0.3774
1.250 0.080 1.090 1.000 1.001 0.294 0.113 0.933 48.474 1.1542 63.750 1.5179 15.276 0.3637
1.250 0.087 1.076 0.989 1.082 0.318 0.105 0.909 47.237 1.1247 63.750 1.5179 16.513 0.3932
1.250 0.095 1.060 0.970 1.173 0.345 0.097 0.882 45.843 1.0915 63.750 1.5179 17.907 0.4264
1.250 0.102 1.046 0.956 1.252 0.368 0.091 0.859 44.640 1.0629 63.750 1.5179 19.110 0.4550

Pipe Data Tables and Charts

1.250 0.109 1.032 0.942 1.330 0.391 0.085 0.836 43.453 1.0346 63.750 1.5179 20.297 0.4833
1.250 0.118 1.014 0.924 1.428 0.420 0.079 0.808 41.950 0.9988 63.750 1.5179 21.800 0.5190
1.250 0.125 1.000 0.910 1.503 0.442 0.075 0.785 40.800 0.9714 63.750 1.5179 22.950 0.5464
1.250 0.134 0.982 0.892 1.599 0.470 0.071 0.757 39.344 0.9368 63.750 1.5179 24.406 0.5811
1.250 0.145 0.960 0.870 1.713 0.503 0.066 0.724 37.601 0.8953 63.750 1.5179 26.149 0.6226
1.250 0.156 0.938 0.848 1.824 0.536 0.062 0.691 35.898 0.8547 63.750 1.5179 27.852 0.6632
1.250 0.175 0.900 0.810 2.011 0.591 0.056 0.636 33.048 0.7869 63.750 1.5179 30.702 0.7310
1.500 0.095 1.310 1.220 1.427 0.419 0.079 1.348 70.017 1.6671 91.800 2.1857 21.783 0.5186
1.500 0.102 1.296 1.206 1.524 0.448 0.074 1.319 68.528 1.6316 91.800 2.1857 23.272 0.5541
1.500 0.109 1.282 1.192 1.621 0.476 0.070 1.291 67.056 1.5966 91.800 2.1857 24.744 0.5891
1.500 0.118 1.264 1.174 1.743 0.512 0.065 1.255 65.186 1.5520 91.800 2.1857 26.614 0.6337
Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements

1.500 0.125 1.250 1.160 1.837 0.540 0.062 1.227 63.750 1.5179 91.800 2.1857 28.050 0.6679
1.500 0.134 1.232 1.142 1.957 0.575 0.058 1.192 61.927 1.4745 91.800 2.1857 29.873 0.7113
1.500 0.145 1.210 1.120 2.100 0.617 0.054 1.150 59.735 1.4223 91.800 2.1857 32.065 0.7634
1.500 0.156 1.188 1.098 2.241 0.659 0.051 1.108 57.583 1.3710 91.800 2.1857 34.217 0.8147
1.500 0.175 1.150 1.060 2.479 0.728 0.046 1.039 53.958 1.2847 91.800 2.1857 37.842 0.9010
1.500 0.188 1.124 1.034 2.637 0.775 0.043 0.992 51.546 1.2273 91.800 2.1857 40.254 0.9584
1.500 0.203 1.094 1.004 2.815 0.827 0.040 0.940 48.831 1.1626 91.800 2.1857 42.969 1.0231
1.750 0.109 1.532 1.442 1.912 0.562 0.059 1.843 95.759 2.2800 124.950 2.9750 29.191 0.6950
1.750 0.118 1.514 1.424 2.059 0.605 0.055 1.800 93.522 2.2267 124.950 2.9750 31.428 0.7483
1.750 0.125 1.500 1.410 2.171 0.638 0.052 1.767 91.800 2.1857 124.950 2.9750 33.150 0.7893
1.750 0.134 1.482 1.392 2.315 0.680 0.049 1.725 89.610 2.1336 124.950 2.9750 35.340 0.8414
1.750 0.145 1.460 1.370 2.488 0.731 0.046 1.674 86.969 2.0707 124.950 2.9750 37.981 0.9043
1.750 0.156 1.438 1.348 2.658 0.781 0.043 1.624 84.368 2.0088 124.950 2.9750 40.582 0.9662
1.750 0.175 1.400 1.310 2.946 0.866 0.038 1.539 79.968 1.9040 124.950 2.9750 44.982 1.0710
1.750 0.188 1.374 1.284 3.139 0.923 0.036 1.483 77.025 1.8339 124.950 2.9750 47.925 1.1411
1.750 0.203 1.344 1.255 3.357 0.987 0.034 1.419 73.699 1.7547 124.950 2.9750 51.251 1.2203

September 2005
 Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements
English Units
Specified

September 2005
Calculated Plain Pipe Metal Plastic Internal Displacement
Nominal Calculated Flow
ID with End Cross- Stretch Capacity per
Wall ID Area External per Wall (Ext-Int)
OD Flash Weight sectional ft/1,000 ft 1,000 ft
Thickness d (in.) (in.2) 1,000 ft per 1,000 ft
D (in.) dmin (in.) w (lb/ft) Area, A (in.2) per 1,000 lb
t (in.) gal bbl gal bbl gal bbl
2.000 0.109 1.782 1.692 2.203 0.648 0.051 2.494 129.561 3.0848 163.200 3.8857 33.639 0.8009
2.000 0.118 1.764 1.674 2.374 0.698 0.048 2.444 126.957 3.0228 163.200 3.8857 36.243 0.8629
2.000 0.125 1.750 1.660 2.505 0.736 0.045 2.405 124.950 2.9750 163.200 3.8857 38.250 0.9107
2.000 0.134 1.732 1.642 2.673 0.786 0.042 2.356 122.393 2.9141 163.200 3.8857 40.807 0.9716
2.000 0.145 1.710 1.620 2.875 0.845 0.039 2.297 119.303 2.8406 163.200 3.8857 43.897 1.0452
2.000 0.156 1.688 1.598 3.075 0.904 0.037 2.238 116.253 2.7679 163.200 3.8857 46.947 1.1178
2.000 0.175 1.650 1.560 3.414 1.003 0.033 2.138 111.078 2.6447 163.200 3.8857 52.122 1.2410
2.000 0.188 1.624 1.534 3.642 1.070 0.031 2.071 107.605 2.5620 163.200 3.8857 55.595 1.3237
2.000 0.203 1.594 1.504 3.900 1.146 0.029 1.996 103.666 2.4682 163.200 3.8857 59.534 1.4175
2.375 0.109 2.157 2.067 2.640 0.776 0.043 3.654 189.828 4.5197 230.138 5.4795 40.309 0.9597
2.375 0.118 2.139 2.049 2.847 0.837 0.040 3.593 186.673 4.4446 230.138 5.4795 43.464 1.0349
2.375 0.125 2.125 2.035 3.007 0.884 0.038 3.547 184.238 4.3866 230.138 5.4795 45.900 1.0929
2.375 0.134 2.107 2.017 3.210 0.943 0.035 3.487 181.130 4.3126 230.138 5.4795 49.008 1.1669
2.375 0.145 2.085 1.995 3.457 1.016 0.033 3.414 177.367 4.2230 230.138 5.4795 52.771 1.2564
2.375 0.156 2.063 1.973 3.700 1.088 0.031 3.343 173.644 4.1344 230.138 5.4795 56.494 1.3451
2.375 0.175 2.025 1.935 4.116 1.210 0.028 3.221 167.306 3.9835 230.138 5.4795 62.832 1.4960
2.375 0.188 1.999 1.909 4.395 1.292 0.026 3.138 163.037 3.8818 230.138 5.4795 67.101 1.5976
2.375 0.203 1.969 1.879 4.713 1.385 0.024 3.045 158.180 3.7662 230.138 5.4795 71.957 1.7133
2.875 0.125 2.625 2.535 3.675 1.080 0.031 5.412 281.138 6.6938 337.238 8.0295 56.100 1.3357
2.875 0.134 2.607 2.517 3.926 1.154 0.029 5.338 277.295 6.6023 337.238 8.0295 59.942 1.4272
2.875 0.145 2.585 2.495 4.232 1.244 0.027 5.248 272.635 6.4913 337.238 8.0295 64.603 1.5382
2.875 0.156 2.563 2.473 4.534 1.333 0.025 5.159 268.014 6.3813 337.238 8.0295 69.224 1.6482
2.875 0.175 2.525 2.435 5.051 1.484 0.022 5.007 260.126 6.1935 337.238 8.0295 77.112 1.8360
2.875 0.188 2.499 2.409 5.400 1.587 0.021 4.905 254.796 6.0666 337.238 8.0295 82.441 1.9629
2.875 0.203 2.469 2.379 5.798 1.704 0.020 4.788 248.715 5.9218 337.238 8.0295 88.522 2.1077
3.500 0.134 3.232 3.142 4.822 1.417 0.024 8.204 426.190 10.1474 499.800 11.9000 73.610 1.7526
3.500 0.145 3.210 3.120 5.200 1.528 0.022 8.093 420.407 10.0097 499.800 11.9000 79.393 1.8903
3.500 0.156 3.188 3.098 5.577 1.639 0.020 7.982 414.664 9.8730 499.800 11.9000 85.136 2.0270

Pipe Data Tables and Charts

3.500 0.175 3.150 3.060 6.220 1.828 0.018 7.793 404.838 9.6390 499.800 11.9000 94.962 2.2610
3.500 0.188 3.124 3.034 6.656 1.956 0.017 7.665 398.183 9.4805 499.800 11.9000 101.617 2.4195
3.500 0.203 3.094 3.004 7.155 2.103 0.016 7.519 390.572 9.2993 499.800 11.9000 109.228 2.6007
Coiled Tubing Handbook

2-53
 Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements

2-54
Metric Units
Specified Nominal Pipe Metal Displacement
Calculated Plastic Specified External
Calculated Plain End Cross- Internal
Wall ID with Stretch Nominal Cross- Wall
OD ID Weight sectional
Thickness Flash Area, A m / 1000 m Flow Area Capacity sectional External (Ext - Int)
Dm (mm) d (mm) W m (kg/m) m (litre/m) (litre/m)
t (mm) dmin (mm) per 1000 kg A (mm2) Area (mm2) (litre/m)
(mm2)
Coiled Tubing Handbook

25.40 2.21 20.98 18.77 1.26 161.0 0.294 345.7 0.3457 506.71 0.5067 0.1610
25.40 2.41 20.57 18.29 1.37 174.3 0.272 332.5 0.3325 506.71 0.5067 0.1742
25.40 2.59 20.22 17.93 1.46 185.6 0.255 321.1 0.3211 506.71 0.5067 0.1856
25.40 2.77 19.86 17.58 1.55 196.8 0.241 309.9 0.3099 506.71 0.5067 0.1968
31.75 2.03 27.69 25.40 1.49 189.7 0.250 602.0 0.6020 791.73 0.7917 0.1897
31.75 2.21 27.33 25.12 1.61 205.1 0.231 586.7 0.5867 791.73 0.7917 0.2050
31.75 2.41 26.92 24.64 1.74 222.4 0.213 569.3 0.5693 791.73 0.7917 0.2224

Pipe Data Tables and Charts

31.75 2.59 26.57 24.28 1.86 237.3 0.200 554.4 0.5544 791.73 0.7917 0.2373
31.75 2.77 26.21 23.93 1.98 252.1 0.188 539.7 0.5397 791.73 0.7917 0.2520
31.75 3.00 25.76 23.47 2.13 270.7 0.175 521.0 0.5210 791.73 0.7917 0.2707
31.75 3.18 25.40 23.11 2.24 285.0 0.166 506.7 0.5067 791.73 0.7917 0.2850
31.75 3.40 24.94 22.66 2.38 303.1 0.156 488.6 0.4886 791.73 0.7917 0.3031
31.75 3.68 24.38 22.10 2.55 324.7 0.146 467.0 0.4670 791.73 0.7917 0.3247
31.75 3.96 23.83 21.54 2.71 345.9 0.137 445.8 0.4458 791.73 0.7917 0.3459
31.75 4.45 22.86 20.57 3.00 381.3 0.124 410.4 0.4104 791.73 0.7917 0.3813
38.10 2.41 33.27 30.99 2.12 270.5 0.175 869.6 0.8696 1140.09 1.1401 0.2705
38.10 2.59 32.92 30.63 2.27 289.0 0.164 851.1 0.8511 1140.09 1.1401 0.2890
38.10 2.77 32.56 30.28 2.41 307.3 0.154 832.8 0.8328 1140.09 1.1401 0.3073
38.10 3.00 32.11 29.82 2.60 330.5 0.143 809.6 0.8096 1140.09 1.1401 0.3305
38.10 3.18 31.75 29.46 2.74 348.4 0.136 791.7 0.7917 1140.09 1.1401 0.3484
38.10 3.40 31.29 29.01 2.91 371.0 0.128 769.1 0.7691 1140.09 1.1401 0.3710
38.10 3.68 30.73 28.45 3.12 398.2 0.119 741.9 0.7419 1140.09 1.1401 0.3982
38.10 3.96 30.18 27.89 3.33 425.0 0.112 715.1 0.7151 1140.09 1.1401 0.4250
38.10 4.45 29.21 26.92 3.69 470.0 0.101 670.1 0.6701 1140.09 1.1401 0.4700
38.10 4.78 28.55 26.26 3.93 499.9 0.095 640.2 0.6402 1140.09 1.1401 0.4999
38.10 5.16 27.79 25.50 4.19 533.6 0.089 606.4 0.6064 1140.09 1.1401 0.5337
44.45 2.77 38.91 36.63 2.85 362.5 0.131 1189.3 1.1893 1551.80 1.5518 0.3625
44.45 3.00 38.46 36.17 3.07 390.3 0.121 1161.5 1.1615 1551.80 1.5518 0.3903
44.45 3.18 38.10 35.81 3.24 411.7 0.115 1140.1 1.1401 1551.80 1.5518 0.4117
44.45 3.40 37.64 35.36 3.44 438.9 0.108 1112.9 1.1129 1551.80 1.5518 0.4389
44.45 3.68 37.08 34.80 3.70 471.7 0.101 1080.1 1.0801 1551.80 1.5518 0.4717
44.45 3.96 36.53 34.24 3.95 504.0 0.094 1047.8 1.0478 1551.80 1.5518 0.5040
44.45 4.45 35.56 33.27 4.39 558.6 0.085 993.1 0.9931 1551.80 1.5518 0.5587
44.45 4.78 34.90 32.61 4.68 595.2 0.080 956.6 0.9566 1551.80 1.5518 0.5952
44.45 5.16 34.14 31.88 5.00 636.5 0.074 915.3 0.9153 1551.80 1.5518 0.6365

September 2005
 Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements
Metric Units
Specified Nominal Pipe Metal Displacement

September 2005
Calculated Plastic Specified External
Calculated Plain End Cross- Internal
Wall ID with Stretch Nominal Cross- Wall
OD ID Weight sectional
Thickness Flash Area, Am m / 1000 m Flow Area Capacity sectional External (Ext - Int)
Dm (mm) d (mm) Wm (kg/m) (litre/m) (litre/m)
t (mm) dmin (mm) per 1000 kg A (mm2) Area (mm2) (litre/m)
(mm2)
50.80 2.77 45.26 42.98 3.28 417.8 0.113 1609.1 1.6091 2026.83 2.0268 0.4177
50.80 3.00 44.81 42.52 3.54 450.1 0.105 1576.7 1.5767 2026.83 2.0268 0.4501
50.80 3.18 44.45 42.16 3.73 475.0 0.100 1551.8 1.5518 2026.83 2.0268 0.4750
50.80 3.40 43.99 41.71 3.97 506.8 0.094 1520.0 1.5200 2026.83 2.0268 0.5068
50.80 3.68 43.43 41.15 4.28 545.2 0.087 1481.7 1.4817 2026.83 2.0268 0.5451
50.80 3.96 42.88 40.59 4.57 583.0 0.081 1443.8 1.4438 2026.83 2.0268 0.5830
50.80 4.45 41.91 39.62 5.09 647.3 0.073 1379.5 1.3795 2026.83 2.0268 0.6473
50.80 4.78 41.25 38.96 5.42 690.5 0.069 1336.4 1.3364 2026.83 2.0268 0.6904
50.80 5.16 40.49 38.20 5.81 739.4 0.064 1287.5 1.2875 2026.83 2.0268 0.7393
60.33 2.77 54.79 52.50 3.93 500.6 0.095 2357.5 2.3575 2858.63 2.8586 0.5011
60.33 3.00 54.33 52.04 4.24 539.8 0.088 2318.4 2.3184 2858.63 2.8586 0.5402
60.33 3.18 53.98 51.69 4.48 570.0 0.083 2288.1 2.2881 2858.63 2.8586 0.5705
60.33 3.40 53.52 51.23 4.77 608.6 0.078 2249.5 2.2495 2858.63 2.8586 0.6091
60.33 3.68 52.96 50.67 5.14 655.4 0.072 2202.8 2.2028 2858.63 2.8586 0.6558
60.33 3.96 52.40 50.11 5.51 701.6 0.068 2156.5 2.1565 2858.63 2.8586 0.7021
60.33 4.45 51.44 49.15 6.13 780.3 0.061 2077.8 2.0778 2858.63 2.8586 0.7808
60.33 4.78 50.77 48.49 6.55 833.3 0.057 2024.8 2.0248 2858.63 2.8586 0.8338
60.33 5.16 50.01 47.73 7.02 893.7 0.053 1964.5 1.9645 2858.63 2.8586 0.8941
73.03 3.18 66.68 64.39 5.48 696.7 0.068 3491.5 3.4915 4188.84 4.1888 0.6973
73.03 3.40 66.22 63.93 5.84 744.4 0.064 3443.8 3.4438 4188.84 4.1888 0.7450
73.03 3.68 65.66 63.37 6.29 802.3 0.059 3385.9 3.3859 4188.84 4.1888 0.8029
73.03 3.96 65.10 62.81 6.75 859.7 0.055 3328.6 3.3286 4188.84 4.1888 0.8602
73.03 4.45 64.14 61.85 7.53 957.7 0.050 3230.6 3.2306 4188.84 4.1888 0.9582
73.03 4.78 63.47 61.19 8.05 1023.9 0.046 3164.4 3.1644 4188.84 4.1888 1.0244
73.03 5.16 62.71 60.43 8.64 1099.4 0.043 3088.9 3.0889 4188.84 4.1888 1.0999
88.90 3.40 82.09 79.81 7.17 914.2 0.052 5293.0 5.2930 6207.18 6.2072 0.9142
88.90 3.68 81.53 79.25 7.73 986.0 0.048 5221.2 5.2212 6207.18 6.2072 0.9860
88.90 3.96 80.98 78.69 8.30 1057.3 0.045 5149.9 5.1499 6207.18 6.2072 1.0573

Pipe Data Tables and Charts

88.90 4.45 80.01 77.72 9.27 1179.4 0.040 5027.8 5.0278 6207.18 6.2072 1.1794
88.90 4.78 79.35 77.06 9.92 1262.0 0.038 4945.2 4.9452 6207.18 6.2072 1.2620
88.90 5.16 78.59 76.30 10.66 1356.5 0.035 4850.6 4.8506 6207.18 6.2072 1.3566
Coiled Tubing Handbook

2-55
 Tubing Sizes, Volumes & Displacements
English Units

2-56
Weight Wall Wall Internal Drift Internal Volume per External Displacement
OD ID Thickness Area Area Diameter 1,000 ft per 1,000 ft
NU EU IJ
in. in.
lb/ft lb/ft lb/ft in. in.² in.² in. ft3 gal bbls ft3 gal bbls
1.050 1.14 1.20 1.20 0.824 0.113 0.333 0.533 0.730 3.70 27.70 0.66 6.01 44.98 1.07
1.50 1.50 0.742 0.154 0.433 0.432 3.00 22.46 0.53 6.01 44.98 1.07
1.315 1.70 1.80 1.80 1.049 0.133 0.494 0.864 0.955 6.00 44.90 1.07 9.43 70.55 1.68
2.25 0.957 0.179 0.639 0.719 0.848 5.00 37.37 0.89 9.43 70.55 1.68
Coiled Tubing Handbook

2.10 1.410 0.125 0.603 1.561 1.286 10.84 81.11 1.93 15.03 112.43 2.68
1.660 2.30 2.40 2.40 1.380 0.140 0.669 1.496 1.286 10.39 77.70 1.85 15.03 112.43 2.68
3.02 1.280 0.191 0.883 1.287 1.184 8.94 66.85 1.59 15.07 112.70 2.68
2.40 1.650 0.125 0.697 2.138 1.516 14.85 111.08 2.64 19.69 147.29 3.51
1.900 2.75 2.90 2.90 1.610 0.145 0.799 2.036 1.516 14.14 105.76 2.52 19.69 147.29 3.51
3.64 1.500 0.200 1.068 1.767 1.406 12.27 91.80 2.19 19.69 147.29 3.51
2.000 3.40 1.670 0.165 0.951 2.190 15.21 113.79 2.71 21.82 163.20 3.89

Pipe Data Tables and Charts

2.063 3.25 1.751 0.156 0.935 2.408 1.657 16.72 125.09 2.98 23.21 173.64 4.13
4.00 2.041 0.167 1.158 3.272 1.947 22.72 169.96 4.05 30.76 230.14 5.48
4.60 4.70 4.70 1.995 0.190 1.304 3.126 1.901 21.71 162.38 3.87 30.76 230.14 5.48
5.30 1.939 0.218 1.477 2.953 1.845 20.51 153.40 3.65 30.76 230.14 5.48
2.375 5.80 5.95 1.867 0.254 1.692 2.738 1.773 19.01 142.22 3.39 30.76 230.14 5.48
6.20 1.853 0.261 1.733 2.697 1.759 18.73 140.09 3.34 30.76 230.14 5.48
7.70 1.703 0.336 2.152 2.278 1.609 15.82 118.33 2.82 30.76 230.14 5.48
6.40 6.50 6.50 2.441 0.217 1.812 4.680 2.347 32.50 243.11 5.79 45.08 337.24 8.03
7.80 7.90 7.90 2.323 0.276 2.254 4.238 2.229 29.43 220.17 5.24 45.08 337.24 8.03
8.60 8.70 8.70 2.259 0.308 2.484 4.008 2.165 27.83 208.21 4.96 45.08 337.24 8.03
2.875 9.50 2.195 0.340 2.708 3.784 2.101 26.28 196.57 4.68 45.08 337.24 8.03
10.70 2.091 0.392 3.058 3.434 1.997 23.85 178.39 4.25 45.08 337.24 8.03
Tubing Sizes, Volumes, and Displacements

11.00 2.065 0.405 3.143 3.349 1.971 23.26 173.98 4.14 45.08 337.24 8.03
11.65 1.995 0.440 3.366 3.126 21.71 162.38 3.87 45.08 337.24 8.03
7.70 3.068 0.216 2.228 7.393 2.943 51.34 384.03 9.14 66.81 499.80 11.90
9.20 9.30 9.30 2.992 0.254 2.590 7.031 2.867 48.83 365.24 8.70 66.81 499.80 11.90
10.20 10.30 2.922 0.289 2.915 6.706 2.797 46.57 348.35 8.29 66.81 499.80 11.90
3.500 12.80 2.764 0.368 3.621 6.000 2.639 41.67 311.70 7.42 66.81 499.80 11.90
12.70 12.95 12.95 2.750 0.375 3.682 5.940 2.625 41.25 308.55 7.35 66.81 499.80 11.90
15.80 2.548 0.476 4.522 5.099 2.423 35.41 264.89 6.31 66.81 499.80 11.90
16.70 2.480 0.510 4.791 4.831 2.355 33.55 250.94 5.97 66.81 499.80 11.90
9.50 3.548 0.226 2.680 9.887 3.423 68.66 513.60 12.23 87.27 652.80 15.54
4.000 11.00 11.00 3.476 0.262 3.077 9.490 3.351 65.90 492.97 11.74 87.27 652.80 15.54
11.60 3.428 0.286 3.337 9.229 3.303 64.09 479.45 11.41 87.27 652.80 15.54
13.40 3.340 0.330 3.805 8.762 3.215 60.84 455.15 10.84 87.27 652.80 15.54
12.60 12.75 12.75 3.958 0.271 3.600 12.304 3.833 85.44 639.16 15.22 110.45 826.20 19.67
4.500 13.50 3.920 0.290 3.836 12.069 3.795 83.81 626.95 14.93 110.45 826.20 19.67
15.50 3.826 0.337 4.407 11.497 3.701 79.84 597.24 14.22 110.45 826.20 19.67

September 2005
19.20 3.640 0.430 5.498 10.406 3.515 72.27 540.58 12.87 110.45 826.20 19.67
 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Tubing Sizes, Volumes and Displacements

Metric Units
Weight Wall Wall Internal Internal External
OD ID Area Area
NU EU IJ Thickness Volume Displacement
mm mm
kg/m kg/m kg/m mm mm2 mm2 Liters/m Liters/m
26.670 1.7 1.79 1.79 20.93 2.87 214.603 344.042 0.344 0.559
2.23 2.23 18.847 3.912 279.67 278.975 0.279 0.559
33.401 2.53 2.68 2.68 26.645 3.378 318.63 557.581 0.558 0.876
3.35 24.308 4.547 412.144 464.068 0.464 0.876
3.12 35.814 3.175 388.898 1007.385 1.007 1.396
42.164 3.42 3.57 3.57 35.052 3.556 431.309 964.974 0.965 1.396
4.49 32.512 4.851 569.46 830.19 0.83 1.400
3.57 41.910 3.175 449.703 1379.511 1.38 1.829
48.260 4.09 4.32 4.32 40.894 3.683 515.778 1313.436 1.313 1.829
5.42 38.100 5.080 689.122 1140.092 1.140 1.829
50.800 5.06 42.418 4.191 613.673 1413.156 1.413 2.027
52.400 4.84 44.475 3.962 602.966 1553.566 1.554 2.157
60.325 5.95 6.99 51.841 4.242 747.365 2110.782 2.111 2.858
6.84 6.99 50.673 4.826 841.438 2016.708 2.017 2.858
7.89 49.251 5.537 953.068 1905.079 1.905 2.858
8.63 8.85 47.422 6.452 1091.922 1766.225 1.766 2.858
9.23 47.066 6.629 1118.312 1739.835 1.740 2.858
11.46 43.256 8.534 1388.589 1469.558 1.470 2.858
9.52 9.67 9.67 62.001 5.512 1169.047 3019.207 3.019 4.188
59.004 7.010 1453.894 2734.36 2.734 4.188
12.80 12.95 12.95 57.379 7.823 1602.485 2585.769 2.586 4.188
73.025 14.14 55.753 8.636 1746.925 2441.329 2.441 4.188
15.92 53.111 9.957 1972.787 2215.467 2.215 4.188
16.37 52.451 10.287 2027.539 2160.715 2.161 4.188
17.33 50.673 11.176 2171.546 2016.708 2.017 4.188
11.46 13.84 77.927 5.486 1437.720 4769.447 4.769 6.207
13.69 13.84 75.997 6.452 1671.089 4536.078 4.536 6.207
15.18 15.33 74.219 7.341 1880.856 4326.311 4.326 6.207
88.900 19.05 70.206 9.347 2336.076 3871.091 3.871 6.207
18.9 19.27 19.27 69.850 9.525 2375.191 3831.975 3.832 6.207
23.51 64.719 12.09 2917.468 3289.699 3.290 6.207
24.85 62.992 12.954 3090.713 3116.454 3.116 6.207
14.14 90.119 5.740 1728.732 6378.588 6.379 8.107
101.600 16.37 16.37 88.290 6.655 1984.988 6122.332 6.122 8.107
17.26 87.071 7.264 2152.907 5954.413 5.954 8.107
19.94 84.836 8.382 2454.694 5652.626 5.653 8.107
18.75 18.97 18.97 100.533 6.883 2322.867 7937.960 7.938 10.261
114.300 20.09 99.568 7.366 2474.557 7786.270 7.786 10.261
23.06 97.180 8.560 2843.503 7417.324 7.417 10.261
28.57 92.456 10.922 3547.155 6713.671 6.714 10.261

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-57

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Casing Sizes and Volumes

Casing Sizes and Volumes

English Units
Drift Wall Internal Internal Volume per 1,000 ft
OD Weight ID Area
Diameter Thickness
in. lb/ft in. ft3 gal bbls
in. in. in.2
5.65 3.607 0.197 10.218 70.961 530.83 12.638
4.000
9.50 3.500 0.250 9.621 66.813 499.80 11.899
11.60 3.428 0.286 9.229 64.093 479.45 11.415
4.500 6.75 4.216 0.142 13.960 96.946 725.20 17.266
9.50 4.090 3.965 0.205 13.138 91.238 682.50 16.249
10.50 4.052 3.927 0.224 12.895 89.550 669.88 15.949
11.00 4.026 0.237 12.730 88.405 661.31 15.745
11.60 4.000 3.875 0.250 12.566 87.266 652.80 15.542
12.60 3.958 0.271 12.304 85.443 639.16 15.217
13.50 3.920 3.795 0.290 12.069 83.811 626.95 14.927
15.10 3.826 3.701 0.337 11.497 79.839 597.24 14.219
16.60 3.754 0.373 11.068 76.863 574.97 13.689
17.70 3.697 0.402 10.735 74.546 557.65 13.277
18.80 3.640 0.430 10.406 72.265 540.58 12.870
4.750 9.50 4.364 0.193 14.958 103.872 777.01 18.500
16.00 4.082 0.334 13.087 90.881 679.84 16.186
18.00 4.000 0.375 12.566 87.266 652.80 15.542
5.000 8.00 4.696 0.152 17.320 120.277 899.74 21.421
11.50 4.560 0.220 16.331 113.411 848.38 20.199
13.00 4.494 0.253 15.862 110.152 824.00 19.618
15.00 4.408 4.283 0.296 15.261 105.977 792.76 18.874
18.00 4.276 4.151 0.362 14.360 99.725 745.99 17.761
20.30 4.184 0.408 13.749 95.480 714.24 17.005
20.80 4.156 0.422 13.566 94.206 704.71 16.778
21.00 4.154 0.423 13.553 94.115 704.03 16.762
23.20 4.044 3.919 0.478 12.844 89.197 667.24 15.886
24.20 4.000 3.875 0.500 12.566 87.266 652.80 15.542
5.250 8.50 4.944 0.153 19.198 133.317 997.28 23.744
10.00 4.886 0.182 18.750 130.207 974.02 23.190
13.00 4.768 0.241 17.855 123.994 927.54 22.083
16.00 4.648 0.301 16.968 117.831 881.44 20.986
5.500 9.00 5.192 0.154 21.172 147.027 1,099.84 26.185
13.00 5.044 4.919 0.228 19.982 138.764 1,038.03 24.714
14.00 5.012 4.887 0.244 19.729 137.009 1,024.90 24.401
15.00 4.974 0.263 19.431 134.939 1,009.42 24.033
15.50 4.950 4.825 0.275 19.244 133.640 999.70 23.801
17.00 4.892 4.767 0.304 18.796 130.527 976.41 23.247
20.00 4.778 4.653 0.361 17.930 124.514 931.43 22.176
23.00 4.670 4.545 0.415 17.129 118.949 889.80 21.185
25.00 4.580 0.460 16.475 114.409 855.84 20.376
26.00 4.548 4.423 0.476 16.245 112.815 843.92 20.092
5.750 14.00 5.290 0.230 21.979 152.630 1,141.75 27.183
17.00 5.190 0.280 21.156 146.914 1,098.99 26.165
19.50 5.090 0.330 20.348 141.307 1,057.05 25.167
20.00 5.090 0.330 20.348 141.307 1,057.05 25.167
22.50 4.990 0.380 19.556 135.809 1,015.92 24.188
25.20 4.890 0.430 18.781 130.420 975.61 23.228
6.000 10.50 5.672 0.164 25.268 175.469 1,312.60 31.251
12.00 5.620 0.190 24.806 172.266 1,288.64 30.681
15.00 5.524 5.399 0.238 23.966 166.431 1,244.99 29.641
16.00 5.500 0.250 23.758 164.988 1,234.20 29.384
17.00 5.450 0.275 23.328 162.002 1,211.86 28.853
18.00 5.424 5.299 0.288 23.106 160.460 1,200.32 28.578

2-58 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Casing Sizes and Volumes

English Units (Continued)
Drift Wall Internal Internal Volume per 1,000 ft
OD Weight ID Area
Diameter Thickness
in. lb/ft in. ft3 gal bbls
in. in. in.2
6.000 20.00 5.352 5.227 0.324 22.497 156.228 1,168.67 27.824
23.00 5.240 5.115 0.380 21.565 149.758 1,120.27 26.672
26.00 5.140 0.430 20.750 144.097 1,077.92 25.664
6.625 12.00 6.287 0.169 31.044 215.583 1,612.67 38.395
13.00 6.255 0.185 30.729 213.394 1,596.30 38.005
17.00 6.135 6.010 0.245 29.561 205.285 1,535.64 36.561
20.00 6.049 5.924 0.288 28.738 199.570 1,492.88 35.543
22.00 5.989 0.318 28.171 195.630 1,463.42 34.842
24.00 5.921 5.796 0.352 27.535 191.213 1,430.37 34.055
26.00 5.855 0.385 26.924 186.974 1,398.66 33.300
28.00 5.791 5.666 0.417 26.339 182.909 1,368.25 32.576
29.00 5.761 0.432 26.067 181.019 1,354.11 32.239
32.00 5.675 5.550 0.475 25.294 175.654 1,313.99 31.284
34.00 5.595 0.515 24.586 170.737 1,277.20 30.408
7.000 13.00 6.520 0.240 33.388 231.858 1,734.42 41.294
17.00 6.538 0.231 33.572 233.140 1,744.01 41.522
20.00 6.456 0.272 32.735 227.329 1,700.54 40.487
22.00 6.398 0.301 32.150 223.263 1,670.12 39.763
23.00 6.366 6.241 0.317 31.829 221.035 1,653.46 39.366
24.00 6.336 0.332 31.530 218.956 1,637.91 38.996
26.00 6.276 6.151 0.362 30.935 214.829 1,607.03 38.261
28.00 6.214 0.393 30.327 210.606 1,575.44 37.509
29.00 6.184 6.059 0.408 30.035 208.577 1,560.26 37.148
30.00 6.154 0.423 29.744 206.558 1,545.16 36.788
32.00 6.094 5.969 0.453 29.167 202.550 1,515.18 36.074
33.70 6.048 0.476 28.729 199.504 1,492.39 35.532
34.00 6.040 0.480 28.653 198.976 1,488.45 35.438
35.00 6.004 5.879 0.498 28.312 196.611 1,470.76 35.016
35.30 6.000 0.500 28.274 196.350 1,468.80 34.970
38.00 5.920 5.795 0.540 27.525 191.148 1,429.89 34.044
40.00 5.836 0.582 26.750 185.762 1,389.60 33.084
41.00 5.820 5.695 0.590 26.603 184.745 1,381.99 32.903
44.00 5.720 0.640 25.697 178.451 1,334.91 31.782
7.625 14.75 7.263 0.181 41.431 287.713 2,152.24 51.242
20.00 7.125 7.000 0.250 39.871 276.884 2,071.23 49.313
24.00 7.025 6.900 0.300 38.760 269.166 2,013.50 47.938
26.40 6.990 0.318 38.375 266.491 1,993.49 47.462
29.70 6.875 6.750 0.375 37.122 257.794 1,928.43 45.913
33.70 6.765 6.640 0.430 35.944 249.611 1,867.22 44.456
36.00 6.705 0.460 35.309 245.203 1,834.24 43.671
38.00 6.655 0.485 34.785 241.559 1,806.99 43.022
39.00 6.625 6.500 0.500 34.472 239.386 1,790.73 42.635
45.00 6.445 0.590 32.624 226.555 1,694.75 40.349
45.30 6.435 6.310 0.595 32.523 225.852 1,689.49 40.224
7.75 46.10 6.560 6.435 0.595 33.799 234.712 1,755.77 41.802
8 16.00 7.628 0.186 45.699 317.357 2,374.00 56.521
20.00 7.528 0.236 44.509 309.091 2,312.16 55.049
26.00 7.386 0.307 42.846 297.540 2,225.76 52.992
8.125 28.00 7.485 0.320 44.002 305.570 2,285.82 54.422
32.00 7.385 0.370 42.834 297.460 2,225.15 52.978
35.50 7.285 0.420 41.682 289.459 2,165.30 51.553
39.50 7.185 0.470 40.546 281.566 2,106.26 50.147
42.00 7.125 0.500 39.871 276.884 2,071.23 49.313

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-59

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Casing Sizes and Volumes

English Units (Continued)
Drift Wall Internal Internal Volume per 1,000 ft
OD Weight ID Area
Diameter Thickness
in. lb/ft in. ft3 gal bbls
in. in. in.2
8.625 20.00 8.191 0.217 52.694 365.933 2,737.37 65.173
24.00 8.097 7.972 0.264 51.492 357.582 2,674.90 63.685
28.00 8.017 7.892 0.304 50.479 350.551 2,622.30 62.433
32.00 7.921 7.796 0.352 49.278 342.206 2,559.88 60.947
36.00 7.825 7.700 0.400 48.090 333.961 2,498.20 59.478
38.00 7.775 0.425 47.478 329.707 2,466.38 58.721
40.00 7.725 7.600 0.450 46.869 325.480 2,434.76 57.968
43.00 7.651 0.487 45.975 319.274 2,388.34 56.863
44.00 7.625 7.500 0.500 45.664 317.108 2,372.13 56.477
48.00 7.537 0.544 44.616 309.831 2,317.69 55.181
49.00 7.511 7.386 0.557 44.308 307.697 2,301.73 54.801
8.75 49.70 7.636 0.557 45.795 318.024 2,378.98 56.640
9 34.00 8.290 0.355 53.976 374.832 2,803.94 66.758
38.00 8.196 0.402 52.759 366.380 2,740.71 65.252
40.00 8.150 0.425 52.168 362.279 2,710.03 64.522
45.00 8.032 0.484 50.668 351.864 2,632.13 62.667
50.20 7.910 0.545 49.141 341.256 2,552.77 60.778
55.00 7.812 0.594 47.931 332.853 2,489.91 59.281
9.625 29.30 9.063 8.907 0.281 64.511 447.993 3,351.22 79.788
32.30 9.001 8.845 0.312 63.631 441.885 3,305.53 78.700
36.00 8.921 8.765 0.352 62.505 434.065 3,247.03 77.307
38.00 8.885 0.370 62.002 430.568 3,220.88 76.684
40.00 8.835 8.679 0.395 61.306 425.736 3,184.73 75.824
42.00 8.799 0.413 60.807 422.274 3,158.83 75.207
43.50 8.755 8.599 0.435 60.201 418.061 3,127.31 74.457
47.00 8.681 8.525 0.472 59.187 411.024 3,074.67 73.203
53.50 8.535 8.379 0.545 57.213 397.315 2,972.12 70.762
58.40 8.435 8.279 0.595 55.880 388.059 2,902.88 69.113
61.10 8.375 8.219 0.625 55.088 382.558 2,861.73 68.134
71.80 8.125 7.969 0.750 51.849 360.059 2,693.43 64.127
9.75 59.20 8.560 0.595 57.549 399.645 2,989.56 71.177
9.875 62.80 8.625 0.625 58.426 405.738 3,035.13 72.262
10 33.00 9.384 0.308 69.162 480.290 3,592.82 85.540
41.50 9.200 0.400 66.476 461.640 3,453.30 82.218
45.50 9.120 0.440 65.325 453.646 3,393.51 80.794
50.50 9.016 0.492 63.844 443.359 3,316.55 78.962
55.50 8.908 0.546 62.323 432.801 3,237.57 77.082
61.20 8.790 0.605 60.683 421.410 3,152.37 75.053
10.75 32.75 10.192 10.036 0.279 81.585 566.560 4,238.17 100.904
35.75 10.136 0.307 80.691 560.352 4,191.72 99.799
40.50 10.050 9.894 0.350 79.327 550.883 4,120.89 98.112
45.50 9.950 9.875 0.400 77.756 539.975 4,039.29 96.170
48.00 9.902 0.424 77.008 534.778 4,000.41 95.244
51.00 9.850 9.694 0.450 76.201 529.176 3,958.51 94.246
54.00 9.784 0.483 75.184 522.108 3,905.64 92.987
55.50 9.760 9.604 0.495 74.815 519.550 3,886.50 92.532
60.70 9.660 9.504 0.545 73.290 508.958 3,807.27 90.645
65.70 9.560 9.404 0.595 71.780 498.475 3,728.85 88.778
71.10 9.450 9.294 0.650 70.138 487.070 3,643.53 86.747
76.00 9.350 0.700 68.661 476.816 3,566.83 84.921
81.00 9.250 0.750 67.201 466.671 3,490.94 83.114

2-60 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Casing Sizes and Volumes

English Units (Continued)
Drift Wall Internal Internal Volume per 1,000 ft
OD Weight ID Area
Diameter Thickness
in. lb/ft in. ft3 gal bbls
in. in. in.2
11 26.75 10.552 0.224 87.450 607.291 4,542.85 108.159
11.75 38.00 11.150 10.994 0.300 97.643 678.074 5,072.35 120.765
42.00 11.084 10.928 0.333 96.490 670.070 5,012.47 119.340
47.00 11.000 10.844 0.375 95.033 659.953 4,936.79 117.538
54.00 10.880 10.724 0.435 92.971 645.632 4,829.66 114.987
60.00 10.772 10.616 0.489 91.134 632.878 4,734.26 112.716
65.00 10.682 10.526 0.534 89.618 622.347 4,655.48 110.840
71.00 10.586 10.430 0.582 88.014 611.211 4,572.18 108.857
11.875 71.80 10.711 0.582 90.105 625.731 4,680.79 111.443
12 31.50 11.514 0.243 104.122 723.069 5,408.93 128.779
40.00 11.384 0.308 101.784 706.834 5,287.48 125.887
12.75 43.00 12.130 0.310 115.561 802.507 6,003.17 142.927
53.00 11.970 0.390 112.533 781.476 5,845.85 139.181
13 36.50 12.482 0.259 122.365 849.759 6,356.64 151.342
40.00 12.438 0.281 121.504 843.779 6,311.90 150.277
45.00 12.360 0.320 119.985 833.229 6,232.99 148.398
50.00 12.282 0.359 118.475 822.746 6,154.57 146.531
54.00 12.220 0.390 117.282 814.460 6,092.58 145.055
13.375 48.00 12.715 12.559 0.330 126.976 881.780 6,596.17 157.045
54.50 12.615 12.459 0.380 124.987 867.964 6,492.82 154.584
61.00 12.515 12.359 0.430 123.013 854.258 6,390.29 152.143
68.00 12.415 12.259 0.480 121.055 840.661 6,288.58 149.722
72.00 12.347 12.191 0.514 119.733 831.477 6,219.88 148.086
77.00 12.275 12.119 0.550 118.340 821.808 6,147.55 146.364
83.00 12.175 0.600 116.420 808.473 6,047.80 143.989
85.00 12.159 12.003 0.608 116.114 806.349 6,031.91 143.611
92.00 12.031 0.672 113.682 789.461 5,905.58 140.603
98.00 11.937 11.781 0.719 111.913 777.173 5,813.66 138.415
13.5 81.40 12.340 0.580 119.597 830.535 6,212.83 147.918
13.625 88.20 12.375 0.625 120.276 835.253 6,248.12 148.758
14 42.00 13.488 0.256 142.884 992.253 7,422.57 176.720
50.00 13.344 0.328 139.850 971.179 7,264.93 172.967
15 47.50 14.418 0.291 163.268 1,133.803 8,481.43 201.930
16 52.50 15.396 0.302 186.168 1,292.835 9,671.08 230.254
55.00 15.375 15.188 0.313 185.661 1,289.311 9,644.72 229.626
65.00 15.250 15.062 0.375 182.654 1,268.432 9,488.53 225.908
70.00 15.198 0.401 181.411 1,259.796 9,423.93 224.370
75.00 15.125 14.936 0.438 179.672 1,247.723 9,333.62 222.219
84.00 15.010 14.822 0.495 176.950 1,228.821 9,192.22 218.853
109.00 14.688 14.500 0.656 169.440 1,176.665 8,802.06 209.564
18 78.00 17.194 0.403 232.190 1,612.431 12,061.82 287.174
87.50 17.088 0.456 229.336 1,592.612 11,913.56 283.644
96.50 16.986 0.507 226.606 1,573.655 11,771.76 280.268
18.625 73.09 17.875 0.375 250.947 1,742.687 13,036.21 310.373
78.00 17.855 0.385 250.386 1,738.790 13,007.05 309.678
87.50 17.755 17.567 0.435 247.589 1,719.368 12,861.76 306.219
96.50 17.655 0.485 244.808 1,700.054 12,717.29 302.780
20 90.00 19.166 0.417 288.505 2,003.505 14,987.26 356.824
94.00 19.124 18.936 0.438 287.242 1,994.733 14,921.64 355.262
106.50 19.000 18.812 0.500 283.529 1,968.950 14,728.77 350.670
133.00 18.730 18.542 0.635 275.528 1,913.388 14,313.13 340.774
21.5 103.00 20.610 0.445 333.615 2,316.772 17,330.66 412.617
114.00 20.510 0.495 330.386 2,294.345 17,162.89 408.623

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-61

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Casing Sizes and Volumes

Metric Units
Internal Volume
OD Weight ID Wall Thickness
per meter
mm kg/m mm mm
Liters
101.6 8.41 91.6 4.991 6.592
14.14 88.9 6.350 6.207
17.26 87.1 7.264 5.954
114.3 10.04 107.1 3.607 9.007
14.14 103.9 5.207 8.476
15.62 102.9 5.690 8.319
16.37 102.3 6.020 8.213
17.26 101.6 6.350 8.107
18.75 100.5 6.883 7.938
20.09 99.6 7.366 7.786
22.47 97.2 8.560 7.417
24.70 95.4 9.474 7.141
26.34 93.9 10.198 6.926
27.97 92.5 10.922 6.714
120.7 14.14 110.8 4.902 9.650
23.81 103.7 8.484 8.443
26.78 101.6 9.525 8.107
127.0 11.90 119.3 3.861 11.174
17.11 115.8 5.588 10.536
19.34 114.1 6.426 10.233
22.32 112.0 7.518 9.846
26.78 108.6 9.195 9.265
30.21 106.3 10.363 8.870
30.95 105.6 10.719 8.752
31.25 105.5 10.744 8.744
34.52 102.7 12.141 8.287
36.01 101.6 12.700 8.107
133.4 12.65 125.6 3.886 12.386
14.88 124.1 4.623 12.097
19.34 121.1 6.121 11.519
23.81 118.1 7.645 10.947
139.7 13.39 131.9 3.912 13.659
19.34 128.1 5.791 12.892
20.83 127.3 6.198 12.729
22.32 126.3 6.680 12.536
23.06 125.7 6.985 12.416
25.30 124.3 7.722 12.126
29.76 121.4 9.169 11.568
34.22 118.6 10.541 11.051
37.20 116.3 11.684 10.629
38.69 115.5 12.090 10.481
146.1 20.83 134.4 5.842 14.180
25.30 131.8 7.112 13.649
29.02 129.3 8.382 13.128
29.76 129.3 8.382 13.128
33.48 126.7 9.652 12.617
37.50 124.2 10.922 12.116
152.4 15.62 144.1 4.166 16.302
17.86 142.7 4.826 16.004
22.32 140.3 6.045 15.462
23.81 139.7 6.350 15.328
26.78 137.8 7.315 14.907
29.76 135.9 8.230 14.514
34.22 133.1 9.652 13.913
38.69 130.6 10.922 13.387

2-62 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Casing Sizes and Volumes

Metric Units (Continued)
Internal Volume
OD Weight ID Wall Thickness
per meter
mm kg/m mm mm
Liters
168.3 17.86 159.7 4.293 20.028
19.34 158.9 4.699 19.825
25.30 155.8 6.223 19.072
29.76 153.6 7.315 18.541
32.74 152.1 8.077 18.175
35.71 150.4 8.941 17.764
38.69 148.7 9.779 17.370
41.66 147.1 10.592 16.993
43.15 146.3 10.973 16.817
47.62 144.1 12.065 16.319
50.59 142.1 13.081 15.862
177.8 19.34 165.6 6.096 21.540
25.30 166.1 5.867 21.659
29.76 164.0 6.909 21.120
32.74 162.5 7.645 20.742
34.22 161.7 8.052 20.535
35.71 160.9 8.433 20.342
38.69 159.4 9.195 19.958
41.66 157.8 9.982 19.566
43.15 157.1 10.363 19.377
44.64 156.3 10.744 19.190
47.62 154.8 11.506 18.818
50.14 153.6 12.090 18.535
50.59 153.4 12.192 18.485
52.08 152.5 12.649 18.266
52.53 152.4 12.700 18.241
56.54 150.4 13.716 17.758
59.52 148.2 14.783 17.258
61.01 147.8 14.986 17.163
65.47 145.3 16.256 16.579
74.70 200.9 13.843 31.704
81.84 198.4 15.088 30.923
193.7 21.95 184.5 4.597 26.729
29.76 181.0 6.350 25.723
35.71 178.4 7.620 25.006
39.28 177.5 8.065 24.758
44.19 174.6 9.525 23.950
50.14 171.8 10.922 23.190
53.57 170.3 11.684 22.780
56.54 169.0 12.319 22.442
58.03 168.3 12.700 22.240
66.96 163.7 14.986 21.048
67.41 163.4 15.113 20.982
196.9 68.60 166.6 15.113 21.805
203.2 23.81 193.8 4.724 29.483
29.76 191.2 5.994 28.716
38.69 187.6 7.798 27.642
206.4 41.66 190.1 8.128 28.388
47.62 187.6 9.398 27.635
52.82 185.0 10.668 26.892
58.78 182.5 11.938 26.158
62.50 181.0 12.700 25.723

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-63

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Casing Sizes and Volumes

Metric Units (Continued)
Internal Volume
OD Weight ID Wall Thickness
per meter
mm kg/m mm mm
Liters
219.1 29.76 208.1 5.512 33.996
35.71 205.7 6.706 33.220
41.66 203.6 7.722 32.567
47.62 201.2 8.941 31.792
53.57 198.8 10.160 31.026
56.54 197.5 10.795 30.631
59.52 196.2 11.430 30.238
63.98 194.3 12.370 29.662
65.47 193.7 12.700 29.460
71.42 191.4 13.818 28.784
72.91 190.8 14.148 28.586
222.3 73.95 194.0 14.148 29.545
228.6 50.59 210.6 9.017 34.823
56.54 208.2 10.211 34.038
59.52 207.0 10.795 33.657
66.96 204.0 12.294 32.689
244.5 43.60 230.2 7.137 41.620
48.06 228.6 7.925 41.052
53.57 226.6 8.941 40.326
56.54 225.7 9.398 40.001
59.52 224.4 10.033 39.552
62.50 223.5 10.490 39.231
64.73 222.4 11.049 38.839
69.94 220.5 11.989 38.185
79.61 216.8 13.843 36.912
86.90 214.2 15.113 36.052
90.92 212.7 15.875 35.541
106.84 206.4 19.050 33.451
247.7 88.09 217.4 15.113 37.128
250.8 93.45 219.1 15.875 37.694
254.0 49.10 238.4 7.823 44.620
61.75 233.7 10.160 42.888
67.70 231.6 11.176 42.145
75.14 229.0 12.497 41.189
82.58 226.3 13.868 40.208
91.06 223.3 15.367 39.150
273.1 48.73 258.9 7.087 52.635
53.20 257.5 7.798 52.058
60.26 255.3 8.890 51.179
67.70 252.7 10.160 50.165
71.42 251.5 10.770 49.682
75.89 250.2 11.430 49.162
80.35 248.5 12.268 48.505
82.58 247.9 12.573 48.268
90.32 245.4 13.843 47.284
97.76 242.8 15.113 46.310
105.80 240.0 16.510 45.250
113.09 237.5 17.780 44.298
120.53 235.0 19.050 43.355
279.4 39.80 268.0 5.690 56.419
298.5 56.54 283.2 7.620 62.995
62.50 281.5 8.458 62.252

2-64 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Casing Sizes and Volumes

Metric Units (Continued)
Internal Volume
OD Weight ID Wall Thickness
per meter
mm kg/m mm mm
Liters
298.5 69.94 279.4 9.525 61.312
80.35 276.4 11.049 59.981
89.28 273.6 12.421 58.796
96.72 271.3 13.564 57.818
105.65 268.9 14.783 56.783
301.6 106.84 272.1 14.783 58.132
304.8 46.87 292.5 6.172 67.175
59.52 289.2 7.823 65.667
323.9 63.98 308.1 7.874 74.555
78.86 304.0 9.906 72.602
330.2 54.31 317.0 6.579 78.945
59.52 315.9 7.137 78.390
66.96 313.9 8.128 77.409
74.40 312.0 9.119 76.436
80.35 310.4 9.906 75.666
339.7 71.42 323.0 8.382 81.920
81.10 320.4 9.652 80.637
90.77 317.9 10.922 79.363
101.18 315.3 12.192 78.100
107.13 313.6 13.056 77.247
114.57 311.8 13.970 76.348
123.50 309.2 15.240 75.110
126.48 308.8 15.443 74.912
136.89 305.6 17.069 73.343
145.82 303.2 18.263 72.202
342.9 121.12 313.4 14.732 77.159
346.1 131.24 314.3 15.875 77.598
355.6 62.50 342.6 6.502 92.183
74.40 338.9 8.331 90.226
381.0 70.68 366.2 7.391 105.334
406.4 78.12 391.1 7.671 120.108
81.84 390.5 7.938 119.781
96.72 387.4 9.525 117.841
104.16 386.0 10.185 117.039
111.60 384.2 11.113 115.917
124.99 381.3 12.573 114.161
162.19 373.1 16.662 109.316
457.2 116.06 436.7 10.236 149.800
130.20 434.0 11.582 147.958
143.59 431.4 12.878 146.197
473.1 108.76 454.0 9.525 161.901
116.06 453.5 9.779 161.539
130.20 451.0 11.049 159.734
143.59 448.4 12.319 157.940
508.0 133.92 486.8 10.592 186.132
139.87 485.7 11.125 185.317
158.47 482.6 12.700 182.921
197.90 475.7 16.129 177.760
546.1 153.26 523.5 11.303 215.235
169.63 521.0 12.573 213.152

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-65

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Drillpipe Sizes and Volumes

Drillpipe Sizes and Volumes

English Units
Average
Weight w/ Internal Internal Volume** External Displacement**
OD ID Steel
Couplings Area per 1,000 ft per 1,000 ft
Area
in. lb/ft in. in.2 in.2 ft3 gal bbls ft3 gal bbls
2.375* 4.80 2.000 1.413 3.142 21.8 163.2 3.89 31.6 236.6 5.63
4.85 1.995 1.428 3.126 21.7 162.4 3.87 31.6 236.6 5.63
6.65 1.815 1.958 2.587 18.0 134.4 3.20 31.6 236.1 5.62
2.875* 6.45 2.469 1.899 4.788 33.2 248.7 5.92 46.4 347.4 8.27
6.85 2.441 2.017 4.680 32.5 243.1 5.79 46.5 347.9 8.28
* 8.35 2.323 2.459 4.238 29.4 220.2 5.24 46.5 347.9 8.28
10.40 2.151 3.062 3.634 25.2 188.8 4.49 46.5 347.9 8.28
3.500 8.50 3.063 2.503 7.369 51.2 382.8 9.11 68.6 512.8 12.21
9.50 2.992 2.797 7.031 48.8 365.2 8.70 68.3 510.6 12.16
* 11.20 2.900 3.298 6.605 45.9 343.1 8.17 68.8 514.5 12.25
13.30 2.764 3.916 6.000 41.7 311.7 7.42 68.9 515.1 12.26
15.50 2.602 4.564 5.317 36.9 276.2 6.58 68.6 513.3 12.22
4.000 11.85 3.476 3.489 9.490 65.9 493.0 11.74 90.1 674.2 16.05
14.00 3.340 4.122 8.762 60.8 455.1 10.84 89.5 669.3 15.94
4.500* 12.75 4.000 3.754 12.566 87.3 652.8 15.54 113.3 847.8 20.19
* 13.75 3.958 4.049 12.304 85.4 639.2 15.22 113.6 849.5 20.23
16.60 3.826 4.888 11.497 79.8 597.2 14.22 113.8 851.2 20.27
20.00 3.640 5.889 10.406 72.3 540.6 12.87 113.2 846.5 20.15
5.000 16.25 4.408 4.785 15.261 106.0 792.8 18.87 139.2 1,041.3 24.79
19.50 4.276 5.742 14.360 99.7 746.0 17.76 139.6 1,044.3 24.86
5.500 21.90 4.778 6.449 17.930 124.5 931.4 22.18 169.3 1,266.4 30.15
24.70 4.670 7.273 17.129 118.9 889.8 21.18 169.5 1,267.6 30.18
5.563 19.00 4.975 5.595 19.439 135.0 1,009.8 24.04 173.8 1,300.5 30.96
22.20 4.859 6.537 18.543 128.8 963.3 22.93 174.2 1,302.9 31.02
25.25 4.733 7.435 17.594 122.2 914.0 21.76 173.8 1,300.2 30.96
6.625 22.20 6.065 6.537 28.890 200.6 1,500.8 35.73 246.0 1,840.4 43.82
25.20 5.965 7.420 27.945 194.1 1,451.7 34.56 245.6 1,837.2 43.74
31.90 5.761 9.393 26.067 181.0 1,354.1 32.24 246.3 1,842.1 43.86
7.625 29.25 6.969 8.613 38.144 264.9 1,981.5 47.18 324.7 2,429.0 57.83
8.625 40.00 7.825 11.779 48.090 334.0 2,498.2 59.48 415.8 3,110.1 74.05
*Not API standard
**Assume constant ID, no internal upsets; assumes internal volume plus volume of steel

2-66 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Drillpipe Sizes and Volumes

Metric Units
Internal External
Weight w/ Average Internal
OD ID Volume** Displacement**
Couplings Steel Area Area
per meter per meter
mm kg/m mm mm2 mm2 Liters Liters
60.3* 7.14 50.8 911.9 2026.8 2.027 2.939
7.22 50.67 2.125 2016.7 2.017 2.019
9.90 46.10 2.914 1669.2 1.669 1.672
73.0* 9.60 62.71 2.826 3088.9 3.089 3.092
10.19 62.00 3.001 3019.2 3.019 3.022
* 12.42 59.00 3.659 2734.4 2.734 2.738
15.48 54.64 4.557 2344.4 2.344 2.349
88.9 12.65 77.80 3.724 4753.9 4.754 4.758
14.14 76.00 4.162 4536.1 4.536 4.540
* 16.67 73.66 4.907 4261.4 4.261 4.266
19.79 70.21 5.827 3871.1 3.871 3.877
23.06 66.09 6.791 3430.6 3.431 3.437
101.6 17.63 88.29 5.192 6122.3 6.122 6.128
20.83 84.84 6.134 5652.6 5.653 5.659
114.3* 18.97 101.60 5.587 8107.3 8.107 8.113
* 20.46 100.53 6.025 7938.0 7.938 7.944
24.70 97.18 7.273 7417.3 7.417 7.425
29.76 92.46 8.763 6713.7 6.714 6.722
127.0 24.18 111.96 7.120 9845.6 9.846 9.853
29.02 108.61 8.544 9264.7 9.265 9.273
139.7 32.59 121.36 9.596 11567.8 11.568 11.577
36.75 118.62 10.822 11050.7 11.051 11.062
141.3 28.27 126.37 8.325 12541.3 12.541 12.55
33.03 123.42 9.727 11963.3 11.963 11.973
37.57 120.22 11.063 11350.9 11.351 11.362
168.3 33.03 154.05 9.727 18638.8 18.639 18.649
37.50 151.51 11.042 18029.3 18.029 18.040
47.47 146.33 13.977 16817.2 16.817 16.831
193.7 43.52 177.01 12.816 24609.2 24.609 24.622
219.1 59.52 198.76 17.526 31026.0 31.026 31.044
*Not API standard
**Assume constant ID, no internal upsets; assumes internal volume plus volume of steel

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-67

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Coiled Tubing Inside of Tubing

English Units
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
Weight
OD ID Coiled Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. NU EU IJ in. 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 2.375 2.625 2.875 3.500
lb/ft lb/ft lb/ft bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
1.050 1.14 1.20 1.20 0.824
1.50 1.50 0.742
1.315 1.70 1.80 1.80 1.049 0.098
2.25 0.957
2.10 1.410 0.960 0.413
1.660 2.30 2.40 2.40 1.380 0.879 0.332
3.02 1.280 0.620 0.074
2.40 1.650 1.673 1.127 0.459
1.900 2.75 2.90 2.90 1.610 1.547 1.000 0.332
3.64 1.500 1.214 0.668
2.000 3.40 1.670 1.738 1.191 0.523
2.063 3.25 1.751 2.007 1.460 0.793 0.003
4.00 2.041 3.075 2.529 1.861 1.072 0.161
4.60 4.70 4.70 1.995 2.895 2.348 1.681 0.891
5.30 1.939 2.681 2.134 1.467 0.677
2.375 5.80 5.95 1.867 2.415 1.868 1.200 0.411
6.20 1.853 2.364 1.818 1.150 0.360
7.70 1.703 1.846 1.299 0.632
6.40 6.50 6.50 2.441 4.817 4.270 3.602 2.813 1.902 0.309
2.323 4.271 3.724 3.056 2.267 1.356
8.60 8.70 8.70 2.259 3.986 3.439 2.771 1.982 1.072
2.875 9.50 2.195 3.709 3.162 2.495 1.705 0.795
10.70 2.091 3.276 2.729 2.062 1.272 0.362
11.00 2.065 3.171 2.624 1.957 1.167 0.257
11.65 1.995 2.895 2.348 1.681 0.891
7.70 3.068 8.172 7.625 6.958 6.168 5.258 3.664 2.450 1.114
9.20 9.30 9.30 2.992 7.725 7.178 6.510 5.721 4.810 3.217 2.002 0.667
10.20 10.30 2.922 7.322 6.776 6.108 5.319 4.408 2.815 1.600 0.265
3.500 12.80 2.764 6.450 5.903 5.235 4.446 3.536 1.942 0.728
12.70 12.95 12.95 2.750 6.375 5.828 5.160 4.371 3.461 1.867 0.653
15.80 2.548 5.335 4.789 4.121 3.332 2.421 0.827
16.70 2.480 5.003 4.457 3.789 3.000 2.089 0.495
9.50 3.548 11.257 10.710 10.042 9.253 8.343 6.749 5.535 4.199 0.329
4.000 11.00 11.00 3.476 10.765 10.219 9.551 8.762 7.851 6.258 5.043 3.708
11.60 3.428 10.444 9.897 9.229 8.440 7.529 5.936 4.721 3.386
13.40 3.340 9.865 9.319 8.651 7.862 6.951 5.357 4.143 2.807
12.60 12.75 12.75 3.958 14.246 13.700 13.032 12.243 11.332 9.738 8.524 7.188 3.318
4.500 13.50 3.920 13.955 13.409 12.741 11.952 11.041 9.447 8.233 6.898 3.027
15.50 3.826 13.248 12.702 12.034 11.245 10.334 8.740 7.526 6.190 2.320
19.20 3.640 11.899 11.353 10.685 9.896 8.985 7.391 6.177 4.841 0.971
(Upsets and couplings not included)

2-68 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Annular Volumes for Coiled Tubing Inside of Tubing
Metric Units
Annular Volume (Liters per meter)
Weight
OD Coiled Tubing Outside Diameter (mm)
NU EU IJ 25.4 31.8 38.1 44.5 50.8 60.3 66.7 73.0 88.9
in. mm lb/ft kg/m lb/ft kg/m lb/ft kg/m Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters

September 2005
1.050 26.670 1.14 1.70 1.20 1.79 1.20 1.79
1.50 2.23 1.50 2.23
1.315 33.401 1.70 2.53 1.80 2.68 1.80 2.68 0.051
2.25 3.35
2.10 3.12 0.500 0.216
1.900 48.260 2.30 3.42 2.40 3.57 2.40 3.57 0.458 0.173
3.02 4.49 0.323 0.038
2.40 3.57 0.872 0.587 0.239
1.900 48.260 2.75 4.09 2.90 4.32 2.90 4.32 0.806 0.521 0.173
3.64 5.42 0.633 0.348
2.000 50.800 3.40 5.06 0.906 0.621 0.273
2.063 52.400 3.25 4.84 1.046 0.761 0.413 0.002
4.00 5.95 1.603 1.318 0.970 0.559 0.084
4.60 6.84 4.70 6.99 4.70 6.99 1.509 1.224 0.876 0.465
5.30 7.89 1.398 1.113 0.765 0.353
2.375 60.325 5.80 8.63 5.95 8.85 1.259 0.974 0.626 0.214
6.20 9.23 1.232 0.948 0.599 0.188
7.70 11.46 0.962 0.677 0.329
6.40 9.52 6.50 9.67 6.50 9.67 2.511 2.226 1.878 1.467 0.992 0.161
2.226 1.942 1.593 1.182 0.707
8.60 12.80 8.70 12.95 8.70 12.95 2.078 1.793 1.445 1.033 0.559
2.875 73.025 9.50 14.14 1.934 1.649 1.301 0.889 0.414
10.70 15.92 1.708 1.423 1.075 0.663 0.189
11.00 16.37 1.653 1.368 1.020 0.609 0.134
11.00 16.37 1.509 1.224 0.876 0.465
7.70 11.46 4.260 3.976 3.627 3.216 2.741 1.910 1.277 0.581
9.20 13.69 9.30 13.84 9.30 13.84 4.027 3.742 3.394 2.983 2.508 1.677 1.044 0.348
10.20 15.18 10.30 15.33 3.818 3.533 3.184 2.773 2.298 1.467 0.834 0.138
3.500 88.900 12.80 19.05 3.363 3.078 2.730 2.318 1.843 1.012 0.379
12.70 18.90 12.95 19.27 12.95 19.27 3.323 3.039 2.690 2.279 1.804 0.973 0.340
15.80 23.51 2.781 2.497 2.148 1.737 1.262 0.431
16.70 24.85 2.608 2.323 1.975 1.564 1.089 0.258
9.50 14.14 5.869 5.584 5.236 4.824 4.349 3.519 2.885 2.189 0.171

Pipe Data Tables and Charts

4.000 101.600 11.00 16.37 11.00 16.37 5.613 5.328 4.980 4.568 4.093 3.262 2.629 1.933
11.60 17.26 5.445 5.160 4.812 4.400 3.925 3.095 2.462 1.765
13.40 19.94 5.143 4.858 4.510 4.099 3.624 2.793 2.160 1.464
12.60 18.75 12.75 18.97 12.75 18.97 7.427 7.142 6.794 6.383 5.908 5.077 4.444 3.748 1.730
4.500 114.300 13.50 20.09 7.276 6.991 6.643 6.231 5.756 4.925 4.292 3.596 1.578
Coiled Tubing Handbook

2-69
15.50 23.06 6.907 6.622 6.274 5.862 5.388 4.557 3.924 3.227 1.210
19.20 28.57 6.204 5.919 5.571 5.159 4.684 3.853 3.220 2.524 0.506
Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Coiled Tubing Inside of Casing

English Units
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
OD Weight ID Coiled Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
In. Lb/ft In. 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 2.375 2.625 2.875 3.500
bbls bbls bbls bbls. bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
4.000 5.65 3.607 11.667 11.120 10.453 9.663 8.753 7.159 5.945 4.609 0.739
9.50 3.500 10.928 10.382 9.714 8.925 8.014 6.420 5.206 3.870
11.60 3.428 10.444 9.897 9.229 8.440 7.529 5.936 4.721 3.386
4.500 6.75 4.216 16.295 15.748 15.080 14.291 13.38 11.787 10.573 9.237 5.367
9.50 4.090 15.278 14.732 14.064 13.275 12.364 10.770 9.556 8.220 4.350
10.50 4.052 14.977 14.431 13.763 12.974 12.063 10.470 9.255 7.920 4.049
11.00 4.026 14.773 14.227 13.559 12.770 11.859 10.266 9.051 7.716 3.845
11.60 4.000 14.571 14.024 13.357 12.567 11.657 10.063 8.849 7.513 3.643
12.60 3.958 14.246 13.700 13.032 12.243 11.332 9.738 8.524 7.188 3.318
13.50 3.920 13.955 13.409 12.741 11.952 11.041 9.447 8.233 6.898 3.027
15.10 3.826 13.248 12.702 12.034 11.245 10.334 8.740 7.526 6.190 2.320
16.60 3.754 12.718 12.171 11.504 10.714 9.804 8.210 6.996 5.660 1.790
17.70 3.697 12.305 11.759 11.091 10.302 9.391 7.797 6.583 5.248 1.377
18.80 3.640 11.899 11.353 10.685 9.896 8.985 7.391 6.177 4.841 0.971
4.750 9.50 4.364 17.528 16.982 16.314 15.525 14.614 13.020 11.806 10.470 6.600
16.00 4.082 15.215 14.668 14.000 13.211 12.3 10.707 9.492 8.157 4.286
18.00 4.000 14.571 14.024 13.357 12.567 11.657 10.063 8.849 7.513 3.643
5.000 8.00 4.696 20.450 19.904 19.236 18.447 17.536 15.942 14.728 13.392 9.522
11.50 4.560 19.227 18.681 18.013 17.224 16.313 14.719 13.505 12.169 8.299
13.00 4.494 18.647 18.100 17.433 16.643 15.733 14.139 12.925 11.589 7.719
15.00 4.408 17.903 17.357 16.689 15.900 14.989 13.395 12.181 10.845 6.975
18.00 4.276 16.790 16.243 15.575 14.786 13.875 12.282 11.068 9.732 5.862
20.30 4.184 16.034 15.487 14.819 14.030 13.119 11.526 10.311 8.976 5.105
20.80 4.156 15.807 15.260 14.592 13.803 12.893 11.299 10.085 8.749 4.879
21.00 4.154 15.791 15.244 14.576 13.787 12.876 11.283 10.068 8.733 4.862
23.20 4.044 14.915 14.368 13.700 12.911 12 10.407 9.193 7.857 3.987
24.20 4.000 14.571 14.024 13.357 12.567 11.657 10.063 8.849 7.513 3.643
5.250 8.50 4.944 22.772 22.226 21.558 20.769 19.858 18.264 17.050 15.715 11.844
10.00 4.886 22.218 21.672 21.004 20.215 19.304 17.711 16.496 15.161 11.290
13.00 4.768 21.112 20.566 19.898 19.108 18.198 16.604 15.390 14.054 10.184
16.00 4.648 20.014 19.468 18.800 18.011 17.1 15.506 14.292 12.957 9.086
5.500 9.00 5.192 25.214 24.668 24.000 23.211 22.300 20.706 19.492 18.156 14.286
13.00 5.044 23.743 23.196 22.528 21.739 20.828 19.235 18.020 16.685 12.814
14.00 5.012 23.430 22.884 22.216 21.426 20.516 18.922 17.708 16.372 12.502
15.00 4.974 23.061 22.515 21.847 21.058 20.147 18.553 17.339 16.004 12.133
15.50 4.950 22.830 22.284 21.616 20.826 19.916 18.322 17.108 15.772 11.902
17.00 4.892 22.275 21.729 21.061 20.272 19.361 17.768 16.553 15.218 11.347
20.00 4.778 21.205 20.658 19.990 19.201 18.290 16.697 15.483 14.147 10.277
23.00 4.670 20.213 19.667 18.999 18.210 17.299 15.706 14.491 13.156 9.285
25.00 4.580 19.405 18.858 18.191 17.401 16.491 14.897 13.683 12.347 8.477
26.00 4.548 19.121 18.575 17.907 17.118 16.207 14.613 13.399 12.063 8.193
5.750 14.00 5.290 26.212 25.666 24.998 24.208 23.298 21.704 20.490 19.154 15.284
17.00 5.190 25.194 24.648 23.980 23.190 22.280 20.686 19.472 18.136 14.266
19.50 5.090 24.195 23.649 22.981 22.192 21.281 19.688 18.473 17.138 13.267
20.00 5.090 24.195 23.649 22.981 22.192 21.281 19.688 18.473 17.138 13.267
22.50 4.990 23.216 22.670 22.002 21.213 20.302 18.708 17.494 16.158 12.288
25.20 4.890 22.256 21.710 21.042 20.253 19.342 17.749 16.534 15.199 11.328
6.000 10.50 5.672 30.280 29.733 29.065 28.276 27.365 25.772 24.558 23.222 19.352
12.00 5.620 29.709 29.163 28.495 27.706 26.795 25.201 23.987 22.652 18.781
15.00 5.524 28.670 28.124 27.456 26.667 25.756 24.162 22.948 21.612 17.742
16.00 5.500 28.413 27.867 27.199 26.410 25.499 23.905 22.691 21.355 17.485
17.00 5.450 27.881 27.335 26.667 25.878 24.967 23.373 22.159 20.823 16.953
18.00 5.424 27.607 27.060 26.392 25.603 24.692 23.099 21.884 20.549 16.678
20.00 5.352 26.853 26.306 25.639 24.849 23.939 22.345 21.131 19.795 15.925
23.00 5.240 25.701 25.154 24.486 23.697 22.786 21.193 19.978 18.643 14.772

2-70 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Coiled Tubing Inside of Casing

English Units
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
OD Weight ID Coiled Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
In. Lb/ft In. 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 2.375 2.625 2.875 3.500
bbls bbls bbls bbls. bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
6.000 26.00 5.140 24.692 24.146 23.478 22.689 21.778 20.184 18.970 17.634 13.764
6.625 12.00 6.287 37.424 36.878 36.210 35.420 34.510 32.916 31.702 30.366 26.496
13.00 6.255 37.034 36.488 35.820 35.031 34.120 32.526 31.312 29.976 26.106
17.00 6.135 35.590 35.043 34.376 33.586 32.676 31.082 29.868 28.532 24.662
20.00 6.049 34.572 34.026 33.358 32.568 31.658 30.064 28.850 27.514 23.644
22.00 5.989 33.870 33.324 32.656 31.867 30.956 29.363 28.148 26.813 22.942
24.00 5.921 33.084 32.537 31.869 31.080 30.170 28.576 27.362 26.026 22.156
26.00 5.855 32.329 31.782 31.114 30.325 29.415 27.821 26.607 25.271 21.401
28.00 5.791 31.605 31.058 30.390 29.601 28.691 27.097 25.883 24.547 20.677
29.00 5.761 31.268 30.722 30.054 29.265 28.354 26.760 25.546 24.210 20.340
32.00 5.675 30.313 29.766 29.098 28.309 27.399 25.805 24.591 23.255 19.385
34.00 5.595 29.437 28.890 28.223 27.433 26.523 24.929 23.715 22.379 18.509
7.000 13.00 6.520 40.323 39.776 39.108 38.319 37.408 35.815 34.601 33.265 29.394
17.00 6.538 40.551 40.004 39.337 38.547 37.637 36.043 34.829 33.493 29.623
20.00 6.456 39.516 38.969 38.302 37.512 36.602 35.008 33.794 32.458 28.588
22.00 6.398 38.792 38.245 37.577 36.788 35.878 34.284 33.070 31.734 27.864
23.00 6.366 38.395 37.849 37.181 36.391 35.481 33.887 32.673 31.337 27.467
24.00 6.336 38.025 37.478 36.811 36.021 35.111 33.517 32.303 30.967 27.097
26.00 6.276 37.290 36.743 36.075 35.286 34.376 32.782 31.568 30.232 26.362
28.00 6.214 36.537 35.991 35.323 34.534 33.623 32.030 30.815 29.480 25.609
29.00 6.184 36.176 35.630 34.962 34.173 33.262 31.668 30.454 29.118 25.248
30.00 6.154 35.817 35.270 34.602 33.813 32.902 31.309 30.095 28.759 24.889
32.00 6.094 35.103 34.556 33.889 33.099 32.189 30.595 29.381 28.045 24.175
33.70 6.048 34.560 34.014 33.346 32.557 31.646 30.052 28.838 27.503 23.632
34.00 6.040 34.466 33.920 33.252 32.463 31.552 29.958 28.744 27.409 23.538
35.00 6.004 34.045 33.499 32.831 32.042 31.131 29.537 28.323 26.987 23.117
35.30 6.000 33.998 33.452 32.784 31.995 31.084 29.491 28.276 26.941 23.070
38.00 5.920 33.072 32.526 31.858 31.069 30.158 28.564 27.350 26.014 22.144
40.00 5.836 32.113 31.567 30.899 30.109 29.199 27.605 26.391 25.055 21.185
41.00 5.820 31.932 31.385 30.718 29.928 29.018 27.424 26.210 24.874 21.004
44.00 5.720 30.811 30.264 29.597 28.807 27.897 26.303 25.089 23.753 19.883
7.625 14.75 7.263 50.270 49.724 49.056 48.267 47.356 45.762 44.548 43.213 39.342
20.00 7.125 48.342 47.795 47.127 46.338 45.427 43.834 42.620 41.284 37.413
24.00 7.025 46.967 46.421 45.753 44.964 44.053 42.459 41.245 39.909 36.039
26.40 6.990 46.491 45.944 45.276 44.487 43.576 41.983 40.769 39.433 35.562
29.70 6.875 44.942 44.395 43.727 42.938 42.028 40.434 39.220 37.884 34.014
33.70 6.765 43.484 42.938 42.270 41.481 40.570 38.976 37.762 36.427 32.556
36.00 6.705 42.699 42.153 41.485 40.696 39.785 38.191 36.977 35.641 31.771
38.00 6.655 42.050 41.504 40.836 40.047 39.136 37.542 36.328 34.993 31.122
39.00 6.625 41.663 41.117 40.449 39.660 38.749 37.155 35.941 34.606 30.735
45.00 6.445 39.378 38.832 38.164 37.375 36.464 34.870 33.656 32.320 28.450
45.30 6.435 39.253 38.707 38.039 37.249 36.339 34.745 33.531 32.195 28.325
7.75 46.10 6.560 40.831 40.284 39.617 38.827 37.917 36.323 35.109 33.773 29.903
8 16.00 7.628 55.550 55.004 54.336 53.547 52.636 51.042 49.828 48.492 44.622
20.00 7.528 54.078 53.531 52.864 52.074 51.164 49.570 48.356 47.020 43.150
26.00 7.386 52.021 51.474 50.806 50.017 49.106 47.513 46.299 44.963 41.092
8.125 28.00 7.485 53.451 52.904 52.236 51.447 50.537 48.943 47.729 46.393 42.523
32.00 7.385 52.006 51.460 50.792 50.003 49.092 47.498 46.284 44.949 41.078
35.50 7.285 50.581 50.035 49.367 48.578 47.667 46.073 44.859 43.523 39.653
39.50 7.185 49.176 48.629 47.961 47.172 46.261 44.668 43.454 42.118 38.248
42.00 7.125 48.342 47.795 47.127 46.338 45.427 43.834 42.620 41.284 37.413
8.625 20.00 8.191 64.201 63.655 62.987 62.198 61.287 59.693 58.479 57.144 53.273
24.00 8.097 62.714 62.168 61.500 60.710 59.800 58.206 56.992 55.656 51.786
28.00 8.017 61.462 60.915 60.248 59.458 58.548 56.954 55.740 54.404 50.534
32.00 7.921 59.975 59.429 58.761 57.972 57.061 55.468 54.253 52.918 49.047

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-71

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Coiled Tubing Inside of Casing

English Units
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
OD Weight ID Coiled Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
In. Lb/ft In. 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 2.375 2.625 2.875 3.500
bbls bbls bbls bbls. bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
8.625 36.00 7.825 58.507 57.961 57.293 56.504 55.593 53.999 52.785 51.449 47.579
38.00 7.775 57.749 57.203 56.535 55.746 54.835 53.242 52.027 50.692 46.821
40.00 7.725 56.997 56.450 55.782 54.993 54.082 52.489 51.275 49.939 46.069
43.00 7.651 55.891 55.345 54.677 53.888 52.977 51.384 50.169 48.834 44.963
44.00 7.625 55.506 54.959 54.291 53.502 52.591 50.998 49.783 48.448 44.577
48.00 7.537 54.209 53.663 52.995 52.206 51.295 49.702 48.487 47.152 43.281
49.00 7.511 53.829 53.283 52.615 51.826 50.915 49.322 48.107 46.772 42.901
8.75 49.70 7.636 55.669 55.122 54.454 53.665 52.754 51.161 49.947 48.611 44.741
9 34.00 8.290 65.786 65.240 64.572 63.783 62.872 61.278 60.064 58.728 54.858
38.00 8.196 64.281 63.734 63.067 62.277 61.367 59.773 58.559 57.223 53.353
40.00 8.150 63.550 63.004 62.336 61.547 60.636 59.043 57.828 56.493 52.622
45.00 8.032 61.696 61.149 60.481 59.692 58.781 57.188 55.974 54.638 50.768
50.20 7.910 59.806 59.260 58.592 57.803 56.892 55.298 54.084 52.749 48.878
55.00 7.812 58.310 57.763 57.095 56.306 55.395 53.802 52.588 51.252 47.382
9.625 29.30 9.063 78.816 78.270 77.602 76.813 75.902 74.308 73.094 71.758 67.888
32.30 9.001 77.728 77.182 76.514 75.725 74.814 73.220 72.006 70.671 66.800
36.00 8.921 76.336 75.789 75.121 74.332 73.421 71.828 70.613 69.278 65.407
38.00 8.885 75.713 75.166 74.499 73.709 72.799 71.205 69.991 68.655 64.785
40.00 8.835 74.852 74.306 73.638 72.849 71.938 70.344 69.130 67.795 63.924
42.00 8.799 74.236 73.689 73.021 72.232 71.321 69.728 68.513 67.178 63.307
43.50 8.755 73.485 72.939 72.271 71.482 70.571 68.977 67.763 66.428 62.557
47.00 8.681 72.232 71.686 71.018 70.228 69.318 67.724 66.510 65.174 61.304
53.50 8.535 69.790 69.244 68.576 67.787 66.876 65.282 64.068 62.733 58.862
58.40 8.435 68.142 67.595 66.928 66.138 65.228 63.634 62.420 61.084 57.214
61.10 8.375 67.162 66.616 65.948 65.159 64.248 62.654 61.440 60.104 56.234
71.80 8.125 63.155 62.609 61.941 61.152 60.241 58.647 57.433 56.097 52.227
9.75 59.20 8.560 70.205 69.659 68.991 68.202 67.291 65.698 64.483 63.148 59.277
9.875 62.80 8.625 71.291 70.744 70.076 69.287 68.376 66.783 65.568 64.233 60.362
10 33.00 9.384 84.568 84.022 83.354 82.565 81.654 80.060 78.846 77.511 73.640
41.50 9.200 81.247 80.700 80.032 79.243 78.332 76.739 75.525 74.189 70.319
45.50 9.120 79.823 79.277 78.609 77.819 76.909 75.315 74.101 72.765 68.895
50.50 9.016 77.991 77.444 76.777 75.987 75.077 73.483 72.269 70.933 67.063
55.50 8.908 76.110 75.564 74.896 74.107 73.196 71.603 70.388 69.053 65.182
61.20 8.790 74.082 73.535 72.868 72.078 71.168 69.574 68.360 67.024 63.154
10.75 32.75 10.192 99.933 99.387 98.719 97.930 97.019 95.425 94.211 92.875 89.005
35.75 10.136 98.827 98.281 97.613 96.824 95.913 94.319 93.105 91.770 87.899
40.50 10.050 97.141 96.595 95.927 95.137 94.227 92.633 91.419 90.083 86.213
45.50 9.950 95.198 94.652 93.984 93.195 92.284 90.690 89.476 88.140 84.270
48.00 9.902 94.273 93.726 93.058 92.269 91.358 89.765 88.550 87.215 83.344
51.00 9.850 93.275 92.728 92.061 91.271 90.361 88.767 87.553 86.217 82.347
54.00 9.784 92.016 91.470 90.802 90.013 89.102 87.508 86.294 84.958 81.088
55.50 9.760 91.560 91.014 90.346 89.557 88.646 87.053 85.838 84.503 80.632
60.70 9.660 89.674 89.128 88.460 87.670 86.760 85.166 83.952 82.616 78.746
65.70 9.560 87.807 87.261 86.593 85.803 84.893 83.299 82.085 80.749 76.879
71.10 9.450 85.776 85.229 84.561 83.772 82.862 81.268 80.054 78.718 74.848
76.00 9.350 83.950 83.403 82.735 81.946 81.035 79.442 78.227 76.892 73.021
81.00 9.250 82.143 81.596 80.928 80.139 79.229 77.635 76.421 75.085 71.215
11 26.75 10.552 107.187 106.641 105.973 105.184 104.273 102.679 101.465 100.129 96.259
11.75 38.00 11.150 119.794 119.247 118.579 117.790 116.879 115.286 114.072 112.736 108.866
42.00 11.084 118.368 117.822 117.154 116.365 115.454 113.860 112.646 111.310 107.440
47.00 11.000 116.566 116.020 115.352 114.563 113.652 112.058 110.844 109.508 105.638
54.00 10.880 114.016 113.469 112.801 112.012 111.102 109.508 108.294 106.958 103.088
60.00 10.772 111.744 111.198 110.530 109.741 108.830 107.236 106.022 104.686 100.816
65.00 10.682 109.869 109.322 108.654 107.865 106.954 105.361 104.147 102.811 98.941
71.00 10.586 107.885 107.339 106.671 105.882 104.971 103.377 102.163 100.828 96.957

2-72 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Coiled Tubing Inside of Casing

English Units
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
OD Weight ID Coiled Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
In. Lb/ft In. 1.000 1.250 1.500 1.750 2.000 2.375 2.625 2.875 3.500
bbls bbls bbls bbls. bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
11.875 71.80 10.711 110.471 109.925 109.257 108.468 107.557 105.963 104.749 103.414 99.543
12 31.50 11.514 127.807 127.261 126.593 125.804 124.893 123.299 122.085 120.750 116.879
40.00 11.384 124.916 124.369 123.701 122.912 122.002 120.408 119.194 117.858 113.988
12.75 43.00 12.130 141.955 141.409 140.741 139.952 139.041 137.447 136.233 134.897 131.027
53.00 11.970 138.210 137.663 136.995 136.206 135.295 133.702 132.487 131.152 127.281
13 36.50 12.482 150.371 149.824 149.156 148.367 147.457 145.863 144.649 143.313 139.443
40.00 12.438 149.306 148.759 148.091 147.302 146.391 144.798 143.584 142.248 138.378
45.00 12.360 147.427 146.880 146.212 145.423 144.513 142.919 141.705 140.369 136.499
50.00 12.282 145.560 145.013 144.345 143.556 142.645 141.052 139.838 138.502 134.632
54.00 12.220 144.084 143.538 142.870 142.080 141.170 139.576 138.362 137.026 133.156
13.375 48.00 12.715 156.074 155.527 154.859 154.070 153.159 151.566 150.352 149.016 145.146
54.50 12.615 153.613 153.067 152.399 151.610 150.699 149.105 147.891 146.555 142.685
61.00 12.515 151.172 150.626 149.958 149.168 148.258 146.664 145.450 144.114 140.244
68.00 12.415 148.750 148.204 147.536 146.747 145.836 144.242 143.028 141.693 137.822
72.00 12.347 147.115 146.568 145.900 145.111 144.201 142.607 141.393 140.057 136.187
77.00 12.275 145.393 144.846 144.178 143.389 142.478 140.885 139.671 138.335 134.465
83.00 12.175 143.018 142.471 141.803 141.014 140.103 138.510 137.296 135.960 132.090
85.00 12.159 142.639 142.093 141.425 140.636 139.725 138.132 136.917 135.582 131.711
92.00 12.031 139.632 139.085 138.417 137.628 136.718 135.124 133.910 132.574 128.704
98.00 11.937 137.443 136.897 136.229 135.440 134.529 132.935 131.721 130.385 126.515
13.5 81.40 12.340 146.947 146.400 145.733 144.943 144.033 142.439 141.225 139.889 136.019
13.625 88.20 12.375 147.787 147.241 146.573 145.784 144.873 143.279 142.065 140.729 136.859
14 42.00 13.488 175.749 175.203 174.535 173.745 172.835 171.241 170.027 168.691 164.821
50.00 13.344 171.996 171.449 170.781 169.992 169.082 167.488 166.274 164.938 161.068
15 47.50 14.418 200.959 200.412 199.745 198.955 198.045 196.451 195.237 193.901 190.031
16 52.50 15.396 229.283 228.736 228.068 227.279 226.368 224.775 223.561 222.225 218.354
55.00 15.375 228.655 228.108 227.441 226.651 225.741 224.147 222.933 221.597 217.727
65.00 15.250 224.936 224.390 223.722 222.933 222.022 220.428 219.214 217.879 214.008
70.00 15.198 223.398 222.852 222.184 221.395 220.484 218.890 217.676 216.341 212.470
75.00 15.125 221.248 220.702 220.034 219.245 218.334 216.740 215.526 214.190 210.320
84.00 15.010 217.882 217.335 216.667 215.878 214.968 213.374 212.160 210.824 206.954
109.00 14.688 208.593 208.046 207.378 206.589 205.678 204.085 202.871 201.535 197.665
18 78.00 17.194 286.203 285.656 284.988 284.199 283.288 281.695 280.481 279.145 275.275
87.50 17.088 282.673 282.126 281.459 280.669 279.759 278.165 276.951 275.615 271.745
96.50 16.986 279.297 278.750 278.082 277.293 276.382 274.789 273.575 272.239 268.369
18.625 73.09 17.875 309.401 308.855 308.187 307.398 306.487 304.893 303.679 302.344 298.473
78.00 17.855 308.707 308.161 307.493 306.704 305.793 304.199 302.985 301.649 297.779
87.50 17.755 305.248 304.702 304.034 303.245 302.334 300.740 299.526 298.190 294.320
96.50 17.655 301.808 301.262 300.594 299.805 298.894 297.300 296.086 294.751 290.880
20 90.00 19.166 355.853 355.306 354.639 353.849 352.939 351.345 350.131 348.795 344.925
94.00 19.124 354.291 353.744 353.076 352.287 351.376 349.783 348.569 347.233 343.363
106.50 19.000 349.699 349.152 348.484 347.695 346.784 345.191 343.976 342.641 338.770
133.00 18.730 339.803 339.257 338.589 337.799 336.889 335.295 334.081 332.745 328.875
21.5 103.00 20.610 411.646 411.099 410.432 409.642 408.732 407.138 405.924 404.588 400.718
114.00 20.510 407.651 407.105 406.437 405.648 404.737 403.144 401.929 400.594 396.723

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-73

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Metric Units
Annular Volume (per meter)
OD Weight Coiled Tubing Diameter (mm)
25.4 31.75 38.1 44.45 50.8 60.3 66.7 73.0 88.9
In. mm Lb/ft Kg/m Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters
4.000 101.600 5.65 8.41 6.082 5.798 5.449 5.038 4.563 3.732 3.099 2.403 0.385
9.50 14.14 5.697 5.412 5.064 4.653 4.178 3.347 2.714 2.018
11.60 17.26 5.445 5.160 4.812 4.400 3.925 3.095 2.462 1.765
4.500 114.300 6.75 10.04 8.495 8.210 7.862 7.451 6.976 6.145 5.512 4.816 2.798
9.50 14.14 7.965 7.680 7.332 6.921 6.446 5.615 4.982 4.286 2.268
10.50 15.62 7.809 7.524 7.175 6.764 6.289 5.458 4.825 4.129 2.111
11.00 16.37 7.702 7.417 7.069 6.658 6.183 5.352 4.719 4.023 2.005
11.60 17.26 7.596 7.312 6.963 6.552 6.077 5.246 4.613 3.917 1.899
12.60 18.75 7.427 7.142 6.794 6.383 5.908 5.077 4.444 3.748 1.730
13.50 20.09 7.276 6.991 6.643 6.231 5.756 4.925 4.292 3.596 1.578
15.10 22.47 6.907 6.622 6.274 5.862 5.388 4.557 3.924 3.227 1.210
16.60 24.70 6.630 6.346 5.997 5.586 5.111 4.280 3.647 2.951 0.933
17.70 26.34 6.415 6.131 5.782 5.371 4.896 4.065 3.432 2.736 0.718
18.80 27.97 6.204 5.919 5.571 5.159 4.684 3.853 3.220 2.524 0.506
4.750 120.650 9.50 14.14 9.138 8.853 8.505 8.094 7.619 6.788 6.155 5.459 3.441
16.00 23.81 7.932 7.647 7.299 6.888 6.413 5.582 4.949 4.253 2.235
18.00 26.78 7.596 7.312 6.963 6.552 6.077 5.246 4.613 3.917 1.899
5.000 127.000 8.00 11.90 10.662 10.377 10.029 9.617 9.142 8.311 7.678 6.982 4.964
11.50 17.11 10.024 9.739 9.391 8.980 8.505 7.674 7.041 6.345 4.327
13.00 19.34 9.721 9.437 9.088 8.677 8.202 7.371 6.738 6.042 4.024
15.00 22.32 9.334 9.049 8.701 8.289 7.814 6.984 6.351 5.654 3.636
18.00 26.78 8.753 8.468 8.120 7.709 7.234 6.403 5.770 5.074 3.056
20.30 30.21 8.359 8.074 7.726 7.315 6.840 6.009 5.376 4.680 2.662
20.80 30.95 8.241 7.956 7.608 7.196 6.722 5.891 5.258 4.561 2.543
21.00 31.25 8.232 7.948 7.599 7.188 6.713 5.882 5.249 4.553 2.535
23.20 34.52 7.776 7.491 7.143 6.731 6.256 5.426 4.793 4.096 2.078
24.20 36.01 7.596 7.312 6.963 6.552 6.077 5.246 4.613 3.917 1.899
5.250 133.350 8.50 12.65 11.872 11.587 11.239 10.828 10.353 9.522 8.889 8.193 6.175
10.00 14.88 11.584 11.299 10.951 10.539 10.064 9.233 8.600 7.904 5.886
13.00 19.34 11.007 10.722 10.374 9.962 9.487 8.657 8.024 7.327 5.309
16.00 23.81 10.434 10.150 9.801 9.390 8.915 8.084 7.451 6.755 4.737
5.500 139.700 9.00 13.39 13.145 12.861 12.512 12.101 11.626 10.795 10.162 9.466 7.448
13.00 19.34 12.378 12.093 11.745 11.334 10.859 10.028 9.395 8.699 6.681
14.00 20.83 12.215 11.930 11.582 11.171 10.696 9.865 9.232 8.536 6.518
15.00 22.32 12.023 11.738 11.390 10.979 10.504 9.673 9.040 8.343 6.326
15.50 23.06 11.902 11.618 11.269 10.858 10.383 9.552 8.919 8.223 6.205
17.00 25.30 11.613 11.328 10.980 10.569 10.094 9.263 8.630 7.934 5.916
20.00 29.76 11.055 10.770 10.422 10.011 9.536 8.705 8.072 7.376 5.358
23.00 34.22 10.538 10.253 9.905 9.494 9.019 8.188 7.555 6.859 4.841
25.00 37.20 10.117 9.832 9.484 9.072 8.597 7.767 7.133 6.437 4.419
26.00 38.69 9.969 9.684 9.336 8.924 8.449 7.619 6.986 6.289 4.271

2-74 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Metric Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (per meter)
OD Weight Coiled Tubing Diameter (mm)
25.4 31.75 38.1 44.45 50.8 60.3 66.7 73.0 88.9
In. mm Lb/ft Kg/m Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters
5.750 146.050 14.00 20.83 13.666 13.381 13.033 12.621 12.146 11.315 10.682 9.986 7.968
17.00 25.30 13.135 12.850 12.502 12.090 11.616 10.785 10.152 9.455 7.438
19.50 29.02 12.614 12.329 11.981 11.570 11.095 10.264 9.631 8.935 6.917
20.00 29.76 12.614 12.329 11.981 11.570 11.095 10.264 9.631 8.935 6.917
22.50 33.48 12.104 11.819 11.471 11.059 10.584 9.754 9.121 8.424 6.406
25.20 37.50 11.603 11.319 10.970 10.559 10.084 9.253 8.620 7.924 5.906
6.000 152.400 10.50 15.62 15.786 15.501 15.153 14.742 14.267 13.436 12.803 12.107 10.089
12.00 17.86 15.489 15.204 14.856 14.444 13.970 13.139 12.506 11.809 9.792
15.00 22.32 14.947 14.662 14.314 13.903 13.428 12.597 11.964 11.268 9.250
16.00 23.81 14.813 14.528 14.180 13.769 13.294 12.463 11.830 11.134 9.116
17.00 25.30 14.536 14.251 13.903 13.491 13.017 12.186 11.553 10.856 8.839
18.00 26.78 14.393 14.108 13.760 13.348 12.873 12.043 11.409 10.713 8.695
20.00 29.76 14.000 13.715 13.367 12.955 12.480 11.650 11.017 10.320 8.302
23.00 34.22 13.399 13.114 12.766 12.354 11.880 11.049 10.416 9.719 7.702
26.00 38.69 12.873 12.588 12.240 11.829 11.354 10.523 9.890 9.194 7.176
6.625 168.275 12.00 17.86 19.511 19.226 18.878 18.466 17.992 17.161 16.528 15.831 13.814
13.00 19.34 19.308 19.023 18.675 18.263 17.788 16.958 16.325 15.628 13.610
17.00 25.30 18.555 18.270 17.922 17.510 17.035 16.205 15.572 14.875 12.857
20.00 29.76 18.024 17.739 17.391 16.980 16.505 15.674 15.041 14.345 12.327
22.00 32.74 17.658 17.373 17.025 16.614 16.139 15.308 14.675 13.979 11.961
24.00 35.71 17.248 16.963 16.615 16.204 15.729 14.898 14.265 13.569 11.551
26.00 38.69 16.855 16.570 16.222 15.810 15.335 14.504 13.871 13.175 11.157
28.00 41.66 16.477 16.192 15.844 15.433 14.958 14.127 13.494 12.798 10.780
29.00 43.15 16.302 16.017 15.669 15.257 14.782 13.951 13.318 12.622 10.604
32.00 47.62 15.804 15.519 15.170 14.759 14.284 13.453 12.820 12.124 10.106
34.00 50.59 15.347 15.062 14.714 14.302 13.828 12.997 12.364 11.667 9.650
7.000 177.800 13.00 19.34 21.022 20.737 20.389 19.978 19.503 18.672 18.039 17.343 15.325
17.00 25.30 21.141 20.856 20.508 20.097 19.622 18.791 18.158 17.462 15.444
20.00 29.76 20.602 20.317 19.969 19.557 19.082 18.251 17.618 16.922 14.904
22.00 32.74 20.224 19.939 19.591 19.180 18.705 17.874 17.241 16.545 14.527
23.00 34.22 20.017 19.732 19.384 18.973 18.498 17.667 17.034 16.338 14.320
24.00 35.71 19.824 19.539 19.191 18.780 18.305 17.474 16.841 16.145 14.127
26.00 38.69 19.441 19.156 18.808 18.396 17.922 17.091 16.458 15.761 13.744
28.00 41.66 19.049 18.764 18.416 18.004 17.530 16.699 16.066 15.369 13.351
29.00 43.15 18.860 18.576 18.227 17.816 17.341 16.510 15.877 15.181 13.163
30.00 44.64 18.673 18.388 18.040 17.629 17.154 16.323 15.690 14.993 12.976
32.00 47.62 18.301 18.016 17.668 17.256 16.782 15.951 15.318 14.621 12.603
33.70 50.14 18.018 17.733 17.385 16.973 16.499 15.668 15.035 14.338 12.321
34.00 50.59 17.969 17.684 17.336 16.925 16.450 15.619 14.986 14.289 12.272
35.00 52.08 17.749 17.465 17.116 16.705 16.230 15.399 14.766 14.070 12.052
35.30 52.53 17.725 17.440 17.092 16.681 16.206 15.375 14.742 14.046 12.028
38.00 56.54 17.242 16.957 16.609 16.198 15.723 14.892 14.259 13.563 11.545
40.00 59.52 16.742 16.457 16.109 15.698 15.223 14.392 13.759 13.063 11.045

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-75

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Metric Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (per meter)
OD Weight Coiled Tubing Diameter (mm)
25.4 31.75 38.1 44.45 50.8 60.3 66.7 73.0 88.9
In. mm Lb/ft Kg/m Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters
7.000 177.800 41.00 61.01 16.648 16.363 16.015 15.603 15.128 14.297 13.664 12.968 10.950
44.00 65.47 16.063 15.778 15.430 15.019 14.544 13.713 13.080 12.384 10.366
7.625 193.675 14.75 21.95 26.208 25.924 25.575 25.164 24.689 23.858 23.225 22.529 20.511
20.00 29.76 25.203 24.918 24.570 24.158 23.684 22.853 22.220 21.523 19.506
24.00 35.71 24.486 24.201 23.853 23.442 22.967 22.136 21.503 20.807 18.789
26.40 39.28 24.238 23.953 23.605 23.193 22.719 21.888 21.255 20.558 18.541
29.70 44.19 23.430 23.146 22.797 22.386 21.911 21.080 20.447 19.751 17.733
33.70 50.14 22.671 22.386 22.038 21.626 21.151 20.320 19.687 18.991 16.973
36.00 53.57 22.261 21.976 21.628 21.217 20.742 19.911 19.278 18.582 16.564
38.00 56.54 21.923 21.638 21.290 20.878 20.404 19.573 18.940 18.243 16.226
39.00 58.03 21.721 21.436 21.088 20.677 20.202 19.371 18.738 18.042 16.024
45.00 66.96 20.530 20.245 19.897 19.485 19.010 18.180 17.547 16.850 14.832
45.30 67.41 20.465 20.180 19.831 19.420 18.945 18.114 17.481 16.785 14.767
7.750 196.850 46.10 68.60 21.287 21.002 20.654 20.243 19.768 18.937 18.304 17.608 15.590
8.000 203.200 16.00 23.81 28.961 28.676 28.328 27.917 27.442 26.611 25.978 25.281 23.264
20.00 29.76 28.193 27.909 27.560 27.149 26.674 25.843 25.210 24.514 22.496
26.00 38.69 27.121 26.836 26.488 26.076 25.602 24.771 24.138 23.441 21.424
8.125 206.375 28.00 41.66 27.867 27.582 27.234 26.822 26.347 25.516 24.883 24.187 22.169
32.00 47.62 27.113 26.829 26.480 26.069 25.594 24.763 24.130 23.434 21.416
35.50 52.82 26.371 26.086 25.738 25.326 24.851 24.020 23.387 22.691 20.673
39.50 58.78 25.638 25.353 25.005 24.593 24.118 23.288 22.655 21.958 19.940
42.00 62.50 25.203 24.918 24.570 24.158 23.684 22.853 22.220 21.523 19.506
8.625 219.075 20.00 29.76 33.471 33.187 32.838 32.427 31.952 31.121 30.488 29.792 27.774
24.00 35.71 32.696 32.411 32.063 31.651 31.177 30.346 29.713 29.016 26.999
28.00 41.66 32.043 31.758 31.410 30.999 30.524 29.693 29.060 28.364 26.346
32.00 47.62 31.268 30.983 30.635 30.224 29.749 28.918 28.285 27.589 25.571
36.00 53.57 30.503 30.218 29.870 29.458 28.983 28.153 27.520 26.823 24.805
38.00 56.54 30.108 29.823 29.475 29.063 28.588 27.758 27.125 26.428 24.410
40.00 59.52 29.715 29.430 29.082 28.671 28.196 27.365 26.732 26.036 24.018
43.00 63.98 29.139 28.854 28.506 28.094 27.620 26.789 26.156 25.459 23.442
44.00 65.47 28.938 28.653 28.305 27.893 27.419 26.588 25.955 25.258 23.240
48.00 71.42 28.262 27.977 27.629 27.218 26.743 25.912 25.279 24.583 22.565
49.00 72.91 28.064 27.779 27.431 27.019 26.545 25.714 25.081 24.384 22.367
8.750 222.250 49.70 73.95 29.023 28.738 28.390 27.978 27.504 26.673 26.040 25.343 23.326
9.000 228.600 34.00 50.59 34.298 34.013 33.665 33.253 32.778 31.948 31.314 30.618 28.600
38.00 56.54 33.513 33.228 32.880 32.468 31.994 31.163 30.530 29.833 27.816
40.00 59.52 33.132 32.847 32.499 32.088 31.613 30.782 30.149 29.453 27.435
45.00 66.96 32.165 31.880 31.532 31.121 30.646 29.815 29.182 28.486 26.468
50.20 74.70 31.180 30.895 30.547 30.136 29.661 28.830 28.197 27.501 25.483
55.00 81.84 30.400 30.115 29.767 29.355 28.880 28.050 27.417 26.720 24.702
9.625 244.475 29.30 43.60 41.091 40.806 40.458 40.046 39.572 38.741 38.108 37.411 35.394
32.30 48.06 40.524 40.239 39.891 39.479 39.004 38.174 37.541 36.844 34.826

2-76 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Metric Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (per meter)
OD Weight Coiled Tubing Diameter (mm)
25.4 31.75 38.1 44.45 50.8 60.3 66.7 73.0 88.9
In. mm Lb/ft Kg/m Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters
9.625 244.475 36.00 53.57 39.798 39.513 39.165 38.753 38.278 37.447 36.814 36.118 34.100
38.00 56.54 39.473 39.188 38.840 38.428 37.954 37.123 36.490 35.793 33.776
40.00 59.52 39.024 38.739 38.391 37.980 37.505 36.674 36.041 35.345 33.327
42.00 62.50 38.703 38.418 38.070 37.658 37.183 36.353 35.720 35.023 33.005
43.50 64.73 38.312 38.027 37.679 37.267 36.792 35.961 35.328 34.632 32.614
47.00 69.94 37.658 37.373 37.025 36.614 36.139 35.308 34.675 33.979 31.961
53.50 79.61 36.385 36.100 35.752 35.341 34.866 34.035 33.402 32.706 30.688
58.40 86.90 35.526 35.241 34.893 34.481 34.007 33.176 32.543 31.846 29.828
61.10 90.92 35.015 34.730 34.382 33.971 33.496 32.665 32.032 31.336 29.318
71.80 106.84 32.926 32.641 32.293 31.881 31.407 30.576 29.943 29.246 27.229
9.750 247.650 59.20 88.09 36.602 36.317 35.969 35.557 35.082 34.252 33.618 32.922 30.904
9.875 250.825 62.80 93.45 37.167 36.883 36.534 36.123 35.648 34.817 34.184 33.488 31.470
10.000 254.000 33.00 49.10 44.090 43.805 43.457 43.045 42.570 41.740 41.107 40.410 38.392
41.50 61.75 42.358 42.073 41.725 41.313 40.839 40.008 39.375 38.678 36.661
45.50 67.70 41.616 41.331 40.983 40.571 40.096 39.266 38.633 37.936 35.918
50.50 75.14 40.661 40.376 40.028 39.616 39.141 38.310 37.677 36.981 34.963
55.50 82.58 39.680 39.395 39.047 38.636 38.161 37.330 36.697 36.001 33.983
61.20 91.06 38.623 38.338 37.990 37.578 37.103 36.272 35.639 34.943 32.925
10.750 273.050 32.75 48.73 52.100 51.815 51.467 51.056 50.581 49.750 49.117 48.421 46.403
35.75 53.20 51.524 51.239 50.891 50.479 50.004 49.174 48.540 47.844 45.826
40.50 60.26 50.645 50.360 50.011 49.600 49.125 48.294 47.661 46.965 44.947
45.50 67.70 49.632 49.347 48.999 48.587 48.112 47.281 46.648 45.952 43.934
48.00 71.42 49.149 48.864 48.516 48.105 47.630 46.799 46.166 45.470 43.452
51.00 75.89 48.629 48.344 47.996 47.584 47.110 46.279 45.646 44.949 42.932
54.00 80.35 47.973 47.688 47.340 46.928 46.453 45.622 44.989 44.293 42.275
55.50 82.58 47.735 47.450 47.102 46.691 46.216 45.385 44.752 44.056 42.038
60.70 90.32 46.752 46.467 46.119 45.707 45.232 44.401 43.768 43.072 41.054
65.70 97.76 45.778 45.493 45.145 44.734 44.259 43.428 42.795 42.099 40.081
71.10 105.80 44.719 44.434 44.086 43.675 43.200 42.369 41.736 41.040 39.022
76.00 113.09 43.767 43.482 43.134 42.723 42.248 41.417 40.784 40.088 38.070
81.00 120.53 42.825 42.540 42.192 41.781 41.306 40.475 39.842 39.146 37.128
11.000 279.400 26.75 39.80 55.882 55.597 55.249 54.838 54.363 53.532 52.899 52.203 50.185
11.750 298.450 38.00 56.54 62.455 62.170 61.821 61.410 60.935 60.104 59.471 58.775 56.757
42.00 62.50 61.711 61.426 61.078 60.667 60.192 59.361 58.728 58.032 56.014
47.00 69.94 60.772 60.487 60.139 59.727 59.253 58.422 57.789 57.092 55.075
54.00 80.35 59.442 59.157 58.809 58.398 57.923 57.092 56.459 55.763 53.745
60.00 89.28 58.258 57.973 57.625 57.213 56.739 55.908 55.275 54.578 52.561
65.00 96.72 57.280 56.995 56.647 56.236 55.761 54.930 54.297 53.601 51.583
71.00 105.65 56.246 55.961 55.613 55.202 54.727 53.896 53.263 52.567 50.549
11.875 301.625 71.80 106.84 57.594 57.309 56.961 56.550 56.075 55.244 54.611 53.915 51.897
12.000 304.800 31.50 46.87 66.632 66.348 65.999 65.588 65.113 64.282 63.649 62.953 60.935
40.00 59.52 65.125 64.840 64.492 64.080 63.606 62.775 62.142 61.445 59.428
12.750 323.850 43.00 63.98 74.008 73.724 73.375 72.964 72.489 71.658 71.025 70.329 68.311
53.00 78.86 72.056 71.771 71.423 71.011 70.536 69.705 69.072 68.376 66.358
September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-77
 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Metric Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (per meter)
OD Weight Coiled Tubing Diameter (mm)
25.4 31.75 38.1 44.45 50.8 60.3 66.7 73.0 88.9
In. mm Lb/ft Kg/m Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters Liters
13.000 330.200 36.50 54.31 78.396 78.111 77.763 77.351 76.877 76.046 75.413 74.716 72.699
40.00 59.52 77.841 77.556 77.208 76.796 76.321 75.490 74.857 74.161 72.143
45.00 66.96 76.861 76.576 76.228 75.817 75.342 74.511 73.878 73.181 71.164
50.00 74.40 75.888 75.603 75.255 74.843 74.368 73.537 72.904 72.208 70.190
54.00 80.35 75.118 74.833 74.485 74.074 73.599 72.768 72.135 71.439 69.421
13.375 339.725 48.00 71.42 81.369 81.084 80.736 80.325 79.850 79.019 78.386 77.690 75.672
54.50 81.10 80.086 79.801 79.453 79.042 78.567 77.736 77.103 76.407 74.389
61.00 90.77 78.814 78.529 78.181 77.769 77.294 76.463 75.830 75.134 73.116
68.00 101.18 77.551 77.266 76.918 76.507 76.032 75.201 74.568 73.872 71.854
72.00 107.13 76.698 76.414 76.065 75.654 75.179 74.348 73.715 73.019 71.001
77.00 114.57 75.801 75.516 75.168 74.756 74.281 73.450 72.817 72.121 70.103
83.00 123.50 74.562 74.277 73.929 73.518 73.043 72.212 71.579 70.883 68.865
85.00 126.48 74.365 74.080 73.732 73.321 72.846 72.015 71.382 70.686 68.668
92.00 136.89 72.797 72.512 72.164 71.753 71.278 70.447 69.814 69.118 67.100
98.00 145.82 71.656 71.371 71.023 70.612 70.137 69.306 68.673 67.977 65.959
13.500 342.900 81.40 121.12 76.611 76.326 75.978 75.566 75.092 74.261 73.628 72.931 70.913
13.625 346.075 88.20 131.24 77.049 76.764 76.416 76.004 75.530 74.699 74.066 73.369 71.352
14.000 355.600 42.00 62.50 91.627 91.342 90.994 90.582 90.108 89.277 88.644 87.947 85.929
50.00 74.40 89.670 89.385 89.037 88.626 88.151 87.320 86.687 85.991 83.973
15.000 381.000 47.50 70.68 104.770 104.485 104.137 103.726 103.251 102.420 101.787 101.091 99.073
16.000 406.400 52.50 78.12 119.537 119.252 118.904 118.492 118.017 117.187 116.553 115.857 113.839
55.00 81.84 119.209 118.925 118.576 118.165 117.690 116.859 116.226 115.530 113.512
65.00 96.72 117.271 116.986 116.638 116.226 115.751 114.921 114.288 113.591 111.573
70.00 104.16 116.469 116.184 115.836 115.424 114.950 114.119 113.486 112.789 110.772
75.00 111.60 115.348 115.063 114.715 114.303 113.829 112.998 112.365 111.668 109.651
84.00 124.99 113.593 113.308 112.960 112.548 112.074 111.243 110.610 109.913 107.895
109.00 162.19 108.750 108.465 108.117 107.705 107.231 106.400 105.767 105.070 103.053
18.000 457.200 78.00 116.06 149.212 148.927 148.579 148.167 147.693 146.862 146.229 145.532 143.515
87.50 130.20 147.372 147.087 146.739 146.327 145.852 145.022 144.388 143.692 141.674
96.50 143.59 145.612 145.327 144.979 144.567 144.092 143.261 142.628 141.932 139.914
18.625 473.075 73.09 108.76 161.307 161.022 160.674 160.262 159.787 158.956 158.323 157.627 155.609
78.00 116.06 160.945 160.660 160.312 159.900 159.425 158.595 157.962 157.265 155.247
87.50 130.20 159.141 158.856 158.508 158.097 157.622 156.791 156.158 155.462 153.444
96.50 143.59 157.348 157.063 156.715 156.304 155.829 154.998 154.365 153.668 151.651
20.000 508.000 90.00 133.92 185.524 185.239 184.891 184.480 184.005 183.174 182.541 181.845 179.827
94.00 139.87 184.710 184.425 184.077 183.665 183.190 182.360 181.727 181.030 179.012
106.50 158.47 182.316 182.031 181.683 181.271 180.796 179.965 179.332 178.636 176.618
133.00 197.90 177.157 176.872 176.524 176.112 175.637 174.806 174.173 173.477 171.459
21.500 546.100 103.00 153.26 214.612 214.327 213.979 213.567 213.093 212.262 211.629 210.932 208.915
114.00 169.63 212.529 212.245 211.896 211.485 211.010 210.179 209.546 208.850 206.832

2-78 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

English Units
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
OD Weight ID Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. lb/ft in. 1.050 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 2.875 3.500
4.500 9.50 4.090 15.178 14.570 13.573 12.743 10.770 8.220 8.220 4.350
10.50 4.052 14.878 14.269 13.272 12.442 10.470 7.920 7.920 4.049
11.00 4.026 14.674 14.065 13.068 12.238 10.266 7.716 7.716 3.845
11.60 4.000 14.471 13.862 12.865 12.035 10.063 7.513 7.513 3.643
12.60 3.958 14.147 13.538 12.541 11.711 9.738 7.188 7.188 3.318
13.50 3.920 13.856 13.247 12.250 11.420 9.447 6.898 6.898 3.027
15.10 3.826 13.148 12.540 11.543 10.713 8.740 6.190 6.190 2.320
16.60 3.754 12.618 12.010 11.013 10.183 8.210 5.660 5.660 1.790
17.70 3.697 12.206 11.597 10.600 9.770 7.797 5.248 5.248 1.377
18.80 3.640 11.800 11.191 10.194 9.364 7.391 4.841 4.841 0.971
4.750 16.00 4.082 15.115 14.506 13.509 12.679 10.707 8.157 8.157 4.286
OD Weight ID Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. lb/ft in. 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 2.875 3.500 4.000
5.000 11.50 4.560 18.519 17.522 16.692 14.719 12.169 12.169 8.299 4.656
13.00 4.494 17.938 16.941 16.111 14.139 11.589 11.589 7.719 4.076
15.00 4.408 17.195 16.198 15.368 13.395 10.845 10.845 6.975 3.332
18.00 4.276 16.081 15.084 14.254 12.282 9.732 9.732 5.862 2.219
20.30 4.184 15.325 14.328 13.498 11.526 8.976 8.976 5.105 1.463
21.00 4.154 15.082 14.085 13.255 11.283 8.733 8.733 4.862 1.220
23.20 4.044 14.206 13.209 12.379 10.407 7.857 7.857 3.987 0.344
5.500 13.00 5.044 23.034 22.037 21.207 19.235 16.685 16.685 12.814 9.172
14.00 5.012 22.722 21.725 20.895 18.922 16.372 16.372 12.502 8.859
15.00 4.974 22.353 21.356 20.526 18.553 16.004 16.004 12.133 8.491
15.50 4.950 22.122 21.125 20.295 18.322 15.772 15.772 11.902 8.259
17.00 4.892 21.567 20.570 19.740 17.768 15.218 15.218 11.347 7.705
20.00 4.778 20.496 19.499 18.669 16.697 14.147 14.147 10.277 6.634
23.00 4.670 19.505 18.508 17.678 15.706 13.156 13.156 9.285 5.643
26.00 4.548 18.413 17.416 16.586 14.613 12.063 12.063 8.193 4.550
OD Weight ID Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. lb/ft in. 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500
5.750 14.00 5.290 24.507 23.677 21.704 19.154 19.154 15.284 11.641 7.513
17.00 5.190 23.489 22.659 20.686 18.136 18.136 14.266 10.623 6.495
19.50 5.090 22.490 21.660 19.688 17.138 17.138 13.267 9.625 5.496
22.50 4.990 21.511 20.681 18.708 16.158 16.158 12.288 8.645 4.517
25.20 4.890 20.551 19.721 17.749 15.199 15.199 11.328 7.686 3.557

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-79

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

English Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
OD Weight ID Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. lb/ft in. 1.900 2.375 2.875 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000
6.000 15.00 5.524 26.135 24.162 21.612 21.612 17.742 14.099 9.971 5.357
16.00 5.500 25.878 23.905 21.355 21.355 17.485 13.842 9.714 5.100
17.00 5.450 25.346 23.373 20.823 20.823 16.953 13.310 9.182 4.568
18.00 5.424 25.071 23.099 20.549 20.549 16.678 13.036 8.907 4.293
20.00 5.352 24.318 22.345 19.795 19.795 15.925 12.282 8.154 3.540
23.00 5.240 23.165 21.193 18.643 18.643 14.772 11.130 7.001 2.387
26.00 5.140 22.157 20.184 17.634 17.634 13.764 10.121 5.993 1.379
OD Weight ID Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. lb/ft in. 2.375 2.875 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500
6.625 13.00 6.255 32.526 29.976 29.976 26.106 22.463 18.335 13.721 8.621
17.00 6.135 31.082 28.532 28.532 24.662 21.019 16.891 12.277 7.177
20.00 6.049 30.064 27.514 27.514 23.644 20.001 15.873 11.259 6.159
22.00 5.989 29.363 26.813 26.813 22.942 19.300 15.171 10.557 5.457
24.00 5.921 28.576 26.026 26.026 22.156 18.513 14.385 9.770 4.671
26.00 5.855 27.821 25.271 25.271 21.401 17.758 13.630 9.015 3.916
28.00 5.791 27.097 24.547 24.547 20.677 17.034 12.906 8.291 3.192
29.00 5.761 26.760 24.210 24.210 20.340 16.697 12.569 7.955 2.855
32.00 5.675 25.805 23.255 23.255 19.385 15.742 11.614 6.999 1.900
34.00 5.595 24.929 22.379 22.379 18.509 14.866 10.738 6.124 1.024
OD Weight ID Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. lb/ft in. 2.375 2.875 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500
7.000 17.00 6.538 36.043 33.493 33.493 29.623 25.980 21.852 17.238 12.138
20.00 6.456 35.008 32.458 32.458 28.588 24.945 20.817 16.203 11.103
22.00 6.398 34.284 31.734 31.734 27.864 24.221 20.093 15.478 10.379
23.00 6.366 33.887 31.337 31.337 27.467 23.824 19.696 15.082 9.982
24.00 6.336 33.517 30.967 30.967 27.097 23.454 19.326 14.712 9.612
26.00 6.276 32.782 30.232 30.232 26.362 22.719 18.591 13.976 8.877
28.00 6.214 32.030 29.480 29.480 25.609 21.967 17.838 13.224 8.124
29.00 6.184 31.668 29.118 29.118 25.248 21.605 17.477 12.863 7.763
30.00 6.154 31.309 28.759 28.759 24.889 21.246 17.117 12.503 7.404
32.00 6.094 30.595 28.045 28.045 24.175 20.532 16.404 11.790 6.690
33.70 6.048 30.052 27.503 27.503 23.632 19.989 15.861 11.247 6.147
34.00 6.040 29.958 27.409 27.409 23.538 19.896 15.767 11.153 6.053
35.00 6.004 29.537 26.987 26.987 23.117 19.474 15.346 10.732 5.632
35.30 6.000 29.491 26.941 26.941 23.070 19.428 15.299 10.685 5.585
38.00 5.920 28.564 26.014 26.014 22.144 18.501 14.373 9.759 4.659
40.00 5.836 27.605 25.055 25.055 21.185 17.542 13.414 8.800 3.700
41.00 5.820 27.424 24.874 24.874 21.004 17.361 13.233 8.619 3.519
44.00 5.720 26.303 23.753 23.753 19.883 16.240 12.112 7.498 2.398

2-80 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

English Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
OD Weight ID Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. lb/ft in. 2.375 2.875 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500
7.625 20.00 7.125 43.834 41.284 41.284 37.413 33.771 29.642 25.028 19.929
24.00 7.025 42.459 39.909 39.909 36.039 32.396 28.268 23.654 18.554
26.40 6.990 41.983 39.433 39.433 35.562 31.920 27.791 23.177 18.078
29.70 6.875 40.434 37.884 37.884 34.014 30.371 26.243 21.628 16.529
33.70 6.765 38.976 36.427 36.427 32.556 28.913 24.785 20.171 15.071
36.00 6.705 38.191 35.641 35.641 31.771 28.128 24.000 19.386 14.286
38.00 6.655 37.542 34.993 34.993 31.122 27.480 23.351 18.737 13.637
39.00 6.625 37.155 34.606 34.606 30.735 27.093 22.964 18.350 13.250
45.30 6.435 34.745 32.195 32.195 28.325 24.682 20.554 15.940 10.840
7.75 46.10 6.560 36.323 33.773 33.773 29.903 26.260 22.132 17.518 12.418
8 26.00 7.386 47.513 44.963 44.963 41.092 37.450 33.321 28.707 23.608
8.125 28.00 7.485 48.943 46.393 46.393 42.523 38.880 34.752 30.137 25.038
32.00 7.385 47.498 44.949 44.949 41.078 37.435 33.307 28.693 23.593
35.50 7.285 46.073 43.523 43.523 39.653 36.010 31.882 27.268 22.168
39.50 7.185 44.668 42.118 42.118 38.248 34.605 30.476 25.862 20.763
8.625 24.00 8.097 58.206 55.656 55.656 51.786 48.143 44.015 39.401 34.301
28.00 8.017 56.954 54.404 54.404 50.534 46.891 42.763 38.149 33.049
32.00 7.921 55.468 52.918 52.918 49.047 45.405 41.276 36.662 31.562
36.00 7.825 53.999 51.449 51.449 47.579 43.936 39.808 35.194 30.094
38.00 7.775 53.242 50.692 50.692 46.821 43.179 39.050 34.436 29.336
40.00 7.725 52.489 49.939 49.939 46.069 42.426 38.297 33.683 28.584
43.00 7.651 51.384 48.834 48.834 44.963 41.321 37.192 32.578 27.478
44.00 7.625 50.998 48.448 48.448 44.577 40.935 36.806 32.192 27.093
48.00 7.537 49.702 47.152 47.152 43.281 39.639 35.510 30.896 25.796
49.00 7.511 49.322 46.772 46.772 42.901 39.259 35.130 30.516 25.416
8.75 49.70 7.636 51.161 48.611 48.611 44.741 41.098 36.969 32.355 27.256
9 34.00 8.290 61.278 58.728 58.728 54.858 51.215 47.087 42.473 37.373
38.00 8.196 59.773 57.223 57.223 53.353 49.710 45.582 40.968 35.868
40.00 8.150 59.043 56.493 56.493 52.622 48.980 44.851 40.237 35.137
45.00 8.032 57.188 54.638 54.638 50.768 47.125 42.996 38.382 33.283
50.20 7.910 55.298 52.749 52.749 48.878 45.236 41.107 36.493 31.393
55.00 7.812 53.802 51.252 51.252 47.382 43.739 39.610 34.996 29.897
9.625 29.30 9.063 74.308 71.758 71.758 67.888 64.245 60.117 55.503 50.403
32.30 9.001 73.220 70.671 70.671 66.800 63.157 59.029 54.415 49.315
36.00 8.921 71.828 69.278 69.278 65.407 61.765 57.636 53.022 47.923
38.00 8.885 71.205 68.655 68.655 64.785 61.142 57.014 52.400 47.300
40.00 8.835 70.344 67.795 67.795 63.924 60.281 56.153 51.539 46.439
42.00 8.799 69.728 67.178 67.178 63.307 59.665 55.536 50.922 45.823
43.50 8.755 68.977 66.428 66.428 62.557 58.915 54.786 50.172 45.072
47.00 8.681 67.724 65.174 65.174 61.304 57.661 53.533 48.919 43.819

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-81

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

English Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
OD Weight ID Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. lb/ft in. 2.375 2.875 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500
9.625 53.50 8.535 65.282 62.733 62.733 58.862 55.220 51.091 46.477 41.377
58.40 8.435 63.634 61.084 61.084 57.214 53.571 49.443 44.829 39.729
61.10 8.375 62.654 60.104 60.104 56.234 52.591 48.463 43.849 38.749
71.80 8.125 58.647 56.097 56.097 52.227 48.584 44.456 39.842 34.742
9.75 59.20 8.560 65.698 63.148 63.148 59.277 55.635 51.506 46.892 41.792
9.875 62.80 8.625 66.783 64.233 64.233 60.362 56.720 52.591 47.977 42.878
10 33.00 9.384 80.060 77.511 77.511 73.640 69.997 65.869 61.255 56.155
41.50 9.200 76.739 74.189 74.189 70.319 66.676 62.547 57.933 52.834
45.50 9.120 75.315 72.765 72.765 68.895 65.252 61.124 56.510 51.410
50.50 9.016 73.483 70.933 70.933 67.063 63.420 59.292 54.678 49.578
55.50 8.908 71.603 69.053 69.053 65.182 61.540 57.411 52.797 47.697
61.20 8.790 69.574 67.024 67.024 63.154 59.511 55.383 50.769 45.669
10.75 32.75 10.192 95.425 92.875 92.875 89.005 85.362 81.234 76.620 71.520
35.75 10.136 94.319 91.770 91.770 87.899 84.256 80.128 75.514 70.414
40.50 10.050 92.633 90.083 90.083 86.213 82.570 78.442 73.828 68.728
45.50 9.950 90.690 88.140 88.140 84.270 80.627 76.499 71.885 66.785
48.00 9.902 89.765 87.215 87.215 83.344 79.702 75.573 70.959 65.860
51.00 9.850 88.767 86.217 86.217 82.347 78.704 74.576 69.962 64.862
54.00 9.784 87.508 84.958 84.958 81.088 77.445 73.317 68.703 63.603
55.50 9.760 87.053 84.503 84.503 80.632 76.990 72.861 68.247 63.147
60.70 9.660 85.166 82.616 82.616 78.746 75.103 70.975 66.361 61.261
65.70 9.560 83.299 80.749 80.749 76.879 73.236 69.108 64.494 59.394
71.10 9.450 81.268 78.718 78.718 74.848 71.205 67.077 62.462 57.363
76.00 9.350 79.442 76.892 76.892 73.021 69.379 65.250 60.636 55.536
81.00 9.250 77.635 75.085 75.085 71.215 67.572 63.444 58.829 53.730
11.75 38.00 11.150 115.286 112.736 112.736 108.866 105.223 101.094 96.480 91.381
42.00 11.084 113.860 111.310 111.310 107.440 103.797 99.669 95.055 89.955
47.00 11.000 112.058 109.508 109.508 105.638 101.995 97.867 93.253 88.153
54.00 10.880 109.508 106.958 106.958 103.088 99.445 95.317 90.702 85.603
60.00 10.772 107.236 104.686 104.686 100.816 97.173 93.045 88.431 83.331
65.00 10.682 105.361 102.811 102.811 98.941 95.298 91.169 86.555 81.456
71.00 10.586 103.377 100.828 100.828 96.957 93.315 89.186 84.572 79.472
11.875 71.80 10.711 105.963 103.414 103.414 99.543 95.900 91.772 87.158 82.058
12 40.00 11.384 120.408 117.858 117.858 113.988 110.345 106.217 101.602 96.503
12.75 43.00 12.130 137.447 134.897 134.897 131.027 127.384 123.256 118.642 113.542
53.00 11.970 133.702 131.152 131.152 127.281 123.639 119.510 114.896 109.796

2-82 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

English Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (barrels per 1,000 ft)
bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls bbls
OD Weight ID Tubing Outside Diameter (in.)
in. lb/ft in. 2.375 2.875 2.875 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500
13 40.00 12.438 144.798 142.248 142.248 138.378 134.735 130.606 125.992 120.893
45.00 12.360 142.919 140.369 140.369 136.499 132.856 128.728 124.113 119.014
50.00 12.282 141.052 138.502 138.502 134.632 130.989 126.860 122.246 117.147
54.00 12.220 139.576 137.026 137.026 133.156 129.513 125.385 120.771 115.671
Upsets and couplings not included.

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-83

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Metric Units
Annular Volume (liters per m)
liters liters liters liters liters liters liters liters
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 26.67 33.401 42.164 48.26 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9
114.300 14.14 103.89 7.913 7.596 7.076 6.643 5.615 4.286 4.286 2.268
15.62 102.92 7.757 7.439 6.919 6.487 5.458 4.129 4.129 2.111
16.37 102.26 7.650 7.333 6.813 6.380 5.352 4.023 4.023 2.005
17.26 101.60 7.545 7.227 6.707 6.275 5.246 3.917 3.917 1.899
18.75 100.53 7.375 7.058 6.538 6.105 5.077 3.748 3.748 1.730
20.09 99.57 7.224 6.906 6.387 5.954 4.925 3.596 3.596 1.578
22.47 97.18 6.855 6.538 6.018 5.585 4.557 3.227 3.227 1.210
24.70 95.35 6.579 6.261 5.741 5.309 4.280 2.951 2.951 0.933
26.34 93.90 6.363 6.046 5.526 5.094 4.065 2.736 2.736 0.718
27.97 92.46 6.152 5.834 5.315 4.882 3.853 2.524 2.524 0.506
120.650 23.81 103.68 7.880 7.563 7.043 6.610 5.582 4.253 4.253 2.235
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 33.401 42.164 48.26 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9 101.6
127.000 17.11 115.82 9.655 9.135 8.702 7.674 6.345 6.345 4.327 2.428
19.34 114.15 9.352 8.832 8.400 7.371 6.042 6.042 4.024 2.125
22.32 111.96 8.964 8.445 8.012 6.984 5.654 5.654 3.636 1.737
26.78 108.61 8.384 7.864 7.431 6.403 5.074 5.074 3.056 1.157
30.21 106.27 7.990 7.470 7.037 6.009 4.680 4.680 2.662 0.763
31.25 105.51 7.863 7.343 6.911 5.882 4.553 4.553 2.535 0.636
34.52 102.72 7.406 6.887 6.454 5.426 4.096 4.096 2.078 0.179
139.700 19.34 128.12 12.009 11.489 11.056 10.028 8.699 8.699 6.681 4.782
20.83 127.30 11.846 11.326 10.893 9.865 8.536 8.536 6.518 4.619
22.32 126.34 11.654 11.134 10.701 9.673 8.343 8.343 6.326 4.427
23.06 125.73 11.533 11.013 10.581 9.552 8.223 8.223 6.205 4.306
25.30 124.26 11.244 10.724 10.292 9.263 7.934 7.934 5.916 4.017
29.76 121.36 10.686 10.166 9.733 8.705 7.376 7.376 5.358 3.459
34.22 118.62 10.169 9.649 9.217 8.188 6.859 6.859 4.841 2.942
38.69 115.52 9.599 9.080 8.647 7.619 6.289 6.289 4.271 2.372
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 42.164 48.26 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3
146.050 20.83 134.37 12.777 12.344 11.315 9.986 9.986 7.968 6.069 3.917
25.30 131.83 12.246 11.813 10.785 9.455 9.455 7.438 5.538 3.386
29.02 129.29 11.725 11.292 10.264 8.935 8.935 6.917 5.018 2.865
33.48 126.75 11.215 10.782 9.754 8.424 8.424 6.406 4.507 2.355
37.50 124.21 10.714 10.282 9.253 7.924 7.924 5.906 4.007 1.855
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 48.26 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3 127
152.400 22.32 140.31 13.625 12.597 11.268 11.268 9.250 7.351 5.198 2.793
23.81 139.70 13.491 12.463 11.134 11.134 9.116 7.217 5.064 2.659
25.30 138.43 13.214 12.186 10.856 10.856 8.839 6.939 4.787 2.381
26.78 137.77 13.071 12.043 10.713 10.713 8.695 6.796 4.644 2.238

2-84 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Metric Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (liters per m)
liters liters liters liters liters liters liters liters
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 48.26 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3 127
152.400 29.76 135.94 12.678 11.650 10.320 10.320 8.302 6.403 4.251 1.845
34.22 133.10 12.077 11.049 9.719 9.719 7.702 5.802 3.650 1.245
38.69 130.56 11.552 10.523 9.194 9.194 7.176 5.277 3.124 0.719
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3 127 139.7
168.275 19.34 158.88 16.958 15.628 15.628 13.610 11.711 9.559 7.153 4.495
25.30 155.83 16.205 14.875 14.875 12.857 10.958 8.806 6.400 3.742
29.76 153.64 15.674 14.345 14.345 12.327 10.428 8.275 5.870 3.211
32.74 152.12 15.308 13.979 13.979 11.961 10.062 7.910 5.504 2.845
35.71 150.39 14.898 13.569 13.569 11.551 9.652 7.499 5.094 2.435
38.69 148.72 14.504 13.175 13.175 11.157 9.258 7.106 4.700 2.041
41.66 147.09 14.127 12.798 12.798 10.780 8.881 6.728 4.323 1.664
43.15 146.33 13.951 12.622 12.622 10.604 8.705 6.553 4.147 1.488
47.62 144.15 13.453 12.124 12.124 10.106 8.207 6.055 3.649 0.990
50.59 142.11 12.997 11.667 11.667 9.650 7.750 5.598 3.193 0.534
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 42.164 48.26 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3
177.800 25.30 166.07 18.791 17.462 17.462 15.444 13.545 11.392 8.987 6.328
29.76 163.98 18.251 16.922 16.922 14.904 13.005 10.853 8.447 5.788
32.74 162.51 17.874 16.545 16.545 14.527 12.628 10.475 8.070 5.411
34.22 161.70 17.667 16.338 16.338 14.320 12.421 10.268 7.863 5.204
35.71 160.93 17.474 16.145 16.145 14.127 12.228 10.075 7.670 5.011
38.69 159.41 17.091 15.761 15.761 13.744 11.845 9.692 7.287 4.628
41.66 157.84 16.699 15.369 15.369 13.351 11.452 9.300 6.894 4.236
43.15 157.07 16.510 15.181 15.181 13.163 11.264 9.112 6.706 4.047
44.64 156.31 16.323 14.993 14.993 12.976 11.077 8.924 6.519 3.860
47.62 154.79 15.951 14.621 14.621 12.603 10.704 8.552 6.146 3.488
50.14 153.62 15.668 14.338 14.338 12.321 10.422 8.269 5.864 3.205
50.59 153.42 15.619 14.289 14.289 12.272 10.373 8.220 5.815 3.156
52.08 152.50 15.399 14.070 14.070 12.052 10.153 8.001 5.595 2.936
52.53 152.40 15.375 14.046 14.046 12.028 10.129 7.976 5.571 2.912
56.54 150.37 14.892 13.563 13.563 11.545 9.646 7.493 5.088 2.429
59.52 148.23 14.392 13.063 13.063 11.045 9.146 6.993 4.588 1.929
61.01 147.83 14.297 12.968 12.968 10.950 9.051 6.899 4.493 1.835
65.47 145.29 13.713 12.384 12.384 10.366 8.467 6.314 3.909 1.250
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 42.164 48.26 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3
193.675 29.76 180.98 22.853 21.523 21.523 19.506 17.606 15.454 13.049 10.390
35.71 178.44 22.136 20.807 20.807 18.789 16.890 14.737 12.332 9.673
39.28 177.55 21.888 20.558 20.558 18.541 16.641 14.489 12.084 9.425
44.19 174.63 21.080 19.751 19.751 17.733 15.834 13.682 11.276 8.617
50.14 171.83 20.320 18.991 18.991 16.973 15.074 12.922 10.516 7.857

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-85

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Metric Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (liters per m)
liters liters liters liters liters liters liters liters
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 42.164 48.26 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3
193.675 53.57 170.31 19.911 18.582 18.582 16.564 14.665 12.512 10.107 7.448
56.54 169.04 19.573 18.243 18.243 16.226 14.326 12.174 9.769 7.110
58.03 168.28 19.371 18.042 18.042 16.024 14.125 11.972 9.567 6.908
67.41 163.45 18.114 16.785 16.785 14.767 12.868 10.716 8.310 5.651
196.850 68.60 166.62 18.937 17.608 17.608 15.590 13.691 11.538 9.133 6.474
203.200 38.69 187.60 24.771 23.441 23.441 21.424 19.524 17.372 14.967 12.308
206.375 41.66 190.12 25.516 24.187 24.187 22.169 20.270 18.118 15.712 13.053
47.62 187.58 24.763 23.434 23.434 21.416 19.517 17.365 14.959 12.300
52.82 185.04 24.020 22.691 22.691 20.673 18.774 16.622 14.216 11.557
58.78 182.50 23.288 21.958 21.958 19.940 18.041 15.889 13.483 10.825
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3
219.075 35.71 205.66 30.346 29.016 29.016 26.999 25.100 22.947 20.542 17.883
41.66 203.63 29.693 28.364 28.364 26.346 24.447 22.294 19.889 17.230
47.62 201.19 28.918 27.589 27.589 25.571 23.672 21.519 19.114 16.455
53.57 198.76 28.153 26.823 26.823 24.805 22.906 20.754 18.348 15.690
56.54 197.49 27.758 26.428 26.428 24.410 22.511 20.359 17.953 15.295
59.52 196.22 27.365 26.036 26.036 24.018 22.119 19.966 17.561 14.902
63.98 194.34 26.789 25.459 25.459 23.442 21.543 19.390 16.985 14.326
65.47 193.68 26.588 25.258 25.258 23.240 21.341 19.189 16.783 14.125
71.42 191.44 25.912 24.583 24.583 22.565 20.666 18.513 16.108 13.449
72.91 190.78 25.714 24.384 24.384 22.367 20.468 18.315 15.910 13.251
222.250 73.95 193.95 26.673 25.343 25.343 23.326 21.426 19.274 16.868 14.210
228.600 50.59 210.57 31.948 30.618 30.618 28.600 26.701 24.549 22.143 19.485
56.54 208.18 31.163 29.833 29.833 27.816 25.916 23.764 21.358 18.700
59.52 207.01 30.782 29.453 29.453 27.435 25.536 23.383 20.978 18.319
66.96 204.01 29.815 28.486 28.486 26.468 24.569 22.416 20.011 17.352
74.70 200.91 28.830 27.501 27.501 25.483 23.584 21.431 19.026 16.367
81.84 198.42 28.050 26.720 26.720 24.702 22.803 20.651 18.245 15.587
244.475 43.60 230.20 38.741 37.411 37.411 35.394 33.494 31.342 28.937 26.278
48.06 228.63 38.174 36.844 36.844 34.826 32.927 30.775 28.369 25.711
53.57 226.59 37.447 36.118 36.118 34.100 32.201 30.049 27.643 24.984
56.54 225.68 37.123 35.793 35.793 33.776 31.876 29.724 27.319 24.660
59.52 224.41 36.674 35.345 35.345 33.327 31.428 29.275 26.870 24.211
244.475 62.50 223.49 36.353 35.023 35.023 33.005 31.106 28.954 26.548 23.890
64.73 222.38 35.961 34.632 34.632 32.614 30.715 28.563 26.157 23.498
69.94 220.50 35.308 33.979 33.979 31.961 30.062 27.909 25.504 22.845
244.475 79.61 216.79 34.035 32.706 32.706 30.688 28.789 26.636 24.231 21.572
86.90 214.25 33.176 31.846 31.846 29.828 27.929 25.777 23.371 20.713
90.92 212.73 32.665 31.336 31.336 29.318 27.419 25.266 22.861 20.202
106.84 206.38 30.576 29.246 29.246 27.229 25.330 23.177 20.772 18.113

2-86 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Annular Volumes for Tubing Inside of Casing

Metric Units (Continued)
Annular Volume (liters per m)
liters liters liters liters liters liters liters liters
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3
247.650 88.09 217.42 34.252 32.922 32.922 30.904 29.005 26.853 24.447 21.789
250.825 93.45 219.08 34.817 33.488 33.488 31.470 29.571 27.419 25.013 22.354
OD Weight ID Tubing Diameter (mm)
mm kg/m mm 42.164 48.26 60.325 73.025 73.025 88.9 101.6 114.3
254.000 49.10 238.35 41.740 40.410 40.410 38.392 36.493 34.341 31.935 29.277
61.75 233.68 40.008 38.678 38.678 36.661 34.762 32.609 30.204 27.545
67.70 231.65 39.266 37.936 37.936 35.918 34.019 31.867 29.461 26.803
75.14 229.01 38.310 36.981 36.981 34.963 33.064 30.912 28.506 25.847
82.58 226.26 37.330 36.001 36.001 33.983 32.084 29.931 27.526 24.867
91.06 223.27 36.272 34.943 34.943 32.925 31.026 28.874 26.468 23.809
273.050 48.73 258.88 49.750 48.421 48.421 46.403 44.504 42.351 39.946 37.287
53.20 257.45 49.174 47.844 47.844 45.826 43.927 41.775 39.369 36.711
60.26 255.27 48.294 46.965 46.965 44.947 43.048 40.896 38.490 35.831
67.70 252.73 47.281 45.952 45.952 43.934 42.035 39.883 37.477 34.818
71.42 251.51 46.799 45.470 45.470 43.452 41.553 39.400 36.995 34.336
75.89 250.19 46.279 44.949 44.949 42.932 41.032 38.880 36.475 33.816
80.35 248.51 45.622 44.293 44.293 42.275 40.376 38.224 35.818 33.159
82.58 247.90 45.385 44.056 44.056 42.038 40.139 37.986 35.581 32.922
90.32 245.36 44.401 43.072 43.072 41.054 39.155 37.003 34.597 31.938
97.76 242.82 43.428 42.099 42.099 40.081 38.182 36.029 33.624 30.965
105.80 240.03 42.369 41.040 41.040 39.022 37.123 34.970 32.565 29.906
113.09 237.49 41.417 40.088 40.088 38.070 36.171 34.018 31.613 28.954
120.53 234.95 40.475 39.146 39.146 37.128 35.229 33.076 30.671 28.012
298.450 56.54 283.21 60.104 58.775 58.775 56.757 54.858 52.706 50.300 47.641
62.50 281.53 59.361 58.032 58.032 56.014 54.115 51.963 49.557 46.898
69.94 279.40 58.422 57.092 57.092 55.075 53.175 51.023 48.618 45.959
80.35 276.35 57.092 55.763 55.763 53.745 51.846 49.693 47.288 44.629
89.28 273.61 55.908 54.578 54.578 52.561 50.661 48.509 46.104 43.445
96.72 271.32 54.930 53.601 53.601 51.583 49.684 47.531 45.126 42.467
105.65 268.88 53.896 52.567 52.567 50.549 48.650 46.497 44.092 41.433
301.625 106.84 272.06 55.244 53.915 53.915 51.897 49.998 47.845 45.440 42.781
304.800 59.52 289.15 62.775 61.445 61.445 59.428 57.528 55.376 52.971 50.312
323.850 63.98 308.10 71.658 70.329 70.329 68.311 66.412 64.260 61.854 59.195
78.86 304.04 69.705 68.376 68.376 66.358 64.459 62.307 59.901 57.243
330.200 59.52 315.93 75.490 74.161 74.161 72.143 70.244 68.092 65.686 63.027
66.96 313.94 74.511 73.181 73.181 71.164 69.265 67.112 64.707 62.048
74.40 311.96 73.537 72.208 72.208 70.190 68.291 66.139 63.733 61.074
80.35 310.39 72.768 71.439 71.439 69.421 67.522 65.369 62.964 60.305
Upsets and coupling not included

September 2005 Pipe Data Tables and Charts 2-87

Coiled Tubing Handbook

2-88 Pipe Data Tables and Charts September 2005

Section 3 Stimulation and Fluids Data

Stimulation Definitions ............................................................................. 3-1

Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian Fluids ...................................................... 3-3
Fluid Density ............................................................................................ 3-6
Fluid Flow Patterns .................................................................................. 3-6
Friction Pressure ...................................................................................... 3-7
Hydraulic Horsepower ............................................................................. 3-8
Pump Rate ............................................................................................... 3-8
Horsepower ............................................................................................. 3-9
Volumetric Rate ....................................................................................... 3-10
Manifolding .............................................................................................. 3-11
Stimulation Fluids and Fluid Additives ..................................................... 3-15
Introduction ......................................................................................... 3-15
Fluid Additives .................................................................................... 3-15
pH Control Agents .............................................................................. 3-16
Clay Control ........................................................................................ 3-17
Fluid Loss Control Additives ............................................................... 3-19
Surfactants ......................................................................................... 3-21
Gelling Agents .................................................................................... 3-26
Complexors and Crosslinkers ............................................................ 3-32
Breakers and Stabilizers .................................................................... 3-35
Bactericides/Biocides ......................................................................... 3-41
Conductivity Enhancers ...................................................................... 3-43
Acids ................................................................................................... 3-45
Corrosion Inhibitors ............................................................................ 3-51
Proppants ................................................................................................ 3-53
Resin-Coated Sand ............................................................................ 3-54
Ceramics ............................................................................................ 3-55
Sintered Bauxite ................................................................................. 3-56
Proppant Calculations .............................................................................. 3-57
Slurry Density and Volume ................................................................. 3-57
Proppant Data Tables .............................................................................. 3-61
Standard Sieve Openings .................................................................. 3-61
Table of Proppant Data ...................................................................... 3-62
Sand and Gel Required for 1 bbl of Slurry ......................................... 3-64
Density of Sand Slurry ........................................................................ 3-66

i
Miscellaneous Fluid Information Tables .................................................. 3-67
Maximum Density of Common Completion Brines ............................. 3-67
Sodium Chloride Solution Properties ................................................. 3-67
Calcium Chloride Solution Properties ................................................. 3-68
Ammonium Chloride Solution Properties ........................................... 3-68
Potassium Chloride Solution Properties ............................................. 3-69
Fracturing Fluid Systems .................................................................... 3-69
Hydraulics and Friction Pressure Losses ................................................ 3-71
Pressure Losses in Liquids ................................................................ 3-72
Pressure Losses in Gases ................................................................. 3-75
Pressure Losses in Foams ................................................................. 3-75
Pressure Losses in Multiphase Fluids ................................................ 3-75
Nomenclature ..................................................................................... 3-76
References ......................................................................................... 3-76
Tables of Friction Pressure Losses in Coiled Tubing ......................... 3-77

ii
Section 3

Stimulation and Fluids Data

Stimulation Definitions
Absolute Permeability—Absolute permeability is the Darcy's law permeability.
Preface
Absolute Volume Factor—Absolute volume factors typically refer to units of gal per lb (liters per
kilogram). This is the absolute volume that a solid will take up in water. One pound of Ottawa sand will
take up 0.0452 gal of space in a liquid environment. One kilogram of Ottawa sand will take up 0.3774
liters of space in a liquid environment. For example, in pouring one pound of sand into a one gallon jar
of water, 0.0452 gal of water will be displaced from the jar.

Barrel—Oilfield barrel is 42 gal.

BHTP—The bottomhole treating pressure, or BHTP, is the amount of pressure required at the
perforations to cause fracture extension. Many times this value is reported as the "frac gradient." The
gradient is calculated by dividing the BHTP by the depth to the center of the perforations.

bbl/min—This term refers to the pump rate or barrels per minute (use bpm instead of bbl/min).

bpm—This term refers to the pump rate or barrels per minute.

Closure Pressure—Closure pressure is the amount fluid pressure required to reopen an existing fracture.
This pressure is equal to, and counteracts, the stress in the rock perpendicular to the fracture plane. This
stress is the minimum principal in-situ stress and is often called the closure stress.

Clean Volume—Clean volume refers to the volume of the treating fluid without taking into account
proppant.

Darcy's Law—For linear flow as in through a sand plug in casing.

kAΔP
μL

where:

K = Permeability
A = Area
P = Delta Pressure
μ = Viscosity
L = Strength

Density—The density of a body is its mass per unit volume. Water density is 8.33 lb per gallon at 70°F.

Dirty Volume—Dirty volume is the “clean” volume plus the volume of the proppant.

Effective Permeability—Effective permeability is the permeability to one fluid in a multi-fluid system

and is a function of the fluid saturation.

Flash Point—Flash point refers to the lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile combustible
substance ignite in air when exposed to spark or flame.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-1

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Frac Gradient—(Hydrostatic pressure at perforation mid point + ISIP) divided by depth of perforation
mid point.
Hydrostatic Pressure—Hydrostatic pressure reflects the pressure exerted by a vertical column of fluid.
This pressure is calculated from the true vertical height and density of the fluid. Hydrostatic pressure is
not area sensitive.
ISIP—ISIP (PISIP) is the instantaneous shut-in pressure. It can be determined during a pump-in test. The
pumps are brought on line at a rate that will cause the formation to fracture ("break down"). Fluid is
pumped into the formation for a short time then pumping is stopped. ISIP reflect the amount of pressure
recorded immediately after shutting the pumps down. ISIP values can be hard to determine if the bottom
hole slurry rate is not zero and/or water hammer is introduced. Graphical methods are used to determine
an ISIP when water hammer is present by extrapolating back along a straight line section to the
intersection of the first rise of the first oscillation of the water hammer.

HHP—Hydraulic horsepower is a unit of measurement for the amount of work that is or can be done by
hydraulic equipment. HHP can be calculated by (pressure × rate)/40.8
Mgal—The M is the Roman numeral for one-thousand. Therefore, this refers to thousands of gal. Used
in concentration statements.
Net Pressure—Net pressure is defined as the difference in ISIP pressure and closure pressure.

Permeability—Permeability is a function of the geometry, configuration, and scalar dimensions of the

voids or pores and is not as such a physical property derived from a dynamic system.
Ph—This symbol is used for hydrostatic pressure, the pressure exerted at the bottom of a fluid column.
(Note that the P in this and the following symbols refers to pressure.)

Pw—The wellhead pressure is the gauge measured treating pressure or static pressure at the surface.

ΔPfrict—The symbol Δ indicates delta (or incremental) change; therefore, ΔP means the gradual change
in pressure. Pfrict stands for “friction loss in pipe,” as measured by units of psi. The movement of fluid
past a stationary object causes this friction, which in this case is the pipe wall.
Pperf—The friction caused by fluid flow through a perforation or group of perforations. This symbol
stands for perforation friction.

Porosity—A fractional or percentage value Referring to the void spaces inside a rock or the part of the
rock that is not rock.
Relative Permeability—Relative permeability is the ratio of the effective permeability to the absolute
permeability of the porous medium.
Slurry Volume—Slurry volume is the total volume of fluid, additives, and proppants. This reflects the
total volume of fluid that is pumped also referred to as dirty volume.

Specific Gravity—Specific gravity is a unit-less ratio relationship between a substance and a base
substance. For liquids, the base is water, so the specific gravity of water is 1.0 (8.33/8.33). For a 10 lb/gal
brine the specific gravity will be 10.0/8.33=1.2. For gases, air is the base substance.

Temperature Gradient—Temperature gradient defines a linear relationship of temperature to depth.

Temperature gradient from a well at 10,000 feet at 200°F and surface temperature of 68°F would be
(200-68) /10 = 13.21°F per 1,000.

3-2 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian Fluids

Fluids such as water, acid, and most crude oils that contain no additives are classified as Newtonian
(or true) fluids. To understand the definition of a Newtonian fluid, you must understand the definitions
of two other terms, viscosity and shear.

The viscosity of a fluid is the physical property that characterizes the flow resistance of simple
(Newtonian) fluids. Viscosity is responsible for the frictional drag (or viscous force) which one part of
the fluid exerts on an adjacent part if the two parts are in relative motion.

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to the deformation rate. Said another way, viscosity is the
measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. Viscosity is generally written with the Greek symbol mu (μ) and
reported in units of centipoise (cp).

The higher the viscosity, the higher the fluid's resistance is to flow.

Shear is the movement of one fluid particle past another. Shear rate is computed by the equation of Shear
Rate = Velocity/Length.

Units for shear rate are reciprocal seconds (sec-1). Figure 3.1 shows the ideal system of two parallel
plates.

Figure 3.1—Diagram shows ideal system of two parallel plates

In pipe flow, pressure drop represents shear stress and velocity of the shear rate. When using a Fann
Viscometer, shear stress can be determined from the dial reading and the shear rate from the rotational
speed of the sleeve.

The most common rheological test performed on fracturing fluids is the shear stress/shear rate test. This
data is used to construct a flow curve of which the slope is the fluid's viscosity. Higher rates of shear result
from faster movement of the fluid particles.

Temperature, however, has a strong effect on the viscosity of fluids. Liquid viscosity decreases with the
increase of temperature. Gas viscosity also increases with an increase in temperature.

The definition of a Newtonian fluid, then, is that it has the same viscosity at all flow rates or shear rates.
In comparison, non-Newtonian fluids do not have constant viscosity at all flow rates or shear rates.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-3

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Many of the fluids we use in the oilfield are non-Newtonian “pseudo plastic” or shear thinning fluids.
This behavior is represented graphically in Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2—Non-Newtonian “pseudo plastic” or

shear thinning fluids

In general, the addition of chemicals such as fluid loss additives, gelling agents, friction reducers, and
emulsifiers to a Newtonian fluid tends to change the fluid to a non-Newtonian type. The viscosity of a
Newtonian fluid is a constant ratio of shear stress to shear rate.

As for non-Newtonian fluids, because their flow curves are not linear or linear but not passing through
the origin, the viscosity is not constant but is a function of shear rate. Apparent viscosity, or , is often
used when referring to the consistency of non-Newtonian fluids. The apparent viscosity of
non-Newtonian fluids at certain rates represents the viscosity of Newtonian fluids at the same shear
stress-shear rate (Figure 3.3).

Figure 3.3—Apparent viscosity of non-Newto-

nian fluids at certain rates represents the vis-
cosity of Newtonian fluids at the same shear
stress-shear rate

3-4 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Apparent Viscosity then, is a simplistic view of the consistency of a non-Newtonian fluid and only
relevant at a given shear stress or shear rate.

Velocity
Shear Rate =
Length

From the above shear rate equation, there will be a different shear rate and as a result, a different viscosity
for different geometry’s. So the shear rate down the tubing, casing and fracture will all have different
viscosities due to the different shear rates.

To help minimize the confusion of reporting apparent viscosity at arbitrary shear rates, it has become
standard practice to report apparent viscosity based on either 100 or 300 rpm (revolution per minute)
speeds of the Model 35A Fann Viscometer.

Halliburton assumes that apparent viscosity values are at the 300 rpm with a B1 bob for thinner fluids
and linear gels or at 100 rpm with a B2 bob for thicker crosslinked gels unless otherwise stated.

It should be noted that Viscosity changes dramatically with temperature as the Tables 3.1 and 3.2
demonstrate:

Table 3.1—Viscosity Change of Water

with Temperature
Temp Water Absolute Viscosity
°F Centipoises
32 1.79
50 1.31
60 1.12
70 0.98
80 0.86
85 0.81
100 0.68
120 0.56
140 0.47
160 0.40
180 0.35
212 0.28
Ref: http://pump.net

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-5

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 3.2—Temperature Effects on the Viscosity of Various Brines

November 8, 1995 - J. Willis
Fluid Type NaCl CaCl CaBr CaBr CaBr CaBr ZnBr ZnBr
Density, ppg 10.0 11.6 12.0 12.0 15.0 15.0 18.0 18.0
Crys. Pt. n/a n/a 40 60 40 60 40 60
FANN 50 readings at 280 psi - Apparent Viscosity, cP
Ambient 1.95 8.95 8.7 11.9 13.7 24.6 20.3 27.2
120°F 0.75 5.3 5.8 7.05 8 14 12.3 16.7
150°F 0.4 3.7 4.9 5.05 5.8 9.7 8.9 11.8
200°F 0.2 2.45 3.8 3.45 3.85 6.15 5.8 7.3
250°F 0.05 1.35 3.15 2.5 2.8 4.2 4.2 5.2
300°F 0.05 0.9 2.8 1.85 2.05 3.15 3.05 3.8
350°F 0.05 0.95 2.5 1.6 1.7 2.6 2.4 2.8
400°F 0.05 0.8 23 13 13 2.1 2 2.3

Fluid Density
The density of fracturing fluids must be considered since it affects hydrostatic pressure. The density of a
fluid is expressed in units of pounds per gallon (lb/gal). The propping agent concentration added to
fracturing fluids affects the density of the treating slurry. Therefore, this value must be known when
performing calculations to find density and hydrostatic pressures.

Adding proppant to a fluid will also increase the fluids apparent viscosity and thus its friction
characteristics will increase.

Fluid Flow Patterns

Two types of fluid flow patterns will be discussed here:
Laminar and Turbulent. Both are depicted in Figure 3.4.
Laminar flow is the smooth steady flow of a fluid.

Turbulent flow is fluctuating and agitated. When a fluid is in

turbulent flow friction is at a maximum. Eddies and currents are
in the flow stream. Lower viscosity fluids change from laminar
to turbulent flow at lower velocities. As the viscosity of a
system goes up it will take a greater velocity to achieve
turbulence.
Figure 3.4—Laminar and turbulent
The distinction between the two flow patterns was first flow patterns
demonstrated by a classic experiment performed by the British
physicist Osborne Reynolds. By injecting a colored dye into a stream of fluid moving at a low flow rate,
Reynolds found that the jet of the dye flowed intact along with the main stream and no cross mixing
occurring.

When the flow rate was increased to critical velocity, the velocity at which turbulent flow starts, the
thread of color disappeared and the color diffused uniformly throughout the entire cross-section.

3-6 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Friction Pressure
As a fluid is pumped through tubing or casing, a certain amount of friction is created. This is due to fluid
moving past the pipe wall (shear). Friction is affected mainly by rate, pipe diameter, pipe roughness, pipe
length, viscosity and density. As the flow rate increases for a given fluid, the friction pressure increases.
As a fluid moves into turbulent flow, the friction pressure also increases. As a pipe’s diameter increases,
friction pressure decreases due to the decrease in velocity.

To determine the friction pressures of a fluid, use the Halwin\StimWin program “Friction.” To use this
program, you will need to select the fluid you are interested in and input the tubulars that you have. Then
hit the “DO” button and you can view the results in graphical or text format.

Below is the graphical output comparing the friction pressure for Fresh Water and WG-11 (40 lb/Mgal)
pumped through 10,000 feet of 1.5-in. CT with 0.109-in. Wall.

Friction Pressure
WG-11, 40.0 Fresh Water
6,000

5,000
Friction Pressure (psi)

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Rate (bpm)
StimWin v4.7.0
12-Feb-04 10:07 HALLIBURTON

Figure 3.5—StimWin output

At the end of this section there are calculation methods and charts showing the expected friction pressures
expected when pumping some common Newtonian Fluids through different sizes of coiled tubing.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-7

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Hydraulic Horsepower
Two equations may be used to determine hydraulic pressure (HHP). The unit in which the flow rate is
given in (bbl/min or gal/min) should determine the equation used.

⎛ bbl ⎞
Pw (psi ) × Rate⎜ ⎟
HHP = ⎝ min ⎠
40.8
or
⎛ gal ⎞
Pw (psi ) × Rate⎜ ⎟
HHP = ⎝ min ⎠
1713.6

The value 1713.6 is 40.8 × 42 gal/bbl

Example:

What is the HHP under these conditions?

• Circulating Pressure is expected to be 3,000 psi

• Injection rate is 3 bbl/min.
Solution:
⎛ bbl ⎞
Pw (psi ) × Rate ⎜ ⎟
HHP = ⎝ min ⎠
40.8
bbl
3000 psi × 3
= min
40.8
= 220.6 HHP

Pump Rate
By rewriting the base equation for HHP, you can obtain an equation for calculating bbl/min.

Multiply both sides of the equation by 40.8:

HHP × 40.8 = Pw × Rate

Now divide both sides by Pw. This gives you rate in bbl/min.

HHP × 40.8 ⎛ bbl ⎞

= Rate ⎜ ⎟
Pw ⎝ min ⎠

3-8 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Example:

What is the maximum pump rate in bbl/min that can be delivered at maximum psi under these conditions?

• 1,000 HHP is available at the location.

• Maximum allowable circulating pressure is 5700 psi.
Solution:

⎛ bbl ⎞ 1000 HHP × 40.8 bbl

Rate⎜ ⎟= = 7.1579
⎝ min ⎠ 5700psi min

Horsepower
Horsepower output by a pump, or hydraulic horsepower (HHP), is less than input horsepower from the
engine (EHP) because of mechanical losses. These losses occur in the fan, transmission and pump, and
will be in the range of 5% to 20%. The use of 12% for calculations is reasonable; thus:

Output HP = Input HP - Losses

HHP = EHP - (0.12 x EHP)

Therefore, for 600 engines HP, pump output would be:

HHP = 600HP - (0.12 x600 HP)

HHP = 600HP - 72HP = 528HP

Hydraulic horsepower of the pump can also be calculated from its output conditions of pressure and
volumetric rate. Details of pressure and volumetric rate are found on P-V curve charts set up for each type
of pump and engine combination

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-9

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Volumetric Rate
Volume per pump revolution equals plunger area times stroke length, but we also multiply by the number
of plungers as well as volumetric efficiency. The number of plungers for a HT-400 is always three since
it is a triplex pump. Volumetric efficiency is in the range of 94 to 98%. If you know the volume displaced
during one pump revolution, you can calculate the total volumetric rate by multiplying this value by
pump speed. The following formulas show how this works:

Figure 3.6—Example P-V curve

Volume = (Plunger Area) × (Stroke Length)

Volume per Pump Revolution = (Plunger Area) × (Stroke Length) × (Number of Plungers) × (Volumetric
Efficiency)

Volumetric Rate = (Volume per Pump Revolution) × (Pump Speed)

Note One pump revolution refers to one complete turn of the crankshaft.

Example:

What is the volume per pump revolution under these conditions?

5-in. HT-400 triplex

8 in. Stroke length
220 RPM pump speed
Assume 97% volumetric efficiency

3-10 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Solution:

Volume per revolution equals the multiplication of plunger area (PA), stroke length (SL), number of
plungers (N) and volumetric efficiency (VE).

VPR = PA × SL × N × VE

Calculate PA: 5 in. × 5 in. x .7854 = 19.635 in2

VPR = (19.635 in2) × (8 in.) × (3) × (.97) = 457.1028 cubic inches per revolution

Note The unit for VPR is cubic inches. Since we are familiar with volumes expressed in
gal, we can convert to gal. One gallon equals 231 cubic inches. Therefore,

(457.103 in 3 /rev)x (1gal)

VPR =
231 in 3
gal
= 1.9788
rev

Example:

What is the volumetric rate under the same conditions?

Volumetric Rate is obtained by multiplying the volume per revolution by pump speed.
VR = (VPR) × (PRPM)
VR = (1.9788 gal/rev) × (220 rev/min)
VR = 435.336 gal/min.
Remember as discussed earlier, the power train (pump, transmission, and engine) can affect HHP because
of energy losses. You need a visual on your tank bbl markers, flow meter or pit level indicator in order
to confirm you pump output.

Manifolding
Manifolding systems and components supplied to Halliburton's field operations are designed to convey
abrasive fluids up to 35 feet per second. Since abrasive fluid velocities above 35 feet per second
accelerate erosion, they should be avoided whenever possible. This will help to obtain maximum service
life from manifolding equipment. Standard manifold components are designed to handle moderate
corrosive materials. Special manifolding is required to convey severe corrosives such as sour gas. Severe
acid service (frequent pumping of large volumes of acid on a regular basis, especially if the acid is heated
and/or poorly inhibited) also requires that special manifold components be used.

Corrosion, erosion or “wash out” usually determine the lives of most manifold components. Operators
using the manifolding seldom have strict control over which materials are pumped. The types of materials
(corrosives, abrasives, etc.) are normally predetermined by the customer or by Halliburton personnel in
order to obtain specific results from the well. On the other hand, the user of discharge lines can help
minimize erosion from abrasive fluids by "rigging up" properly. The size and number of lines “rigged
up” should be adequate to keep abrasive fluid velocities from exceeding 35 feet per second. A convenient

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-11

Coiled Tubing Handbook

rule of thumb to determine the flow rate in barrels per minute that corresponds to a fluid velocity of 35
feet per second is:

Maximum flow rate (BPM) = 2 × inside diameter in inches × inside diameter in inches

Example:

Table 3.3 shows the sizes and maximum flowrates allowed thru some common types of valves and
manifolds.

Note The IDs and wall thickness can change with different manufacturers and
specifications and is therefore only intended for use as a guide.

Table 3.3—Sizes and Maximum Flowrates Allowed through

Some Common Types of Valves and Manifolds
Nominal Cold Working Max Flow
Type Typical ID (in)
Size (in) Pressure (psi) (bbl/min)
1 Fig. 1502 (Std) 15,000 0.87 1.51
1½ Fig. 1502 (Std) 15,000 1.00 2.00
2 Fig. 1502 (Std) 15,000 1.75 6.13
2 Fig. 1502 (H2S) 10,000 1.75 6.13
2 Fig. 2002 (Std) 20,000 1.30 3.38
2 Fig. 2002 (H2S) 15,000 1.30 3.38
3 Fig. 1502 (Std) 15,000 2.50 12.5
3 Fig. 1502 (H2S) 10,000 2.50 12.5

Figures 3.7a and 3.7b on the following page show the dimensions and maximum allowable flowrates
through a variety of different manifold components. These tables assume a fluid velocity of 42 feet per
second which is acceptable for clean fluids only, otherwise a maximum fluid velocity of 35 feet per
second should be used. These tables have been provided courtesy of SPM Flow Control, Inc .Dimensions
and flowrates may differ slightly from other manufacturers.

3-12 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.7a—SPM Flow Control, Inc. table showing dimensions and maximum al-
lowable flowrates through a variety of different manifold components

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-13

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.7b—SPM Flow Control, Inc. table showing dimensions and maximum al-
lowable flowrates through a variety of different manifold components

3-14 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Stimulation Fluids and Fluid Additives

Introduction
Chemicals are often used to make up the fluid systems for wellbore treatments. A great number of fluid
systems are available to the petroleum industry. The selection of a fluid depends upon many factors
including the particular formation to be treated and the tubular goods in the well. Considerations in fluid
selection are:

• the formation rock properties

• the formation fluid properties
• friction properties
• fluid loss properties
• solids transport

Oil-Based Fluids vs. Water-Based Fluids

Both oil-based and water-based fluids are required in the oilfield. The advantages of each of these are
outlined below:

Oil-Based Fluid Advantages

– Non-damaging to clays
– Low interfacial tension
– Compatible with formation fluids
– Batch or continuous mix

Water-Based Fluid Advantages

– Safe
– Available
– Economical
– Batch or continuous mix
– Controlled break times
– Broad temperature range
– Environmental

Fluid Additives
Chemical additives generally used in stimulation can be grouped into nine classifications. The following
sections will explain these types and their uses:

• pH control agents
• Clay control agents
• Fluid loss control additives
• Surfactants
• Gelling agents and friction reducers
• Complexors/crosslinkers
• Breakers/stabilizers
• Friction reducers
• Bactericides
• Conductivity Enhancers

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-15

Coiled Tubing Handbook

pH Control Agents
Most aqueous based stimulation fluids contain a nominal amount of chemicals (common acids and bases)
for the sole purpose of obtaining the proper fluid pH. These chemicals are referred to as pH control
agents or buffers.

pH expresses the degree of acidity or basicity of a solution. The pH scale extends from 0 to 14 as shown
in the table below. A pH of 7 is neutral (neither acidic or basic). An acidic solution will have a pH value
lower than 7. If it is basic (or alkaline) it will have a pH value above 7 (Table 3.4).

Table 3.4—pH Values

Acidic Neutral Basic
0 7 14

The pH scale is useful in evaluating solutions which are slightly acidic or basic. A 0.1% solution of HCL
will have a pH of 1, while a 1% solution of caustic soda (NaOH) will have a pH of 14. The strength of
higher concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCL) or caustic are expressed as percent rather than pH.
Measuring pH is done with narrow range pH paper or pH meters.

The pH of a fluid is a significant factor in stimulation treatment because it controls variables such as
crosslinker function, temperature stability, iron control problems, polymer hydration, clay control, and
gel stability and break rate. Compatibility of stimulation fluids with the formation is an important
consideration since the effect of fluid pH on clays and the resulting formation permeability can be
significant. Clay and shale formations are best protected in a low pH environment. Rates at which gelling
agents develop viscosity are a direct function of the pH of the liquid system. Adjusting the pH of the
liquid system also controls bacteria. Commonly used pH control additives include:
• sodium bicarbonate
• fumaric acid
• acetic acid
• formic acid
• sodium diacetate
• monosodium phosphate
• sodium carbonate
• sodium hydroxide
Table 3.5 lists the pH control agents used to adjust pH.

Table 3.5—pH Control Agents to Adjust pH

Strong Acid pH
Hydrochloric Acid 0-2
Hydrofloric Acid 0-2
Weak Acid pH
HYG-3 (Furmaric Acid) 3.5-4
FE-1A (Acetic Acid) 2-4
Weak Base pH
K-34 (Sodium Bicarbonate) 8.5
K-35 (Sodium Carbonate) 10.5
Strong Base pH
NaOH (Caustic Soda) 14

3-16 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Buffers are mixtures of acids and salts of these acids and are resistant to pH change. By using a buffer
listed in Table 3.6, rather than an acid or base, the fluid pH can be maintained even though contaminants
from formation water or other sources tend to try and change it.

Table 3.6—Buffers
Buffer pH
BA-2 1.5-3
BA-20 6-8.5
BA-40 / BA-40L 7-11

Clay Control
Clay Characteristics

Clays are present in almost all oil and gas bearing formations and their presence can cause many
problems in the production of hydrocarbons, particularly where stimulation processes are employed. The
clay composition and its location in the rock matrix can vary extensively, thus complicating control and
treatment when clay minerals are present.

Where water-swelling clay is contacted by foreign water in the formation, an increase in clay swelling
can reduce the size of flow channels and decrease the flow capacity of the rock. In addition, any
appreciable change in the swelling characteristic of the clay may cause some of the clay to be detached
from its original position. Fine particles may be released which can migrate with fluid flow, form bridges
at flow restrictions in the formation, and therefore decrease the effective permeability of the producing
zone.

The clays most commonly found in hydrocarbon-producing formations are smectite, illite, mixed layer,
kaolinite, and chlorite (Table 3.7). Clays have a negative charge on their surfaces.

Table 3.7—Effects of Clays on Formations

Clay Damage Method*
Smectite Swelling
Mixed Layer Swelling
Illite Migrating
Kaolinite Migrating
Chlorite Migrating
*All clays swell to some degree, and they can all break loose and
migrate. One of these two processes will usually be dominant for
any given clay.

To minimize the possibility of clay crystals or packets of crystals breaking loose and migrating, any water
that may contact a clay bearing formation should contain a chemical that will not alter the natural water
retention characteristics of the clay.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-17

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Clay Control Additives

Acids and Buffers

As discussed in the previous unit, pH can be used to control formation clays. An acid or buffering
agent can protect clays best at a pH range of 3 to 7.

Potassium Chloride (KCL), Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Clayfix (NH4Cl)

The main method of minimizing clay damage through contact with fracturing fluids is by adding a
chemical that will not alter the natural water retention characteristics of the clay. Cations, such as
potassium, sodium and ammonium, possess the proper ionic size for absorption onto clay platelets
and are compatible with most water-based fracturing fluid systems. The salts potassium chloride
(KCL), sodium chloride (NaCl) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) are used to maintain the "status
quo" of clays to minimize permeability damage. Recent studies have indicated that for maximum
clay stability through ion exchange, 7% KCL, 6% NaCl or 5% NH4Cl is needed.

ClayFix II
CLAYFIX II is a liquid replacement for the various salts used in aqueous fracturing treatments. It
offers an alternative to KCl, NaCl, and CLAYFIX (NH4Cl) as a temporary clay protection additive.

The primary application for CLAYFIX II is in propped fracturing treatments. CLAYFIX II is not
recommended for matrix treatments. The additive can be added to the mixing water while batch
mixing or it can be metered into the flow stream before the other ingredients are added. CLAYFIX
II is compatible will all present LGC formulations.

Note CLAYFIX II cannot be premixed in LGC concentrates. This additive also is not a
substitute for permanent clay control additives, such as salts.

Cla-Sta® Compounds
The Cla-Sta compounds are cationic polymers or oligomers that may be used with fracturing fluids
and acids to stabilize clays. They are most effective if used in a "pre-pad" or thin fluid pumped
before the main fracture treatment and become much less effective when blended with other gelling
agents. ClaSta Compounds can even plug pore spaces if used above recommended concentrations.

Cla-Sta® XP
Cla-Sta XP clay stabilizing agent is designed to be resistant to both acid and chemical removal. It is
intended for use in formations with permeability of 30 millidarcies (mD) or less but is not limited to
that permeability. Cla-Sta XP is an oligomer which provides clay and fines control in most
fracturing, acidizing, and gravel-pack operations and is preferred over other Cla-Sta products for
formations with permeability less than 30 millidarcies. Cla-Sta XP is compatible with many aqueous
stimulation fluids and can be batch mixed into the base fluid or continuously mixed at the blender.
Cla-Sta XP is not a substitute for salts, such as KCl or NaCl and will not provide the immediate clay
protection needed during treatment.

Cla-Sta® FS
Cla-Sta FS mineral fines and clay stabilizing additive is a new polymer designed to stabilize fines
commonly produced from a variety of formations. Cla-Sta FS effectively stabilizes mineral fines that
do not respond to treatment from conventional clay stabilizers. It is readily adsorbed on the
formation surfaces, reducing their dislodgment or movement when exposed to very high rates of
fluid flow. By substantially stabilizing mineral fine particles, solids production, and permeability

3-18 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

impairment caused by fines, migration may be greatly reduced. This fines stabilization is long
lasting.

Hydrocarbons
One method to effectively control clay problems is to not allow the formation to come into contact
with water. Oil-based fracturing fluids do not allow water to be introduced into the formation.
Hydrocarbons such as diesel can be blended with water-based fluids to control leak off into the
fracture face and minimize water contact.

Foams and Emulsions

Foams and emulsions have excellent fluid loss properties resulting in the reduction of water contact
to the natural permeability of the formation. An emulsion is a suspension of small globules of one
liquid in a second liquid with which the first will not mix, like oil and water. Foam is a suspension
of gas bubbles inside a liquid, like shaving cream. Foams and emulsions also reduce the total water
required to formulate a fracturing fluid.

Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)

The addition of methanol to a fracturing fluid reduces the fluid's surface tension, thus reducing the
amount of water retained by the formation. It also absorbs moisture on clay particles and helps
protect the clay from the swelling caused by water-based fluids. Both of these result in faster cleanup
and retained permeability.

Fluid Loss Control Additives

In any fracturing operation, a portion of the fluid in contact with the formation penetrates into the pores
and is lost as leak-off. The amount of fluid lost in this way and the rate at which it is lost has a pronounced
effect on the shape of the fracture. Fluid loss reduces the size of the fracture as well as the fluid pressure
inside the fracture.

Fluid Loss Approaches

Fluid loss additives are required to function across a wide range of pore size distributions, such as low,
medium or high permeability sections. Another requirement is that a large percentage of formation
permeability needs to be regained after being treated by the additive. Different approaches have been
taken to establish fluid loss control. Traditionally, finely powdered solids have been used to control fluid
loss. As the fluid moves into the pores of the formation, the fluid loss additives build up on the fracture
face and form a filter cake. This reduces fluid loss. Some of the solids are inert while others go into
solution and/or degrade.

Another approach to fluid loss control uses liquid additives that deposit droplets along the fracture fact
to control the loss of fluid. A major advantage of this approach is that no solids that might impair
productivity are left in the formation or fracture.

Water-Based Fluids

WAC-9
WAC-9 is finely powdered sand. It is an excellent fluid loss additive that can be used with water,
acid or oil-based fluids. However, since it is silica, it does not dissolve or degrade over time.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-19

Coiled Tubing Handbook

WLC-4
WLC-4 is a particulate fluid loss additive developed for use with water-based gelled fracturing fluids
at temperatures of 140° to 350°F. WLC-4 may be used to control leakoff in formations up to around
50 md or with 100-mesh sand to help control leakoff in natural fractures. At temperatures above
140°F, the additive degrades to low residue material in an aqueous environment. The additive should
be applied at 20 to 50 lb/Mgal to aid leakoff control.

WLC-5
WLC-5 is a fluid loss additive for use in aqueous fluids. It contains an enzyme breaker that allows
it to be more degradable than other starch additives such as Adomite Regain and WLC-4 at low
temperatures. WLC-4 does not contain this enzyme breaker, and the enzyme breaker in Adomite
Regain is not as effective as the breaker in WLC-5. Typical concentrations usually range from 20 to
50 lb/Mgal. WLC-5 can be used at temperatures from 75° to 350°F and permeabilities up to around
50 md.

WLC-6
WLC-6 is a non-damaging fluid-loss additive that helps in reducing gel filter cakes, especially from
borate-crosslinked fluids. Ground to an appropriate particle size for fracturing, it remains solid long
enough to function as a fluid-loss additive, then dissolves in the produced water to ensure cleanup.
As it dissolves, it reduces the surface tension of the filter-cake residue, helping to remove the filter
cake and improve fracture conductivity. WLC-6 is slowly soluble in water and should be applied in
low-to-moderate temperature wells up to 150°F. WLC-6 can also be used with FracPac treatments
in formations with up to 300 md of permeability. Use WLC-6 at concentrations of 25 to 50 lb/Mgal
of fracturing fluid.

WLC-7
WLC-7 fluid loss additive, an organic solid, is a finely ground powder that dissolves slowly in water
as the water temperature rises; therefore, it can be cleaned up as water is produced from the well.
Because of its solubility, WLC-7 is non-damaging. Laboratory tests indicate that WLC-7 helps
reduce the potential damaging effects of borate crosslinked gel filter cakes. WLC-7 can be used in
wells up to 180° F. It should be used in concentrations from 25 - 50 lb/Mgal of fracturing fluid.
Laboratory tests show that WLC-7 is beneficial up to 320 md.

Adomite®Aqua
Adomite Aqua is an older fluid-loss additive for use in water-based fracturing fluids and was
originally developed by Continental Oil Company. It is currently manufactured by Nalco Chemical
Company and is available from all service companies. It is compatible with most water-based gelling
agents and testing has shown some benefit in formations up to 200 md. Although it is compatible
with most stimulation chemicals, including MY-T-OIL IV, it contains solids that are inert, meaning
some residue will be left after treatment. Adomite Aqua is not recommended in hydrochloric acid
solutions stronger than 3%. Normal concentrations used are from 20-50 lb/Mgal.

Adomite Regain
Adomite Regain is a starch-based particulate fluid loss additive used for water-based fracturing
fluids. Designed with an internal enzyme breaker system, it is active at low temperatures.
Concentrations used are normally in the 20 to 50 lb/Mgal range, at temperatures up to 350°F. It can
be used in formations up to 10 md.

3-20 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Oil-Based Fluids

There are a variety of fluid loss additives applicable to oil-based fracturing fluids.

WAC-9
WAC-9 may be used for fluid loss control with any oil or water-based fracturing fluids or acids.

K-34
K-34 (Bicarbonate of Soda) is used in My-T-Oil IV gels as both a breaker and a fluid loss control
additive. Laboratory tests are required to determine the concentrations used.

100 Mesh Sand

In highly permeable limestone or dolomite formations, 100-mesh Sand may be used to control fluid
loss. Pore spaces or "vugs" are usually large enough that the larger particle size found in 100 Mesh
Sand is required to bridge the openings. The amount of 100-mesh Sand used for fluid loss control
depends on formation rock properties. 100-mesh Sand can be used with other fluid loss additives.

Foams and Emulsions

Gas bubbles present in foams and oil droplets found in emulsions provide excellent fluid loss control.
Normally, additional fluid loss control additives are not required for foam or emulsion applications
in formations with permeability of less than 1 md.

Surfactants
A major obstacle to oil production is the infiltration of water into oil-bearing formations. Water can
reduce the sand's effective permeability to oil, resulting in a partial or complete block. Many crude oils
and waters form emulsions that are more viscous than crude oil. Some emulsions have a fluid viscosity
that is several thousand times that of oil. Both blocking water and water-oil emulsions can be present
near the wellbore. Breaking or preventing these emulsions can be of great benefit in increasing the
productive flow of oil to the wellbore.

Surfactants ("surface active agents") have been developed to reduce fluid retention in a formation.
Through the wise use of surfactants, these chemicals can aid in stimulation fluid recovery and reduce the
possibility of emulsions forming in the formation.

Surfactant Definition

A surfactant is defined as a "surface active agent." This means a chemical which, when added to a liquid,
changes the surface tension of the liquid. Emulsifiers, non-emulsifiers, and anti-foaming agents are all
examples of surfactants. In a practical sense, the term is limited to those chemicals that lower the surface
tension of liquids. Surface tension is composed of the forces present in the surface film of all liquids. It
tries to pull the fluid into a form with the least surface area. This would be a sphere or a round droplet
The particles in the surface film are attracted inwardly, causing tension.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-21

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Mercury has a very strong surface tension,

so it always tends to form itself into balls
(Figure 3.8a).

Water has a strong surface tension and also

a.
tends to form balls, especially in contact
with oily surfaces. Alcohol and the
common liquid hydrocarbons (xylene,
kerosene, diesel oil, gasoline) used in
fracturing will have low surface tensions.
They tend to spread out on a solid surface
to form a film (Figure 3.8b).

The surface tension of most liquids can be

b.
changed by the addition of surfactants.

Figure 3.8—Diagrams showing liquid with (a) a high sur-

face tension (b) low surface tension

Surfactant Usage

Surfactants have been used in conjunction with fracturing treatments for several years. There are four
important effects of these chemicals in fracturing:
• helps prevent water blocks
• helps prevent the creation of emulsions between the injected fluid and the formation fluid
• helps stabilize emulsions when using an emulsified treatment fluid
• aids in fluid recovery
Emulsions that are accidentally created in the formation and do not break spontaneously may reduce the
flow of fluid into the fracture. Emulsions in the fracture may limit the flow of fluid through the fracture
itself. If properly used, a surfactant incorporated in the injected fluid can help prevent the formation of
emulsions during the treatment. The selection of the most effective type and concentration of surfactants
for the prevention of emulsions or fluid blocks can be determined by emulsion and flow tests.

Surfactants vary in chemical composition and the effects they have on oil-water mixtures. Some cause
the formation of oil-water emulsions. Surfactants of this type exist naturally in some crude oils. They
are the cause of common oil field emulsions. These emulsions may be very thick and, when formed in a
formation, will block the flow of well fluids more so than water.

Although emulsions formed in a formation may block the flow of oil, certain surfactants can be used to
develop emulsions that can be used to fracture oil-bearing formations. Acidfrac is an acid-in-oil
emulsion prepared with a specific type of surfactant. It has been successfully used in many fracture
treatments.

Surfactant Composition

Surfactants are composed of an oil soluble group (lipophilic group) and a water-soluble group
(hydrophilic group). These chemicals have the ability to lower the surface tension of a liquid by
adsorbing at the interface between the liquid and a gas. Surfactants lower the interfacial tension by
adsorbing at interfaces between two immiscible (unmixable) liquids. They also reduce contact angles by

3-22 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

adsorbing at interfaces between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants are classified into four major groups,
depending upon the nature of the water-soluble group. These divisions are:
• Anionic
• Cationic
• Nonionic
• Amphoteric
The following model (Figure 3.9) will be used to simplify this discussion.

Figure 3.9—Surfactant molecule

Anionic surfactants (Figure 3.10) are organic molecules whose

water-soluble group is negatively charged.

Figure 3.10—Anionic surfactant

Cationic surfactants (Figure 3.11) are organic molecules whose

water-soluble group is positively charged.

Figure 3.11—Cationic surfactant

Nonionic surfactants are (Figure 3.12) organic molecules that do not

ionize and therefore remain uncharged.

Figure 3.12—Nonionic surfactant

Amphoteric surfactants (Figure 3.13) are organic molecules whose

water-soluble group can be positively charged, negatively charged,
or uncharged. The actual charge of an amphoteric surfactant is
dependent upon the pH of the system. Figure 3.13—Amphoteric
surfactant

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-23

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Surfactant Mechanisms

Surface Tension
Because surfactants are composed of water-soluble and
oil soluble groups, they will absorb at interfaces
between a liquid and a gas, or two immiscible liquids.
Figure 3.14 illustrates how surfactants function to lower
surface tension.
Figure 3.14—Surfactant interaction

The "water-loving" group is more soluble in water than the "oil-loving" group. Therefore, a
surfactant molecule orients itself at the air-water interface with the oil soluble group in the air and
the water-soluble group in the water. This alters the nature of the air-water interface. Depending on
the effectiveness of the surfactant, the interface now is a combination of an "air-water-oil" interface.
Oil has a much lower surface tension than water (Table 3.8). Therefore, the surface tension of a
water/surfactant mixture will be lower than the surface tension of pure water, perhaps as low as oil.

Table 3.8—Surface Tension of Water vs. Oils

Surface Tension
Water 71.97 dynes/cm
Octane 21.77 dynes/cm
Benzene 28.90 dynes/cm
Carbon Tetrachloride 26 0.66 dynes/cm
0.1% Losurf-300 Fresh Water 31.76 dynes/cm

Some effective hydrocarbon surfactants will reduce the surface tension of distilled water to about 27
dynes/cm when used in relatively low concentrations. Another type has been used as an aid for
stimulating tight gas wells. This type of surfactant is based on an oil soluble group composed of a
fluorocarbon chain. Using this type, it is possible to get surface tensions below 20 dynes/cm.

Surfactants will also lower the interfacial tension that develops between two immiscible liquids by
absorption of the surfactants at the oil-water interface.

Wettability
The ability of a surfactant to adsorb at interfaces between liquids and solids and to alter the
wettability of solids is usually explained by an electrochemical approach. Wettability indicates
whether a solid is coated with oil or water. Most formations are composed primarily of mixtures
containing sand, clay, limestone and dolomite.

Sand and clay usually have a negative surface charge. With cationic surfactants, the positive
water-soluble group is adsorbed by the negative silica particle, leaving the oil soluble group to
influence wettability. Therefore, cationics generally oil wet sand. With anionic surfactants, the
negative silicate electrically repulses the negative water-soluble group. Thus the surfactant is not
usually absorbed by sand. Therefore, anionics generally leave silica minerals in a natural water wet
state.

3-24 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.15—Wettability characteristics

Limestone has a positive surface charge at a pH below 8 and a negative surface charge at pH values
above 9.5. Under oil field conditions most limestone and dolomite formations will have a positive
surface charge. Since anionic surfactants have a negative charge, the water soluble group will be
adsorbed by the positive carbonate particle leaving the oil soluble group to influence wettability.
Because of this, anionics usually oil wet limestone and dolomite formations.

Carbonates do not adsorb cationics; therefore, most cationics will leave limestone and dolomite
naturally water wet. An illustration of the mechanism governing wettability characteristics exhibited
by anionic and cationic surfactants on silicates and carbonates is shown in Figure 3.15.

In the case of nonionic surfactants, the wettability of silicates and carbonates depends primarily on
the weight ratio of the water-soluble group to the oil soluble group.

Blending of Surfactants
Most surfactants used by the petroleum industry are blends of several surfactants with a solvent
present. By selectively blending surfactants, it is possible to obtain a mixture with more universal
properties. This is very important since there are no two producing formations exactly alike.
Therefore, no single surfactant is universally applicable. Even by blending surfactants, it is not yet
possible to have one surfactant that will always satisfactorily perform in every field. Table 3.9 lists
a number of surfactants commonly used by Halliburton and their charges.

Table 3.9—Charges for

Commonly Used Surfactants
Composition
LoSurf – 259
Non-Ionic Surfactant for LoSurf – 300
Water and Acid Systems LoSurf – 357
LoSurf – 396
17N
19N
Cationic Non-Emulsifiers
20N
LoSurf – 400
LoSurf – 2000S
Anionic Non-Emulsifiers
NEA-96M
Amphoteric Non-Emulsifier HC-2 (AQF-4)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-25

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Summary
In summary, selection of the most effective type and concentration of surfactants for the prevention
of emulsions or fluid blocks should be determined by emulsion and flow tests. Having made these
tests and selected the correct type and concentration for the surfactant, it is the responsibility of the
frac operator not to substitute for the type or change the concentration of surfactant. If the selected
type surfactant is not available, additional tests will be required to determine a second choice for the
surfactant.

There are many surfactants available for oil field work. Great care should always be observed in their
selection and use for particular conditions. Check with the engineering staff in your district for help
in making selections.

Gelling Agents
Gelling agents are divided into two categories: those for water-based fluids and those for oil or
hydrocarbon base fluids. The two categories will be discussed separately in this unit.

Gelling agents are used for increasing viscosity, reducing friction, controlling fluid loss, etc. Viscosity
(resistance to motion) is the most important condition derived from the use of gelling agents.

Water-Based Gelling Agents

Gelling agents are generally high molecular weight

polymers. Polymers contain functional groups that interact
with water and each other. When dry, polymers are twisted
into coils, but swell or hydrate in water and develop a more
relaxed configuration (Figure 3.16). Hydration of polymers
reduces available water in the solution. Some entanglement
of the hydrated polymers occurs and reduces freedom of
motion. Gelled fluids are classified as semi-solids.
Figure 3.16—Polymer configurations

A number of water-based gelling agents have been developed for use in the oilfield. Water-soluble
polymers commonly used in oilfield applications are:

• Guar and it's derivatives.

• Cellulose and it's derivatives.
• xanthan
• polyacrylamides (PAM)

Guar

Guar and its derivatives are the most extensively used polymers in fracturing fluids. The guar bean, which
is grown primarily on the Indo Pakistan subcontinent, is a polysaccharide with one of the highest
molecular weights of all naturally occurring water-soluble polymers. The average molecular weight is
believed to be in the range of 1 to 2 million. The guar bean's hull is removed and the endosperm (inside
portion) is ground into a fine powder, which is used as a viscosifier. The guar molecule is in a coiled state
in the powder form. Guar molecules absorb water (a process referred to as hydration) upon being placed
in an aqueous media and uncoil, elongate, and become linear.

3-26 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Several factors will affect the hydration rate of polymers:

• pH of the system
• amount of mechanical shear applied in the initial mixing phase
• polymer concentration
• salt concentration of the solution
• particle size and chemical treatment of polymer presence of special additives
• presence of special additives
Some of the general properties for guar gums include:
• Contains 10 to 13% residue by weight
• Easy to crosslink
• Yields 40 lb gel viscosities of 32 to 36 centapoise (cp) at 511 sec-1 (reciprocal seconds)
• Can be used with brines
• Has low methanol tolerance
• Least expensive gelling agents

Derivatized Guars

Derivatized (modified) guar gelling agents are also manufactured from the guar bean. These agents are
subjected to additional chemical processing, which adds to its cost. This processing reduces the residue
that remains after the gelled fracturing fluid is broken and improves dispersion to enhance mixing
characteristics. Derivatized guars, such as hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) are commonly used in the oilfield.
The characteristics of HPG are:
• Contains 1 to 3% residue by weight
• Higher crosslink viscosities than guar
• Fewer crosslink sites
• Yields 40 lb gel viscosities of 32 to 36 cp at 511 sec-1
• Can tolerate 80% by volume methanol with some HPG derivatives
• More expensive than guar.
Carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) is another commonly used guar derivative in the oilfield.
It is similar to HPG with some additional versatility in crosslinking via the carboxyl groups. CMHPG is
a double derivatized material. Some characteristics of CMHPG include the following
• More sensitive than guar and HPG to brines and electrolyte solutions
• Hydrates well in cold or warm water
• Yields 40 lb gel viscosities of 30 to 32 cps at 500 sec-1 in 2% KCl
• Anionic derivative
• 1 to 2% residue by weight
• Easy to crosslink
• Equivalent in cost to HPG

Cellulose

All cellulose compounds used as fracturing fluid gelling agents are derivatized forms of cellulose.
Cellulose derivatives are polymers made from cotton. They are chemically modified natural products
designed for applications that require a highly efficient gelling agent that contains no solids and leaves
no residue when broken properly.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-27

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Hydroxyethel cellulose is currently the most commonly used form of derivatized cellulose products in
the oil field. Unlike guar and its derivatives, HEC only hydrates rapidly at a pH of over 7.0. HEC is most
commonly used for sand control operations. General properties of HEC include the following

• May be used with brines

• Stable at high temperatures
• Residue free
• Yields high viscosity gels - 40 lb gel viscosities of 45 to 50 cp at 511 sec-1
• Expensive
The primary advantage of HEC and the other derivatized celluloses is that they are residue free after
degradation.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a residue free polymer that can be crosslinked; however, CMC is
extremely salt sensitive, which limits its application. Characteristics of CMC include:
• Maximum viscosity and stability with CMC occurs at pH 7 to 9 with fresh water
• Extremely sensitive to divalent metal salts such as CA+2, Zn+2
• Low salt tolerance
• Relatively expensive
The double derivatized carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC) has found acceptance as a
gelling agent in stimulation fluids. CMHEC has both nonionic and anionic substituent groups.
Characteristics of CMHEC include:
• Residue free
• Can be used with brines
• Can be crosslinked
• Relatively expensive

Xanthan

Biopolymers have been used in drilling fluids for a number of years. Recently, xanthan has been
introduced in fracturing and sand control applications. Xanthan yields much less viscosity per pound of
polymer when compared to guar and cellulose; however, it does have excellent proppant transport
characteristics. Maximum freshwater solution viscosity occurs at a pH of 5.5. At pH values of less than
7, chrome or aluminum will crosslink xanthan gum solutions. Properties of xanthan include:
• Residue 3% by weight
• Expensive
• Can crosslink
• Excellent proppant transport.

Polyacrylamides

Polyacrylamides (PAM) are used in fracturing fluids as friction reducers. In the dry form these are used
at concentrations of 2 to 5 lb per 1,000 gal fluid. PAM's can be cationic or anionic and are residue free.
Properties of polyacrylamides include:
• Relatively expensive
• Hard to mix without creating gel balls
• Extremely high molecular weight - 1 to 20 million.
• Produce the greatest friction reduction (anionic polymers)
• Used in low concentration.

3-28 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Acid Gelling Agents

Gelling agents are normally found in fracture acidizing treatments where viscosity is used to help achieve
deeper acid penetration. However, in a matrix treatment, while deep penetration is not the objective,
viscosity can be an advantage in fines removal. If used for this purpose, the concentration of the acid
gelling agent will be much less than a similar application in fracture acidizing. In addition, viscosity
derived from a surfactant rather than a polymer will minimize the potential for additional damage.

Although the fluid systems using the same base polymers are composed of the same base materials, each
one is specially formulated to tailor its performance to meet particular needs.

Table 3.10—Gel Names and Uses

Chemical
Water-Based Polymers Gel System
Name
WG-19 FracGel
WG-22 BoraGel
Guar WG-26 Hybor-G
WG-31 DeltaFrac
WG-35 WaterFrac-G
Hybor-H
Delta-H
Hydroxypropyl Guar (HPG) WG-11
WaterFrac-H
SeaQuest
PurGel III
Carboxymethyl Hydroxypropyl ThermaGel
WG-18
Guar (CMHPG) Sirocco
SilverStim
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC) WG-17 HEC
Xanthan WG-24 Liquid Sand
Chemically Modified Natural Poly- AlcoGel III
WG-20
mer for Methanol AlcoFoam
Anionic Friction-Reducing Non-acid
FR-26LC
Polyacrylamide WaterFrac
FR-28LC
Cationic Friction-Reducing Acids
FR-38
Polyacrylamide WaterFrac
FR-48
SGA-HT
Sand Stone
SGA-I
Liquid 2000
SGA-II
Viscosifier for Acid Carbonate
SGA-III
20/20
SGA-IV

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-29

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Liquid Gel Concentrates (LGC)

Many of the dry powder gels are also available in a liquid form to simplify mixing. These contain a slurry
of ~50% gel polymer + stabilizer and ~50% hydrocarbon base fluid such as diesel.

Table 3.11 gives the names, types, and equivalents for the LGCs.
Table 3.11—Names/Types/Equivalents for LGCs
Name Type Equivalent
LGC-I,II,III Water-based
LGC-IV Guar WG-22, WG-31
LGC-V HPG WG-11
LGC-8 Guar WG-26
LGC-9, 10 Guar MeOH
LGC-12 CMG

Table 3.12—Generalized Comparison of Properties of Water-Soluble Polymers

Viscosity Shear Salt Acid Enzyme Residue

Polymer
1 Stability2 Tolerance Stability Stability 3

Guar 34 3 C NS NS R
HPG 36 3 C NS NS R
CMHPG 32 3 C NS NS R
CMC 55 3 IC NS NS RF
HEC 37 3 C NS NS RF
CMHEC 32 3 C NS NS RF
Xanthan 34 1 C MS MS RF
Polyacrylamide
34 2 IC S S RF
(partially hydrolyzed)
Legend: C=Compatible IC = Incompatible MC = Moderately compatible
S = Stable MS = Moderately stable NS = Not stable
R = Residue RF = Residue free
140 lbm/1,000 gal at 300 rpm (cp)
2Order
of shear stability (1 the least shear stable, 3 the most); Xanthan gum solution viscosity is not reduced
permanently by shear
3In broken gel

3-30 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Oil Gelling Agents

In the fracturing of certain extremely water-sensitive formations, even the use of potassium chloride,
calcium chloride and sodium chloride solutions may not be effective in reducing clay swelling or
formation particle migration. This can usually be determined from laboratory tests on formation cores
or from field treating results. In such cases, an oil-based fluid should be considered. However, when
using a hydrocarbon-based fluid system, safety to prevent fires on location is a main concern and good
fire fighting equipment is a must.

To meet the needs of treating water sensitive formations, gelling agents have been developed to give
structure to oil-based fluids. The four basic fluid systems below are available for oil-based fracturing
fluids and are a culmination of years of research.

MY-T-OIL IV
Earlier gelled oil systems had to be batch mixed prior to pumping the fracture treatment. Extensive
laboratory research and field-testing have resulted in the development of a continuously mixed gelled
oil system. This system can reduce the time on location caused by batch mixing, as well as eliminate
waste and disposal problems caused by leftover gelled fluid in the storage tanks.

The My-T-Oil IV system uses a two-component system. The components are MO-75 gelling agent
and MO-76 activator. The chemicals are added at a 1:1 ratio with the normal usage concentration
being 4 to 6 gal/Mgal. The final viscosity of this system will vary greatly depending on the type of
hydrocarbon used and the chemical concentrations. For refined hydrocarbons such as diesel or
kerosene, the viscosity should be in the range of 100 - 400 cp at 170 sec-1. MY-T-OIL IV is effective
at temperatures up to 200°F.

MY-T-OIL V
A recent extension of the MY-T-OIL series, MY-T-OIL V is a crosslinked, anionic surfactant,
oil-gellant system. It uses MO-85 anionic surfactant and MO-86 crosslinker. The use of surfactant
chemistry prevents damage by polymer residue. The chemicals are added at a 1:1 ratio with the
normal usage concentration being 4 to 9 gal/Mgal, depending on temperature. My-T-Oil V is
capable of viscosities over 600 cp at 170 sec-1 depending on temperature, additive concentration and
hydrocarbon used. The system is designed for continuous-mix stimulation of oil reservoirs over a
wide temperature range up to 275°F. Crude oils that gel easily may be effectively used in this
application to reduce costs, but the MY-T-OIL V system will gel a wide range of crude oils.
However, the risk of paraffin and/or asphaltene precipitation in the formation is greater than with
refined fluids such as diesel.

MISCO2 FRAC
MY-T-OIL V's counterpart, MISCO2 FRAC fracturing system, provides similar benefits for gas
reservoirs, including those which are low pressured and/or water sensitive. MISCO2 FRAC is used
with up to 50% CO2 by total volume. In this application, the system provides excellent fracture and
formation conductivity with rapid load fluid recovery. MISCO2 FRAC employs the same gelling
system used in MY-T-OIL V.

Super Emulsifrac (Oil Internal Gelled Water External Emulsion Fracturing Fluid)
Super Emulsifrac is the Halliburton name for a fracturing process developed by Exxon Production
Research Company (EPR). This process uses an emulsion composed of an internal hydrocarbon
phase (such as diesel, kerosene, condensate, or crude oil) and an external water phase containing a
gelling agent such as WG-22, WG-31 or WG-11. The emulsion is stabilized with an emulsifier such

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-31

Coiled Tubing Handbook

as SEM-5, SEM-6, or SEM-7 that is contained in the gelled water phase. The internal hydrocarbon
phase is between 50 and 80% of the total volume, and the remaining volume is composed of the
gelled water, emulsifier, and other additives.

Super Emulsifrac fluids are similar to N2, or CO2, foams, except that a hydrocarbon constitutes the
internal phase of the two-phase fluid rather than gas. With the application of constant internal phase
principles to emulsion fluids, friction pressures can be controlled resulting higher sand
concentrations.

Super Emulsifrac can be used up to 300° with the proper emulsifier concentrations.

Additional References
Fracturing Service Manual - HalWorld.

Complexors and Crosslinkers

Complexors or crosslinkers can provide additional viscosity in a fracturing fluid system. They are added
to the base gel fluid. Small amounts of these crosslinkers chemically link two or more polymer chains,
thus increasing the effective molecular weight and viscosity. Crosslinking agents commonly used in
stimulation fluids are metals (antimony, zirconium, aluminum, chromium, titanium) and boron.
Variables such as pH, polymer type, pump time, and fluid temperature will dictate to a large extent, the
crosslinker used (Figure 3.17).

Figure 3.17—Upper limit temperature ranges for specific crosslinking

agents in their usable pH and concentrations range

A major concern with crosslinked fluids is their shear stability (ability to resist a decrease in viscosity
under shear) while pumping down the tubular goods and through perforations. This concern led to the
development of delayed crosslinkers that are designed to inhibit crosslinking in the tubulars.

3-32 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Factors that influence crosslinking include:

• Polymer concentration—generally, the greater the concentration, the higher the viscosity will be.
• Metal ion type and concentration—an optimum crosslinker concentration exists, above or below
which unacceptable viscosities or gel stability results for each crosslinker and gel concentration.
• pH—Some crosslinker systems are highly pH sensitive, for example borate (requires pH > 8),
whereas others, like titanium, tolerate a wide range in pH.
• Shear—The amount of shear a gelled fluid is subjected to during mixing will influence the viscosity
of the system. High shear generally degrades viscosity; low shear mixing generally yields more
viscous gelled fluids.
K-38
K-38 is a white powdered borate crosslinker, also called Polybor. It was developed to give the
highest concentration of borate ions in solution per weight of borate source and is highly effective as
the primary crosslinker in BoraGel or as a crosslink accelerator in the Hybor and DeltaFrac fluid
systems. K-38 is usually dissolved in water at a 1 lb/gal concentration for ease of mixing and
metering.

CL-11
CL-11 is a light yellow, water-sensitive, alkaline liquid. It contains a titanium-ion complex in an
alcoholic solution. CL-11 can be added to Thermagel or VersaGel HT or it can be mixed with the
primary crosslinkers in these systems (CL-24 and CL-18) to achieve accelerated crosslink times.
Crosslink time testing should be conducted with actual source water before performing the
stimulation treatment.

CL-18
CL-18 is an older, titanate complex crosslinker for use in the VersaGel HT fluid system. It is a
yellow-gold colored liquid and is flammable, with a flash point of 74°F. It is a delayed crosslinker
which can be accelerated with temperature or the addition of CL-11.

CL-22
CL-22 is an oil-base slurry of borate minerals used in Hybor fluid systems. CL-28M is a water-based
slurry of borate minerals. Both CL-22 and CL-28M provide delayed crosslink to borate crosslinked
fluids, similar in apparent viscosity to the non-delayed borate crosslinked BoraGel fluid.

CL-23
The crosslinking agent, CL-23 is used in the PurGel III fluid systems. CL-23 is a
delayed-crosslinking agent that is compatible with CO2. It is an aqueous, colorless liquid containing
a zirconium complex. It may be diluted with fresh water for convenience of metering. Crosslinker
concentration used depends upon the buffering system employed.

CL-24
CL-24 is a pale yellow, liquid zirconium-ion complex that is used as a delayed temperature-activated
crosslinker in the Thermagel fluid system. The crosslinker begins activation at 100° to 110°F. The
base gel fluid will crosslink rapidly at 140°F. Each drum of CL-24 is dated and the oldest stock
should always be used first. CL-24 is a flammable liquid. The recommended concentration of CL-24
is 0.10 gal per 10 lb of base gel per 1,000 gal of fluid.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-33

Coiled Tubing Handbook

CL-28M
CL-28M is a water-based suspension crosslinker of a borate mineral used in Hybor fluid systems and
was developed as a low cost alternative to CL-22 (see above). Since CL-28M is water-based, it does
not have the flash point concerns associated with CL-22. The suspension properties of CL-28M have
been improved to provide better stability. However, containers should be inspected for solids settling
and remixed if needed. Material loss could occur if the suspension adheres to the sides of the
container.

CL-29
CL-29 is a fast acting zirconium complex that was introduced as an accessory crosslinker for the
PurGel III fluid system. CL-29 provides a more rapid crosslink time when used with CL-23. It can
also be used as a stand-alone crosslinker.

CL-31
CL-31 is a concentrated solution of non-delayed borate crosslinker originally designed for use in
BoraGel fluid systems. Also used to control crosslink time for Hybor fluids, it provides the
convenience of a concentrated, stable crosslinker solution. One gallon of CL-31 contains the
equivalent of 2.0 lb of K-38, has a high pH and is highly caustic. CL-31 has no flash point and has a
pour point of -5°F. If diluted with water or aqueous sodium hydroxide, CL-31 will freeze above -5°F.
Because of its high pH, CL-31 can be used as a self-buffering crosslinker.

BC-140 (formerly BC-2)

BC-140 is a dark-colored, specially formulated crosslinker/buffer system for use in Delta Frac fluid
systems. No additional buffering agents, acids, or bases are required to adjust the pH of the fluid
system. The concentration range of BC-140 that provides the best viscosity performance for the
Delta Frac fluid system is 1.5 to 2 gal/Mgal for 15 to 25 lb gel loading between 80° and 120°F.
Crosslinker concentration is temperature and water dependent. In 2% KCL or brine waters, BC-140
concentration is decreased while at higher temperatures it is increased.

BC-200
BC-200 is a delayed crosslinker and functions as both crosslinker and buffer for use in the Delta Frac
fluid systems. It is a dark brown suspension of fine particles in a hydrocarbon. No additional
buffering agents, acids, or bases are required to adjust the pH of the fluid system. Used at the proper
concentrations, BC-200 buffers fluids to the proper pH. The resulting design raises the pH of the fluid
but does not increase crosslink time. In fact, adding caustic or a buffer to raise the pH of the fluid out
of the proper range will ruin the fluid by over-crosslinking, resulting in much lower viscosity. The
final pH of this system should be approximately 9 to 9.5. Although the crosslink time of the system
cannot be increased, it can be decreased by adding an instant borate crosslinker such as K-38,
BC-140 or CL-31.

CL-36
CL-36 is a new mixed metal crosslinker specifically designed for the Delta 275 fluid system. It is a
yellow, alcohol based system with a flash point of 81°F. The concentration used is a function of the
temperature and pH of the final fluid system (generally 1 to 2.2 gal/Mgal). CL-36 is a delayed
crosslinker that can be accelerated with the addition of CL-31.

3-34 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Breakers and Stabilizers

Breakers

The viscosity of fracturing fluids is increased when gelling agents and crosslinkers are used to aid
proppant transport and placement. This increased viscosity is desirable during pump-in procedures.
However, if this viscosity is not reduced the treated well may not flow. The stimulation fluid must have
the capability to decrease in viscosity (break) following proppant placement. The decrease in fluid
viscosity is necessary to
• minimize return of proppant
• maximize return of stimulation fluids to the surface
The decrease in the fluid viscosity is usually achieved using chemicals referred to as gelling agent
breakers or gel breakers. The gel breaker functions by breaking the long chain polymers into shorter
chain segments, allowing the fluid more mobility with controlled and predictable viscosity decrease. The
degree of reduction in viscosity is controlled by the breaker type, pH, gel concentration, breaker
concentration, time, and temperature.

Breaker Types

Chemical breakers used to reduce viscosity of guar and derivatized guar polymers are generally grouped
into three classes: oxidizers, enzymes, and acids. All of these materials reduce the viscosity of the gel by
breaking connective linkages in the guar polymer chain. Once the connective bonds in the polymer are
broken, the resulting pieces of the original polymer chain are the same regardless of the type of breaker
used.

A breaker should be selected based on its performance in the temperature, pH, time, and desired viscosity
profile for each specific treatment.

Enzyme Breakers

Enzymes are referred to as Nature's catalysts because most biological processes involve an enzyme.
Enzymes are large protein molecules. Proteins consist of a chain of building blocks called amino acids.
In Oilfield applications, breaker enzymes cause hydrolysis, or the addition of water, to the guar polymer.
This causes viscosity to decrease. However, because of the characteristics of enzymes, they are only
effective in a relatively narrow range of temperatures and pH levels.

GBW-3™ / GBW-30™
GBW-30 is a white powdered enzyme breaker. It is used below 120°F and below pH 8.5. Like
GBW-3, GBW-30 is a water-soluble enzyme breaker for aqueous-based gelling agents at
temperatures below 120°F (48.8°C). Its reactive strength is approximately 10 times that of GBW-3.

HPH
HPH breaker is an enzyme breaker specifically designed for borate fracturing fluids up to
approximately 140°F. HPH breaker is a high-pH, stable enzyme breaker solution that generally
maintains its activity at higher pH than GBW-30 enzyme breaker; between pH 7 and pH 10. Between
70 and 140°F, HPH breaker's pH range of 8.5 to 9.5 is suitable for BoraGel and Delta FracSM fluids.
This pH range contrasts with the pH range of GBW-30 breaker which displays its maximum activity
below pH 7. Under lower temperature conditions, HPH breaker will function at even higher pH
values.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-35

Coiled Tubing Handbook

N-Zyme 1 / N-Zyme 3
N-Zyme 1 enzyme breaker and N-Zyme 3 enzyme breaker are new breakers for use with fracturing
fluids at temperatures up to 140°F. N-Zyme 1 and N-Zyme 3 breakers can be used in place of GBW-3
breaker, GBW-30 breaker, and HPH breaker. N-Zyme 3, which is three times more concentrated than
N-Zyme 1, is specifically formulated for lower-temperature applications.

OptiFlo-HTE
OptiFlo-HTE is an encapsulated, delayed release, high temperature, enzyme breaker. It is a reddish
colored granular solid. OptiFlo-HTE is the direct replacement for the obsolete OptiFlo-E. The
recommended temperature range for application is from 75 to 175°F.

The merits of an encapsulated enzyme breaker are many. The encapsulation of OptiFlo-HTE allows
the enzyme to be shielded from the fluid environment and can delay denaturization due to
temperature exposure when compared to a liquid enzyme breaker as shown in Figure 3.18. Liquid
enzyme or solid un-encapsulated enzyme breakers cause an almost immediate reduction in viscosity
when added to stimulation fluids; this can lower the ability of the fracturing fluid to transport
proppant. The controlled release rate of an encapsulated breaker allows higher concentrations to be
placed throughout the stimulation treatment.

Figure 3.18—Liquid vs encapsulated enzyme breaker

Oxidizing Breakers

Sodium, potassium, and ammonium persulfate have been used effectively as breakers for over 30 years.
In these types of breakers, oxidation-reduction chemical reactions occur as the polymer chain is broken.

SP
SP Breaker is a white granular oxidizing material used as a breaker at temperatures above 120°F. It
may be used below 120°F in conjunction with an activator. Above 180°deg, persulfate breakers
become highly unstable and create unpredictable breaks.

ViCon HT or ViCon NF
Powder form ViCon-HT or liquid form ViCon-NF is a powerful oxidizing breaker for use with
GEL-STA in fracturing fluids, and is the premiere breaker at temperatures above 200°F. Vicon can
also be run below 200°F with an activator. Although ViCon-NF is compatible with GEL-STA in
dilute fluids, such as fracturing fluids, ViCon-NF should not be mixed with GEL-STA or GEL-STA

3-36 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

L liquid concentrate. The required concentration of ViCon-NF depends on the temperature,

GEL-STA concentration, and required break time. Fann Model 50 viscometer data can be generated
in the desired temperature range for varying amounts of GEL-STA and ViCon-NF. A high retained
viscosity is maintained at the cool down temperature, but complete breaks occur as the fluids reach
formation temperature.

Optiflo II
In low temperature, high pH fluids, enzyme breakers are not effective; therefore, there is a need for
a delayed release, low temperature oxidizing breaker. OptiFlo II delayed breaker is coated
ammonium persulfate that is designed to be used in low temperature applications. The coating on
OptiFlo II allows the breaker to be released slowly by diffusion across the slightly permeable coating.
The release profile of OptiFlo II at 80°, 100°, and 120°F show less than 10% of the breaker is released
in 1 hour, but at least 70% of breaker is released in 24 hours. This product is not designed to be used
in applications where the actual fluid temperature is above 125°F. However, the application of
OptiFlo II can be extended to jobs with bottomhole static temperatures (BHST) above 125°F using
formation cool down. Field experience and temperature programs can aid in the prediction of
downhole fluid temperatures during the job. The addition of OptiFlo II to the pad is not
recommended, but OptiFlo II can be added to the pad fluid in jobs where static break tests, data, and
fluid rheology data support its use.

Deposition of filter cake during a job can decrease the conductivity of the generated fracture.
Delayed release breakers help improve fracture conductivity by cleaning up the filter cake and
proppant pack. This cleanup is accomplished by two beneficial features of delayed release breakers.

• The capability of adding higher breaker concentrations allows enough to be added to break
the filter cake and gel remaining in the proppant pack.
• The breaker is a solid and cannot be lost to the formation during fluid leak off.
Optiflo III
OptiFlo III is a delayed release breaker that has improved performance as a result of a new,
innovative coating technology that provides less early time release of the breaker than previous
delayed release breakers. OptiFlo III improves gel breaking technology by limiting the contact time
of the breaker with the fracturing fluid and concentrating the breaker in the fracture. Limiting the
breaker contact with the fracturing fluid allows increased breaker concentration without sacrificing
fluid performance. Higher breaker concentrations, as well as concentration of the breaker in the
fracture, improves proppant pack cleanup and results in improved proppant conductivity of the
created fracture. OptiFlo III contains ammonium persulfate (AP breaker) as the active component.
This breaker is designed to be used in actual fluid temperatures of 130° to 200°F.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-37

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.19—Release profile of encapsulated breakers

Acid Breakers

Acid also provides the same break via hydrolysis as an enzyme. Acid, however, poses various difficulties
for practical applications. Acid is not used as a guar polymer breaker very often because of cost, poor
break rate control, chemical compatibility difficulties, and corrosion of metal goods. Another difficulty
with acid breakers is that the formation may act as a buffer. A small amount of acid introduced as a
breaker may be totally consumed by the formation water and minerals. This absorption could quickly
change the pH of the fracturing fluid to a point where breaking may not occur. Most formation brines
have a pH between 6 and 8.

The applications for acid breakers are limited, with two exceptions that involve delayed release type
acids. First, a delayed release acid may be used to un-crosslink a borate. Second, delayed release acid
may also be useful with enzyme breakers. Especially at low temperatures, the use of enzymes in borate
crosslinked fluids is often effective. To allow the enzyme to be effective in the pH 9 to 11 borate fluid,
delayed release acids can be used to lower the fluid pH value to a range where the enzymes are effective.

MatrixFlo II
MatrixFlo II is a liquid, delayed release acid breaker that deeply penetrates a formation matrix to
provide a more complete break and enhanced fracture conductivity. When used in Delta Frac,
BoraGel, and Hybor fracturing fluids MatrixFlo II breaker can controllably decrease fluid viscosity
by lowering the pH and uncrosslinking a crosslinked gel network. When MatrixFlo II breaker is used
with enzymes, it will also lower the pH of the system and initiate enzyme breaker activity to degrade
the polymer backbone further. MatrixFlo II breaker can be used effectively at temperatures up to
180°F. MatrixFlo II breaker significantly improves the regained permeability of the fluid system.

OptiFlo-LT
OptiFlo LT is a delayed release acid additive that decreases the pH of fracturing fluids. OptiFlo LT
can be used in BoraGel and Hybor fluids to decrease fluid pH to initiate enzyme breaker activity (to
degrade gel polymer) and to reverse the borate crosslink. OptiFlo LT was developed to be used in
conjunction with enzyme breakers at temperatures below 120°F.

3-38 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

OptiFlo LT is designed to lower the pH value of borate crosslinked fracturing fluid. It can be used
in other fluids where a delayed decreased in fluid pH is desired. Unlike previous delayed release
additives, OptiFlo LT has a fast release mechanism. In general, OptiFlo LT itself will not break the
gel polymer of a borate crosslinked fluid, but when used in conjunction with OptiFlo HTE
(encapsulated enzyme), a broken gel will result. The combination of OptiFlo LT and OptiFlo HTE
offers an alternative to the use of oxidizing breakers.

OptiKleen and OptiKleen LT

Gel filter cake that forms on the fracture face provides desirable fluid loss control; however, this filter
cake also can impair conductivity by causing loss of effective width on both sides of the fracture.
This impairment is most pronounced at low proppant concentrations. Simple breakers in the usual
amounts are sometimes not effective in breaking such a gel. Moreover, filter cakes containing
titanate or zirconate crosslinkers especially resist removal. For this reason, the breakers OptiKleen
and OptiKleen LT have been developed for post-treatment filter cake removal. OptiKleen is
recommended for wells with greater than 130°F bottomhole static temperature (BHST). At 120°F, it
becomes only half as efficient in dissolving filter cake. At 100°F it is ineffective. A low temperature
version, OptiKleen-LT, has been developed for use in wells with bottomhole temperatures below
130°F. The minimum recommended volume of fluid with which to treat a fractured well is the void
volume of the proppant bed. This volume can be estimated using the following formula:

Minimum volume (gal) = 3/7 (PWT × ABV)

Where

PWT = total proppant weight (lb)

ABV = absolute volume of proppant (gal/lb),
3/7 = the ratio of void volume to proppant volume based on an estimate that the void is about
30% of the total proppant bed volume.

Gelled-Oil Breakers

K-34
K-34 is used as the breaker for MY-T-OIL IV gels. Concentration range is 20 to 50 lb/Mgal based
on fluid temperature. K-34 is a finely divided, white, free-flowing powder. It is not considered
dangerous; however, it should be handled as a dusting material. It also possesses fluid loss control
properties and can contribute fluid loss control in the MY-T-OIL IV fluid.

HL Breaker
HL Breaker is used as a breaker for the MY-T-OIL IV fluid where there are bottomhole temperatures
less than 120°F and/or the need for short gel break times. Concentrations range from 5 to 10 lb/Mgal,
based on the gel concentration and bottom hole temperature.

MO-IV
MO-IV is a white powder breaker developed for the MY-T-OIL V fluid system. This process is
currently proprietary information. It is effective from 70° to 200°F.

MO-V
MO-V is a white powder breaker developed for the MY-T-OIL V fluid system. This breaker's
makeup is currently proprietary information. It is used from 201° to 275°F.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-39

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Breaker Activators

Just as there is a need to add activators to speed up crosslink times, there is also a need for activators to
better control break times. CAT (catalyst) LT, CAT-3, and CAT-4 are chemicals that are used for this
purpose.

ViCon-NF Breaker (or ViCon-HT Breaker) has been very successful as a high temperature breaker, but
below 200°F it reacts too slowly to be useful in the time period desired. By using a catalyst to "activate"
the Vicon, its lower temperature limit can be reduced. Due to the high reactivity and thermal instability
of persulfates, the activated ViCon systems are the breakers of choice for fluids at 170 to 200°F. They
can also be used as low as 150°F, but the persulfate systems may be as effective and more economical.
The other oxidizing breakers can also be activated to function below their lower temperature limits.

Stabilizers

Gel breakers historically have been used to accelerate gel degradation. However, at sufficiently high
temperatures, either pH or temperature may break the viscosity of the gel prematurely. At high
temperatures, gel extenders may be needed to increase the temperature stability of gelled fluids, which
results in a higher retained viscosity at temperature for a longer period of time. There three ways to
stabilize gels; methanol, Gel Sta, and pH control.

Methanol (Methyl Alcohol)

Methanol has found wide spread use in various fracturing fluids and additives. Occasionally,
methanol has been used to form a slurry of gelling agent for easier introduction into a fluid while
reducing the tendency for the gelling agent to form lumps. However, its largest use has been to
extend the upper temperature limit of some gel systems to more effectively maintain downhole fluid
viscosity for treatment of wells with high bottomhole temperature.

The safety precautions required for the usage of methanol based fracturing fluids are similar to those
followed for handling high gravity crude oils and condensates. When the flash point of a
methanol/water mixture is reached, the mixture becomes highly flammable due to the high
concentrations of methanol vapors above the fluid. Unfortunately, unlike high gravity crudes and
condensates, the methanol flame is not visible and no smoke is produced as the material burns. The
heat from the flame will be the first sign of a methanol fire.

GEL-STA and GEL-STA L

The solid, GEL-STA, and the liquid, GEL-STA L, are high-temperature gel stabilizers for use in
aqueous fracturing fluid processes. GEL-STA L contains the equivalent of 3.5 lbs of GEL-STA per
gallon of water. GEL-STA functions by scavenging oxygen from the fracturing fluid's environment.
There is no premixing required and it is more economical than 5% methanol, although it can be added
with methanol for increased stability. GEL-STA is not compatible with oxidizing breakers such as
SP. It is compatible with Vicon-NF and Vicon-HT, but the ViCons should not be mixed with or even
placed closely to GEL-STA or GEL-STA L liquid concentrate.

pH control
Maintaining a pH above 7 will also help stabilize water-based gels.

3-40 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Bactericides/Biocides
Bactericides are used to destroy or control bacteria. Bacteria can cause viscosity instability in batch
mixed gels. When conditions are favorable, sufficient numbers of bacteria can be the chief cause of gel
degradation.

Bacteria Conditions

Some of the most favorable environments for bacteria are dirty frac tanks and mixing water. Dirty frac
tanks often contain several gal of bacteria-ridden decomposed gel from previous jobs. When new gel is
added, the bacteria have a new food source. When the conditions are favorable, some species may even
attain maximum concentrations within twenty-four hours.

Bacteria feed on gel by releasing enzymes. The enzymes degrade the gel to sugar, and the bacteria absorb
the sugar through their cell walls. The enzymes released are very similar to the low temperature breaker
GBW-3. A simplified cycle for the degrading of the polymer by bacteria is shown in Figure 3.20.

Figure 3.20—Degradation of polymer by microor-

ganisms

Bacteria Types

There are thousands of different kinds, or strains, of bacteria that have been classified. Many thousands
have not. They are among the simplest forms of non-vegetative organisms. Because they are living, they
have the same needs as other forms of life: a source of energy, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus,
metallic elements, vitamins and water. They can also adapt to changing environments. Bacteria can be
classified by their environmental needs:

• Aerobic bacteria grow in the presence of oxygen

• Anaerobic bacteria grow in the absence of oxygen
• Some bacteria thrive in very low temperatures, while others do not
• Various bacteria may thrive in a variety of pH ranges.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-41

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Bactericides

Bactericides should be handled with care. Anything that can destroy bacteria may be dangerous to
handlers.

Caustic
Caustic is used to adjust the treating water pH upward and can be an effective bactericide if done
properly. Add the caustic to each tank of water to be treated until the pH of the water is greater than
11.0 throughout the tank. This will control bacteria over extended periods of time and can also be
used as an effective quick-kill technique.

BE-3
BE-3 is a biocide that should be handled in a very safe and careful manner. BE-3 is an effective,
extremely fast-killing biocide at low concentrations (0.1 gal/Mgal). Maximum effectiveness of BE-3
will be attained if the entire volume of the biocide is placed in the frac tank with the first load of water
as the tank is being filled. This procedure places a high enough concentration of biocide in the bottom
of the tank where bacteria and a large portion of their enzymes can be destroyed. Addition of the
biocide to a full tank will result in killing the bacteria but not affecting the enzymes. BE-3 degrades
rapidly at pH levels greater than 7.0. Therefore, its use should be restricted to fluid with pH's less
than 7.0.

BE-3S
BE-3S biocide is a rapid killing, board-spectrum biocide packaged in water-soluble bags for safety
and ease of use. A powdered version of BE-3, BE-3S provides all the treatment benefits of BE-3
while helping to eliminate handling and disposal problems associated with liquids.

BE-5
BE-5 is a broad spectrum biocide. It is used to control the growth of microorganism populations
commonly found in source waters for fracturing and stimulation processes. BE-5 is effective against
most types of bacteria, fungi, and algae. It controls population growth by acting as a metabolic
inhibitor. Although slower acting than other biocides, it has proven to be reliable.

BE-5 is a nonionic, nonfoaming, degradable biocide with a broad pH stability range. The active
ingredient is absorbed into Fullers earth, which renders the solid product as a nondusting material
that is much safer for handling than other solid or liquid biocides. It is conveniently packaged in a 6
lb plastic bottle containing a sufficient dosage for one 20,000 gal frac tank. One container of BE-5
biocide (6 lb) should be added to each 20,000 gal frac tank with the first load of water. BE-5 may
not be premixed in LGC concentrates. The oil phase in the LGC will inhibit the release of the biocide
from the Fullers earth.

BE-6
BE-6 is a new bactericide that addresses the issue of packaging and persistence of kill. This material
is nonionic and provides a broad-spectrum control of bacteria. BE-6 functions similar to BE-5; it has
a slow rate of kill (6 to 10 hours) and controls growth by inhibiting the metabolic pathway of the
bacteria. BE-6 is a white, solid powder placed in a water-soluble bag to improve handling and ease
of addition. The water-soluble bag is contained in a protective outer bag that must be removed prior
to addition to the frac tank. Three of the 1-lb water-soluble bags provide the normal dosage for a
single 20,000-gal frac tank.

3-42 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

CAT-1
The use of biocides to treat tanks of fluid for bacteria control has been used to control active bacteria
particularly during warm weather. However, it has recently been determined that even during winter
months bacteria can assume a sporulated form that resists the action of biocides such as BE-5.
Although these particular bacteria may not prematurely break the gel, our customers have expressed
a desire to kill these bacteria if found during bacteria counts. CAT-1 is available as sodium
hypochlorite (household bleach) from most chemical suppliers in major cities. Usually found in
concentrations of 10 or 15% sodium hypochlorite, it is normally used at 0.5 gal of a 10% solution or
0.33 gal of a 15% solution per 1,000 gal of water to be treated. The disadvantage of CAT-1 is that
because it is an excellent oxidizer, GEL-STA must be added to the treated water to neutralize it prior
to adding a gelling agent.

Additional Reference Sources

Chemical Stimulation Manual

Sales and Service Catalog
Chemical Services Technical Data Sheets
Halliburton Services Personnel Training Video
Hal World

Conductivity Enhancers
SandWedgeTM
The conductivity enhancement additives came as a direct result of research to find a liquid proppant
flowback control additive. The SandWedge materials that were produced and are continuously being
improved were found to have the unique property of improving the flow of fluids through proppant.
There are three mechanisms that allow this to happen:

• Coating each grain improves breaker efficiency. When the proppant is coated with
SandWedge, gel cannot coat the proppant. This property increases proppant conductivity in
two ways. First the breakers are more efficient as they are able to break gels by having more
"break" sites available to them and secondly, the proppant pack itself is not susceptible to
gel damage.
• Porosity improvement in low stress environments. In closure stresses less than 4,000 psi, the
porosity of the proppant pack, when treated with SandWedge, retains its cubic porosity
pattern. At this pattern, the pack has about 48% porosity. At 4,000 psi closure, the majority
of the pack is in a rhombohedral packing and the pack porosity is reduced to 26%. In
proppant packs, porosity is directly related to permeability; therefore, the higher the porosity
the higher the permeability of the pack.
• SandWedge alters vertical proppant distribution during the settling process. A further
benefit of SandWedge's tackiness is that proppant tends to form in clumps or bundles. This
has the effect of causing the proppant mass to maintain its cubic porosity shape until acted
on by closure forces greater than 4,000 psi. This occurrence requires that frac fluid flow
through the mass rather than around it during settling. That impacts proppant settling in a
positive way.
SandWedgeTM NT
SandWedgeTM NT, which uses the dry proppant coating method, was designed to make
SandWedgeTM compatible with most frac fluids and surfactants. Dry coating means that instead of
adding the material to a fracturing fluid with proppant already in it, SandWedgeTM NT is allowed to

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-43

Coiled Tubing Handbook

coat the proppant before being introduced to the fluid. It greatly reduces the sensitivity to high pH
fluids and high salt concentrations. While the core of SandWedgeTM remains the same, NT uses a
safer and more environmentally friendly solvent than the previous version. SandWedgeTM NT can
thus be used in many more frac fluids because incompatibility issues have been greatly reduced.

5,000
4,500
Conductivity, md-ft

4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000 Fibrous Strips
1,500
1,000 20/40 Sand No Treatment
500
0
2,000 SandWedge Treatment
3,000
4,000
6,000

Closure Stress, psi

Figure 3.21—Closure Stress vs. conductivity

SandwedgeTM XS
SandWedgeTM XS is designed for wells in which proppant flow back is identified as the primary
source for declines in production. The addition of 5% ER-1 will make SandWedgeTM NT 10-20
times more sticky and greatly increase the proppant packs resistance to flow back. If XS is run, a
reduction in conductivity can be expected, in the range of 10-15%.

Note SandWedgeTM XS is a conductivity enhancer, NOT a proppant flowback additive. It

will not stop proppant flowback under harsh conditions of high flowback rates or high
temperatures.

ER-1
ER-1 resin is a clear, viscous liquid that is mixed with SandWedge™ polymer before the job, or
added on-the-fly into the blender tub during a SandWedge™ NT dry-coat treatment. The resin
additive increases the molecular weight of SandWedge™ polymer by partially crosslinking it,
greatly increasing its viscosity, tackiness, and resistance to high-velocity flow. Typically, ER-1 resin
is used at a concentration of 5%, based on the SandWedge™ NT volume. If high concentrations of
ER-1 resin are used with SandWedge™ polymer (>25%), a high-strength thermoplastic polymer can
result from the high degree of crosslinking.

3-44 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Acids
Major acids used in chemical stimulation include hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric-hydrochloric acid
mixtures, and organic acids. The following explains the main difference between these acids.

Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrochloric (HCL) acid containing inhibitors is the base solution for most oil field acidizing treatments.
Depending on the use and requirements of the treatments, the concentration may range from 1% to about
35%. Hydrochloric acid reacts rapidly with carbonate formations and is used in treating sandstone
formations. HCL can serve as the basic acid for damage removal in addition to matrix and fracture
acidizing.

Hydrochloric acid is a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine gases dissolved in water. This gas is called
hydrogen chloride and is readily soluble in water up to 42% by weight at 60°F. However, a solution of
this concentration is impractical since hydrogen chloride gas will come out of hydrochloric acid at
temperatures above 60°F.

Commercially available hydrochloric acid has been standardized at 20° Be (Baume). This is equivalent
to 31.45% acid, by weight, with a density of 9.67 lb/gal. Higher concentrations of acid can be purchased
at 22° Be, or 35.2% acid. It has a specific gravity of 1.179 and a density of 9.82 lb/gallon.

Hydrofluoric-Hydrochloric Acid

A Hydrofluoric-Hydrochloric (HF) acid mixture is the basic acid for treating sandstone formations with
less than 20% HCL solubility. These mixtures are used for removal of damage caused by drilling mud,
filtrate water, water-swollen clays, migrating clays, and other small formation particles. HF acid is
typically prepared in the field by adding ammonium bi-fluoride (ABF) to HCL.

Additional Acids

Two organic acids also used are formic and acetic. These are weaker than hydrochloric acid and exhibit
less corrosion problems than HCL; which means their hydrogen ions are released more slowly than HCL
with most materials found in wells. Ten-percent formic acid will dissolve as much limestone as eight-
percent HCL. Six percent HCL will dissolve as much limestone as ten-percent acetic acid. Due to their
low degree of corrosiveness, organic acids can be used at higher temperatures for acidizing treatments.
Acetic acid is the only acid that won't damage chrome plating. It is useful for acidizing wells that contain
pumps using chrome plated parts. Organic acids may be used with HCL to allow deeper penetration and
to provide unique etching properties with some formations.

Acid Safety
Safety is a top priority in all job procedures. Before pumping or handling acids or other stimulation
chemicals, you should study the safety precautions given in the Chemical Stimulation Manual excerpts
on HalWorld.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-45

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Safety Precautions
Some critical safety precautions are as follows:

• Always wear rubber gloves when working around acid.

• Goggles should be worn due to possible leaks in pump lines which may occur when
acidizing a well under pressure.
• Safety precautions should be taken when handling hoses during the loading of trucks or
tanks or when disconnecting lines on a job. Acid may be left in the hoses.
• It is always a good practice to notify personnel on location when acid is being used under
pressure. All personnel should be kept at a safe distance.
• Acid pump trucks or transport trucks should be furnished with first aid kits containing soda
(sodium bicarbonate) for acid burns. Drivers and operators should ensure that it is always
accessible in case of emergency. A solution of one teaspoonful of soda to a pint of water
should be kept for use in the eyes. Dry soda can be applied directly to the skin and then
rinsed with water. DO NOT use dry soda in the eyes.

Note When washing eyes, use a gentle flow of water when rinsing. You could damage an
eyeball or even wash it out of its socket with a heavy stream of water.

• NO SMOKING around an acid tank. Tanks containing acid or that have had acid in them
can have an explosive mixtures of gases and liquids trapped inside. Crude oil vapors mixed
with air or hydrogen gas present in a tank is also a possibility. Hydrochloric acid reacts with
steel to produce iron chloride and hydrogen gas-a potentially explosive situation.
• Even though an acid tank is coated with a sealant, there may be some exposed metal.
Hydrogen gas could be present.
• Always add the water to the tank first and then add the concentrated acid. Never add water
to acid or fill the tank with acid first. This increases the risk of splashing and can generate
a large amount of heat.
• Hydrogen, mixed with air in the ratio of one part per 24 parts, is an explosive mixture. For
this reason, be aware of metal connections when loading hoses. They could strike the tank
and ignite an explosion with the smallest of sparks.
• Clothes contaminated with chemicals should be removed and thoroughly washed before
wearing them again. Wash off any chemical spills with water immediately.
• Wear a dust mask when handling powders. Inhalation of any powdered material can be
irritating even if the chemical is not toxic.
• The safety rules given here are a few of the rules listed in the Chemical Stimulation excerpts
on HalWorld. Be sure to study the remaining rules. An important section to be read in the
safety section of the Chemical Stimulation manual on HalWorld is "Hydrogen Sulfide".

3-46 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Reactions of Hydrochloric Acid

Reaction rates and products are important considerations in acidizing. The various characteristics can
have an effect on the choice of acid systems.

HCL Reactions
When 1,000 gal of 15% hydrochloric acid solution reacts with calcium carbonate (limestone), it will
dissolve 10.9 cubic feet (1,843 lb) of the limestone. The products resulting from "spending" the 15%
HCL solution upon the limestone will be:

• 2,050 lb of calcium chloride (CaC12)

• 40 gal of water (H2O)
• 6,620 cubic feet of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) at standard conditions
The total volume occupied by 1,000 gal of 15% hydrochloric acid after the reaction is:

• 912 gal of water pumped into formation

• 40 gal water made by chemical reaction
• 68 gal of volume occupied by 2,050 lb of calcium chloride
• 1,020 gal total, assuming no volume is occupied by the carbon dioxide gas or diluted by
formation brine
15% hydrochloric acid spent on limestone becomes a 20.0% solution of calcium chloride having a
specific gravity of 1.175 and weighing 9.79 lb/gal.

Concentrations of HCL acid solutions may range from 1% to approximately 35% depending on the
use and requirements of the treatment. It may be your responsibility to mix the various acid blends
required in stimulation treatment applications. Tables such as Table 3.13 (Page 3-49) have been
developed to assist you in determining the proper amounts of concentrated acid and water to use
when mixing an acid solution These tables are usually posted in acid terminals.

Information for both 22 °Be and 20 °Be acid is given in the table. Before using the table, find out
which of the two acid concentrations are being stocked in the service center.

To illustrate the use of the table, assume that 20 °Be acid is stocked in the storage tanks and that you
need to mix 1,000 gal of 15% HCL acid solution. You need to determine how much water to add to
the acid transport and how much strong acid to add to the water to make the solution.

In Table 3.13 (Page 3-49), locate the heading "gal 20% Be Acid and Water To Make 1,000 Gals
Acid." Under this heading observe that acid and water amounts are given in separate columns. In
the extreme left-hand column "HCL% Acid" is given. Under this column locate 15 % and move
horizontally across the chart. You will read 442 gal of 20 °Be acid and 558 gal of water required to
mix 1,000 gal of 15% HCL acid solution.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-47

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Determining Acid Dilution

To calculate the volume of dilute acid that can be prepared from a certain volume of strong acid, use the
following formula.

Volume of Strong =
(vol.of dilute )(%HCl in dilute )(SG of dilute )
(%HCl in strong )(SG of strong )

It may be necessary to calculate the volume of dilute acid which can be prepared from a certain volume
of concentrated acid. Use the following formula to calculate the volume of dilute acid.

Volume of Dilute =
(vol. of strong)(%HCl in strong )(SG of strong )
(%HCl in dilute)(SG of dilute)

Example 1:

To make 1,000 gal of 15% acid from 20°Be (31.45%), substitute:

Vol. strong acid x 31.45% × 1.16=1,000 × 15 × 1.075

or

1,000 × 15 × 1.075
Vol. of strong =
31.45 × 1.16

16,130
Vol. of strong =
36.5

442 gal of 31.45% acid made to 1,000 gal with water gives a 15% solution

Example 2:

To make 500 gal of 7 1/2% acid from 22°Be (35.2%), substitute:

Vol. strong acid × 35.2 × 1.18 = 500 × 7.5 × 1.04

or

500 × 7.5 × 1.04

Vol. of strong =
35.2 × 1.18

Vol. of strong = 94 gal of 22°Be

94 gal of 22°Be acid + 406 gal water = 500 gal of 7.5% acid

3-48 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 3.13—Acid Loading Guidelines for 1,000 gal HCl*

gal 22% gal 20%
Bé Acid and Water Bé Acid and Water Solution Hydrostatic
to make to make Weight Pressure Equivalent gal
Specific
HCI% 1,000 gal Acid 1,000 gal Acid of 15% HCl
Gravity
per 1,000 gal
psi/ft kPa/m
Acid Water Acid Water lb/gal kg/m3 depth depth
1 1.005 24 976 28 972 8.37 1002.95 0.435 9.84 62
2 1.010 49 951 55 945 8.42 1008.94 0.437 9.89 125
3 1.015 73 927 83 917 8.46 1013.73 0.439 9.93 189
4 1.020 98 902 112 888 8.50 1018.52 0.442 10.00 253
5 1.025 124 876 140 860 8.54 1023.32 0.444 10.04 318
6 1.030 149 851 169 831 8.59 1029.31 0.446 10.09 383
7 1.035 175 825 199 801 8.63 1034.10 0.448 10.13 449
8 1.040 201 799 228 772 8.67 1038.89 0.450 10.18 516
9 1.045 227 773 258 742 8.71 1043.69 0.452 10.22 583
10 1.050 253 747 288 712 8.75 1048.48 0.454 10.27 651
11 1.055 280 720 318 682 8.79 1053.27 0.457 10.34 723
12 1.060 307 693 349 651 8.84 1059.27 0.459 10.38 788
13 1.065 334 666 379 621 8.88 1064.06 0.461 10.43 858
14 1.070 362 638 410 590 8.92 1068.85 0.463 10.47 929
15 1.075 389 611 442 558 8.96 1073.64 0.465 10.52 1000
16 1.080 417 583 473 527 9.00 1078.44 0.468 10.59 1072
17 1.085 445 555 505 495 9.05 1084.43 0.470 10.63 1144
18 1.090 473 527 538 462 9.08 1088.02 0.472 10.68 1217
19 1.095 502 498 570 430 9.13 1094.02 0.474 10.72 1290
20 1.100 531 469 603 397 9.17 1098.81 0.476 10.77 1364
21 1.105 560 440 636 364 9.21 1103.60 0.478 10.81 1439
22 1.110 589 411 669 331 9.25 1108.39 0.481 10.88 1514
23 1.116 619 381 703 297 9.30 1114.39 0.484 10.95 1592
24 1.122 650 350 738 262 9.35 1120.38 0.486 10.99 1670
25 1.127 680 320 772 228 9.39 1125.17 0.488 11.04 1747
26 1.132 710 290 806 194 9.43 1129.96 0.490 11.08 1825
27 1.136 740 260 840 160 9.46 1133.56 0.492 11.13 1902
28 1.141 771 229 875 125 9.50 1138.35 0.494 11.17 1981
29 1.146 802 198 910 90 9.55 1144.34 0.497 11.24 2061
30 1.153 835 165 948 52 9.60 1150.33 0.499 11.29 2145
31 1.158 866 134 983 17 9.65 1156.32 0.502 11.36 2226
31.45 1.160 880 120 1000 0 9.66 1157.52 0.503 11.38 2262
32 1.163 898 102 — — 9.69 1161.12 0.504 11.40 2308
33 1.168 930 70 — — 9.74 1167.11 0.506 11.45 2398
34 1.173 962 38 — — 9.78 1171.90 0.508 11.49 2481
35 1.178 990 10 — — 9.82 1176.70 0.510 11.54 2558
35.2 1.179 1000 — — — 9.83 1177.89 0.510 11.54 2573
*Based on temperature of 60°F (15.6°C)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-49

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 3.14—Comparison of Baume and Specific Gravity

Percent HCl at 60°F from Baume or Specific Gravity Hydrometer Reading
1.4 to 20.9% HCl
°Be SpGr %HCl Lb/gal °Be SpGr %HCl Lb/gal °Be SpGr % HCl
1 1.0069 1.4 8.387 5.3 1.038 7.6 8.647 9.6 1.0709 14.2
1.1 1.0076 1.5 8.393 5.4 1.0387 7.8 8.652 9.7 1.0717 14.4
1.2 1.0083 1.7 8.399 5.5 1.0395 7.9 8.659 9.8 1.0725 14.5
1.3 1.009 1.8 8.405 5.6 1.0402 8 8.665 9.9 1.0733 14.7
1.4 1.0097 2 8.411 5.7 1.041 8.2 8.672 10 1.0741 14.8
1.5 1.0105 2.1 8.417 5.8 1.0417 8.3 8.677 10.1 1.0749 15
1.6 1.0111 2.3 8.422 5.9 1.0425 8.5 8.684 10.2 1.0757 15.1
1.7 1.0119 2.4 8.429 6 1.0432 8.6 8.690 10.3 1.0765 15.3
1.8 1.0126 2.5 8.435 6.1 1.044 8.8 8.697 10.4 1.0773 15.5
1.9 1.0133 2.7 8.441 6.2 1.0447 9 8.702 10.5 1.0781 15.6
2 1.014 2.8 8.447 6.3 1.0455 9.1 8.709 10.6 1.0789 15.8
2.1 1.0147 3 8.452 6.4 1.0462 9.3 8.715 10.7 1.0797 15.9
2.2 1.0154 3.1 8.458 6.5 1.0469 9.4 8.721 10.8 1.0805 16.1
2.3 1.0161 3.2 8.464 6.6 1.0477 9.6 8.727 10.9 1.0813 16.3
2.4 1.0168 3.4 8.470 6.7 1.0485 9.7 8.734 11 1.0821 16.4
2.5 1.0176 3.5 8.477 6.8 1.0492 9.9 8.740 11.1 1.0829 16.6
2.6 1.0183 3.7 8.482 6.9 1.05 10 8.747 11.2 1.0837 16.7
2.7 1.019 3.8 8.488 7 1.0507 10.2 8.752 11.3 1.0845 16.9
2.8 1.0197 4 8.494 7.1 1.0515 10.3 8.759 11.4 1.0853 17.1
2.9 1.0204 4.1 8.500 7.2 1.0522 10.5 8.765 11.5 1.0862 17.2
3 1.0211 4.3 8.506 7.3 1.053 10.6 8.771 11.6 1.087 17.4
3.1 1.0218 4.4 8.512 7.4 1.0538 10.8 8.778 11.7 1.0878 17.5
3.2 1.0226 4.5 8.518 7.5 1.0546 10.9 8.785 11.8 1.0886 17.7
3.3 1.0233 4.7 8.524 7.6 1.0553 11.1 8.791 11.9 1.0894 17.9
3.4 1.024 4.8 8.530 7.7 1.0561 11.3 8.797 12 1.0902 18
3.5 1.0248 5 8.537 7.8 1.0569 11.4 8.804 12.1 1.091 18.2
3.6 1.0255 5.1 8.542 7.9 1.0576 11.6 8.810 12.2 1.0919 18.3
3.7 1.0262 5.3 8.548 8 1.0584 11.7 8.816 12.3 1.0927 18.5
3.8 1.0269 5.4 8.554 8.1 1.0592 11.9 8.823 12.4 1.0935 18.7
3.9 1.0277 5.5 8.561 8.2 1.06 12 8.830 12.5 1.0944 18.8
4 1.0284 5.7 8.567 8.3 1.0607 12.2 8.836 12.6 1.0952 19
4.1 1.0291 5.8 8.572 8.4 1.0615 12.3 8.842 12.7 1.096 19.1
4.2 1.0299 6 8.579 8.5 1.0623 12.5 8.849 12.8 1.0968 19.3
4.3 1.0306 6.1 8.585 8.6 1.0631 12.6 8.856 12.9 1.0977 19.5
4.4 1.0313 6.2 8.591 8.7 1.0639 12.8 8.862 13 1.0985 19.6
4.5 1.0321 6.4 8.597 8.8 1.0646 13 8.868 13.1 1.0993 19.8
4.6 1.0328 6.6 8.603 8.9 1.0654 13.1 8.875 13.2 1.1002 20
4.7 1.0335 6.7 8.609 9 1.0662 13.3 8.881 13.3 1.101 20.1
4.8 1.0342 6.9 8.615 9.1 1.067 13.4 8.888 13.4 1.1019 20.3
4.9 1.035 7 8.622 9.2 1.0678 13.6 8.895 13.5 1.1027 20.5
5 1.0357 7.2 8.627 9.3 1.0686 13.7 8.901 13.6 1.1035 20.6
5.1 1.0365 7.3 8.634 9.4 1.0694 13.9 8.908 13.7 1.1044 20.8
5.2 1.0372 7.5 8.640 9.5 1.0702 14 8.915 13.8 1.1052 20.9

3-50 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion is defined as "the deterioration of a substance (usually a metal) because of a reaction with its
environment." In well stimulation, the primary concern is the reaction of acids on the well equipment,
including tubular goods, during acidizing treatments. This reaction can be minimized by the use of
corrosion inhibitors.

There is a dual purpose for adding inhibitors to acid: the first is to protect our equipment and the second
is to protect the customer's well equipment. Several types of inhibitors are available for use in the
oilfield.

Corrosion of Metals

Several factors govern the degree of attack acid has on steel. The primary factors are:
• temperature
• time of contact
• type of acid
• pressure
• type of steel
• ratio of volume of acid to exposed steel surface area
The longer acid is in contact with steel, the greater the amount of steel dissolved. The corrosion rate
increases with increasing temperatures. You must remember that inhibitors do not stop corrosion; they
only decrease the rate of corrosion. This rate of corrosion can be decrease to an acceptable level if the
proper inhibitor type and concentration are used. Figure 3.22 shows the corrosion rate of 15% HCL with
different concentrations of HAI-85 on N-80 steel at 200°F. Notice that the Halliburton standard is a
"Maximum Total Corrosion Loss" of 0.05 lb/ft2 total steel dissolved over the life of the test.

Figure 3.22—Corrosion of N80 Steel

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-51

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Inhibitors being used presently in hydrochloric acid are Halliburton Acid Inhibitors HAI-81M and 85M,
as well as the newer inhibitors HAI-GE and OS. HAI-202 has also been developed for use when
environmental issues are a concern - such as the North Sea. These inhibitors will not protect such metals
as aluminum and magnesium from attack by hydrochloric acid. In addition, galvanized coatings and
chromium plating will be attacked by inhibited hydrochloric acid. This is true with these inhibitors and
with all other inhibitors, including competitive materials. Some types of chrome and steel alloys can be
protected. Contact Duncan Research for further information about these alloys.

Acid corrosion inhibitors can be used up to about 500°F. At temperatures above 275°F a secondary
component may need to be added. Two such components are Halliburton Inhibitor Intensifiers 124 and
500 (HII 124 and HII 500).

Note When hydrochloric acid is mixed with acetic or formic acid, the inhibitors used for
HCL are the inhibitors used in these mixtures.
In general, the mixing procedures to follow when mixing hydrochloric acid and organic corrosion
inhibitors together are:

1. Add the required volume of water to the tank.

2. Add the proper, measured volume of inhibitor to the water and agitate.
3. Thoroughly mix the concentrated acid from storage until uniformity is obtained. If the acid
mixture requires additional additives, they may be added to the water prior to final agitation.
It is very important that the steps of addition of material, agitation, and blending be followed. Even if
each chemical has been dumped into the tank, do not assume that uniform mixing will occur while being
moved to the location.

For more complete and detailed mixing procedures, refer to the confidential field bulletins for inhibitors
found on HalWorld

MSA Inhibitors

Organic acids such as formic and acetic require an inhibitor other than HA1-81, 85M, or 72 E+. MSA-II
and the newer MSA-III inhibitors are designed for use in these acids. MSA-II and MSA-III inhibitors
are not recommended for use in hydrochloric acid solutions. Mixing procedures for MSA-II inhibitor are
the same as for other acid inhibitors. The Chemical Stimulation Manual on HalWorld should be used
when determining amounts of MSA inhibitor to use.

3-52 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Proppants
Propping agents are the essential part of any fracturing treatment. Propping agents prop open the created
fracture to conduct reservoir fluids to the wellbore. The selection of a propping agent requires
information on the conductivity at stress of any material used. Sand is a natural material that is used as a
propping agent in many hydraulic fracturing treatments.

Some characteristics of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing that need to be monitored are:
• Roundness
• Spericity
• Specific gravity
• Bulk density
• Sieve size
• Acid solubility
• Silt and fine particles
• Crush resistance
• Clustering
Roundness and Sphericity are particle factors that influence particle packing and load bearing
capabilities. Roundness is the measure of the relative sharpness of grain corners or a grain curvature.
Sphericity is the measure of how closely a particle approaches the shape of a sphere. The API
recommended limit for sand for both roundness and sphericity is 0.6. For resin-coated sand, the API
limits are 0.7. Figure 3.23 is a Krumbein chart showing visual estimates for roundness and spherictity.

Figure 3.23—Chart for visual estimates of sphericity and roundness (from Krum-
bein and Sieve 1963)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-53

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Several samples of a particular sand should be observed, and then an average roundness factor
comparison can be made. In some select cases, angularity may be advantageous because the proppant will
tend to bridge in the fracture and be less likely to flow back into the wellbore. This is especially true in
a formation where the fracture is slow in closing back completely.

The specific gravity of a proppant is the measure of the absolute density of individual proppant particles
relative to water. The recommended API maximum limit is 2.65 for sand.

The solubility of a proppant in 12% HCl - 3% FE acid is an indication of the amount of contaminants
present and of the relative stability of the proppant in acid. It may also indicate the tendency of proppants
to dissolve in hot brines. Acid solubility is measured by percentage by weight. The API recommended
maximum for sand is 2%, while the limit for resin-coated sand is 7% maximum.

Silt and Fine Particles is a measure that indicates the amount of clay and silt or other fine material present.
Properly washed and/or processed proppant will not have excess silt and fine particles.

Crush resistance indicates the relative strength of a proppant by measuring the amount of material
crushed under a given load. It is expressed in units of percentage of fines. API recommended maximum
limits for sand are:
• for 12/20 - 16% at 3,000 psi
• for 20/40 - 14% at 4,000 psi
API recommended maximum limits for high strength proppants are:
• 12/20 mesh 25%
• 16/20 mesh 25%
• 20/40 mesh 10%
• 40/70 mesh 8%
These tests are performed at stress levels of 7,500 psi, 10,000 psi, 12,500 psi, and 15,000 psi until the
maximum fines limit is reached.

Clustering is measured by percentage by weight. It indicates the degree of attachment of individual

proppant grains to one another. During processing, the grains were not broken apart. The API
recommended maximum is 1 %.

Resin-Coated Sand
Resin Coated Proppants (RCPs) have evolved over time. They are more compatible with our fracturing
fluid systems compared to early generation products. Compatibility issues include the effect on fluid pH,
crosslink time, breaker concentration, and foam stability. Resin coatings are available on sands, ceramics,
and bauxite proppants.

Pre-cured or tempered products have a hard coating or shell around the proppant grain and they are most
compatible with our fracturing fluid systems. This coating will not bond grains together but it helps with
conductivity performance when compared to uncoated proppants. This is most significant with resin
coated sands and less significant with resin coated ceramic or bauxite proppants.

Partially curable and encapsulated materials provide proppant grains that will bond together under
closure stress in a fracture. They are also more compatible with our fluid systems when compared to fully
curable resin coated proppants.

3-54 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 3.15—Resin-Coated Proppants

Product Name Description
Borden Chemical, Inc.
Oilfield Products AcFrac Black Plus Furan resin-coated sand
(Precured)
Borden Chemical, Inc. AcFrac SB Prime Phenolic resin-coated sand
Oilfield Products AcFrac SB Excel Phenolic resin-coated sand
(Partially Curable) Ceramax P Phenolic resin-coated sand
Borden Chemical, Inc.
Oilfield Products AcFrac CR 4000 Phenolic resin-coated sand
(Fully Curable)
Santrol Tempered Multiple-coat,
Tempered LC
(precured) Proppants phenolic resin-coated sand
Sandtrol Curable Super LC Phenolic resin-coated sand
Proppant Super DC Dual-coat, phenolic resin-coated sand
Super HS Multiple-coat, phenolic resin-coated sand
Super TF Phenolic resin-coated sand
OptiProp Encapsulated phenolic resin-coated sand
MagnaProp Encapsulated phenolic resin-coated economy ceramic
DynaProp Encapsulated phenolic resin coated premium ceramic
HyperProp Encapsulated phenolic resin-coated bauxite
Encapsulated phenolic resin-coated sand
PolarProp
(low temperature formations)
Super HT Phenolic resin-coated sand for gravel packs and frac packs
Curable resin-coated proppants offer the highest bond strength and the great-
est potential for interference without fluid systems. The tables below list some
of the CPs currently available.
AcFrac PR 6000 Phenolic resin-coated sand
AcFrac PR 4000 Phenolic resin-coated sand
Ceramix I Phenolic resin-coated premium sand
Ceramix E Phenolic resin-coated economy sand
Tempered DC Dual-coat, phenolic resin-coated sand
Tempered HS Multiple-coat, phenolic resin-coated sand
Tempered TF Phenolic resin-coated sand
EconoFlex Phenolic resin-coated economy ceramic

Ceramics
Ceramic are one of the large classes into which all useful solid materials can be divided, i.e., metals,
organics, and ceramics. Generally, a ceramic is any non organic, non metallic solid formed by high
temperature processing (above 875°F). Example ceramics include glass, dishes, pottery, brick, abrasives,
and cement.

Ceramic proppants are produced in a different manner than sintered bauxite proppants. The composition
of the ceramic-type proppants is mostly made up of aluminum and silica compounds. This produces a
compound only slightly denser than sand with specific gravities of approximately 2.65 to 2.75. These
ceramic proppants have greater strength than sand but less strength than the intermediate- and
high-strength sintered bauxite proppants. Table 3.16 (Page 3-56) lists some of the ceramic proppants
currently available.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-55

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 3.16—Available Ceramic Proppants

Product Name Description
Carbo Ceramics, Inc.
CarboLite Premium low-density creamic
EconoProp Economy low-density ceramic
Norton Alcoa Proppants
NAPLITE Premium low-density creamic
VALUPROP Economy low-density ceramic

Sintered Bauxite
High-strength sintered bauxite and intermediate-strength sintered bauxite are produced by essentially the
same manufacturing process. Bauxite ore is ground to a fine powder and formed into green pellets. After
drying and screening, the pellets are fired in a kiln. The firing, or sintering process, fuses the edges of the
individual particles of each pellet. The basic difference in the high strength and intermediate strength
materials lies in the raw material used. High-strength sintered bauxite is formed from almost pure bauxite
ore. The sintering process gives high strength bauxite the high density (approximately 3.7 specific
gravity) and strength for this proppant. Intermediate-strength sintered bauxite is formed from a less pure
bauxite ore. The slightly different mineral composition of intermediate strength bauxite results in a less
dense (approximately 3.25 specific gravity) and slightly weaker compound than the more pure sintered
bauxite compound. Table 3.17 lists some of the bauxite proppants currently available.

Table 3.17— Intermediate and High-Strength Bauxite Proppants

Product Name Description
Norton-Alcoa Proppants
INTERPROP Intermediate-strength bauxite
SINTERED BAUXITE High-strength bauxite
Carbo Ceramics, Inc.
CarboProp Intermediate-strength bauxite
Carbo HSP High-strength bauxite
Sintex Minerals and Services, Inc.
SinterLite Intermediate-strength bauxite
SinterProp Economy high-strength bauxite
SinterBall Premium high-strength bauxite

3-56 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Proppant Calculations
Slurry Density and Volume
Slurry density is an extremely important factor in stimulation. It is used during the calculations of BHTP
and friction pressure while running sand-laden fluid.

On a fracturing job, proppant is added to the gel on a lb/gal basis. For example, one pound of dry sand
will be added to one gallon of fluid. Because sand adds density and volume, the resulting slurry density
and volume will change. The absolute volume factors in Table 3.21 will be used to help calculate slurry
density and volume in the following example problems.

(1 ft3 is equal to one sack of proppant)

The absolute volume of proppant is calculated from the specific gravity of the proppant. The specific
gravity is measured in grams per cc (cubic centimeter).

So, the Bulk Density (or Specific Gravity) is measured as if the proppant were a solid and not made up
of individual particles.

Example:

What is the slurry density (lb/gal) and slurry volume (gal) of fresh water with 2 lb/gal Ottawa proppant
added?

Solution:

Set up a table like Table 3.18:

Table 3.18—Sample Table

Materials Absolute Volume Absolute Volume
Materials
(lb) Factor (gal/lb) (gal)
Fresh water 8.33 — 1
Sand 2 0.0452 0.0912

TOTALS 10.33 lb 1.0912 gal

(volume factor)

Divide total lb by total gal to calculate slurry density.

lb 10.33 lb lb
Slurry Density = = = 9.4666
gal 1.0912 gal gal

The total of the absolute volume column (in gals) is also referred to as "dirty" volume.

If you were to run 2,000 gal of water with 2 lb/gal Ottawa sand, then "clean" volume is 2,000 gal. The
"dirty" volume is the "clean" volume plus the sand volume (in gal). Total lb of sand would be 2,000 gal

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-57

Coiled Tubing Handbook

× 2 lb/gal = 4,000 lb. Sand volume (in gal) is the total lb of sand times the absolute volume factor for
sand. In this case the sand volume is 4000 lb × 0.0452 gal/lb.

To calculate "dirty" volume:

⎛ gal ⎞
Dirty Vol = 2000 gal + ⎜ 4000 lb sand × 0.0452 ⎟
⎝ lb ⎠
= 2000 gal + 180.8 gal
= 2180.8 gal

or 2000 gal × volume factor = 2000 × 1.0912 = 2182.4 gals

Example:

What is the slurry density and "dirty" volume?

• Fracturing fluid is Diesel #2 with a density of 7.33 lb/gal.

• Sand concentration is 10 lb/gal.
Stage size is 10,000 gal "clean" volume.

Solution:
Table 3.19—Example Solution
Materials Absolute Volume Absolute Volume
Materials
(lb) Factor (gal/lb) (gal)
Diesel #2 7.33 — 1
Sand 10 0.0452 0.452

TOTALS 17.33 lb 1.452 gal

lb 17.33 lb lb
Slurry Density = = =11.935
gal 1.452 gal gal

"Dirty" Volume = "Clean" volume + (sand concentration × clean volume × absolute volume factor)

⎛ lb gal ⎞
10,000 gal + ⎜⎜10 × 10,000 gal × 0.0452 ⎟
⎝ gal lb ⎟⎠
=14,520 gal " dirty" volume

Instead of using a table, you can use the following equations for slurry density, slurry volume, and
volume factor:

ρ (lb/gal) + Prop Conc(lb/gal)

ρSlurry = BaseFluid
Volume Factor

3-58 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

where:
ρSlurry = Slurry Density
ρBase Fluid = Base Fluid Density
Prop Conc = Proppant Concentration

Volume Factor =
⎛ ⎛ lb ⎞ ⎛ gal ⎞ ⎞⎟
1 + ⎜⎜ Prop Conc⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × Abs Vol factor⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ gal ⎠ ⎝ lb ⎠ ⎟⎠

One place where an understanding of slurry density and volume is necessary is when a well "screens out".
A screen out occurs when fluid and proppant can no longer be pumped into the formation and causes the
pressure to reach its maximum allowable value. Usually, the job is shut down at that point.

Example:

We are pumping 2% KC1 water (8.43 lb/gal) with 4 lb/gal 20/40 Ottawa sand. The casing is 4-1/2 inch,
10.5 lb/ft. Perforations are at 3,000 ft. As soon as the 4 lb/gal stage gets to the perfs, the well screens out.
How many sacks of sand are left in the casing? What is the hydrostatic pressure at the perforations?

gal
Casing Capacity = 3000ft × 0.6699
ft
= 2009.7 gal

Therefore, we have 2009.7 gal of slurry in the casing. In order to calculate the sand volume we need to
use the equation.

Volume Factor = 1 + (Prop Conc × Abs Vol)

lb gal
= 1 + (4 × 0.0452
gal lb
= 1 + 0.1808 = 1.1808

To calculate the clean volume, rearrange the following equation:

Slurry Volume = Clean Vol × Volume Factor

Slurry Volume
Clean Vol =
Volume Factor
2009.7 gal
Clean Vol =
1.808
= 1701.9817 gal 2% KCL water

Now to calculate the sand volume:

lb
Wsand = 1701.9817 gal × 4 = 6807.927 lb
gal

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-59

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Since there are 95.9 lb of Ottawa sand in one sack:

6807.9268 lb
Vs = = 71sacks of sand
lb
95.9
sk

To calculate the hydrostatic pressure, we need to use a different equation:

Slurry Density = Base fluid density + sand concentration

volume factor

The volume factor (1.1808) has already been calculated.

lb lb
8.43 +4
gal gal
Slurry Density =
1.1808

12.43
=
lb
1.1808
gal

lb
= 10.5268
gal

lb
Ph Gradient = 10.5268 × 0.05195
gal
psi
= 0.5469
ft
.
psi
Ph = 3000ft × 0.5469
ft

=1640.6 psi
or

Ph = 3000ft × 0.5455(RedBook)
= 1635.5 psi

3-60 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Proppant Data Tables

Standard Sieve Openings

Table 3.20—Standard Sieve Openings

Sieve Sieve
U.S. Series U.S. Series
Opening Opening
Mesh Mesh
(in.) (in.)
4 0.187 25 0.0280
6 0.132 30 0.0232
8 0.0937 35 0.0197
10 0.0787 40 0.0165
12 0.0661 60 0.0098
14 0.0555 70 0.0083
16 0.0469 100 0.0059
18 0.0394 170 0.0035
20 0.0331

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-61

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table of Proppant Data

Table 3.21—Proppant Data
Bulk Average Average Absolute
Proppant Type Mesh Density Packed
Density Diameter Diameter Sphericity Roundness Volume
Size (ppg) Porosity
(lb/cu ft) (in.) (ft) (gal/lb)
AcFRAC BLACK 20/40 102 21.27 0.0470
AcFRAC BLACK
20/40 100 21.43 0.0466
PRIME
CARBOLITE 20/40 100 0.02874 0.0024 0.9 0.9 22.57 0.0443 0.4077
CARBOPROP 16/30 117 0.03 0.0025 0.9 0.9 27.23 0.0367 0.4257
CARBOPROP 20/40 117 0.0259 0.00216 0.9 0.9 27.23 0.0367 0.4257
CARBOPROP 30/60
CARBOPROP 40/70
CARBOPROP HC 12/18
CARBOPROP HC 16/20
CARBOPROP HC 20/40 113 27.10 0.0369
Colorado Lite Sand 10/20 102 0.04612 0.00384 0.7 0.6 22.07 0.0453 0.3822
Colorado Lite Sand 12/20 102 0.05785 0.00482 0.67 0.68 22.03 0.0454 0.3809
Colorado Lite Sand 16/30 98.4 0.038 0.00317 0.7 0.6 23.32 0.0429 0.4359
Colorado Lite Sand 20/40 98.7 0.031 0.00258 0.7 0.6 21.9 0.0457 0.3976
Colorado Lite Sand 8/16 107 0.077 0.00642 0.7 0.6 22.1 0.0452 0.3529
EconoFlex 20/40 93.3 0.0255 0.00213 0.8 0.8 22.23 0.045 0.4389
ECONOPROP 20/40 95 0.021 0.00175 0.9 0.9 22.4 0.0446 0.4331
England Chelford DC
20/40 96.4 0.029 0.00242 21.26 0.047 0.3939
Sand
England Chelford
20/40 95.8 0.038 0.00317 22.08 0.0453 0.4199
Sand
Hickory Sand 12/20 97.7 0.049 0.00408 22.1 0.0453 0.4089
Hickory Sand 16/30 94.2 0.033 0.00275 22.09 0.0453 0.4299
Hickory Sand 20/40 96.2 0.024 0.002 22.09 0.0453 0.4179
Hickory Sand 8/16 102 0.071 0.00592 22.1 0.0453 0.3829
INTERPROP + 12/18
INTERPROP + 16/20
INTERPROP + 20/40
INTERPROP 12/20 120 0.051 0.00425 0.9 0.9 26.65 0.0375 0.3981
INTERPROP 16/20 120 0.038 0.00317 0.9 0.9 26.65 0.0375 0.3981
INTERPROP 16/30 120 0.035 0.00292 0.9 0.9 26.65 0.0375 0.3981
INTERPROP 20/40 120 0.026 0.00217 0.9 0.9 26.65 0.0375 0.3981
INTERPROP 40/70 120 0.014 0.00117 0.9 0.9 26.65 0.0375 0.3981
INTERPROP I 16/30
INTERPROP I 20/40
Jordan Sand 12/20 92.6 0.044 0.00367 0.85 0.85 22.1 0.0452 0.4399
Jordan Sand 16/30 93.6 0.029 0.00242 0.825 0.85 22.1 0.0452 0.4339
Jordan Sand 20/40 95.9 0.023 0.00192 0.825 0.85 22.1 0.0452 0.4199
Jordan Sand 40/60 95.9 0.011 0.00092 0.825 0.85 22.1 0.0452 0.4199
LWP Plus 12/18 96.58 0.053 0.00442 0.9 0.9 21.65 0.0462 0.4038
LWP Plus 16/20 96.58 0.038 0.00317 0.9 0.9 21.65 0.0462 0.4038
LWP Plus 20/40 96.58 0.028 0.00233 0.9 0.9 21.65 0.0462 0.4038

3-62 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 3.21—Proppant Data (Continued)

Bulk Average Average Absolute
Proppant Type Mesh Density Packed
Density Diameter Diameter Sphericity Roundness Volume
Size (ppg) Porosity
(lb/cu ft) (in.) (ft) (gal/lb)
NAPLITE 10/14
NAPLITE 12/18 96.58 0.053 0.00442 0.9 21.65 0.0462 0.4038
NAPLITE 12/20
NAPLITE 16/20 96.58 0.038 0.00317 0.9 0.9 21.65 0.0462 0.4038
NAPLITE 20/40 96.58 0.028 0.00233 0.9 0.9 21.65 0.0462 0.4038
Norcote CH T 20/40
Norcote SRDC CH 16/30
Norcote SRDC CH 20/40
Norcote SRDC CL 16/30
Norcote SRDC CL 20/40
Oklahoma #1 Sand 100 103 0.00709 0.00059 0.85 0.85 22.07 0.0453 0.3761
OptiProp 20/40 95.5 0.02413 0.00201 0.8 0.8 21.45 0.0466 0.4049
Ottawa Sand 12/20 101 0.0459 0.00382 0.85 0.85 22.1 0.0452 0.3891
Ottawa Sand 16/30 101 0.03179 0.00265 0.825 0.85 22.1 0.0452 0.3892
Ottawa Sand 20/40 100 0.02304 0.00192 0.825 0.85 22.1 0.0452 0.3951
Ottawa Sand 30/50 99 0.01683 0.0014 0.775 0.8 22.07 0.0453 0.4003
Ottawa Sand 40/70 95 0.01212 0.00101 0.725 0.8 22.07 0.0453 0.4246
SBU Ceramax E 20/40 100 0.0299 0.00249 0.9 0.9 21.6 0.0463 0.3811
SBU Ceramax I 12/18 100 0.9 0.9 21.6 0.0463 0.3811
SBU Ceramax I 16/20 100 0.9 0.9 21.6 0.0463 0.3811
SBU Ceramax I 20/40 100 0.9 0.9 21.6 0.0463 0.3811
SBU Ceramax P 12/20 100 0.9 0.9 21.6 0.0463 0.3811
SBU Ceramax P 16/20 100 0.04344 0.00362 0.9 0.9 21.6 0.0463 0.3811
SBU Ceramax P 18/30 100 0.03348 0.00279 0.9 0.9 21.6 0.0463 0.3811
SBU Ceramax P 20/40 100 0.03046 0.00254 0.9 0.9 21.6 0.0463 0.3811
SBU Ceramax P 30/50 100 0.9 0.9 21.6 0.0463 0.3811
SinterBall 12/20 140.9 0.0472 0.00393 0.9 0.9 30.15 0.0332 0.3752
SinterBall 16/20 141.6 0.0364 0.00303 0.9 0.9 30.15 0.0332 0.3721
SinterBall 18/30 142.6 0.0279 0.00233 0.9 0.9 30.15 0.0332 0.3677
SinterBall 20/40 142.9 0.0247 0.00206 0.9 0.9 30.15 0.0332 0.3664
SinterBall 30/50 143.6 0.0198 0.00165 0.9 0.9 30.15 0.0332 0.3633
SINTERED BAUXITE 12/20 131 0.051 0.00425 0.9 0.9 29.98 0.0334 0.4159
SINTERED BAUXITE 16/20 131 0.038 0.00317 0.9 0.9 29.98 0.0334 0.4159
SINTERED BAUXITE 18/30 131 0.033 0.00275 0.9 0.9 29.98 0.0334 0.4159
SINTERED BAUXITE 20/40 131 0.028 0.00233 0.9 0.9 29.98 0.0334 0.4159
Super DC 12/20 96.5 0.0433 0.00361 0.8 0.8 21.4 0.0467 0.3973
Super DC 16/30 96.5 0.0311 0.00259 0.8 0.8 21.4 0.0467 0.3973
Super DC 20/40 96.5 0.0241 0.00201 0.8 0.8 21.4 0.0467 0.3973
Super HS 12/20 96.5 0.0433 0.00361 0.8 0.8 21.07 0.0475 0.3878
Super HS 16/30 96.5 0.0311 0.00259 0.8 0.8 21.07 0.0475 0.3878
Super HS 20/40 96.5 0.0241 0.00201 0.8 0.8 21.07 0.0475 0.3878
Super LC 12/20 96.5 0.0433 0.00361 0.8 0.8 21.65 0.0462 0.4042
Super LC 16/30 96.5 0.0311 0.00259 0.8 0.8 21.65 0.0462 0.4042
Super LC 20/40 96.5 0.0241 0.00201 0.8 0.8 21.65 0.0462 0.4042

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-63

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 3.21—Proppant Data (Continued)

Bulk Average Average Absolute
Proppant Type Mesh Density Packed
Density Diameter Diameter Sphericity Roundness Volume
Size (ppg) Porosity
(lb/cu ft) (in.) (ft) (gal/lb)
SUPER PROP 12/20 131 0.051 0.00425 0.9 0.9 29.98 0.0334 0.4159
SUPER PROP 16/20 131 0.038 0.00317 0.9 0.9 29.98 0.0334 0.4159
SUPER PROP 18/30 131 0.033 0.00275 0.9 0.9 29.98 0.0334 0.4159
SUPER PROP 20/40 131 0.028 0.00233 0.9 0.9 29.98 0.0334 0.4159
Super TF 20/40 96 0.02224 0.00185 0.8 0.8 21.39 0.0468 0.3999
Tempered DC 16/30 93.7 0.0311 0.00259 0.8 0.8 21.41 0.0467 0.4149
Tempered DC 20/40 95.5 0.02413 0.00201 0.8 0.8 21.45 0.0466 0.4049
Tempered HS 12/20
Tempered HS 16/30 93.7 0.0311 0.00259 0.8 0.8 21.41 0.0467 0.4149
Tempered HS 20/40 95.5 0.02413 0.00201 0.8 0.8 21.45 0.0466 0.4049
Tempered LC 16/30 93.7 0.0311 0.00259 0.8 0.8 21.41 0.0467 0.4149
Tempered LC 20/40 95.5 0.02413 0.00201 0.8 0.8 21.45 0.0466 0.4049
Tempered TF 20/40 96 0.02224 0.00185 0.8 0.8 21.39 0.0468 0.3999
VALUPROP 20/40 96.58 0.026 0.00217 0.9 0.9 21.65 0.0462 0.4038

Sand and Gel Required for 1 bbl of Slurry

English Units

Table 3.22—Sand/Gel for 1 bbl of Slurry

(English Units)
Sand Gel Sand Slurry Volume
Concentration Required Required
lb/gal gal lb gal bbl
1 40 40 41.82 0.99
2 38 76 41.47 0.99
3 37 111 42.06 1.00
4 36 144 42.57 1.01
5 34 170 41.75 0.99
6 33 198 42.03 1.00
7 32 231 42.21 1.01
8 31 248 42.31 1.01
9 30 270 42.31 1.01
10 29 290 42.22 1.01
11 28 308 42.05 1.00
12 27 324 41.77 0.99
13 26 338 41.41 0.98
14 26 364 42.59 1.01
15 25 375 42.10 1.00

3-64 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Metric Units

Table 3.23—Sand/Gel for 1 bbl of Slurry

(Metric Units)

Sand m3 of Slurry Kg Sand Slurry Requirement

m3 Sand per Required per Gradient
Concentration Required per m3 to Place 1 m3 Bar/Meter
g/L m3 of Gel m3 of Slurry of Sand
of Slurry
120 0.046 0.956 114.76 13.96 0.107
240 0.091 0.916 219.93 7.28 0.114
360 0.137 0.880 316.66 5.06 0.120
480 0.183 0.846 405.92 3.95 0.125
600 0.228 0.814 488.54 3.28 0.130
720 0.274 0.785 565.25 2.83 0.135
840 0.319 0.758 636.66 2.52 0.139
960 0.365 0.733 703.29 2.28 0.144
1080 0.411 0.709 765.61 2.09 0.147
1200 0.456 0.687 824.02 1.94 0.151
1320 0.502 0.666 878.89 1.82 0.154
1440 0.548 0.646 930.52 1.72 0.158
1560 0.593 0.628 979.19 1.64 0.161
1680 0.639 0.610 1025.15 1.56 0.164
1800 0.684 0.594 1068.62 1.50 0.166
1920 0.730 0.578 1109.80 1.44 0.169
2040 0.776 0.563 1148.87 1.39 0.171
2160 0.821 0.549 1185.97 1.35 0.174

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-65

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Density of Sand Slurry

Figure 3.24—Sand slurry density

3-66 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Miscellaneous Fluid Information Tables

Maximum Density of Common Completion Brines

Table 3.24—Maximum Density of Common Completion Brines

Maximum Density
Brine
Specific Gravity lb/gal kg/m3
Ammonium chloride 1.080 9.000 1080.00
Potassium chloride 1.160 9.700 1160.00
Sodium chloride 1.200 10.000 1200.00
Calcium chloride 1.390 11.600 1390.00
Sodium bromide 1.520 12.700 1520.00
Calcium bromide 1.840 15.300 1840.00
Zinc bromide 2.300 19.200 2300.00
Cesium formate 2.370 19.800 2370.00
Potassium formate 1.560 13.000 1560.00
Sodium formate 1.460 12.200 1460.00
Calcium Formate 1.100 9.163 1100.00

Sodium Chloride Solution Properties

Table 3.25—Sodium Chloride Solution Properties

%NaCI Specific Solution Freezing
Density lb of KCI KCl
per weight of: Gravity Volume Point
mg/L
Solution Water lb/gal kg/m3 at 20oC /gal water /bbl water bbl m3 oF oC

0 — 8.34 998.00 0.998 — — — 1.000 0.1590 — —

1 1.01 8.38 1005.00 1.005 0.08 3.54 10 050 1.005 0.1598 30.9 -0.6
2 2.04 8.45 1013.00 1.013 0.17 7.15 20 250 1.008 0.1603 29.9 -1.2
3 3.09 8.51 1020.00 1.020 0.26 10.82 30 600 1.011 0.1607 28.8 -1.8
4 4.17 8.57 1027.00 1.027 0.35 14.61 41 100 1.015 0.1614 27.7 -2.4
5 5.26 8.62 1034.00 1.034 0.44 18.42 51 700 1.018 0.1618 26.2 -3.0
6 6.38 8.68 1041.00 1.041 0.53 22.35 52 500 1.022 0.1625 25.3 -3.7
8 8.70 8.81 1056.00 1.056 0.73 30.47 84 500 1.029 0.1636 22.9 -5.1
10 11.11 8.93 1071.00 1.071 0.93 38.92 107 100 1.038 0.1650 20.2 -6.6
12 13.64 9.06 1086.00 1.086 1.14 47.78 130 300 1.047 0.1665 17.3 -8.2
14 16.28 9.18 1101.00 1.101 1.36 57.03 155 400 1.056 0.1679 14.1 -9.9
16 19.05 9.31 1116.00 1.116 1.59 66.73 178 600 1.067 0.1696 10.6 -11.9
18 21.95 9.44 1132.00 1.132 1.83 76.89 203 700 1.077 0.1712 6.7 -14.0
20 25.00 9.57 1148.00 1.148 2.09 87.57 229 600 1.089 0.1731 2.4 -16.5
22 28.21 9.71 1164.00 1.164 2.35 98.81 256 100 1.101 0.1750 -2.5 -19.2
24 31.58 9.84 1180.00 1.180 2.63 110.62 283 300 1.115 0.1773 1.4 -17.0*
26 36.05 9.98 1197.00 1.197 2.93 123.09 311 300 1.129 0.1795 27.9 -2.3**
*Precipitates at -17.0°C or 1.4°F
**Precipitates at -2.3°C or 27.9°F

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-67

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Calcium Chloride Solution Properties

Table 3.26—Calcium Chloride Solution Properties

%Ca Cl2 Specific lbs of Anhydrous Solution Freezing
Density CaCl2
per Weight Gravity Calcium Chloride: Volume Point
o g/L
of Solution lb/gal kg/m3 at 20 C /gal water /bbl water bbl m3 °F °C
0 8.34 998 0.998 1.000 0.15899 32.0 0.0
1 8.41 1008 1.008 0.08 3.54 10.100 1.002 0.15931 31.1 -0.5
2 8.47 1015 1.015 0.17 7.15 20.300 1.004 0.15962 30.2 -1.0
3 8.54 1024 1.024 0.26 10.82 30.700 1.006 0.15994 29.7 -1.3
4 8.61 1032 1.032 0.35 14.61 41.300 1.008 0.16026 28.4 -2.0
5 8.69 1042 1.042 0.44 18.42 52.100 1.012 0.16090 27.7 -2.4
10 9.04 1084 1.084 0.93 38.92 108.400 1.024 0.16280 22.3 -5.4
15 9.44 1132 1.132 1.47 61.74 169.800 1.040 0.16535 13.5 -10.3
20 9.82 1178 1.178 2.09 87.57 235.600 1.060 0.16853 -0.4 -18.0
25 10.24 1228 1.228 2.78 116.76 307.000 1.090 0.17330 -20.6 -29.2
30 10.69 1282 1.282 3.57 149.94 384.600 1.114 0.17711 -49.0 -45.0
35 11.15 1337 1.337 4.49 188.58 468.000 1.151 0.18299
40 11.72 1405 1.405 5.56 233.52 562.000 1.186 0.18856

Ammonium Chloride Solution Properties

Table 3.27—Ammonium Chloride Solution Properties

%NH4Cl Density Specific lbs of NH4Cl Solution Freezing
NH4Cl
per weight of: Gravity Volume Point

Solution Water lb/gal kg/m3 at 20oC /gal water /bbl water g/L bbl m3 °F °C
0 0.998
1 1.01 8.36 1003.00 1.003 0.084 3.522 10.000 1.007 0.1601 30.853 -0.637
2 2.04 8.39 1006.00 1.006 0.168 7.044 20.100 1.014 0.1612 29.714 -1.270
3 3.09 8.42 1009.00 1.009 0.252 10.584 30.200 1.021 0.1623 28.557 -1.913
4 4.17 8.44 1013.00 1.013 0.337 14.158 40.400 1.028 0.1634 27.372 -2.571
6 6.38 8.49 1019.00 1.019 0.509 21.377 61.000 1.043 0.1658 26.157 -3.246
8 8.70 8.54 1025.00 1.025 0.683 28.667 81.800 1.057 0.1680 24.906 -3.941
10 11.11 8.59 1030.00 1.030 0.859 36.061 102.900 1.073 0.1706 22.280 -1.250
12 13.64 8.64 1036.00 1.036 1.035 43.491 124.100 1.088 0.1730 19.490 -6.950
14 16.28 8.69 1042.00 1.042 1.215 51.025 145.600 1.104 0.1755 16.520 -8.600
16 19.05 8.73 1048.00 1.048 1.396 58.630 167.300 1.120 0.1781
18 21.95 8.78 1053.00 1.053 1.579 66.305 189.200 1.136 0.1806
20 25.00 8.83 1059.00 1.059 1.763 74.050 211.300 1.153 0.1833
22 28.21 8.87 1064.00 1.064 1.950 81.900 233.700 1.170 0.1860
24 31.58 8.92 1069.00 1.069 2.138 89.785 256.200 1.187 0.1887

3-68 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Potassium Chloride Solution Properties

Table 3.28—Potassium Chloride Solution Properties

%KCI Density Specific Solution Freezing
lbs of KCI KCl
per weight of: Gravity Volume Point
Solution Water lb/gal kg/m3 at 20°C /gal water /bbl water g/L bbl m3 °F °C
0 8.34 998.00 0.998
1 1.01 8.38 1005.00 1.005 0.08 3.54 10.050 1.004 0.1596 31.2 -0.44
2 2.04 8.43 1011.00 1.011 0.17 7.15 20.200 1.007 0.1601 30.3 -0.94
3 3.09 8.48 1017.00 1.017 0.26 10.82 30.500 1.011 0.1607 29.5 -1.39
4 4.17 8.54 1024.00 1.024 0.35 14.61 41.000 1.015 0.1614 28.7 -1.83
6 6.38 8.65 1037.00 1.037 0.53 22.35 62.200 1.024 0.1628 27.0 -2.78
8 8.70 8.75 1050.00 1.050 0.73 30.47 83.800 1.032 0.164 25.2 -3.78
10 11.11 8.87 1063.00 1.063 0.93 38.92 106.300 1.041 0.1655 23.3 -4.83
12 13.64 8.98 1077.00 1.077 1.14 47.78 129.200 1.051 0.1671 21.4 -5.89
14 16.28 9.10 1091.00 1.091 1.36 57.03 152.500 1.060 0.1685 19.3 -7.06
16 19.05 9.21 1104.00 1.104 1.59 66.73 176.700 1.071 0.1703 17.4 -8.11
18 21.95 9.33 1119.00 1.119 1.83 76.89 200.900 1.082 0.172 14.9 -9.50
20 25.00 9.45 1133.00 1.133 2.09 87.57 226.600 1.092 0.1736 15.0 -9.44
22 28.21 9.57 1147.00 1.147 2.35 98.81 251.900 1.103 0.1754 32.6 10.33
24 31.58 9.69 1162.00 1.162 2.63 110.62 278.900 1.115 0.1773 52* 11.11*
26.5 36.05 9.82 1178.00 1.178 3.01 126.28 312.200 1.130 0.1797 78.3* 25.72*
* Precipitates

Fracturing Fluid Systems

Table 3.29—Fracturing Fluid Systems

Additive
Additive Function PURGEL PURGEL HYBOR H HYBOR G THERMAGEL
III HT III HT/CO2
Gelling agent WG-18 WG-18 WG-11 WG-22/31 WG-18
LGC VI VI V IV VI
Crosslinker CL-23 CL-23 CL-22 or 28 CL-22 or CL-24
28
Accelerator Lower pH CO2 K-38 K-38 MO-67
Accelerator CL-31 CL-31 CL-31
pH control HCl BA-20 MO-67 MO-67 BA-40L
pH buffer BA-20 BA-40L BA-40L BA-40L BA-20
Shorten crosslink time Lower pH CL-31 CL-31 Raise pH, CL-11
Downhole bldr pH 5.0-6.5 9.5-10.5 10.5-12 10.5-12.0 10.0-10.5
Crosslink pH range 5.0-7.0 9.5-12 9.5-12 10.0-10.5
pH for best stability 5.0-6.5 9.5 9.5-12 9.5-12 10.0-10.5
pH for hydration 5.0-6.5 5.0-6.5 5.5-6.5 6.5-7.5 5.5-6.5
Ideal pH for crosslink 5.0-6.5 5.0-6.5 9.5-12 9.5-12 10

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-69

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 3.29—Fracturing Fluid Systems (Continued)

Additive
Additive Function VERSAGEL FRACGEL FRACGEL Deltafrac Deltafrac
HT HT 140 200
Gelling agent WG-11 WG-31 WG-31 WG-22/31 WG-22/31
LGC V IV IV IV IV
Crosslinker CL-18 CL-23 CL-24 BC-140 BC-200
Accelerator CL-11 MO-67 MO-67 CL-31
Accelerator MO-67 CL-31
pH Control MO-67 BA-40L BA-40L BA-40L
pH Buffer BA-20 BA-20 BA-20
Shorten crosslink time CL-11 Raise pH Raise pH, CL-31 CL-31
Downhole bldr pH 6.0-7.0 6.5-8.0 10.0-10.5 8.4-8.6 8.9-9.2
Crosslink pH range 6.0-7.0 7.0-8.0 10.0-10.5 8.4-8.6 8.9-9.2
pH for best stability 6.0-7.0 7.0-7.5 10.0-10.5 8.4-8.6 8.9-9.2
pH for hydration 5.5-6.5 6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5
Ideal pH for crosslink 6.5 7.0-7.5 10 8.4-8.6 8.9-9.2

3-70 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Hydraulics and Friction Pressure Losses

In most coiled tubing (CT) applications such as cleanouts, well unloading, acidizing, stimulation,
drilling, etc., fluid (liquid, gas, or multiphase mixture of liquid and gas) is pumped through the CT to a
desired depth in the wellbore, and returned up the annulus. Water, air, nitrogen, diesel, brines, acids, gels,
and foams are among the many commonly pumped fluids through CT in these various applications. Thus,
depending on the fluid type and properties, system pressures (pump pressure, gooseneck pressure,
wellhead pressure, flowing bottom hole pressure) change and affect the pumping requirements. In
addition, system pressures are also affected by many other parameters such as pump rate, CT size (length,
diameter), reel core diameter, geometry of the wellbore, and surface roughness.

From a fluid mechanics viewpoint, flows that occur during any CT application can be broadly classified
as:
• steady (flow is independent of time) or unsteady (flow is time-dependent)
• laminar (flow is characterized by layers or streamlines) or turbulent (flow is characterized by random
mixing and is no longer streamlined)
• compressible (fluid density is a strong function of pressure such as in gases) or incompressible (fluid
density is a very weak function of pressure such as for liquids)
• single-phase (only one fluid phase exists as either liquid or gas) or multiphase (at least two phases
exist as in liquid and gas or liquid, gas, and solid)
• Newtonian (shear stress is linearly related to shear rate) or non-Newtonian (shear stress is not linearly
related to shear rate).
• the flow direction can be either upwards or downwards; flow can occur in vertical, inclined, or
horizontal wells; and in tubing or annulus formed between the CT and production tubing/casing.

Therefore, in order to accurately predict the system pressures in any CT operation, all these fluid
mechanics aspects and parameters must be taken into careful consideration during the mathematical
development of a wellbore hydraulics model for CT applications.
System pressures can be estimated by appropriately accounting for the total pressure losses (ΔΡ ) in the
CT and annulus. In general, the total pressure loss is comprised of three components, namely:
hydrostatic pressure loss (ΔΡh )

friction pressure loss (ΔΡf), and

acceleration pressure loss (ΔΡa).

Moreover, the frictional component of the coiled tubing pressure loss can be further subdivided into two
parts: a part that accounts for the friction pressure loss on the reel (ΔRT) before entering the well, and a
part that accounts for the straight tubing losses (ΔΡST) in the well. Experiments have shown that, in
general, reeled tubing pressure losses are greater than the corresponding straight tubing pressure losses.
Usually, the acceleration pressure loss is negligible as long as there is no sudden change in cross-sectional
area of flow, and is therefore not included here.
From a steady-state mechanical energy balance, the hydrostatic and frictional components of pressure
loss can be written as [see Bourgoyne et al. (1991)].

ΔP = 0.052 ρh , (1)
h

and

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-71

Coiled Tubing Handbook

ρv 2 L . (2)
ΔP = f
f 25.8d

The mean velocity of the fluid can be found from

Q
v= . (3)
2.448d 2

The friction factor in Eq. (2) is a function of the Reynolds number (Re), defined physically as the ratio
of the inertia force to the viscous force. Mathematically, the definition of Re varies depending on the fluid
type (e.g., Newtonian liquids, non-Newtonian liquids, gases, multiphase fluids). In addition, the
magnitude of Re distinguishes a flow from being in the laminar, transitional, or turbulent flow regimes.
Thus, the friction factor is found as a function of Re for all these flow regimes in various fluid types.
Similarly, computation of fluid properties (density, viscosity) differ depending on fluid type and will be
discussed briefly in separate sub-sections.

Pressure Losses in Liquids

Liquids are most often pumped through CT in any application. Examples of commonly pumped liquids
are fresh water, seawater, brines, acids, kerosene, crude oil, diesel, polymer gels, and drilling mud. These
fluids can be broadly classified as Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. Non-Newtonian liquids can
be further subdivided into many categories depending on the rheological model that best describes their
fluid behavior. Only the Newtonian model will be discussed in some detail and general methodologies
will be presented for other fluid types.

Newtonian Liquids

Fluids that exhibit a linear relationship between the shear stress and shear rate are called Newtonian
fluids. Water, brines, acids, and light oils are good examples of Newtonian liquids. The flow is usually
characterized by the Reynolds number, which for Newtonian fluids can be written as

928ρvd .
Re = (3)
μ

For internal flow of Newtonian fluids through straight tubing, the flow can be classified as either laminar,
transitional, or turbulent depending on the magnitude of the Reynolds number. The flow is laminar if Re
is less than or equal to a critical value of 2100. A transitional flow is observed between Reynolds numbers
of 2100 and 4000. If Re is greater than 4000, then the flow is turbulent. The friction factor for straight
tubing (fst ) in laminar flow is given by

16
f ST = . (4)
Re

3-72 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

In turbulent flow, fst can be expressed as [see Serghides (1984)]

−2
⎡ ( A − 4.781)2 ⎤⎥
f ST = 0.25⎢4.781 − . (5)
⎢⎣ B − 2 A + 4.781⎥
⎦

where

⎛ ε 12 ⎞⎟
A = −2.0 log⎜ + . (6)
⎜ 3 .7 D ⎟
⎝ e Re ⎠

⎛ ε 2.51A ⎞⎟
B = −2.0 log⎜ + . (7)
⎜ 3.7 D Re ⎟
⎝ e ⎠

However, in the case of flow through reeled tubing (i.e., for the length of CT on the reel), the presence
of a secondary flow (commonly referred to as Dean's vortices) perpendicular to the main flow makes the
characterization somewhat complicated. In most cases, flow is turbulent in the CT. For turbulent flow,
Sas-Jaworsky and Reed (1997) have recently provided a correlation to determine the friction factor in
reeled tubing as,

d
f RT = f ST + 0.0075 . (7)
Dreel

Clearly, from Eq. (7) the coiled tubing friction factors are greater than the straight tubing friction factors
by an amount specified by the reel curvature. Equations (3)-(7) are utilized in Eq. (2) to compute the
friction pressure losses in straight and reeled tubing.

In this section, friction pressure loss graphs for various CT sizes (diameters and wall thickness) are
presented for four common oilfield fluids pumped through CT. These four Newtonian fluids are shown
in Table 3.30 along with their properties.

Table 3.30—Newtonian Fluids Properties

Fluid Density (lbm/ft3) Viscosity (cp)
Diesel 51.72 1.62
Fresh water 62.31 0.99
15% HCl 66.97 1.95
10 ppg (1.2 SG) brine 74.81 2.30

The graphs depict the friction pressure loss in both straight (when the CT is off the reel) and reeled tubing
(when the CT is on the reel) for various flow rates through the CT. A pipe roughness value of 0.0018 in.
(corresponding to that of commercial steel pipes) is used in the calculations. For the friction pressure loss
plots in reeled tubing, the Table 3.31 shows the reel core diameters selected for various CT diameters.

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-73

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 3.31—Reel Core Diameters

CT Diameter (in.) Core Diameter (ft)
1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 6
2,2.375, 2.875 8
3.5 11

These graphs can be readily used to estimate the friction pressure loss for a given CT size, or conversely,
select an appropriate CT size depending on the magnitude of the friction pressure loss.
Example 1
Determine the hydrostatic pressure loss in a 10,000-ft long CT section inclined at angle 30 degrees to the
vertical. The fluid flowing through the CT is diesel
From the table, density of diesel = 6.91 ppg. The vertical distance

h = 10000 × cos 30 = 8660 ft. Thus, hydrostatic pressure loss,

ΔPh = 0.052 × 6.91 × 8660 = 3112 psi.

Example 2
Consider a 15,000-ft long, 1.5-in. CT with 0.109-in. wall thickness. The length of CT on the reel is 5,000
ft. Determine the total friction pressure loss if fresh water is pumped through the CT at 1 bpm. Use an
inside pipe roughness of 0.0018 in. and a reel core diameter of 84 in.
For fresh water, ρ = 8.33 ppg and μ = 0.99 cp (see above table). The inside diameter of the CT, d = 1.5
- 2 × 0.109 = 1.282 in. The velocity of fresh water in the CT can now be calculated as,

42
v= ft/s = 10.44 ft/s
2,448 ×1.2822

Then , the Reynolds number is found to determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent.

928 × 8.33 × 10.44 × 1.282

Re = = 104507
0.99

Since Re > 2100, flow is turbulent. Using this value of Re, d, and ε = 0.0018 in., the friction factor in
straight tubing can be found as fST = 0.00584. Thus, the friction pressure loss in straight tubing
becomes,

0.00584 × 8.33 × 10.442 ×10000

ΔPST = = 1604 psi.
25.8 × 1.282

Using Dreel = 84 in., the friction factor in reeled tubing , fRT = 0.006766.

3-74 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Correspondingly, the friction pressure loss in reeled tubing , ΔPRT = 929 psi. Hence, the total friction
pressure loss becomes, ΔPf = 1604 + 929 = 2,533 psi.

Alternatively, the friction pressure loss in both straight and reeled tubing can be found from the graphs
presented in this section. From the graph of friction pressure loss for 1.5 in. CT with 0.109 wall thickness,
the pressure loss for fresh water at 1 bpm in straight and reeled tubing is about 160 and 185 psi/1,000 ft
respectively. Multiplying the straight tubing loss value by 10 gives the pressure loss in 10,000 ft as psi.
ΔPST = 1,600 Similarly, ΔPRT = 185 × 5 = 925 psi. Thus, the total friction pressure loss, ΔPf = 1,600 +
925 = 2,525 psi.

Non-Newtonian Liquids

Liquids that exhibit a non-linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate are said to be
non-Newtonian. The most widely used non-Newtonian models in the petroleum industry are the
Power-Law and Bingham Plastic models (many polymer gels and drilling muds can be described by
these two models). Friction pressure loss calculations for Power-Law fluids are dependent on a
generalized Reynolds number, and are somewhat different from the corresponding Newtonian
computations. On the other hand, Bingham Plastic calculations are similar to the Newtonian friction
pressure loss calculations, and only differ in the criteria for determining the onset of turbulence.

Pressure Losses in Gases

Air, nitrogen, and natural gas are frequently pumped through CT, with nitrogen used most often because
of its inert properties. Unlike liquids, gases are compressible (gas density is a strong function of pressure)
and behave according to the real gas law. Therefore, friction pressure loss for gas flow in CT must take
into account density variation with pressure appropriately. In addition, most gases are Newtonian in their
fluid behavior. Thus, the criteria for turbulence and evaluation of friction pressure loss are similar to that
of Newtonian fluids.

Pressure Losses in Foams

Foams are essentially multiphase fluids and comprise of a mixture of liquid, gas, and surfactant.
Although foams are multiphase fluids, their rheological behavior has been observed to be similar to that
of Power-Law and Bingham-Plastic fluids. These multiphase mixtures can be water-based or oil-based
foams depending on the composition of the liquid medium. The gas phase is usually nitrogen, however,
air and carbon dioxide have also been used. The gas phase exists as microscopic bubbles and, in practice,
may occupy between 10 to 95 percent of the total foam volume. The ratio of volume fraction of gas to
the total volume of foam characterizes the foam in terms of its "quality". Since gas is compressible, the
quality of foam depends on both temperature and pressure, and must be accounted for appropriately. The
friction loss calculations can then be performed similar to the Power-Law and Bingham-Plastic models,
depending on the model used to characterize the foam behavior.

Pressure Losses in Multiphase Fluids

In general, multiphase fluids pumped through CT is a two-phase mixture of liquid and gas. The liquid
phase is usually comprised of water, acid, brines or oil, and the gas phase is most often nitrogen, air, or
natural gas. The pressure losses of multiphase fluids in any CT operation are usually computed using
correlations developed for two-phase flow through tubing. However, the fluid properties (density and
viscosity) and friction factor computations differ considerably from the single-phase calculations. The
density and viscosity of multiphase fluids can be evaluated by the simple "rule of mixtures" and is
dependent on the liquid hold-up (represents the volume fraction of the pipe occupied by the liquid phase).
Similarly, the friction factor is also dependent on the liquid hold-up through the two-phase Reynolds

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-75

Coiled Tubing Handbook

number. Clearly, evaluation of liquid hold-up is a critical part of the multiphase computations and
erroneous system pressure predictions can result if hold-up is not estimated accurately. Liquid hold-up
can either be measured or calculated, and is dependent on the flow regime. Flow regimes in two-phase
flow are classified based on whether the flow is vertical or horizontal. In vertical flow, the flow regimes
are usually classified as bubble, slug, froth, transition, and mist flow, whereas in horizontal flow, the
usual classification is: segregated, intermittent, transition, and distributed. Details on these various flow
regimes and how they can be distinguished from one another is quite complex and is not presented here.

Nomenclature
d inner diameter of CT (in.)
Dreel reel diameter (ft)
f Fanning friction factor
h h = L cos θ is the vertical distance between two points on the CT (ft)
L length between two points on the CT (ft)
Q flow rate (gpm)
Re Reynolds number
v velocity of fluid (ft/s)
Greek Symbols
ΔP pressure loss (psi)
ε absolute pipe roughness (in.)
μ viscosity of fluid (cp)
ρ density of fluid (ppg)
θ angle of inclination to the vertical (radians)
Subscripts
a acceleration
RT reeled tubing
f friction
h hydrostatic
ST straight tubing

References
1. Bourgoyne Jr., A. T., Millheim, K. K., Chenevert, M. E., Young Jr., F. S.: "Applied Drilling
Engineering," SPE Textbook Series, Vol. 2 (1991).
2. Sas-Jaworsky II, A., and Reed, T. D.: "Predicting Friction Pressure Losses in Coiled Tubing
Operations," World Oil (Sept., 1997), 141-146.
3. Serghides, T.K..: "Estimate Friction Factor Accurately," Chemical Engineering (Mar., 1984),
63-64.

3-76 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Tables of Friction Pressure Losses in Coiled Tubing

1.0-in. Straight Tubing

Figure 3.25—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.0-in. OD ; wall thick-

ness = 0.087 in. (straight)

Figure 3.26—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 25.40-mm OD; wall

thickness = 2.210 mm (straight)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-77

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.27—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.0-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.095 in. (straight)

Figure 3.28—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 25.40-mm. OD; wall

thickness = 2.413 mm (straight)

3-78 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

1.0-in. Reeled Tubing

Figure 3.29—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.0-in. OD; wall thickness = 0.087
in. (reeled)

Figure 3.30—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 25.40-mm OD; wall thickness
= 2.210 mm (reeled)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-79

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.31—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.0-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.095 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.32—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 25.40-mm. ; wall thick-

ness = 2.413 mm (reeled)

3-80 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

1.25-in. Straight Tubing

Figure 3.33—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.25-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.095 in. (straight)

Figure 3.34—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 31.75-mm. OD; wall thickness
= 2.413 mm (straight)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-81

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.35—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.25-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.134 in. (straight)

Figure 3.36—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 31.75-mm. OD; wall

thickness = 3.404 mm (straight)

3-82 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

1.25-in. Reeled Tubing

Figure 3.37—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.25-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.095 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.38—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 31.75-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 2.413 mm (reeled)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-83

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.39—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.25-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.134 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.40—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 31.75-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 3.404 mm (reeled)

3-84 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

1.5-in. Straight Tubing

Figure 3.41—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.5-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.109 in. (straight)

Figure 3.42—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 38.10-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 2.769 mm (straight)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-85

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.43—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.5-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.134 in. (straight)

Figure 3.44—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 38.10-mm OD; wall

thickness = 3.404 mm (straight)

3-86 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

1.5-in. Reeled Tubing

Figure 3.45—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.5-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.109 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.46—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 38.10-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 2.769 mm (reeled)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-87

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.47—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.5-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.134 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.48—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 38.10-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 3.404 mm (reeled)

3-88 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

1.75-in. Straight Tubing

Figure 3.49—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.75-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.109 in. (straight)

Figure 3.50—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 44.45-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 2.769 mm (straight)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-89

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.51—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.75-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.156 in. (straight)

Figure 3.52—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 44.45-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 3.962 mm (straight)

3-90 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

1.75-in. Reeled Tubing

Figure 3.53—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.75-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.109 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.54—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 44.45-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 2.769 mm (reeled)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-91

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.55—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 1.75-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.156 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.56—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 44.45-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 3.962 mm (reeled)

3-92 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

2.0-in. Straight Tubing

Figure 3.57—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.0-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.156 in. (straight)

Figure 3.58—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 50.80-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 3.962 mm (straight)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-93

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.59—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.0-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.175 in. (straight)

Figure 3.60—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 50.80-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 4.445 mm (straight)

3-94 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

2.0-in. Reeled Tubing

Figure 3.61—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.0-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.156 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.62—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 50.80-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 3.962 mm (reeled)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-95

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.63—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.0-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.175 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.64—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 50.80-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 4.445 mm (reeled)

3-96 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

2.375-in. Straight Tubing

Figure 3.65—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.375-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.188 in. (straight)

Figure 3.66—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 60.33-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 4.775 mm (straight)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-97

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.67—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.375-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.203 in. (straight)

Figure 3.68—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 60.33-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 5.156 mm (straight)

3-98 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

2.375-in. Reeled Tubing

Figure 3.69—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.375-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.188 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.70—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 60.33-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 4.775 mm (reeled)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-99

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.71—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.375-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.203 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.72—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 60.33-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 5.156 mm (reeled)

3-100 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

2.875-in. Straight Tubing

Figure 3.73—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.875-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.188 in. (straight)

Figure 3.74—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 73.03-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 4.775 mm (straight)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-101

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.75—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.875-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.203 in. (straight)

Figure 3.76—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 73.03-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 5.156 mm (straight)

3-102 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

2.875-in. Reeled Tubing

Figure 3.77—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.875-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.188 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.78—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 73.03-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 4.775 mm (reeled)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-103

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.79—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 2.875-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.203 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.80—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 73.03-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 5.156 mm (reeled)

3-104 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

3.5-in. Straight Tubing

Figure 3.81—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 3.5-in. OD; wall thick-
ness = 0.188 in. (straight)

Figure 3.82—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 88.90-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 4.775 mm (straight)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-105

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.83—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 3.5-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.203 in. (straight)

Figure 3.84—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 88.90-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 5.156 mm (straight)

3-106 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

3.5-in. Reeled Tubing

Figure 3.85—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 3.5-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.188 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.86—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 88.90-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 4.775 mm (reeled)

September 2005 Stimulation and Fluids Data 3-107

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 3.87—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 3.5-in. OD; wall thickness
= 0.203 in. (reeled)

Figure 3.88—Friction pressure losses in coiled tubing; 88.90-mm OD; wall thick-
ness = 5.156 mm (reeled)

3-108 Stimulation and Fluids Data September 2005

Section 4 Operations Guidelines

Coiled Tubing Rig-up ............................................................................... 4-1

Coiled Tubing Components ................................................................ 4-1
H2S and Equipment Selection ............................................................ 4-1
Wellhead Control Devices .................................................................. 4-1
Maximum Anticipated Surface Pressure (MASP) ............................... 4-6
Maximum Anticipated Working Pressure (MAWP) ............................. 4-6
Well Control Barriers .......................................................................... 4-6
Minimum Pressure Control Requirements ......................................... 4-7
Special Applications: Pressure Control Requirements ....................... 4-8
Lubricators and Risers ............................................................................. 4-9
Definitions ........................................................................................... 4-9
Flowback Control Equipment ............................................................. 4-10
Function and Pressure Test Requirements for All Pressure
Control Equipment .............................................................................. 4-13
BHA Pressure Control Equipment ...................................................... 4-14
Emergency Responses and Contingency Planning ................................. 4-15
Emergency Well Control Operation .................................................... 4-15
Contingency Plans ............................................................................. 4-15
Power Pack Failure ............................................................................ 4-16
Leaking Stripper Assembly ................................................................. 4-16
Collapsed Coiled Tubing .................................................................... 4-17
Coiled Tubing Stuck in the Hole ......................................................... 4-19
Friction-Stuck with Circulation ............................................................ 4-19
Mechanically Stuck with Circulation ................................................... 4-19
Mechanically Stuck and Cannot Circulate .......................................... 4-20
Leak in the Riser or Connections Below the Well-Control Stack ........ 4-20
Coiled Tubing Parted Between the Reel and Injector ........................ 4-21
Coiled Tubing Parted Downhole ......................................................... 4-21
Coiled Tubing Parted between Injector and Stripper Assembly ......... 4-22
A Hole in the Coiled Tubing Above the Stripper (Run in the Hole) ..... 4-22
A Hole in the Coiled Tubing Above the Stripper ................................. 4-23
A Hole in the Coiled Tubing Downhole ............................................... 4-23
Coiled Tubing Buckled between the Stripper and Injector ................. 4-23
Uncontrolled Descent of Coiled Tubing into the Well ......................... 4-23
Uncontrolled Ascent Out of the Well .................................................. 4-24
Crane Operations ............................................................................... 4-25

i
Guy Lines and Base Support ................................................................... 4-26
Free-standing (Injector Supported by Telescopic Legs) / Crane ........ 4-26
Support Structure (Track Stack or Injector Stand) ............................. 4-27
Guy Lines ........................................................................................... 4-28
Anchors .............................................................................................. 4-32
Foundations (Well Location) for Support Structures and
Crane Outriggers ................................................................................ 4-33
Working Near Power Lines ................................................................. 4-35
Guy Line Placement ........................................................................... 4-36
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 104-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor . 4-37
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 104-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-37
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 128-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-38
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 128-in. Flange, 80-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-38
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 142-in. Flange, 84-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-39
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 148-in. Flange, 84-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors 4-39
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 996.15954, 128-in. Flange,
80-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor ................................................................... 4-40
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 996.16074, 118-in. Flange,
72-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor ................................................................... 4-40
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 997.02400, 128-in. Flange,
80-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor ................................................................... 4-41
Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 997.02407, 138-in. Flange,
80-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor ................................................................... 4-41
References ......................................................................................... 4-42

ii
Section 4

Operations Guidelines
Coiled Tubing Rig-up
Disclaimer: This section is intended as a good practice guideline only.Refer to HMS for latest standards.
Preface
Due to the physical size, weight, and nature of a coiled tubing unit, there is always some assembly
required before a job can be run. Depending on the unit and the application, this "rig-up time" may be
anywhere from 15 minutes to 6+ hours. The rig-up time should be considered beforehand, and in some
instances should be done the day before the actual job to allow sufficient time in the hole for the particular
application.

Coiled Tubing Components

The basic components required to run a coiled tubing job are typically the injector, tubing guide arch,
reel, operator's house, power pack, crane, BOP, stripper, and wellhead adapters. There may also be some
combination of the following depending on application: fluid pumps, nitrogen pumps, hydraulic or
manual chokes, risers, lubricators, annular BOP, additional safety BOP, flow cross, flow iron, mud
systems, logging trucks, various tool strings, etc.

H2S and Equipment Selection

Table 4.1 defines the limits for what can be defined as sweet service. Above these limits qualifies as sour
service and therefore all equipment being used needs to be suitable. Table 4.1 has been calculated using
data taken from Nace MR-01-75.

Table 4.1—Sweet Service Criteria

Maximum H2S
Pressure
Concentration
Under 1,000 psi (6.89 MPa) 50 ppm
Under 3,000 psi (20.68 MPa) 15 ppm
Under 5,000 psi (34.47 MPa) 10 ppm
Under 10,000 psi (68.95 MPa) 5 ppm
Under 15,000 psi (103.42 MPa) 3 ppm

Wellhead Control Devices

The quad BOPs and strippers (a.k.a.: packoff, stuffing box, stripper-packer) used on coiled tubing units
are vital pieces of wellhead control equipment. They are designed to allow safe well intervention under
pressure. When it is feasible, however, the well should be bled down as much as possible to allow a safer
and more effective application. Proper rig-up and test procedures should be adhered to at all times.

General Information

The primary function of the coiled tubing BOP and stripper are to maintain control of the well at all times.
The coiled tubing BOP and stripper must be properly maintained and kept in a state of operational
readiness. This is verified by functional testing and pressure testing before the start of the job.

Coiled tubing BOPs and stuffing boxes are designed and manufactured by a number of suppliers but are
mainly supplied by Texas Oil Tools (TOT). Although they differ in details, all BOPs and strippers
basically operate on the same design principle.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-1

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Standard coiled tubing BOPs are monoblock, quad-type with four sets of ram operators. Each set of rams
functions independently of the others by manual selection of hydraulic controls at the operator's console.
The BOPs are available in 5M, 10M, and 15M working pressure ratings. Most BOPs are rated for
10,000-psi working pressure and some newer ones have 15,000-psi working pressure ratings. The
working pressure of the BOP is determined by body design and the lower connection rating.

BOPs can also have a secondary function of connecting and deploying long tool strings in situations
where the lubricator is too short to accommodate the entire toolstring. BOPs used for tool deployments
are not considered pressure control components and must be used in addition to the necessary BOPs
stated below.

All pressure control equipment should be suitable for the environment (H2S, temperature etc.) they are
working in. (ie elastomers, stripper packers, ring gaskets etc).

When coiled tubing is used, the minimum standard pressure control stack should be configured with ram
sets that are arranged in the following order from the top down: (these configurations can be incorporated
into quad, triple-combi, dual-combi, etc. where combi means a single ram has a combination of functions
e.g. shear and seal).

Figure 4.1 shows a cutaway diagram of a Quad-type BOP.

Figure 4.1—Quad-type BOP

4-2 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 4.2 illustrates the four different rams functions (in order from the top down).

•Ram No. 1—Blind rams (top rams)—Designed to seal off the wellbore
when pipe is removed from the BOPs.

•Ram No. 2: Shear rams (below blinds)—Designed to cut the coiled tubing
and/or wireline cables. The kill line outlet allows kill fluids to be pumped down
the outside of the CT when the tubing is intact, or allows kill fluids to be
pumped down the CT after the tubing is cut. This side outlet is not to be used
for taking returns, etc.

•Ram No. 3: Slip rams (below shears)—Designed to hold the pipe either in
the pipe-light (snub) or pipe-heavy position.

•Ram No. 4: Tubing rams (bottom rams)—Designed to seal off the annular
area around the coiled tubing.

Figure 4.2—BOP
ram functions

Figure 4.3 shows a cutaway diagram of a

dual-combi type BOP.

Figure 4.3—Dual-combi type BOP

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-3

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 4.4 shows the two most common ram types.

•Ram No. 1: Shear and blind ram—Designed to cut the coiled tubing and/or
wireline cables and seal the wellbore in one stroke. The kill line outlet allows
kill fluids to be pumped down the outside of the CT when the tubing is intact,
or allows kill fluids to be pumped down the CT after the tubing is cut. This side
outlet is not to be used for taking returns, etc.

•Ram No. 2: Tubing and slip ram—Designed to hold the pipe and seal off
the annulus around the coiled tubing.

Figure 4.4—Dual-combi
type BOP ram types

Positioned at the top of the pressure control stack is the stripper (either single or multiple), which allows
movement of the coiled tubing while keeping the well pressure contained. Figure 4.5 shows three
different types of stripper: (from left) the conventional top loader, the side door, and the over/under type
strippers.

Figure 4.5—Three types of stripper (from left): the

conventional top loader, the side door, and the
over/under type

Figure 4.5—Three types of stripper

4-4 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Selection of the correct pressure control equipment based on the environment and well conditions is
important and should be based on the specifications in the following tables.

Note The high hardness required for any BOP shear ram blades makes them very
susceptible to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in an H2S environment. For this reason,
the condition of the blades should be checked before each job after working in an H2S
environment.

Table 4.2—BOP Specifications

Temperature Range Seal Material Metal Parts Spec.
-25ºF to 250ºF
Standard Nitrile NACE MR-01-75 H2S Specs.
-32ºC to 121ºC
-25ºF to 250ºF
H2 S Viton NACE MR-01-75 H2S Specs.
-32ºC to 121ºC
-50ºF to 200ºF NACE MR-01-75 H2S Specs +
Arctic Hydrin
-46ºC to 93ºC API -50ºF Charpy Impact
-25ºF to 250ºF NACE MR-01-75 H2S Specs +
DNV Viton
-32ºC to 121ºC DNV -32ºC Charpy Impact
-20ºF to 400ºF
Geothermal EPDM NACE MR-01-75 H2S Specs.
-29ºC to 204ºC

Table 4.3—Stripper* Specifications

Temperature Range* Seal Material Metal Parts Spec.
H2 S -25ºF to 200ºF Viton & NACE MR-01-75 H2S Specs
-32ºC to 93ºC Poly-Myte
Arctic -50ºF to 200ºF Poly-Myte NACE MR-01-75 H2S Specs
-46ºC to 93ºC + API -50ºF Charpy Impact
DNV -25ºF to 200ºF Viton & NACE MR-01-75 H2S Specs
-32ºC to 93ºC Poly-Myte + DNV -32ºC Charpy Impact
*Ensure that the stripper packers are suitable for the maximum anticipated surface pressure (MASP).
Extra care should be taken that the stripper packers are suitable when non-original equipment
manufacturers (OEM) stripper packers are being used.
**All components are good for 250ºF except the packer elements; standard elements are good up to
200ºF. To work up to 250ºF, the packer elements can be changed for rubber nitrile or Viton.

The coiled tubing reel is also part of the well pressure-control equipment. A minimum of two valves are
required on the inside of the reel (see also the requirements later in this document for the use of a remote
valve inside the reel).

For selection of equipment, it is important to understand the following terms and be able to calculate them
for any anticipated coiled tubing operation.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-5

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Maximum Anticipated Surface Pressure (MASP)

The maximum anticipated surface pressure (MASP) is the highest pressure predicted to be encountered
at the surface of a well. This pressure prediction should be based upon reservoir pressure minus a
wellbore filled with native reservoir fluid at current conditions. If reservoir fluid information is unknown,
this pressure prediction should be based upon reservoir pressure minus a wellbore filled with dry gas
from the surface to the completion interval.

Maximum Anticipated Working Pressure (MAWP)

The maximum anticipated working pressure (MAWP) for a given piece of equipment is the highest
predicted pressure which a given piece of equipment will be subjected to during the execution of the
prescribed service and during a contingency operation. In all cases the minimum stack pressure rating
shall be equal to or greater than the MAWP.

Well Control Barriers

A coiled tubing well control barrier is defined as a tested mechanical device, or combination of tested
mechanical devices, capable of preventing uncontrolled flow of wellbore effluents to the surface. Tested
barrier(s) shall be incorporated in the well control stack and bottomhole assembly for the prescribed
service, except where returns are planned to be taken through the coiled tubing, in which case the tested
barrier(s) shall be located within the well control stack.

The following currently available mechanical devices, or combination of mechanical devices, are coiled
tubing well control barriers:
• The combination of an annular sealing component, or pipe ram sealing component, and a dual check
valve assembly installed within the CT BHA.
• A single-blind ram and single-shear ram.
• The blind/shear combination ram.
When operations are carried out without a dual check valve assembly in the BHA an additional shear and
seal ram are required in the surface pressure control stack.(either a combination ram or two single rams)

The minimum number of barriers required depends on the pressure category of the well (see Table 4.4
on the following page for pressure categories).
• Pressure Category 1: Minimum of 2 barriers
• Pressure Category 2: Minimum of 3 barriers
• Pressure Category 3: Minimum of 3 barriers

Note Strippers, sub-surface safety valves, or kill weight fluids are not to be considered a
barrier.

4-6 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Minimum Pressure Control Requirements

Table 4.4—Minimum Pressure Control Requirementsa
Configuration

Pressure Control Equipment

from Top to Bottom
Circulation through Stack

Reel Hyd. Remote Valve

Hand Unions Permitted
Returns or Reverse

Flow Tee / Cross

Reel and Pump

Standard BOP
Dual Stripper

Blind / Shear

Flow Line
Pipe Ram

Kill Line
Stripper

Annular
MASP
P.C.b

H2 S

Single valve + check

1 < 3,500 No No 5K 10K 3 3 3 —
valve
Single valve + check
1 < 3,500 Yes No 5K 10K 3 3 3 3 3 or 3 Double valves
valve
Single valve + check
1 < 3,500 No Yes 5K 10K X 3 3 —
valve
Single valve + check
1 < 3,500 Yes Yes 5K 10K X 3 3 3 3 or 3 Double valves
valve
Double valves +
2 3,500–7,500 No No 10K 10K X 3 3 3 3 —
check valve
Double valves + Double valves
2 3,500–7,500 Yes No 10K 10K X 3 3 3 3 3
check valve (1 remote)
Double valves +
2 3,500–7,500 No Yes 10K 10K 3 X 3 3 3 3 —
check valvec
Double valves + Double valves
2 3,500–7,500 Yes Yes 10K 10K 3 X 3 3 3 3 3
check valvec (1 remote)
Double valves
3 7,500–12,500 No No 15K 15K 3 X 3 3 3 3 3 (1 remote) + check —
valvec
Double valves
(1 remote) + check Double valves
3 7,500–12,500 Yes No 15K 15K 3 X 3 3 3 3 3 3
(1 remote)
valvec
Double valves
3 7,500–12,500 No Yes 15K 15K 3 X 3 3 3 3 3 (1 remote) + check —
valvec
Double valves
(1 remote) + check Double valves
3 7,500–12,500 Yes Yes 15K 15K 3 X 3 3 3 3 3 3
(1 remote)
valvec
aTable
assumes the use of a dual-check valve within the BHA. If this is not used, an additional blind / shear combination of rams
is required.
bP.C. Denotes API pressure category.
c For H S or gas wells in PC2 or all PC3 situations all connections from the tree outwards to the second valve must be
2
metal-to-metal seals (eg. flanged or graylok).
When not using the kill line outlet in the BOP body, this must either be capped with a blank flange or have a minimum of two
barriers that can include various items including plug valves, blank plugs, pressure transducer, etc.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-7

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Special Applications: Pressure Control Requirements

Table 4.5—Special Applications Pressure Control Requirements

Pressure Control Equipment

Reel Hyd. Remote Valve

Hand Unions Permitted
Returns through Stack

Pipe / Slip Single Ram

Reel and Pump

Dual Stripper

Bline / Shear
Combi BOP
Application

Quad BOP

Flow Line
Kill Line
Stripper
MASP

H2 S

TCP Single valve + Well test

AutoLatch
< 3,500 No No 10K 10K 3 3 3 3a check valve unit only
Single valve + Well test
< 3,500 No Yes 10K 10K X 3 3 3a check valve unit only
Single valve + Double
3,500–7,500 No Yes 10K 10K 3 X 3 3 3 3a check valve valves
Single valve +
7,500–12,500 No Yes 15K 15K 3 X 3 3 3 3a 3 check valve
—

Long Tool
Double valves
Deploy- < 3,500 No No 10K 10K 3 3 3 3 + check valve
—
ment
Double valves
< 3,500 No Yes 10K 10K X 3 3 3 + check valve
—

3 Double valves Double

3,500–7,500 No Yes 10K 10K 3 X 3 3 3 3 and/or + check Valves
3 valve b (1 remote)
Double valves
Aramco 10/15 10/15 Well test
HPHT
3,500–10,000 No Yes
K K
3 X 3 3 3 3 (1 remote) +
unit only
check valveb
Double valves
Shell Well test
HPHT
3,500–7,500 No Yes 10K 10K 3 X 3 3 3 3 (1 remote) +
unit only
check valveb
Double valves
Shell Well test
HPHT
7,500–12,500 No Yes 15K 15K 3 X 3 3 3 3 3 (1 remote) +
unit only
check valveb
3 Double valves
NORSOK 7,500–12,500 No Yes 15K 15K 3 X 3 3 3 and/or (1 remote) + —
3 check valveb
aCombi BOP required for AutoLatch operations and not for pressure control.
b For
H2S or gas wells in PC2 or all PC3 situations all connections from the tree outwards to the second valve must be
metal-to-metal seals (eg. flanged or graylok). When not using the kill line outlet in the BOP body, this must either be capped
with a blank flange or have a minimum of two barriers that can include various items including plug valves, blank plugs,
pressure transducer, etc.

4-8 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Lubricators and Risers

Definitions
Lubricator—Section of pipe made up ABOVE the coiled tubing BOPs normally used for making up of
long toolstrings. Connections can be flanged or made up with hand unions, depending on the conditions
(see Table 4.5).

A lubricator can only be positioned between the standard BOP and the stripper. Some jobs may require
very long tool strings. If the rig up is to be free standing using a crane an additional full opening radial
stripper or annular BOP located at the bottom of the lubricator is recommended. This allows the tubing
to be safety pulled from the well in the event that a leak develops in the lubricator.

Riser—Section of pipe made up BELOW the coiled tubing BOPs or in BETWEEN separate sets of
coiled tubing BOPs. Normally used for spacing out of CT pressure control equipment. Connections are
always flanged.

A riser can be positioned anywhere in the pressure control stack below the standard BOP. If the riser is
positioned below the additional BOPs then a minimum of an extra shear/seal BOP is required just above
the wellhead.

Figure 4.6—Rig-up example showing riser (left) Rig-up example showing lu-
bricator (right)

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-9

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Flowback Control Equipment

Flowback equipment is used to transfer well fluid from the wellbore to production tanks, production
facilities or to return pits. The equipment must be able to control the rate and pressure of the flow as well
as any solids that may be present in the wellbore fluid.

Flow Tee/Flow Cross

Both flow tee's and flow crosses are designed as the primary outlet for production of the well. This
equipment is generally incorporated into the wellhead, but at times will be an integral part of the coiled
tubing blowout preventer equipment (BOPE). If at all possible flow should be taken off of the wellhead
flow tee or cross. If this is not applicable due to production line hookups then a flow cross will need to
be included in the CT rig-up. This will require additional BOPE; see Table 4.4 (Page 4-7), “Minimum
Pressure Control Requirements” for the required equipment.

All flow tees/crosses must be designed for the purpose and rated for the pressure and well conditions
present. Two plug valves must be used on any flow outlet between the flow tee/cross and the flow line.
High-pressure and H2S applications require that these valves are flanged. The inner valve is used as a
shut in device and can be equipped with either a hydraulic actuator or a manual valve to shut in the
flowline. The outer valve is used to open and close the flowline for normal operations. The outer valve
can be manually or hydraulically controlled but when a minimum of one remote operated valve is
specified this should be the outer valve.

Flow Line

Flow line is designated as any piping that is used to carry wellbore fluid from the well to the final
receptacle (tank, pit, pipeline). All flow line, assemblies and data headers have a direct impact upon the
safety of personnel. Therefore, the piping should be subject to certain testing and inspection procedures
before being placed into service. All flow back piping must comply with ANSI B31.3 and API-6A. It
must comply with NACE MR-01-75 if necessary, and if required, Det Norske Veritas (DNV) or
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS).

Ensure enough of correct size and pressure rated pipe is available for the surface rig-up. Piping may
consist of straight lengths, elbows, and crossovers. Additional assemblies may be needed to reduce flow
cutting and erosion in the flow system: target elbows, block tees, and lead targets. The pipe should be
pressure tested to working pressure prior to sending on a job.

Flow line should be made up of piping with integral union connections for up to 10,000 psi and flanged
or graylok connections for 10,000 to 15,000 psi. All piping should have a pressure rating of 1.5 times the
MASP of the well.

As flow line can be subjected to high velocity erosive fluids it is not to be used on the pumping side of
the rig up. All flow line assemblies should be marked with a distinctive color coding that designates it as
flow piping.

Each HES assembly will include painted identification bands to identify pressure rating and service. An
assembly should have a 12-inch band of the proper color for the working pressure of that particular piece.
H2S service is identified by a four inch wide green band with four inch wide bands of the pressure rating
bordered on each side. The pressure rating color code presently in use is:
• 10,000 psi Yellow
• 15,000 psi Orange
• 20,000 psi White

4-10 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Chokes

Choke manifolds are used to control backpressure on the well returns and to direct the flow to various
downstream components. A choke is required on any job where wellhead pressure is anticipated. This
can be a fixed and variable choke or two variable chokes, depending on the job rig-up. If no choke is
installed on a rig-up and pressure develops on the wellhead, no circulating can be done until a choke is
installed. No valves can be used as a choke.

The choke manifold is the primary means of controlling the flow of the well and should be monitored
and operated by competent personnel. For low-pressure applications where flowback fluids are not
expected to contain solids, a single variable choke line is acceptable. The choke manifold must be rated
to 1.5 times the maximum expected shut-in pressure. It should be sour-service-rated if H2S is expected.

Figure 4.7 shows a typical choke manifold configuration. The manifold offers the option of directing flow
through either choke while isolating the other for choke changes, maintenance, or repair. Five valve
configurations allow the flow to be directed to either choke or through an unrestricted flow path through
the middle of the manifold with a total bypass of choke control. For high-pressure rig-ups, dual valves
would be used instead of the single valves shown in Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.7—Single valves not used for high-pressure rig-ups

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-11

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Manipulations of the chokes should be done in conjunction with the company representative. It is
essential that perfect understanding and communication exists between the choke operator and the
service supervisor/leader.

Important Never flow through the manifold without either the adjustable choke seat or fixed
choke bean in place to protect the body threads.

Important Never use the valves in the choke manifold as chokes because this will damage the
gates and seats.

Before operation of the choke manifold, while in service or in testing, the entire installation should be
grounded by means of a cable which allows the static electricity to dispense and avoid flashes. The cable
should have a maximum resistance of 1 ohm per three feet. It should be connected to a place where there
is no paint, either on the vessel or on the rig. In the case of onshore testing, the ground should be a copper
earth electrode at least three feet long, driven into the ground and watered regularly to keep the earth wet
and provide good contact.

Adjustable chokes are not highly accurate and flow cut easily with abrasive fluids. Therefore, avoid using
adjustable chokes for extended periods. Where conditions permit use fixed chokes with the adjustable
used as a bypass system to allow fixed choke changes.

General Guidelines
• Rubber hoses should never be used in a flowback lines.
• If any type of gas is being flowed from the well the velocity of returns increases dramatically after
passing through the choke. It is always advisable to avoid any turns, if possible, downstream of the
choke.
• If the possibility exists for any type of gas and/or solids being flowed, no swivel joints should be used
in the flowback lines and 90º elbows should be avoided. In this situation, straight joints and tees with
plugs installed (target tees, see Figure 4.8) are the preferred components of flowback lines.

Figure 4.8—Target tees are the preferred com-

ponents of flowback lines

• In high-pressure and abrasive effluent situations, it is advisable to utilize a choke manifold

incorporating two variable chokes or one fixed and one variable choke. It is very detrimental to be
forced to shut down pumping operations in the event of choke failure. Consideration should be given
to a secondary choke line with an additional two chokes in situations where plugging upstream of the

4-12 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

choke is a danger. Shutting down pumping operations can lead to solids falling back down the well
leading to the potential to stick the coiled tubing.
• When no gas or solids are anticipated in the flow returns, a remote operated choke can be connected
as close as possible to the flow line double valves near the spool outlets. This method minimizes the
amount of piping exposed to maximum well shut-in pressure.
• Ensure the maximum well shut-in pressure does not exceed 80% of the working pressure of the return
line/lines as well as choke/chokes.
• Remote operated chokes should be considered with pressures in excess of 3,500 psi and are necessary
for pressures in excess of 7,500 psi.
• Choke manifolds and flow lines shall be secured both up and downstream of the choke manifold.
• Remote operation choke control panels should be located away from the wellhead, a minimum of
50 ft (upwind if possible), and away from pressure containing flow/treating lines.
• A pressure sensor or gauge shall be located upstream of the choke. An isolation valve shall be rigged
up to permit repairs to the pressure sensing equipment.
• The choke manifold must be rated to the maximum expected shut-in pressure. It should be sour
service rated if H2S is expected.
• Never flow through the manifold without either the adjustable choke seat or fixed choke bean in place
to protect the body threads.

Function and Pressure Test Requirements for All Pressure Control Equipment
These test requirements cover all pressure control stack, pumping lines and flowback lines, and
manifolds. Function tests are required on all pressure containing equipment every time the hydraulic lines
are connected and every time the equipment is rigged up on location.

All pressure tests will be performed using a low-/high-pressure test sequence. The low pressure test will
be performed first on each pressure containing barrier in the stack up to a pressure of 200 to 300 psi (13.8
to 20.7 bar) and held for a minimum of 5 minutes to verify no leaks. The test pressure will then be
increased to the high-pressure level which will be either the working pressure of the wellhead equipment,
the surface equipment, 1.5 times maximum MASP or 80% of the coiled tubing burst pressure - whichever
is the least. The high test pressure will be held for a minimum of 10 minutes to verify no leaks. All
pressure tests will be recorded on a time incremented chart and logged on the job log.

All breaks in pressure containing barriers need to be tested (e.g. flanges, quick unions, etc.) before being
exposed to well pressure or flowback. Pressure testing is required for every pressure containing barrier
every time the equipment is rigged up unless documented proof is available that the barrier has been
tested either on location or in the workshop within the last 14 days. This includes any annular sealing
component such as an annular BOP or pipe rams, blind rams, combination blind/shear rams and all valves
in the flowback lines and pressure control equipment. Once installed, all pressure control equipment
should undergo a function and pressure test at least once every 7 days or prior to any well testing
operations. A period of more than 7 days is only acceptable when abnormal well operations (such as stuck
CT) lasting more than 7 days prevent testing, providing the tests are performed before normal operations
resume.

Pressure tests should be performed with non-corrosive, non-flammable fluids, preferably water.

Important In no case should the test pressure exceed the manufacturer’s rated working pressure
for the specified assembly. Rated test pressure is a factory test of the product and in
NO case shall be used as working pressure.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-13

Coiled Tubing Handbook

BHA Pressure Control Equipment

Bottomhole assembly (BHA) check valves are designed to prevent flow back up
the coiled tubing. The valve is normally used as a safety feature in case of a
pinhole on the coiled tubing at the surface, or in the case where some piece of
surface plumbing develops a leak. The flapper valve also prevents corrosive
fluids such as sour gas from entering the tubing.

Various types of check valves exist such as the most common type of
double-flapper check valve (Figure 4.9) and dart types. They also exist for
applications where it is necessary to reverse circulate up the coiled tubing.

It is important to remember that balls are frequently pumped through the flapper
valve to tools below. Care should be taken to ensure that the type and size of
check valve chosen will allow the ball to pass through.

Important Check valves should be run on every coiled tubing job except
in certain special circumstances where the specific
application does not allow it. Appropriate safeguards and
approval are required for these operations.

Testing of the check valves should be done during each re-dress in the workshop
to the full working pressure. On location testing to the full working pressure is
often not possible due to the collapse rating of the coiled tubing.

To test on location, a minimum differential pressure of 500 psi should be held for
a minimum of 3 minutes.

On a typical rig up this can be done after connecting up the surface equipment to
the wellhead and testing the pressure integrity of the wellhead and riser
connections. After pumping through the coiled tubing with the pump to pressure
up the coiled tubing and wellhead, bleed off at least 500 psi through the pump.
This will result in the WHP gauge reading higher than the pressure reading at the
pump. If this test is satisfactory, bleed off the remaining pressure (if required)
through the choke manifold and not the pump to avoid possibly collapsing the
coiled tubing.

Figure 4.9—Double-
flapper check valve

4-14 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Emergency Responses and Contingency Planning

Emergency responses and contingency planning taken from API Recommended Practice 5C7, “Coiled
Tubing Operations in Oil and Gas Well Services,” First Edition, December 1996 and reproduced
courtesy of the American Petroleum Institute.

Halliburton Note Throughout this section taken from API RP 5C7, various references are made to a
maximum loading of 80% of yield rating. Halliburton only accepts this policy for new
coiled tubing without any utilization.As the utilization increases, the maximum
loading should be lowered to a maximum of 64% of yield rating for coiled tubing with
100% utilization. More information on safety factors and allowable stress factors can
be found in Section 2 of this book, “Pipe Data Tables and Charts.”

The following emergency responses and contingency plans are offered as examples of typical responses
to various emergency situations due to coiled tubing equipment and/or wellbore problems. These
emergency responses and contingency plans are provided for information purposes only, and reflect
typical action to be taken during the specified event.

Emergency Well Control Operation

In the event of an emergency situation in which the well has to be secured, the following steps should be
taken:

1. Stop pipe movement and close slip and pipe rams. If time and circumstances permit, review all
options with company and service representatives.
2. Stop pumping.
3. Close the shear rams to cut the coiled tubing.
4. Pull the coiled tubing out of the well control stack to a point above the blind rams.
5. Close the blind rams.
6. Set up to circulate kill fluid through the coiled tubing remaining in the well.
Note The decision to proceed beyond Step 1 should generally be made in consultation with
the company representative, except in a case where immediate danger exists for
personnel and/or equipment and the representative is not immediately accessible to
be involved in the decision.

Contingency Plans
A coiled tubing unit has several equipment components which can possibly cause serious damage and
injury if improperly used when correcting a developing problem. In addition, well control problems can
quickly grow into a much larger situation or add to the complexity of the situation if handled improperly.
Therefore, the operator and company representative should become familiar with potential problems and
solutions prior to performing the work.

The following are suggested contingencies to alleviate problems as described below. It is assumed that
surface pressure will be present at the wellhead during these equipment failure emergencies.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-15

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Power Pack Failure

In the case of power pack failure, the following steps should be taken:
1. Hang-off coiled tubing in slips and manually lock.
2. Close coiled-tubing pipe rams and manual lock.
3. Apply the reel brake if it is not fail-safe applied.
4. Maintain circulation if required. A sand cleanout is an example of a case in which continued cir-
culation may be necessary.
5. Repair or replace the power unit and resume operations.

Leaking Stripper Assembly

In the case of a leaking stripper assembly, the following steps should be taken if increasing the hydraulic
pressure fails to stop the leak.
1. Stop coiled tubing movement.
2. Close the slip rams and lock manually.
3. Close the pipe rams and lock manually.
4. Energize the backup stripper, if installed.
5. Bleed down the surface pressure within the well control stack through the kill spool or flow tee,
and observe for pressure seal leaks across the pipe rams.
6. Reduce the hydraulic pressure to the stripper assembly, and bleed down to relax the stripper ele-
ment.
7. Ensure that the injector is in neutral and that the brake is engaged.
8. Replace the stripper elements following the applicable procedure for the specific stripper assem-
bly design.

Conventional Top-Entry Stripper

To replace the conventional top-entry stripper, the following steps should be taken:
1. Unscrew the split retainer cap.
2. Remove the old stripper elements.
3. Inspect upper bushings for wear.
4. Insert new stripper elements.
5. Replace the split cap and energize the stripper assembly.
6. Return injector to extraction and equalize the well control stack pressure.
7. Unlock and open the pipe rams.
8. Unlock and open the slip rams.
9. Resume operations.

4-16 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Side Door Stripper Assembly

To replace the side door stripper assembly, the following steps should be taken:
1. Open the side doors on the stripper. .
2. Apply approximately 100 to 200 lb per square inch gauge hydraulic pressure to open the pressure
containment cylinder.
3. Remove the stripper element halves one at a time. Be aware that the upper brass bushings may
fall down .into the window once the supporting stripper elements are removed.
4. Remove the split nonextrusion ring.
5. Remove the brass bushing sets from above and below. Check for wear, and replace if necessary.
6. Insert the brass bushings and split nonextrusion ring.
7. Insert the new stripper elements.
8. Apply hydraulic pressure to close the pressure containment cylinder.
9. Close the side doors.
10. Return the injector to extraction, and equalize the well control stack pressure.
11. Unlock and open the pipe rams.
12. Unlock and open the slip rams.
13. Resume operations.

Collapsed Coiled Tubing

Coiled tubing will collapse whenever the differential pressure exerted against the OD exceeds the
collapse limit of the pipe. This limit is determined by the tensile load applied to the coiled tubing at the
time and the overall condition of the pipe. A collapse condition generally occurs just below the stripper
assembly and is often detected by a sharp increase in pump pressure while pumping down the coiled
tubing.

When coiled tubing collapses, it will flatten, resembling a thin oval cylinder with the center touching.
This increase in OD (or major axis) is usually greater than the wear bushing ID in the stripper assembly,
and the collapse will usually be halted at the stripper. If the collapsed portion does make it into the
stripper assembly, be cautious of discharged pressure as the stripper element will not effectively seal on
the pipe.

Collapse with Coiled Tubing Shallow in the Well

In the case of collapse with coiled tubing shallow in the well, the following steps should be taken:

1. Kill the well if it is not already dead.

2. Release the stripper element pressure, and remove the stripper elements and retaining bushings.
3. Pick up the coiled tubing slowly to determine the top of the collapsed pipe.
4. Attempt to pull the collapsed portion of pipe through the injector very slowly while adjusting the
chain pressure to the orientation of the collapsed pipe. Spool the collapsed pipe onto the reel.
5. While pulling out of the hole slowly, watch for the transition section to undamaged pipe.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-17

Coiled Tubing Handbook

6. Reassemble the stripper assembly and finish pulling out of the hole.
7. Replace coiled tubing, and determine the cause of collapse before entering the well again.

Collapse with Coiled Tubing Deep in the Well

In the case of collapse with the coiled tubing deep in the well, the following steps should be taken:

1. Kill the well if it is not already dead.

2. Release the stripper element pressure, and remove the stripper elements and retaining bushings.
3. Pick up the coiled tubing slowly to determine the top of the collapsed pipe.
4. Run back into the hole with the coiled tubing until the undamaged portion of the pipe is across
the well control stack components.
5. Close the pipe and slip rams, and manually lock.
6. Relax the injector chains to verify that the slip rams are holding.
7. Cut the coiled tubing above the injector.
8. Open the injector chains. Remove the injector from the coiled tubing, and set it off to the side.
9. Attach a full tube clamp to the coiled tubing directly above the well control stack.
10. Connect the crane or traveling block to the clamp and open the pipe and slip rams.
11. Slowly pull the coiled tubing out of the well to the maximum height of the crane or lock.
12. Attach a collapsed tube clamp to the coiled tubing directly above the well control stack, and cut
the tubing above the bottom clamp. Connect the crane, and pull the collapsed coiled tubing out
of the well.
13. Continue alternating pulling, clamping, and cutting the coiled tubing until all of the collapsed
section has been removed from the well and the transition section to undamaged pipe is located
above the well control stack. Ensure that there is enough competent pipe above the well control
stack to thread the coiled tubing through the stripper and injector (>15 feet).
14. Close the slip rams, and remove the clamp.
15. Install and secure the injector onto the coiled tubing. Apply hydraulic pressure to the inside
chains, and switch the injector to the extraction mode. Open the slip rams.
16. Either connects the end of the coiled tubing to the other section of coiled tubing on the reel with
a connector or install a valve onto the end of the coiled tubing and begin a new wrap on the reel.
17. Reinstall the stripper bushings and elements.
18. Finish pulling out of the hole, and replace the reel. Determine the cause of collapse prior to enter-
ing the well again.

4-18 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Stuck in the Hole

When a load greater than 80% of the yield strength is required to pull the coiled tubing, the coiled tubing
is defined as stuck. Before any additional pull force is applied, it is necessary to analyze the problems
and take necessary precautions.

The coiled tubing can be stuck in the following situations:

• Pump failure in cleanout operations (solids settle onto the top of the bottomhole assembly and around
the pipe).
• Unexpected increases in drag.
• Obstructions in the wellbore or debris from perforation guns, etc.
• Differential sticking.
The following approach should be considered in the event that pipe is stuck:

1. Be aware that moving the coiled tubing up and down over the tubing-guide arch rapidly weakens
the tubing. High pump pressures while working the pipe should be avoided if at all possible as
this greatly accelerates the fatigue problem (check fatigue cycle log to assess whether further
cycling is possible).
2. Check for fluid returns, and attempt to maintain circulation if possible. Check pump pressure
recorder to identify any pressure fluctuations.
3. Compare current tubing weight with previous pick-up weight.
4. Apply a tensile load to the coiled tubing of up to 80 percent of the pipe yield rating and hold.
Monitor the weight indicator for changes in weight.
Halliburton note Halliburton reduces this value for used CT (see Section 2 of this book for details on
"Allowable Stress Factor").

Friction-Stuck with Circulation

If the weight indicator reading decreases after applying the 80% pipe tensile yield load, it is likely that
the pipe is friction-stuck. The following options may exist:
1. Increase pipe buoyancy by circulating heavier fluids into the wellbore. Be aware of the risk of
collapse.
2. Pump friction-reducing fluids or additives, such as HEC, XCD, or diesel.
3. Displace the coiled tubing with a lighter fluid such as nitrogen or diesel to further increase buoy-
ancy.
Work tubing free of stuck area by applying tensile loads on the coiled tubing up to 80% of the pipe tensile
yield rating and watching for the load decrease on the weight indicator. Keep pumping fluids to maintain
circulation, minimizing the internal pump pressure when cycling the pipe.

Mechanically Stuck with Circulation

If the weight indicator load does not decrease after applying a tensile load of up to 80% of pipe tensile
yield rating, it is likely that the coiled tubing is mechanically stuck. Attempt to lower the coiled tubing
into the well to determine if it is actually stuck at that point or if it is unable to pass through a restriction
or upset in the completion pipe.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-19

Coiled Tubing Handbook

If the coiled tubing can be moved downward, determine the following:

• Whether the pipe (or tools) could have been bent or buckled by setting down excessive weight or
running into an obstruction.
• The type of connection used to connect the tool string to the coiled tubing.
• Whether any obstructions or restrictions can be identified by reviewing the pipe (and tools) position
in the well compared to the well sketch.
The following options may exist:
• Pump a ball to release the hydraulic disconnect if it is determined that the BHA is getting hung up.
• Ensure that the injector pulling limit is set at 80% of the coiled tubing tensile yield rating. Lower the
coiled tubing 10 to 15 feet and attempt to pull the pipe past the previous stuck point again.
• Kill the well, cut the coiled tubing at the surface and run a free point tool to determine the depth to
the stuck point. Follow normal fishing procedures.

Mechanically Stuck and Cannot Circulate

If the pipe is mechanically stuck and cannot circulate, the following steps should be taken:
1. Pump the kill weight fluid down the coiled tubing. If it is not possible to pump down the coiled
tubing, attempt to pump the kill weight fluid down the annulus (at pressures below the collapse
pressure of the coiled tubing).
2. Once the well is dead, cut the coiled tubing at the surface, and run a free-point tool. Follow
normal fishing procedures.

Leak in the Riser or Connections Below the Well-Control Stack

If there is a leak in the riser or connections below the well-control stack, the following steps should be
taken:

1. Stop the pump to determine if there is any flow or pressure at the surface.
2. If there is no surface pressure, pull out of the hole with the coiled tubing while pumping a
minimal amount to keep the hole full and to prevent swabbing. When the end of the coiled tubing
reaches the well-control stack, close the master valve and replace/repair the leaking riser section.
3. If, in consultation with the company representative, it is deemed unsafe to pull the coiled tubing
out of the hole with surface pressure present, the well should be killed.
4. The following steps should be taken to control and kill the well:
a. Prepare to pump the kill fluid.
b. Pump the kill fluid and lost circulation material (if required) downhole through the kill line
on the tree.
c. Displace the hole completely with kill fluid.
Note Ensure that tubing is sufficiently off the bottom so that when shear-seal rams are used,
the pipe will drop below the manual master valve on the Christmas tree.

d. If the situation becomes critical or is deemed unsafe, do the following:

1) Close the slip rams.
2) Close the shear rams.

4-20 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

3) Pick up the coiled tubing 1 to 2 feet and close the blind rams.
4) Open the slip rams to allow the coiled tubing to fall into the wellbore.
5) Close the master valve while counting the turns, to ensure that it has closed properly.

Coiled Tubing Parted Between the Reel and Injector

In the case that the coiled tubing has parted between the reel and the injector, the following steps should
be taken:
1. Close the slip rams.
2. Close the pipe rams.
3. If the downhole check valves are holding pressure (no flow through the coiled tubing at the sur-
face), attempt to mechanically connect the broken pieces of the pipe and continue to pull out of
the hole. If the check valves are leaking, cut the coiled tubing using the shear rams.
4. Pull up the coiled tubing 1 foot with the injector to remove the sheared end of the coiled tubing
from across the blind rams.
5. Close the blind rams.
6. Check and compare the pressures above the blind rams, at the kill spool, and at the choke or flow
tee.
7. Attempt to bleed pressure above the blind ram prior to pulling the coiled tubing out of the stripper
assembly.
8. Initiate kill procedures using the bu1lhead method by pumping kill weight fluid through the kill
flange outlet and down the coiled tubing. If this is not possible, pump the kill fluid through the
flow tee.
9. Once the well is dead, discuss options for retrieving the coiled tubing left in the well.

Coiled Tubing Parted Downhole

If the coiled tubing has parted downhole, close the choke and determine whether the wellhead pressure
is below the maximum allowable working pressure of the coiled tubing.

If the wellhead pressure exceeds the maximum allowable working pressure of the coiled tubing, go
directly to Step 6. Otherwise, follow these steps:

1. Record the tubing weight at the load cell to estimate the amount of pipe above the part.
2. Attempt to establish injection down the coiled tubing. Circulate the kill weight fluid into the
wellbore if available.
3. If fluid injection down the coiled tubing is not possible, pump the kill fluid through the flow tee
until the well is dead. If possible, bleed pressure as needed to minimize buildup of surface pres-
sure.
4. Pull the coiled tubing out of the well slowly; the location of the end of tubing is unknown. Be
prepared to close the master valve in case the coiled tubing is accidentally pulled out of the strip-
per assembly.
5. Discuss options for retrieving the lost coiled tubing and additional kill procedures if necessary.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-21

Coiled Tubing Handbook

6. If the wellhead surface pressure approaches or exceeds the maximum allowable well pressure of
the coiled tubing, begin pumping kill weight fluid through the coiled tubing. If fluid cannot be
pumped through the coiled tubing, pump fluids through the kill or return spool while slowly
pulling the coiled tubing out of the well. Do not exceed the rated collapse pressure of the coiled
tubing. Be prepared to close the master valve if the coiled tubing is accidentally pulled out of the
stripper assembly. Initiate or continue the kill procedure using the bullhead method.
7. If the wellhead pressure becomes critical (final alternative), halt the extraction of the coiled
tubing, close the slip and pipe rams, and activate the shear rams. Pick up the end of the coiled
tubing 1 to 2 feet, and close the blind rams.
8. Follow normal fishing procedures.

Coiled Tubing Parted between Injector and Stripper Assembly

In the case that the CT parts between the injector and the stripper assembly, the following steps should
be followed:
1. Close the slips.
2. Close the shear rams, and note the amount of instantaneous hydraulic pressure needed to close
the rams (to determine if coiled tubing remained across the shear rams when closed or if the
parted coiled tubing had dropped below the well control stack).
3. If the instantaneous hydraulic pressure needed to activate the shear rams is below that required
to cut the CT, close the blind rams and discuss options for fishing the CT out of the well.
4. If it is suspected that there is coiled tubing remaining across the blind rams, close the gate valve,
hydraulically activated ball valve, or the blind/shear ram assembly which is located above the
wellhead.
5. Bleed down the pressure in the riser assembly, and remove the injector. Discuss options for
retrieving the coiled tubing.
Note If the coiled tubing string was equipped with a check valve, there should be no fluid
or pressure escaping from the ID of the CT. If the coiled tubing had not dropped
downhole, it may not be necessary to close the shear or blind rams. Continue with the
appropriate kill procedure and discuss options for retrieving the coiled tubing.

A Hole in the Coiled Tubing Above the Stripper (Run in the Hole)
In the case that there is a hole in the coiled tubing above the stripper, the following steps should be taken:
1. Stop the injector and the reel.
2. Reduce the fluid pump pressure as much as possible, but do not shut down the pumps completely.
3. Pull out of the hole and repair or replace the coiled tubing string.
4. If the hole is large and leaks significantly, continue to run in the hole with the coiled tubing and
position the hole between the stripper and pipe rams.
5. Close the slips and pipe rams.
6. Initiate a kill procedure down the coiled tubing to eliminate the surface pressure.
7. When the well is dead, pull out of the hole and repair or replace the coiled tubing string.

4-22 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

A Hole in the Coiled Tubing Above the Stripper

In the case that there is a hole in the coiled tubing above the stripper the following steps should be taken:
1. Stop the injector and the reel.
2. Reduce the pump pressure as much as possible, but do not shut down the pumps completely.
3. Inspect the hole. If it is a pinhole or if there is only minimal leakage or flow, continue to pull out
of the hole.
4. If the hole is large-and leaks significantly, run in the hole with the coiled tubing, and position the
hole between the stripper and pipe rams.
5. Close the slips and pipe rams.
6. Initiate a kill procedure down the coiled tubing to eliminate the surface pressure.
7. When the well is dead, pull out of the hole and repair or replace the coiled tubing string.

A Hole in the Coiled Tubing Downhole

In the event that there is a hole in the coiled tubing downhole, the following steps should be taken:
1. Stop pumping and observe the pressure on the coiled tubing annulus.
2. If there is no pressure on the annulus, then pull out of the hole while pumping slowly and repair
or replace the coiled tubing string.
3. If there is pressure on the annulus, kill the well by bull-heading through the coiled tubing, kill
line, or return spool. Pull out of the hole while pumping slowly and repair or replace the coiled
tubing string.

Coiled Tubing Buckled between the Stripper and Injector

If the coiled tubing is buckled between the stripper and injector, the following steps should be taken:
1. Close the slip rams.
2. Close the pipe rams.
3. Close the shear rams, and cut the coiled tubing.
4. Pick up the coiled tubing 1 to 2 feet, and close the blind rams.
5. Discuss options for killing the well, if required, and fishing the coiled tubing out of the well.

Uncontrolled Descent of Coiled Tubing into the Well

Uncontrolled descent of coiled tubing into a well usually occurs when deep in the wellbore. The weight
of the CT overcomes the normal force at the injector chain blocks needed to maintain a frictional grip on
the pipe.

Halliburton note If the uncontrolled descent of the CT has just begun, attempt to regain control as
follows:
1. Stop the injector chains.
2. Place the control lever in the neutral position.
3. Increase linear beam pressure.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-23

Coiled Tubing Handbook

4. Increase stripper pressure.

5. Set the (BOP) slips.
6. Be prepared to evacuate all personnel from the area.

In the case that the uncontrolled CT descends into the well and the pipe hits the bottom or some
obstruction, the following steps should be taken:

1. Apply additional pressure to the stripper assembly.

2. Attempt to increase the injector's inside chain pressure.
Note The chains should be moving in the same direction as the coiled tubing.

Halliburton note On a Halliburton injector, this would mean increasing the linear beam pressure.

3. Close the slip rams.

4. Observe pump pressures and circulation rate to determine if there is-any damage lo the bottom
of the coiled tubing, such as a crimp, kinks, or buckling.
5. Pump the hydraulic cylinders open on the injector chain skates.
Halliburton note Halliburton injectors use linear beams instead of chain skates.

6. Inspect the chain blocks and remove any debris (paraffin, scale, and the like).
7. Reset the inside (and outside) chain pressures to the appropriate amounts.
Halliburton note On a Halliburton injector, this means set the linear beam pressures to the appropriate
amounts.

8. If the well is under control and there are no mechanical (surface) problems, then open the pipe
rams and slip rams. Change the stripper element if necessary.
Halliburton note If required, the stripper element should be changed before opening the pipe and slip
rams.

9. Pull out of-the-hole slowly to determine if the end of the coiled tubing can be pulled inside of the
production tubing string. If the coiled tubing entered into the casing at the bottom of the well,
there are probably some kinks or buckling. Check the pickup weight and drag compared to pre-
vious data.
10. If there are no suspected problems, then continue with the project. If there are indications of a
problem, then pull out of the hole, and inspect the coiled tubing.
Halliburton note The injector should also be given a close inspection at this stage.

Uncontrolled Ascent Out of the Well

The uncontrolled ascent usually occurs when the coiled tubing is shallow in a well with high surface
pressure. As the coiled tubing gets closer to the surface, the pressure in the well can overcome the weight
of the coiled tubing in the wellbore and the static friction force exerted by the injector chains. In this
condition the coiled tubing may be blown out of the well. The following steps should be taken:

4-24 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

1. Apply additional pressure to the stripper assembly. Prepare to lose the master valve in case the
coiled tubing is blown out of the well.
2. Attempt to increase the injector's inside chain pressure.
Note The chains should be moving in the same direction as the coiled tubing.

3. If these attempts are unsuccessful, put the injector motors in neutral and close the slip rams.
4. Once the pipe motion is halted, close the pipe rams and slips, if not already closed.
5. Pump the hydraulic cylinders open on the injector chain skates.
6. Inspect the chain blocks and remove any debris (paraffin, scale, etc.).
7. Reset the inside (and outside) chain pressures to the appropriate amounts.
8. If the well is under control and there are no mechanical problems, then open the pipe rams and
slip rams. (Change stripper element if necessary).
9. Reduce the hydraulic pressure on the stripper element and pick up the coiled tubing enough to
inspect the area of pipe held by the slips.
10. Determine whether it will be necessary to repair/replace that section of coiled tubing prior to
resuming the pipe extraction. Be extremely cautious while checking the area of pipe held by the
slips since the pipe may be weakened and may fail with high-surface pressure present.'
11. Continue to pull out of the hole and dose the master valve. Determine the cause for the uncon-
trolled movement of pipe prior to entering the well again. Replace or repair the coiled tubing
string as required.
12. If the coiled tubing is blown out of the stripper assembly, close the blind rams and master valve
as quickly as possible.

Crane Operations
Crane operation should be limited to personnel with the following minimum qualifications:
• Certified, designated, and competent persons.
• Maintenance and test personnel, only insofar as it is necessary for the performance of their duties.
• Supervisor or other coiled tubing crew member with designated experienced person present.
In addition to the above, the operator should meet the following requirements:
• Be able to demonstrate the ability to read comprehend, and interpret all placards, operator manuals,
safety codes, and other information pertinent to correct, safe crane operation.
• Possess knowledge of emergency procedures and implementation of same.
• Be familiar with all relevant safety standard codes and applicable governmental requirements.
• Recognize and be responsible for all maintenance requirements of the crane operated by him or
trainees under his supervision.
• Be thoroughly familiar with the crane being operated and its control functions.
• Have read and fully comprehended the operating procedures as outlined in relevant procedures and
standards

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-25

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Where required by government regulations, crane inspections (and the frequency of these) must be
carried out by a recognized authority. Records of the dates and results of the inspections must be
maintained on the unit.

Guy Lines and Base Support

Free-standing (Injector Supported by
Telescopic Legs) / Crane

• When possible, 4 guy lines should be placed

using 90° spacing.
• The angle formed between the guy line and the
ground (horizontal) should be at a 45° angle and
shall not be greater than 65°.

Rule of thumb For every 2 ft of height, get at least

2 ft away. The anchors shall not be
closer than 25 ft from the wellhead.
See rig-up guyline position tables.
• The four primary guy lines shall be attached to
the top of the injector. Only shackles or hooks
with safety latches are to be used on the top end
of each guy line for the connection. Additional
guy lines to the well control equipment may be
required if conditions warrant.
• The top end of each guy line shall have a formed
eye with thimble and either a swaged connection Figure 4.10—Free-standing injector
or minimum of three cable clamps.
• A minimum of 1/2-in. galvanized cable, with independent wire rope core, must be used for the guy
lines with 38K, 60K, and 95K units. Larger units must use a minimum of 9/16-in. galvanized cable,
with independent wire rope core.
• Anchors shall be screwed into the ground as far as possible, using a minimum of four anchors, and
pull tested. Anchor blocks must have sufficient weight to hold the tension. On high rig-ups and
critical jobs it may be necessary to bury anchor blocks in the ground.
• For rig-ups with long riser sections A minimum of two sets of guy lines shall be used, one set (of
four) to the top of the injector and the second set to the top BOPE or mid point of the riser or
lubricator, depending on the job.
• A crane must remain attached to the stack at all times.
• Guy lines placed 180° from each other (directly opposite) must be tensioned and slacked off evenly.
• Each guy line shall be attached to an anchor using shackles, thimbles, a turn buckle, and a minimum
of three cable clamps at each connection.
• Hamper-type land stakes shall not be used.
• Temporary screw-type marsh anchors can be used. A 1-in. OD anchor rod, 5-ft long, with a 10-in.
blade, is recommended as a minimum. If temporary anchors are being used it may be necessary to
use eight anchors on land locations for greater stability on higher rig-ups.

4-26 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

• Do not attach guy lines to the wellhead or process equipment of any kind. On onshore locations, guy
lines shall not be attached to anything mobile, such as a tank, pump, etc. Guy lines must not be
attached to jack-up boats.
• The guy lines shall be uniformly tensioned. Tension to 500 lb.

Support Structure (Track Stack or Injector Stand)

• When possible, guy lines should be
placed using 90° spacing.
• The angle formed between the guy line
and the ground (horizontal) should be at
a 45° angle and shall not be greater than
65°.

Rule of thumb For every 2 ft of height,

get at least 2 ft away. The
anchors shall not be closer
than 25 ft from the
wellhead.
• The four primary guy lines shall be
attached to the bottom or stationary
portion of the hydraulic section. Only
shackles or hooks with safety latches are
to be used on the top end of each guy line
for the connection. Additional guy lines
to the structure may be used if conditions
warrant.
• The top end of each guy line shall have a
formed eye with thimble and either a
swaged connection or minimum of three
cable clamps.
• A minimum of 1/2-in. galvanized cable,
with independent wire rope core, must Figure 4.11—Injector on support structure
be used for the guy lines with 38K and
60K units. Larger units must use a minimum of 9/16-in. galvanized cable, with independent wire rope
core.
• Anchors shall be screwed into the ground as far as possible, using a minimum of four anchors, and
pull tested. Anchor blocks must have sufficient weight to hold the tension. On high rig-ups and
critical jobs, it may be necessary to bury the anchor blocks in the ground.
• A minimum of two sets of guy lines shall be used, one set (of four) to the bottom or stationary portion
of the hydraulic section and the second set (of two) to the top of the injector extending opposite to
the reel side of the track stack. Rig-up heights over 25 feet require additional sets of guy lines to be
used, one set (of four) every 15 to 20 feet or for every 2 sections of addition spacer section added
• A crane must remain attached to the structure until all guy lines rigged up to that point are secured
and uniformly tensioned. A crane must be attached to the top of the stack whenever it becomes
necessary to release any of the guy lines to the structure (such as when rigging down). Guy lines
placed 180° from each other (directly opposite) must be slacked off evenly. Releasing guy lines to

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-27

Coiled Tubing Handbook

the injector to facilitate repositioning of the injector with the travel carriage is permissible without
having a crane attached. The injector must be correctly pinned to the travel carriage.
• Each guy line shall be attached to an anchor using shackles, thimbles, a turn buckle, and a minimum
of three cable clamps at each connection (as shown on the last page of this procedure).
• The hamper-type land stakes shall not be used.
• Temporary screw-type marsh anchors can be used. A 1-in. OD anchor rod, 5-ft long, with a 10-in.
blade, is recommended as a minimum. If temporary anchors are being used it may be necessary to
use eight anchors on land locations for greater stability on higher rig-ups.
• Do not attach guy lines to wellhead or process equipment of any kind. On onshore locations, guy
lines shall not be attached to anything mobile, such as a tank, pump, etc. Guy lines must not be
attached to jack-up boats.
• The guy lines shall be uniformly tensioned. Tension lines to the support structure to 500-lb
maximum. Tension lines to the injector to 500-lb maximum. Bring the tension up evenly on all lines
at 100-lb increments. Use load cells and tension pulleys on multi-line rig ups to ensure even
tensioning.

Figure 4.12—Injector on support structure

Guy Lines
Guy lines should be constructed of a minimum ½ inch 6 × 25 strand regular lay wire rope made of
improved plow steel (IPS) or better with independent wire-rope core (IWRC), not previously used in any
other application. They should be visually inspected at least monthly and removed from service if the
following damage, corrosion or wear exists:
• Three (3) broken wires are found within one (1) lay length.
• Two (2) broken wires are found at the end connection in the strand valley.
• Marked corrosion appears.
• Corroded wires at end connections.
• End connections are corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improperly applied.
• Evidence of kinking, crushing, cutting, cold working, or bird-caging is found.

4-28 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

The following guidelines should be observed when working with guy lines:
• Guyline end terminations should be made in accordance with good guyline practice and the current
copy of API RP 9B.
• Never turn guy lines back over small radius eyes when making an end termination.
• Wire rope thimbles or appropriately sized sheaves should be used to turn back guyline ends.
• When wire rope clips are used, double saddle type clips are recommended and should be installed in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, using proper torque.
Note When a sheave is used in place of a thimble for turning back the wire rope, add one
additional clip.
• Guyline hardware such as shackles, turnbuckles, walking boomers, chain come-alongs, load binders,
etc., that remain in the live guyline system should have a safe working load capacity that meet or
exceeds 40% of the breaking strength of the guyline. The handles on walking boomers, come-alongs,
etc. should be positively secured to prevent accidental release.
• Guy lines should be pretensioned to 500 lb.
The catenary or "SAG" in the guyline may be used to estimate proper pretension.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-29

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 4.13—Guywire SAG (catenary) as a measure of guyline pretension

4-30 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 4.6—Pretension of 500 lb

for 1/2-in. Wire Rope
Distance from Well Guy Wire SAG
to Anchor (ft) (in.)
20 2
30 3
40 4
50 5
60 6
70 8
80 10
90 12
100 14
110 16
120 18

Figure 4.14—Example of suitable guyline hardware

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-31

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 4.7
Loc Qty P/N Description
1 4 Crosby 1019533 Shackle
2 2 Crosby 1037719 Heavy wire rope thimble, galv. ½-in.
3 6 Crosby 1010532 Clamp, fist grip
4 100 ft Wire, 6 × 25 strand IPS, IWRC ½-in. OD galv.
Crosby 1048422 Turn buckle, ratchet-type
5 1
SAP 101344875

Anchors
Anchors should meet the following criteria for installation, use, and verification.
• Qualified persons using accepted engineering practices should design anchors.
• Steel components should be protected from corrosion.
• Anchors should meet the requirements of federal or state laws.
• Anchors should be designed to meet the structure manufacturer's recommendations or use API
recommended anchor values.
• Anchors should have a minimum capacity of at least twice the guyline load.
• Install the anchor so that
liquids drain away from
the anchor shaft.
• The capacity should be
verified every 24 months
or immediately prior to
use and rechecked if
changes occur that would
decrease the capacity of
the anchor.
• Verify anchor capacity by
pull testing or other
appropriate methods that
use accepted engineering
practices.

Figure 4.15—Anchor zone testing and capacity criteria

4-32 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

The anchor capacities shown in Table 4.8 assume the following:

• Adequate foundation support for structure base or crane outriggers.
• Anchors in the two quadrants on the reel side of the well are located in the same zone and with equal
spacing (+/- 10 ft) either side of the horizontal centerline and with equal spacing (+/- 10 ft) either side
of the vertical centerline.
• Maximum wind velocity of 70 mph.

Table 4.8—Anchor Capacity (tons)

0- to 50-ft 50- to 100-ft
Zone
Height Height
A 7.0 15.6
B 4.0 11.5
C 4.0 9.0
D 4.0 7.4

Foundations (Well Location) for Support Structures and Crane Outriggers

Foundation design should consider the safe bearing capacity of local ground conditions, concentrated
loads at the Track Stack base or outrigger support points, supplemental footing required to safely
distribute concentrated loads to the ground and location preparation.
• Grade the location so that oil, water and other fluids will drain away from the working area. Wet
conditions and drainage ditches around the well head significantly reduce the soil bearing capacity.
• The safe bearing capacity of local soils may be determined from the table below or from appropriate
soil core tests, penetrometer test or other suitable test and analysis methods. Where surface soil
conditions are used to determine soil bearing capacity, ensure that the soil is homogeneous (uniform)
to a depth of at least twice the width of the supplemental footing used to support the concentrated
load. Underlying soft soils should be used to determine the safe bearing capacity rather than the
firmer surface soil.
• Supplemental footing must be provided to distribute the load from the structure or outrigger support
points to the ground. Follow the manufacturer's load distribution diagram, or design supplemental
footings to the maximum load that will be present during operation and rig up/down. Total loading
will include the weight of the injector/BOP stack, weight of the support structure or crane chassis,
hanging weigh of the coiled tubing at maximum depth and any additional load that may be applied
by the injector over the string weigh of the coiled tubing. The area and stiffness of the footing must
meet the demands of the load. Wood timbers should be free of knots and splits.
• Earthen cellars reduce the soil bearing capacity and have the potential for cave-in. Cellars with
wooden lined walls allow fluids to seep into the soil. Large concrete cellars may require steel beams
for support. A qualified person should determine if adequate cellar support is provided.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-33

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 4.9—Safe Bearing Capacity of Soils

Tons per Tons per
Soil Description
Square Meter Square Foot
Solid ledge of hard rock, such as granite, trap, etc. 264 25
Sound shale and other medium rock requiring blasting for removal 105.6 10
Hard pan, cemented sand and gravel difficult to remove by picking 84.5 8
Soft rock, disintegrated ledge; in natural ledge, difficult to remove by picking 52.8 5
Hard clay 70 6.5
Stiff clay 35 3.3
Soft clay 8 0.7
Gravel, coarse sand, in natural thick beds 42 4
Medium dense to dense/coarse sand 80 7.5
Loose medium and coarse sand/dense fine compacted sand 50 4.7
Loose fine sand 10.5 1
Loose fill Not rated Not rated

Most crane load charts are based on the outriggers being supported by 100% stable ground such as listed
for hard rock. The area of the manufacturer supplied outrigger pad will most likely require supplementary
blocking timbers or larger pads to increase the contact area for softer soils.

Timber blocks must be hardwood and free of decay, gum veins or termite galleries. Knots, knot holes and
borer holes must not exceed half an inch (12 millimeters) in diameter for the blocks to be considered as
suitable for supporting heavy equipment. The blocks must be at least 8 in. (200 millimeters) wide and at
least 4 in. (100 millimeters) high, with square edges so that they form a smooth, even, flat surface when
placed on top of each other to form a support for the outrigger jack. Timber which has become warped
must not be used for jacking.

Figure 4.16—Timber block support

4-34 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

The timber blocks forming a base must be bolted together through the face (the widest dimension) so they
stand "on edge" (ie, on the side with the narrowest dimension) to obtain the maximum strength from the
blocks. The reason the blocks should be bolted together is to avoid the possibility of soil being forced
between the blocks during jacking, thereby separating them and rendering them unstable. The bolts used
to join the timber blocks together should be a minimum of 5/8-in. (16 millimeters) in diameter.

Care should be taken when selecting the sleeper to ensure that it provides sufficient stability across the
width of the sleeper and there is no likelihood of the sleeper splitting under load. Handles of rope or steel
rod (preferably steel rod) should be fitted to make it easier to move and carry the blocks to reduce the risk
of manual handling injuries.

A stock of jacking timber is as much a tool as any other piece of equipment used for maintenance. This
jacking timber should therefore be stored undercover, well supported and off the ground to protect
against termite attack. The blocks should also be oiled to resist rot, weathering and premature warping,
which will render them unfit for use.

Working Near Power Lines

• When working within 10 feet of any power line, lines must be de-energized with proper lockout/tag
out procedures and grounded with appropriate electrical authority certifying that they are
de-energized.
• Where spacing does not provide 10 feet of clearance in the fall radius area for the height of the
equipment plus appendages, de-energize or ensure that work crews are trained in recognizing the
extraordinary electrical hazards prior to starting work.
• Post a permanent -"CAUTION---ENERGIZED OVERHEAD POWER LINE" sign to warn against
potential overhead power line hazards or unsafe practices.
• Conduct tailgate safety meeting on electrical and rig safety. Identify hazardous energy sources and
proper lockout/tag out procedures.
• Establish rig up position as far as possible from power lines with fall line/lane parallel to the power
line. Vehicles used for communication or transport should be kept out of the fall line and radius.
• Visually inspect crane position, guy wires, emergency structure escape line (Geronimo line), and
coiled tubing for unsafe condition (clearance to power lines) prior to and during rig up/down.
• Ensure that the Emergency Response Plan includes working near overhead power lines.
• The 10-ft (depending on kV) radius around the guy lines and escape path should be considered
"danger zones" when working or rigging up/down.

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-35

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Guy Line Placement

The following charts give minimum anchor radius from the wellhead based on rig-up height and distance
of the reel from the wellhead. Maximum loading is considered for worst-case conditions of 70-mph
winds and maximum reel pressure applied to the reel motor(s).

Figure 4.17—Example of guy line anchor radius

Use the total rig-up height for looking up the following tables and not the height of the connecting point
of the guy line.

4-36 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 104-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor

H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel
Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig-up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 15 17 18 20 22 24 25 27 29 31 33 35 36
15 18 20 22 24 25 27 29 31 32 34 36 38 40
20 21 23 25 27 29 30 32 34 36 37 39 41 43
25 22 25 28 30 32 33 35 37 39 41 42 44 46
30 24 27 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 49
35 25 29 32 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
40 25 30 33 37 39 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
45 26 31 35 38 41 44 46 49 51 53 55 57 59
50 26 31 36 40 43 46 49 51 53 55 58 60 62
55 27 32 37 41 44 48 51 53 56 58 60 62 64
60 27 33 37 42 46 49 52 55 58 60 63 65 67
65 27 33 38 43 47 51 54 57 60 63 65 67 70
70 27 33 39 44 48 52 55 59 62 65 67 70 72
75 27 34 39 44 49 53 57 60 63 66 69 72 74
80 28 34 39 45 50 54 58 62 65 68 71 74 77

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 104-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors

H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel
Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 18 19 21 22 24 25 27 29 31 33 34 36 38
15 23 24 25 27 28 30 32 33 35 37 39 40 42
20 28 29 30 32 33 35 36 38 40 41 43 45 46
25 32 33 35 36 38 39 41 42 44 46 47 49 51
30 35 37 39 41 42 44 45 47 49 50 52 53 55
35 38 41 43 45 47 48 50 52 53 55 56 58 60
40 40 44 47 49 51 53 54 56 58 59 61 62 64
45 42 47 50 53 55 57 59 60 62 64 65 67 69
50 43 49 53 56 59 61 63 65 66 68 70 71 73
55 45 51 56 59 62 65 67 69 71 72 74 76 77
60 46 52 58 62 65 68 71 73 75 76 78 80 82
65 46 54 60 64 68 71 74 76 79 81 82 84 86
70 47 55 62 67 71 74 77 80 82 84 86 88 90
75 48 56 63 69 73 77 81 83 86 88 90 92 94
80 48 57 64 71 76 80 84 87 89 92 94 96 98

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-37

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 128-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors

H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel
Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig-up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 19 20 21 22 24 26 27 29 31 33 35 36 38
15 24 25 26 27 29 30 32 34 35 37 39 41 42
20 29 30 31 32 34 35 37 38 40 42 43 45 47
25 33 35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44 46 48 49 51
30 36 39 40 42 43 45 46 48 49 51 52 54 56
35 39 42 44 46 48 49 51 52 54 55 57 58 60
40 41 45 48 50 52 54 55 57 58 60 61 63 65
45 43 48 51 54 56 58 60 61 63 64 66 67 69
50 44 50 54 57 60 62 64 65 67 69 70 72 74
55 45 52 57 60 63 66 68 70 71 73 75 76 78
60 46 53 59 63 66 69 71 74 76 77 79 81 82
65 47 55 61 66 69 72 75 77 79 81 83 85 87
70 48 56 62 68 72 75 78 81 83 85 87 89 91
75 48 57 64 70 74 78 82 84 87 89 91 93 95
80 49 58 65 72 77 81 85 88 90 93 95 97 99

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 128-in. Flange, 80-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors

H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel
Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 17 18 20 21 23 25 26 28 30 32 34 36 37
15 21 23 24 26 27 29 30 32 34 36 37 39 41
20 25 26 28 30 31 33 34 36 38 40 41 43 45
25 27 30 32 33 35 37 38 40 42 43 45 47 49
30 29 32 35 37 39 40 42 44 46 47 49 51 52
35 30 34 38 40 42 44 46 48 49 51 53 55 56
40 32 36 40 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 58 60
45 32 38 42 45 48 50 53 55 57 58 60 62 64
50 33 39 43 47 50 53 56 58 60 62 64 66 67
55 34 40 45 49 53 56 58 61 63 65 67 69 71
60 34 40 46 51 55 58 61 64 66 68 70 72 74
65 34 41 47 52 56 60 63 66 69 71 74 76 78
70 35 42 48 53 58 62 65 69 71 74 76 79 81
75 35 42 48 54 59 63 67 71 74 77 79 82 84
80 35 42 49 55 60 65 69 73 76 79 82 84 87

4-38 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 142-in. Flange, 84-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors

H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel
Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 17 18 19 21 23 24 26 28 30 32 33 35 37
15 21 22 24 25 27 28 30 32 33 35 37 39 41
20 23 25 27 29 30 32 34 35 37 39 41 42 44
25 26 28 30 32 34 36 37 39 41 43 44 46 48
30 27 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 44 46 48 50 51
35 28 32 35 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 51 53 55
40 29 34 37 40 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 58
45 30 35 39 42 45 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62
50 30 36 40 44 48 50 53 55 57 59 61 63 65
55 30 36 41 46 49 53 55 58 60 62 65 67 68
60 31 37 42 47 51 54 58 60 63 65 67 70 72
65 31 37 43 48 52 56 60 63 65 68 70 72 75
70 31 38 44 49 54 58 61 65 68 70 73 75 77
75 31 38 44 50 55 59 63 66 70 73 75 78 80
80 31 38 45 50 56 60 64 68 72 75 78 80 83

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 148-in. Flange, 84-in. Core Reel, 2 Motors

H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel
Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 17 18 20 21 23 24 26 28 30 32 33 35 37
15 21 22 24 25 27 28 30 32 33 35 37 39 41
20 24 26 27 29 31 32 34 35 37 39 41 42 44
25 26 28 31 32 34 36 38 39 41 43 44 46 48
30 27 31 33 36 37 39 41 43 45 46 48 50 51
35 28 32 36 38 41 43 44 46 48 50 52 53 55
40 29 34 38 41 43 45 48 50 51 53 55 57 59
45 30 35 39 43 46 48 50 53 55 57 58 60 62
50 30 36 40 44 48 51 53 55 58 60 62 64 65
55 31 36 41 46 49 53 55 58 60 63 65 67 69
60 31 37 42 47 51 55 58 60 63 65 68 70 72
65 31 37 43 48 52 56 60 63 65 68 70 73 75
70 31 38 44 49 54 58 61 65 68 70 73 75 78
75 31 38 44 50 55 59 63 67 70 73 75 78 80
80 31 38 45 51 56 60 64 68 72 75 78 80 83

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-39

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 996.15954, 128-in. Flange, 80-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor
H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel

Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 13 15 16 18 20 22 24 25 27 29 31 33 35
15 15 17 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 31 33 35 37
20 16 18 21 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 37 39
25 17 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 41
30 17 20 23 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
35 18 21 24 27 29 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
40 18 22 25 28 31 33 35 38 40 42 44 46 48
45 18 22 25 29 31 34 37 39 41 43 45 48 50
50 18 22 26 29 32 35 38 40 43 45 47 49 51
55 18 22 26 30 33 36 39 41 44 46 49 51 53
60 18 23 27 30 34 37 40 42 45 48 50 52 55
65 19 23 27 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 51 54 56
70 19 23 27 31 35 38 41 44 47 50 52 55 57
75 19 23 27 31 35 38 42 45 48 51 53 56 59
80 19 23 27 31 35 39 42 46 49 52 54 57 60

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 996.16074, 118-in. Flange, 72-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor
H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel

Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 13 15 17 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 31 33 35
15 16 18 19 21 23 25 27 29 30 32 34 36 38
20 17 20 22 24 26 27 29 31 33 35 37 38 40
25 18 21 23 26 28 30 32 33 35 37 39 41 43
30 19 22 25 27 30 32 34 36 38 40 41 43 45
35 19 23 26 29 31 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
40 20 24 27 30 33 35 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
45 20 24 28 31 34 37 39 41 44 46 48 50 52
50 20 24 28 32 35 38 41 43 45 48 50 52 54
55 20 25 29 32 36 39 42 44 47 49 52 54 56
60 20 25 29 33 37 40 43 46 48 51 53 56 58
65 20 25 29 33 37 41 44 47 50 52 55 57 60
70 21 25 30 34 38 41 45 48 51 54 56 59 61
75 21 25 30 34 38 42 45 49 52 55 57 60 63
80 21 26 30 34 39 42 46 49 53 56 59 61 64

4-40 Operations Guidelines September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 997.02400, 128-in. Flange, 80-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor
H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel
Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 13 15 16 18 20 22 24 25 27 29 31 33 35
15 15 17 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 31 33 35 37
20 16 18 21 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 37 39
25 17 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 41
30 17 20 23 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
35 18 21 24 27 29 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
40 18 22 25 28 31 33 35 38 40 42 44 46 48
45 18 22 25 29 31 34 37 39 41 43 45 48 50
50 18 22 26 29 32 35 38 40 43 45 47 49 51
55 18 22 26 30 33 36 39 41 44 46 49 51 53
60 18 23 27 30 34 37 40 42 45 48 50 52 55
65 19 23 27 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 51 54 56
70 19 23 27 31 35 38 41 44 47 50 52 55 57
75 19 23 27 31 35 38 42 45 48 51 53 56 59
80 19 23 27 31 35 39 42 46 49 52 54 57 60

Rig-up Chart, Halliburton 997.02407, 138-in. Flange, 80-in. Core Reel, 1 Motor
H—the height to the top of the gooseneck
L—the distance from the wellhead to the center of the reel
Locate the H and L (in ft) that correspond to your specific rig up. The radial distance from the wellhead
must be at least equal to the value (in ft) at their intersection

H
L 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
10 17 18 19 21 23 24 26 28 30 32 33 35 37
15 21 22 24 25 27 28 30 32 33 35 37 39 41
20 24 26 27 29 31 32 34 36 37 39 41 42 44
25 26 28 31 32 34 36 38 39 41 43 44 46 48
30 27 31 33 36 38 39 41 43 45 46 48 50 52
35 28 33 36 38 41 43 45 46 48 50 52 53 55
40 29 34 38 41 43 46 48 50 52 53 55 57 59
45 30 35 39 43 46 48 51 53 55 57 59 60 62
50 30 36 41 45 48 51 53 56 58 60 62 64 66
55 31 37 42 46 50 53 56 58 61 63 65 67 69
60 31 37 43 47 51 55 58 61 63 66 68 70 72
65 31 38 44 49 53 57 60 63 66 68 71 73 75
70 32 38 44 50 54 58 62 65 68 71 73 76 78
75 32 39 45 50 55 60 64 67 70 73 76 78 81
80 32 39 45 51 56 61 65 69 72 75 78 81 83

September 2005 Operations Guidelines 4-41

Coiled Tubing Handbook

References
API RP 54—Recommended Practice for Occupational Safety for Oil and Gas Well Drilling and
Servicing Operations

API RP 4G—Recommended Practice for Maintenance and Use of Drilling and Well Servicing
Structures

API RP 9B—Recommended Practice on Application, Care and Use of Wire Rope in Oilfield Service

AESC—American Energy Service Contractors (Was AOSC) Recommended Safe Procedures and
Guidelines for Oil and Gas Well Servicing

OSHA—Oil Well Derrick Stability: Guywire Anchor Systems

4-42 Operations Guidelines September 2005

Section 5 Applications and Job Design

Wellbore Cleanouts with Coiled Tubing ................................................... 5-1

Coiled Tubing Cleanouts with Chemicals ........................................... 5-1
Paraffin and Salt Removal .................................................................. 5-1
Paraffin Removal Chemicals .............................................................. 5-1
Paraffin Removal with Hot Oil ............................................................ 5-2
Paraffin and Salt Removal with Hot Water ......................................... 5-3
Asphaltene Removal .......................................................................... 5-3
Acid-Soluble Scale Removal .............................................................. 5-4
Acid-Insoluble Scale Removal ............................................................ 5-5
Backflushing Injection Wells ............................................................... 5-7
Pulsonix™ Oscillating Tool ................................................................. 5-7
Hydra-Blast Pro™ Rotating Tool and Hydra-Blast™ Indexing Tool ... 5-7
Sand and Loose Fill Removal ............................................................ 5-8
Programs and Operational Concerns for Various Wellbore Cleanouts ... 5-17
Cleaning Out Sand or Loose Fill ........................................................ 5-17
Cleaning with Hot Fluids ..................................................................... 5-17
Cleaning with Chemicals .................................................................... 5-19
Post-job .............................................................................................. 5-19
Unloading a Well with Nitrogen ................................................................ 5-20
Unloading Considerations .................................................................. 5-20
Calculations ........................................................................................ 5-21
Example Programs/Operational Concerns for Various Well
Unloading Operations ......................................................................... 5-22
Pinpoint Stimulation ................................................................................. 5-25
General Overview of Pinpoint Stimulation .......................................... 5-25
Cobra Frac™ ...................................................................................... 5-25
SurgiFrac™ ........................................................................................ 5-29
CobraMaxSM ....................................................................................... 5-30
Pinpoint Stimulation Summary Table ................................................. 5-32

i
ii
Section 5

Applications and Job Design

Wellbore Cleanouts with Coiled Tubing
Coiled Tubing Cleanouts with Chemicals Preface
Caution Whenever a flammable fluid is being pumped, follow HSE Category 2, Standard
4, “Hydrocarbon Pumping,” and consider having fire protection on location.

The coiled tubing unit provides a means of circulating chemicals in a well to dissolve paraffin or any
other type of soluble deposits. Care should be taken to make sure the proper sealing elements are used in
the discharge iron, reel swivel, BOPs and stripper. The chemical is often some form of aromatic solvent
which may be highly flammable and toxic. If possible the coiled tubing unit should be located upwind of
the well and the fluid pumping unit. In the same way as pumping hot oil, all the safety requirements
pertaining to working with flammable fluids should be observed.

Paraffin and Salt Removal

A common problem associated with producing oil wells is that of paraffin build up in the tubulars. This
is especially true for petroleum with an asphaltene base. Paraffin can build up on the production tubing
wall to such a degree as to completely shut off production. The primary cause of paraffin deposition in
the production string is the temperature drop of the oil, which causes the low ends of the oil to solidify
and adhere to the tubing wall.

The most effective methods of dealing with paraffin and salt buildup are to melt the paraffin with hot oil
or hot water, or to dissolve the paraffin with chemicals.

Paraffin Removal Chemicals

1—Aqueous Systems

Certain water-based chemicals have been successfully used to remove downhole paraffin deposits. These
chemicals, when added to water, have the ability to remove accumulated organic deposits and disperse
them for easy removal.

2—Parasperse Additives

Parasperse has proven very successful in both laboratory and field tests as a water-dispersible paraffin
removal agent.

One of the most successful applications of Parasperse® cleaner is periodic cleaning of the formation face.
Other applications include wellbore cleanout, flowline cleaning, paraffin inhibitor placement, and as a
preflush in fracturing. This material can be used as an alternative to hot-oiling downhole. Parasperse is
ordinarily used at a concentration of 2-10% in a water carrier. This water may be produced formation
brine or clean surface water.

Successful treatments have been noted when cold water was used. Preferably, the system should be
warmed to about 100-120°F to aid the cleaning action of the Parasperse solution. In laboratory tests, the
Parasperse solution removed more crude paraffin than is dissolved in conventional paraffin solvents.

Parasperse treatments are also less expensive than conventional paraffin solvents. Since water comprises
90-98% of the removal system, the chemical expense is very reasonable. In many instances, Parasperse
treatments have significantly increased the production of a well.
September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-1
Coiled Tubing Handbook

Paraspserse T was designed for the removal of both paraffins and asphaltenes. It has the same
applications as Parasperse.

Parasperse LR was primarily designed for use in hydrocarbon-based fluids. However, it can also be added
to aqueous fluids and has the same general applications as the other Parasperse additives.

3—Solvents

The use of solvents to remove paraffin deposits is becoming more common in the oil field. Many
laboratory studies have been conducted on a variety of solvents in an attempt to determine the best
solvents for paraffin and how the solubility varies with different waxes.

In general, the solubility of different waxes in a given solvent at a definite temperature decreases as the
molecular weight and melting point increase.

The usual practice has been to dissolve paraffin accumulations using light, hydrocarbon solvents such as
kerosene, naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, etc. These solvents are very effective for dissolving purified
paraffins such as canning waxes. However, crude waxes are usually deposited with a considerable
quantity of asphaltenes present. Because asphaltenes are insoluble in most solvents, they tend to hinder
the dissolving of the waxes present in the deposit. This makes the solvent less effective in dissolving the
total deposit.

4—PARAGON Solvents

Tests show that aromatic solvents such as xylene and toluene dissolve both the wax and the asphaltenes.
These two solvents are excellent for treating crude paraffin deposits. Halliburton's Paragon is an effective
blend of aromatic solvents.

Paragon 1 and Paragon 100E+ effectively dissolve paraffin without using benzene, ethyl benzene,
toluene, or xylene (BETX). The use of one or more of these four materials may be restricted in certain
areas due to government regulation.

Paragon EA™ is a cost-effective solvent for the removal of excess pipe dope, paraffin deposits, and crude
oil residues. In most cases, Paragon EA will be applied as a neat solvent. Unlike Xylene and Paragon
100E+, Paragon EA does not contain any aromatic components and is environmentally acceptable.

Paraffin Removal with Hot Oil

An effective method of dealing with paraffin buildup is to melt the paraffin with hot oil. Hot oil units are
designed to heat crude oil to a temperature of 200°F to 500°F and then pump it at high pressures. The
coiled tubing unit is an excellent tool used in conjunction with hot oil for the removal of paraffin.

The coiled tubing unit is rigged up in the standard manner. A high temperature element must be used in
the stripper/packer assembly and in the B.O.P.'s. The discharge line between the hot oil unit and the
coiled tubing on the reel must also have high temperature seals in the connections and the rotating swivels
of the chicksan's and tubing reel swivel. Hot oil should be circulated through the coiled tubing until the
tubing is hot prior to going in the hole. Hot oil should never exceed 230°F when pumping through coiled
tubing due to the seals on the reel swivel. Extreme caution should be used when working around hot oil
and when moving the coiled tubing while circulating hot oil.

Caution Whenever a flammable fluid is being pumped, follow HSE Category 2, Standard
4, “Hydrocarbon Pumping,” and consider having fire protection on location.

5-2 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Paraffin and Salt Removal with Hot Water

There may be circumstances that make circulating hot water more attractive than hot oil when removing
paraffin from well tubulars. Circulating hot water has several advantages over circulating hot oil.
• Safety—If the heating unit or coiled tubing should rupture or leak, no fire or explosive hazard would
exist if using water.
• Availability—In some areas a convenient source of lease crude may not be available.
• Anti-Pollution—Water is much easier to handle and few environmental risks exist in the case of spills
and leaks.
Circulating hot water is done just as if circulating hot oil. The coiled tubing needs to be hot before running
into the hole. The water is usually heated to a temperature of 200° to 250°F. It is possible to heat the water
above 212ºF (100ºC) without turning it to steam, because the water is under pressure. Personnel should
not work around the discharge lines or reel as any leak encountered will be live steam.

Salt buildups can also be a problem in a producing well. Salt buildups that are water soluble can be
removed with hot water in the same manner as described for paraffin.

Asphaltene Removal
Asphaltenes are classified as belonging to the bitumen category and are complex molecules. Crude oil
with a high concentration of asphaltenes will essentially behave as a suspended mixture. The organic
particles can precipitate out of the mixture when significant pressure drops occur, when crude oil comes
in contact with a lean gas source, or when a dramatic change in fluid pH occurs. The removal of the
asphaltene deposits generally requires mechanical washing or chemical re-suspension. In the past, the
only chemicals successful in dispersing asphaltene deposition were organic solvents (napha, xylene, or
tolulene) which restored the suspension capability of the particles.

Asphaltene precipitation is less widespread in the United States than is paraffin precipitation. It appears
that certain fields in Mississippi and California are the most susceptible to this type of deposition.
However, any well producing asphaltic base crude may experience this problem. Asphaltene deposition
is also a problem in many areas outside the United States. Where asphaltene precipitation is a problem,
the deposition usually occurs at the bottom of the well bore and adjacent to the producing formation. In
some instances the asphaltenes may precipitate within the formation itself and cause damage.

Targon® II Solvent

Targon II is an organic solvent used to remove asphaltene deposits. This solvent was designed for use
with an aromatic solvent carrier (Paragon). Targon II was designed to use as an additive in aromatic
solvents to enhance their asphaltene dissolution properties by breaking down the strong intermolecular
bonding that tends to aggregate (form) the asphaltene particles. The breaking of this bonding allows
better solvent penetration and increases the dissolution rate of the asphaltenes.

Targon II is used from 1–10% by volume of the carrier. It will not work in solvents such as kerosene,
diesel, gasoline, condensate, etc.

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-3

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Acid-Soluble Scale Removal

Acid-soluble scales are:
• Calcium carbonate
• Iron carbonate
• Iron sulfide
• Iron oxides
• Iron hydroxide.
One or more of the following solutions can remove these acid-soluble scales.

Regular Inhibited Acid

Regular inhibited acid solution is normally 15% hydrochloric acid that contains corrosion inhibitor. It is
the basic acid for preparing penetrating and non-emulsifying acid. It is not normally used for scale
removal.

Penetrating Acid

Penetrating acid solution is regular inhibited acid that has 1 ½ gal of Pen-5 or Pen-88 per 1,000 gal. Pen-5
and Pen-88 are surfactants that lower the surface tension of the acid solution to approximately 25
dynes/cm. Lowering the surface tension increases the acid's ability to contact the scale.

A penetrating acid solution can be successfully used on scales containing only a small amount of iron if
it does not form an emulsion with the formation fluids. When treating surface pipelines, gathering lines,
or other systems where the solution will not enter the formation, penetrating acid can be used for all acid
soluble scale. Under cold conditions, increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid will increase
the reaction rate. With most iron scales, it is usually best to use at least 20% hydrochloric acid.

Non-emulsifying Acid (NE)

Non-emulsifying acid solution is regular inhibited acid that has one or more of the non-emulsifying
chemicals added. Non-emulsifying acid can also have Pen-5 or Pen-88 added to the solution to help
obtain the desired wetting properties.

The non-emulsifying chemicals are added to help prevent the formation of emulsions between the
treating solution and the formation fluids. Non-emulsifying acid, like penetrating acid, is used when the
scale is primarily calcium carbonate and the iron concentration is low.

Fe Acid

Fe acid contains hydrochloric acid along with a blend of sequestering agents and a pH control agent.
During scale removal, the sequestering agent contained in Fe acid prevents the precipitation of the iron
by forming a complex with the iron and keeping it in solution. Fe acid is most suited for the removal of
iron compounds from disposal and injection wells.

These deposits normally occur near the well bore and gradually block the permeability. Hydrochloric
acid will dissolve iron scales and cause a temporary increase in injectivity. However, as the acid spends
on the formation during the course of the acidizing treatment, iron salts and oxides that were put into
solution as iron chlorides may form insoluble iron hydroxides. These iron compounds can deposit near
the well bore and cause even lower injectivity than before the treatment.

5-4 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

The pH control is based on the action of a weak acid that reacts much more slowly on the limestone scale
and other acid soluble materials than the hydrochloric acid reacts. While the pH remains low (less than
3), the iron will not precipitate.

Multiple Service Acid (MSA)

MSA contains a 10% concentration of acetic acid. MSAs greatest attribute in scale removal treatment is
that it will not damage chrome-plated parts or alloy steels found in downhole pumping. Calcium
carbonate scales are readily dissolved by MSA.

Paragon Acid Dispersion (PAD)

Paragon acid dispersion (PAD) is a mixture that contains paragon (an aromatic solvent), acid, and a
surfactant. The acid phase may be prepared from a number of acid solutions and selection of the acid
phase depends on the conditions involved. In scale removal applications, the aromatic Paragon portion
of the dispersion is effective in removing paraffin, congealed oil and other organic deposits. This allows
the acid to contact the scale and react more completely. PAD has been injected as the first stage for
degreasing and removing acid-soluble material prior to a gypsol or liquid scale disintegrator job for the
removal of acid insoluble gypsum.

Table 5.1—Volume of Scale Dissolved in 15% HCl

gal 15% HCL per lb Scale per
Type of Scale
ft3 of Scale gal of 15% HCL
CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) 95 1.84
Fe2O3 (iron oxide) 318 0.98
FeS (iron sulfide) 180 1.62
FeCO3 (siderite) 111 2.13
Fe3O4 423 0.74

Acid-Insoluble Scale Removal

Acid-insoluble scales include:
• Calcium sulfate
• Barium sulfate
• Strontium sulfate
• Barium-Strontium sulfate
Two general types of conversion agents have historically been used for scale removal; gypsol and
hydroxide solutions. Since then, research has developed a number of additional scale removal chemicals
that can be used.

GYPSOL

Gypsol gypsum converter is a water solution containing 1/2 lb of OG-1 and 1/2 lb of OG-2 per gallon of
solution. A surfactant, Pen-5, is also added at one gallon per 1,000 gal of the solution.

With gypsol, gypsum (CaSO4 × 2(H20)) is converted to acid soluble calcium carbonate. Gypsol is
inexpensive and has been successfully used in many wells. However, the converting properties of Gypsol

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-5

Coiled Tubing Handbook

are severely retarded when encountering dense, laminated gypsum scale. Because of this lack of
penetration, repeated application may be necessary.

Gypsol works only with gypsum deposits. Gypsol is normally placed in contact with the scale for 24 to
48 hours and allowed to convert gypsum to an acid soluble calcium carbonate. Before placing the gypsol,
the wellbore should be degreased with kerosene containing Hyflo IV or with DopeBuster M. After
pumping off the kerosene, the acid reactive scales and corrosion products should be removed with Fe acid
or MSA. PAD made with Fe acid or MSA can also be used to degrease the well bore to remove the acid
reactive materials present. The acid-containing solution should be completely pumped off before placing
the Gypsol. The converted gypsum can then be removed by dumping or pumping inhibited hydrochloric
acid or MSA. If the scale is extremely thick, successive treatments may be necessary with gypsol
followed by acid.

Liquid Scale Disintegrator

Liquid scale disintegrator or LSD, is an organic solution that is designed specifically for the removal of
calcium sulfate scales, gypsum and anhydrite. LSD reacts with gypsum to form a precipitate that won't
adhere to gypsum but forms a water dispersible sludge. The precipitate has a tendency to slough away
from the surface of the gypsum and increases the penetration of the solvent. Also, since the precipitate
does not adhere tightly and is readily dispersible in water, an acid stage may not be needed to remove the
sludge. If it becomes necessary to remove the LSD precipitate with acid, it is soluble at 1.2 lb per gallon
of 15% hydrochloric acid.

Laboratory and field tests have shown that most gypsum deposits can be removed with LSD in 24 to 48
hours. Also, LSD is more effective than gypsol for removing gypsum scale. A degreasing step with
paragon or a PAD solution with Fe acid as the acid phase is preferable prior to the scale removal
treatment. The degreasing step should be circulated for 12 to 24 hours before being pumped off. The LSD
solution is then dumped in the annulus. If the scale deposit is present in fractures some distance from the
well bore, a soaking period prior to circulating is recommended. If the scale deposit is considered
restricted to the well bore, circulation can be started immediately after dumping. Since the scale deposit
may be oil wet, the addition of a suitable surfactant would allow better wetting and contact.

Note Emulsion tests should be conducted with the LSD and non-emulsifiers added just as
they would be with an acid treatment. Wells on gas lift or flowing wells must have
the "spot and soak" technique applied.

LSD can be used at concentrations ranging from 10-50%. Concentrations and volumes used are
determined by the amount of scale present downhole. Figure 8.8 gives the theoretical amount of gypsum
removed by various concentrations of LSD in lb per gallon.

Note These are theoretical values and represent the maximum amount of gypsum that can
be removed. For instance, LSD-300 and LSD-500 solutions will theoretically remove
4.35 and 7.0 lb of gypsum per gallon, respectively. However, laboratory tests
conducted with field scale samples have shown that LSD-300 and LSD-500 solutions
will remove only 2-3 and 3-5 lb of gypsum per gallon in 24 to 48 hours under static
test conditions.

5-6 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

The best method in determining the most effective and economical concentration of LSD for a gypsum
removal treatment is to conduct disintegration rate tests with scale from the well. However, this is not
always possible under field conditions.

BaSO4lvent

BaSO4lvent, pronounced (bay-solvent), is a solution specifically designed to remove barium sulfate and
strontium sulfate scales from injection wells, disposal wells, gas wells, or producing wells. BaSO4lvent
solution is a one stage solvent; it does not require an additional acid stage for the removal of the scale.
The use of BaSO4lvent solution can minimize or eliminate costly and time-consuming pulling operations
and physical descaling of pumps and tubing. Deposits in perforations, SSSV, and gas-lift valves can be
removed with BaSO4lvent solution. By using BaSO4lvent, operators can more effectively remove
NORM (naturally occurring radioactive material) scale without exposure to its hazards and eliminate the
costly disposal of these materials.

BaSO4lvent solution can be applied neat or diluted to a 50% concentration consisting of freshwater,
seawater, or low-hardness brines. Higher temperatures increase the performance and reaction rate of
BaSO4lvent solution. Any means of agitation, such as circulation or periodical pumping of the material
back and forth through scaled perforations, will reduce the time required for scale removal. Formation
squeezes are effective for removing scale from the near-wellbore area. Soak and shut-in times of 8 to 48
hours are recommended. The actual time required can vary depending on the severity of the deposit.
Before the solvent is used in downhole well applications, well fluids should be pumped off or displaced
to minimize interference with the dissolving process at the problem contact point.

When the deposition of barium sulfate or strontium sulfate has been diagnosed, the most practical
solution to the problem is to eliminate the causes. For instance, barium sulfate is most often formed as a
result of high-barium content injection water being mixed with water that contains an excess of sulfates.
By isolating these waters, the problem could be eliminated. If the cause cannot be eliminated, the next
most practical approach is to treat the injection water or produced water with a scale inhibitor such as
LP-55 to help prevent the deposition of the scale.

Backflushing Injection Wells

Backflushing is a method commonly used to clean out buildups and restore a well's injectivity. Coiled
tubing is lowered to the bottom of the well while circulating nitrogen at high rates. This creates a high
drawdown on the well and forces debris from the perforations which are in turn circulated from the well.
Nitrogen is pumped until the returns are free of solids or other matter.

Pulsonix™ Oscillating Tool

(For more details, see Section 8, “Coiled Tubing Equipment”)

Using pulsating pressure waves, the primarily use of this tool is for the removal of near wellbore damage.
This tool has also been used successfully to remove hard scale and it can also be used to remove paraffin,
asphaltenes and salts when used with the appropriate chemicals or fluids.

Hydra-Blast Pro™ Rotating Tool and Hydra-Blast™ Indexing Tool

(For more details, see Section 8, “Coiled Tubing Equipment)

Using high-pressure fluid and a series of nozzles, the primary use of these tools is for the removal of hard
scale buildups. They can also be used for many other cleanout applications.

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-7

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Sand and Loose Fill Removal

One of the most common problems associated with producing oil and gas wells is sanding up. This is a
problem that occurs in wells completed in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs or following fracturing
stimulation jobs. The coiled tubing unit provides an excellent method to clean sand from a wellbore. The
obvious advantage CT provides over jointed tubing is the ability to maintain circulation while moving
the pipe in the well and working in wells under pressure. This method of removing sand from the
wellbore is commonly called sand washing. The most common circulating mediums are water, nitrified
water, and foam. The following pages detail the fluid selection and calculation process required to design
a coiled tubing operation to remove sand or loose fill from the wellbore.

Wellbore Cleanout Calculation Process for Loose Solids

Figure 5.1—Wellbore cleanout calculation process for loose solids

5-8 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

1. Is well deviation 30º or less ?

This calculation method is only suitable for cleaning out wells with all sections inclined less than 30º
from the vertical. See separate notes for cleaning wells with deviation greater than 30º.

2. Can the reservoir hold a full column of fluid ?

It is important that the reservoir can support a full column of fluid. The well operator should know how
much fluid the reservoir can support before the well starts to take losses. If a well starts to take losses
during a cleanout operation it can cause the particles that are meant to be getting circulated out to fall
back down the wellbore potentially sticking the coiled tubing. The weight of the particles that are being
cleaned out by the fluid need to be taken into account to calculate the actual fluid weight during a
wellbore cleanout. More details are given later.

3. Calculate using commingled fluid with maximum ratio of nitrogen at 30%.

Using commingled fluid can lower the hydrostatic weight of the cleaning fluid. It is often thought that
commingling the fluid with gas improves the cleaning process but this is not usually the case. Adding gas
to a liquid increases the rate at which any solids will fall through the fluid. Any gains in annular velocity
are only achieved as the gas gets closer to the surface and is expanding. An increase in annular velocity
is most often desired in the larger casing annulus but here the gas is usually still compressed so adds little
to the annular velocity. Keeping the nitrogen ratio below 30% as it returns up the annulus to the surface
equipment avoids excess velocities and erosion. To avoid erosion, fluid velocities should be kept below
35 ft/sec (10.7 m/sec). Increasing the Nitrogen ratio also increases the chance of fluid refluxing in the
annulus. This occurs when the nitrogen rate traveling up the annulus gets so high that it forces the fluid
back down the annulus taking the solids down also.

4. Calculate using foam with nitrogen ratio between 60% and 95% in the wellbore.

The main advantages of foam are the better solids transport properties and low hydrostatic pressures that
can be achieved. Foams are basically commingled fluids with a higher ratio of nitrogen. To keep them
stable the addition of a foamer is required (such as a surfactant) which is often added using a foam
generator. More details about foams can be found in a separate section.

5. Determine the particle settling velocity.

A variety of ways exist to calculate or estimate this but a simple way is often the use of the following
chart based on the equation from the Drilling Practices Manual. It should be noted that this chart is set
up for proppant with a particle SG of 2.65 and a fluid SG of 1. When fluid or solids vary from this the
actual calculation should be done using the equation on the chart. This is especially true for some of the
heavier types of proppant.

For non-Newtonian fluids it is necessary to use apparent viscosity estimated for the given conditions. Due
to the nature of coiled tubing operations, apparent viscosity for a fluid can usually be based on the
viscosity at a shear rate of 511 sec-1 (or Fann 35 speed of 300 rpm with R1, B1, F1 setup).

When using gelled fluids, be sure to find the viscosity while at the expected downhole temperature.
Elevated temperatures can have a major effect on a gelled fluids viscosity. It is often difficult to predict
the temperature a fluid will reach while getting circulated around a well, so an estimate of the worst case
needs to be done.

Worst case = higher temperature = lower viscosity

After this step, the particle settling velocity (or slip velocity) should have been estimated.

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-9

Coiled Tubing Handbook

When the weight of the fill material is unknown, Table 5.2 can be used to provide an estimate.

Table 5.2—Information for Estimating Weight of Fill Material

Particle Density
Type Of Fill Fill Material
(SG)
Proppants Sand 2.65
Resin-coated sand 2.56
Sintered bauxite 3.7
Zircanium oxide 3.15
Drilling/Workover Solids Barite 4.33
Bentonite 2.65
Calcium chloride 1.75
Sodium chloride 2.16
Calcium carbonate 2.71
Wellbore Debris Steel 7.9
Brass 8.5
Elastomer 1.2
Formation Solids Sands and fines 2.65

5-10 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 5.2—Particle settling velocities (from Drilling Practices Manual). Particle SG = 2.65, Fluid SG = 1.

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-11

Coiled Tubing Handbook

6. Calculate expected pump pressures, pump rates and therefore achievable annular velocities
with chosen fluid.

For Newtonian fluids (such as water, glycerin, salt water, acids, kerosene, diesel, alcohol and oil), the
pump friction pressures for the pump rates can be calculated using simple charts in the Coiled Tubing
Handbook. For non-Newtonian fluids (such as gels and some drilling muds) and friction reduced fluids
it is more accurate to consult specific fluid data sheets or computer software such as HalWin™ or
Cerberus™. In most cases friction pressure in the annulus for coiled tubing operations is negligible but
if the coiled tubing OD is close to the ID of the wellbore tubulars for any significant length then the
pressures can be substantial.

Once a maximum pump rate has been estimated the annular velocity can be estimated from the following
formula.
pump rate (gpm) × 24.51
Annular Velocity (ft/min) =
(ID prod 2 − OD coil2 )

(OD and ID in in.)

7. Can annular velocities above particle settling velocities be reached ?

Compare the slowest annular velocity calculated from Step 6 and compare to the fastest particle settling
velocity (slip velocity) from Step 5. If annular velocities above particle settling velocities can be reached
then it should be possible to clean out the wellbore. The time taken to clean out the wellbore is dependant
on the particles net rise up the wellbore. To determine the cleanout time in later steps the particles net
rise can be calculated as follows.

Net Rise = Fluid Velocity - Slip Velocity

In situations where the annular velocities are high enough to reach the speeds shown below this will
usually be sufficient to easily lift most solids up the wellbore.

Straight gas (air, N2, natural gas etc) - 3,000 ft/min (50 ft/sec)

Straight fluid (1cp viscosity) - 100 ft/min (1.67 ft/sec)

Foam - 30 ft/min (0.5 ft/sec)

8. Add Friction Reducer to base fluid, increase viscosity of base fluid and / or use larger coiled
tubing.

The addition of friction reducing chemicals to base fluids can significantly reduce the amount of pump
pressure required to pump the fluid and can therefore increase the annular velocities that can be achieved.
Also, by reducing the pump pressures they allow us to pump faster and therefore decrease the time it takes
to carry out the operation. Different friction reducers are available to suit different fluids and
environments.

Gelling the base fluid to increase it's viscosity will decrease the velocity that a particle will settle meaning
that the annular velocity can be decreased while still lifting the solids up the annulus. Special attention
should be made to the well temperature as this can have a drastic effect on gels. Gel stabilizers may need
to be used.

5-12 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Using larger coiled tubing allows increased pump rates and also decreases the size of the annulus around
the coiled tubing thus increasing fluid velocities. Using larger coiled tubing may not always be possible
due to various operational constraints such as downhole restrictions or surface equipment capabilities.

9. Calculate or specify the maximum allowable hydrostatic loading the reservoir can hold due to
sand loading.

When using commingled fluids the calculations should be based on liquid volumes only.

The equivalent circulating density (ECD) at the reservoir will change throughout a cleanout operation
and is dependant mainly on fluid weight, friction pressure in the annulus and wellhead pressure. It is
important to keep the ECD below the level at which the reservoir starts to take fluid losses or else the
solids being cleaned out may start falling back down the wellbore and bridge around the coiled tubing
causing it to become stuck. The wellhead pressure is easily determined and changed by looking at the
gauge and adjusting a choke if necessary. The annulus friction pressure is usually negligible for coiled
tubing operations but should be considered if the coiled tubing OD is close to the wellbore ID.

The main factor needed to calculate the ECD is the fluid weight. The fluid weight increases as it picks
up solids and begins to circulate them out so it is important to regulate the cleaning speed to ensure the
fluid weight does not become to great.

Before the operation try to determine the maximum allowable fluid weight based on the past history of
the well or similar wells to give an idea when the well will start to take losses. Allow an additional safety
factor of at least 500psi and never exceed the wells fracture gradient.

If unsure about anything with the job design try to plan for a fluid loading of 1 ppg. This means that using
an 8.33 ppg cleanout fluid the sand laden fluid will be 9.33 ppg. If well information and experience levels
are both good the amount of sand loading can be increased accordingly to perhaps 3 ppg to speed up job
times. The fluid loading can also be changed throughout the job if necessary, for instance if a well has
been fractured and the proppant has screened out (well is full of proppant) it may be beneficial to clean
the well with a fluid loading as high as 5 ppg but decrease this down to 1ppg when approaching the top
of the reservoir or the bottom of the production tubing. This depth will change depending on the
properties of the sand being cleaned and should be evaluated in each instance.

With foams the fluid loading should be kept below 1.5 ppg to avoid interfering with the foam quality.

Calculating the max fluid weight based on maximum pressure increase.

If we know that a well will start taking losses when the hydrostatic pressure or wellhead pressure
increases by a certain amount, then the maximum allowable fluid weight for the cleanout operation
can be calculated using the following equation:

Max Pressure Increase

Maximum Fluid Weight = Cleanout Fluid Weight +
0.052 × Reservoir TVD

Consider the following example.

A well is filled with fresh water (8.33 ppg) and has a reservoir TVD of 10,000 ft. We know that an
increase in hydrostatic or wellhead pressure of 2,000 psi will start to cause losses.

What is the maximum fluid weight we can have in the well throughout the cleanout operation? (This
assumes the worst case in which the entire wellbore is filled with the maximum fluid weight).

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-13

Coiled Tubing Handbook

For this example, the equation variables would be:

Cleanout fluid weight = 8.33 ppg

Maximum pressure increase = 2,000 psi, but we want to apply a safety factor of say 500 psi so this
value decreases to 1,500 psi

Reservoir TVD = 10,000 ft

1,500
Maximum Fluid Weight = 8.33 + = 11.21 ppg
0.052 × 10,000

Calculating the maximum fluid weight based on maximum reservoir overbalance.

Similar to the previous example, this method calculates the maximum fluid weight based on the
reservoir pressure and the maximum overbalance (OB).

Reservoir Pressure + Max OB

Maximum Fluid Weight =
0.052 × Reservoir TVD

Consider the following example.

A well has a reservoir pressure of 4,500 psi at a TVD of 10,000 ft. We have been told that the
maximum allowable overbalance on the reservoir is 2,000 psi. What would be the maximum fluid
weight in the wellbore be to keep below the maximum overbalance.

For this example, the equation variables would be:

Reservoir Pressure = 4,500 psi

Max OB = 2,000 psi, but we should include a safety factor here of 500 psi; therefore, the Max OB =
1,500 psi

Reservoir TVD = 10,000 ft

4,500 + 1,500
Maximum Fluid Weight = = 11.54 ppg
0.052 × 10,000

Calculating the fluid weight based on a known RIH speed.

If we need to calculate the fluid weight that will be obtained during a wellbore cleanout operation at
a know RIH speed the following equation can be used.

New Dirty Fluid Weight =

(Clean Fluid Weight × pump rate) + (Settled Slurry Weight × Casing Volume× RIH speed)
Pump Rate + (Casing Volume× RIH speed )

Where: Fluid weights in ppg

Pump rate in gpm
Casing volume in gal / ft
RIH speed in ft / min

5-14 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

This can be demonstrated with the following example:

Consider 7-in. 24-lb casing (ID = 6.336-in.) filled with 20/40 Ottowa proppant.

From tables:

Casing volume = 1.638 gal / ft

Proppant SG = 2.65 and bulk density = 100 lb/ft3
The bulk density can also be expressed as 13.37 ppg
(multiply by the constant 0.1337 to convert lb/ft3 to ppg)
Proppant porosity = 40%.

(These numbers for bulk density and porosity are also good numbers to use if the actual sand or
proppant data is unknown)

If porosity = 40%, then 40% of volume is well fluid, let’s assume freshwater.

Settled slurry weight = 13.37 + (8.33 × 0.4) = 16.7 ppg

If we RIH into the sand at10 ft/min while pumping at 42 gpm, what will the new dirty fluid weight
be?

For this example, New Dirty Fluid Weight =

(8.33 × 42) + (16.7 × 1.638 × 10)
42 + (1.638×10)

New dirty fluid weight = 10.68 ppg

Therefore, fluid loading is 10.68 - 8.33 = 2.35 ppg

10. Calculate the CT travel rate for a given flow rate to ensure the fluid loading is kept low enough.

When using commingled fluids or foams, the calculations should be based on liquid volumes only.

From Step 9, the desired maximum fluid weight should now be known. From this, the maximum RIH
speed can now be calculated as follows:

RIH speed (while cleaning sand) to obtain the desired fluid weight =

Pump Rate × [Clean Fluid Weight - Reqd. Fluid Weight ]

Csg Vol × [Reqd. Fluid Wt - Settled Slurry Weight ]

Where: Fluid weights in ppg

Pump rate in gal/min
Casing volume in gal/ft
Settled slurry weight = settled sand and liquid weight to be cleaned out.
(calculated in Step 9)
Clean fluid = fluid being pumped through CT
Required fluid weight = maximum fluid weight in the annulus
(decided in Step 9 above)
RIH speed in ft/min

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-15

Coiled Tubing Handbook

11. Calculate the cleanout time based on clean rate, annular velocity and particle net rise velocity.

The total cleanout time is basically: (ignoring RIH and POOH, at the start and end of the job)

Time to clean down thru required length of sand in wellbore

(based on RIH speed calculated in Step 10 above)
+
Sand cleanout time
(based on particle net rise velocity at specific pump rate after the CT reaches TD)

12. When POOH while circulating, ensure CT displacement is taken into account with fluid flow-
rate and annular velocity calculations.

Be sure to pull out of hole slower than the particle net rise velocity.

When calculating annular velocities while POOH, remember to subtract fluid volumes required to fill the
space left from the CT. These calculations should be based on the external displacement of the coiled
tubing. (While pulling the CT out of the well, we are also pulling the fluid inside the coiled tubing out of
the well and back onto the reel).

The POOH speed can be increased once the BHA has been pulled up out of the casing and into the
production tubing (if applicable) due to the higher annular velocities.

Example:

With 2-in. OD CT inside 4.5-in. 12.6# tubing, the annular volume is 476 gal/1,000ft.
The external displacement of 2-in. CT is 0.163 gal/ft.
If we POOH at 100 ft/min, what effect does this have on the annular velocity while pumping at 84
gpm?
The annular velocity while the CT is stationery is 176.5 ft/min
If we POOH at 100 ft/min, it takes 100 × 0.163 = 16.3 gpm to fill the CT displacement.
Therefore, the actual fluid rate in the annulus becomes 84 - 16.3 = 67.7 gpm
This gives an annular velocity of 142.2 ft/min while the pipe is being pulled out of hole.
To calculate the maximum POOH speed to ensure the BHA is always behind the sand being cleaned
out, use the following equation:

Particle Net Rise Velocity

Max POOH Speed =
⎡ CT External Displacement ⎤
1+ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ Annular Capacity ⎦

Where: Particle net rise velocity in ft/min

CT external displacement in gal/ft
Annular capacity in gal/ft

13. Deviated Wells

Solids are always being pulled downward by gravity. When a hole is deviated or horizontal, the
particulates tend to lie or wedge into the low side of the hole. When the hole is deviated by more than
35°, then the mechanism of movement upward is changed to a rolling, sand-dunning movement. The

5-16 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

wash fluids will tend to pass over the top of the particulates. Water in turbulence works best in this
situation but friction pressures are often too high to allow reaching the necessary annular velocity. Foams
will usually work the best. Gel-laden fluids keep the fluid in laminar flow and do not generate enough
energy to clean the sand out of the triangulated area. Gel fluids become the least successful means in this
scenario

Centralization in the horizontal section can greatly improve cleanout efficiencies.

If cleaning the wellbore with straight fluids, aim to have an annular velocity of 10 times the particle
settling velocity.

If cleaning the wellbore using a foam, aim to have a foam quality along the complete deviated section
above 80% and less than 95% on surface. This is when foam has the best carrying capacity.

Programs and Operational Concerns for Various Wellbore Cleanouts

All coiled tubing and flowback equipment should be rigged up and pressure tested in accordance with
the latest HMS standards or according to local standards. Guidelines are also given in the "Operations
Guidelines" section of this book. The following examples highlight some of the main operational
considerations for each method but may not be applicable to every situation.

Cleaning Out Sand or Loose Fill

1. RIH with the coiled tubing and circulate one complete coiled tubing and annulus volume of the
cleanout fluid before reaching the expected start of cleanout depth. This ensures that pressures
have stabilized to allow better monitoring of the operation.
2. Continue down at the calculated cleanout rate. Take extreme caution when uncovering any per-
forations.
3. Carefully monitor the pump and wellhead pressures to see changes due to heavier solids laden
fluids being circulated up the annulus.
4. Monitor flow returns at all times, if returns slow down or stop start to POOH immediately while
continuing to circulate.
5. When the final desired depth is reached, start POOH slowly at a rate calculated to be slower than
the upward speed of the largest expected particles. Circulating without moving for long periods
should be avoided to prevent erosion of the coiled tubing at surface and in any downhole restric-
tions.
6. Pull the coiled tubing out of the hole while maintaining circulation. DO NOT shut the pumps
down for any reason, until you are out of the hole.
If at any time the flow line develops leaks or washes out, shut in the flowline and immediately pull the
coiled tubing out of the well. After the repairs to the flowline have been made, reestablish circulation
before stopping pulling out and running back in.

Cleaning with Hot Fluids

Hot fluids are used to cleanout paraffin, hydrates, and salt plugs. All three materials are cleaned in a
similar manner. As these materials are in most cases soluble in the cleaning fluid used so there is not the
same concern with annular velocity as there is with solid material. The same concerns with hydrostatic
pressure must still be addressed. In some cases as with hydrate plugs in gas wells, there will be concerns

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-17

Coiled Tubing Handbook

with pressure trapped between plugs that will require back pressure to be held on the annulus to prevent
pressure surges at surface.

Working with hot fluids will require that extra care be taken when working around the coiled tubing
equipment and pump lines. In the case of hot oil a severe fire hazard exists and if possible, water should
be the choice of wash fluid over oil.

Due to the dangers of pumping flammable fluids, HSE Standard Category 2 Standard 4 - Hydrocarbon
Pumping should be followed and consideration should be given to having fire protection on location for
hot oil jobs.

1. Ensure that all personnel are aware of all hazards that exist. Tarpaulins should be rigged between
the reel and other critical components or any source of ignition to deflect the spray if a leak
should occur.
2. All elastomers in the well control equipment and reel inlet iron must be rated for the high tem-
peratures that will be encountered. Provisions to change out the stripper rubbers during the job
should be made as this is a likely occurrence.
3. Ensure that the flowline is made up of materials that will handle the heat involved.

Warning DO NOT use rubber hose.

4. Install a variable full opening choke in the flow line. Keep the choke away from the wellhead to
minimize exposure of the operator to leaks at the stuffing box.
5. With the well shut in, circulate the reel with hot fluid until the returns are hot. At this time any
back pressure required can be established.
6. Open the well and run in no faster than 20-30 ft per minute (5-10 m/min). Expect to encounter
obstructions at surface.
7. When encountering hard plugs, allow the heat to do the work in softening the plug. Do not apply
force with the injector. When moving downhole any large distance the fluid exiting the jet most
likely has been cooled by the wellbore. In some cases the wellbore will have to be heated up
before any further progress can be made.
8. Continue down at the prescribed tubing and fluid rates, checking tubing drag every 500 ft (150
m). Maintain returns throughout the cleanout program. If the observed returns decrease or cease,
pull up the hole until returns are reestablished.
9. When the final desired depth is reached, circulate a minimum of one annular volume prior to
pulling out of the well.
10. Pull the coiled tubing out of the hole while maintaining circulation. DO NOT shut the pumps
down for any reason, until you are out of the hole.
11. Flush the coiled tubing with heated CLEAN fluid to eliminated paraffin accumulations in the
pipe.
Try not to re-circulate fluids saturated with paraffin. Do not heat solvents or diesel when cleaning
paraffin. Be prepared for tubing slippage in the injector drive chains, as paraffin coats the OD of the
coiled tubing.

5-18 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Cleaning with Chemicals

Prior to going to location, have a sample of the material obtained for laboratory testing so that an effective
treating program can be prescribed. Obtain all Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for solvents, acids,
additives and base mixing fluids that are determined for the treatment program. Call a special pre-job
safety meeting with all personnel on location to discuss all topics relating to the safe handling and use of
these chemicals. All elastomers in the well control equipment and reel inlet iron must be rated for
chemical resistance.

1. Ensure that the flowline is made up of materials that will handle the chemicals involved.

Warning DO NOT use rubber hose.

2. Install a variable full opening choke in the flow line. Keep the choke away from the wellhead to
minimize exposure of the operator to leaks at the stuffing box.
3. Open the well and run in the well pumping an inert fluid. Do not pump any chemical solutions
until they are required.
4. When encountering hard plugs, allow the chemicals to do the work in softening the plug. Do not
apply force with the injector.
5. Continue down at the prescribed tubing and fluid rates, checking tubing drag every 500 ft (150
m). Maintain returns throughout the cleanout program. If the observed returns decrease or cease,
pull up the hole until returns are reestablished.
6. When the final desired depth is reached, circulate a minimum of one annular volume prior to
pulling out of the well.
7. Pull the coiled tubing out of the hole while maintaining circulation. DO NOT shut the pumps
down for any reason, unless you are out of the hole.
8. Flush the coiled tubing with best available water source. If acid is used, a neutralizing fluid
should be used.

Post-job
There are several aspects of CT cleanout jobs that can cause problems on the next operation that is to be
performed by the coiled tubing unit. The majority of these problems come from materials and chemicals
left in the BOPs and reel. Materials can cause the BOPs to not function due to build up and corrosion
between the rams and bore. Corrosive materials left in the coiled tubing will cause pinholes or tubing
failures

1. After the well is shut in, flush clean water through the coiled tubing while moving the nozzle
across the bop rams. This will help clean out any chemical or sand that may have got in during
the circulation of the well.
2. Open all Lo-torc valves that have remained closed during the job and flush out any chemicals.
3. Lubricate the reel swivel and Lo-torc valves
4. After rig down and before the next job, disassemble any sealing component that has had contact
with chemicals or high heat and inspect the seals.
5. Disassemble, inspect, and clean the BOPs paying special attention to the elastomers.

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-19

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Unloading a Well with Nitrogen

(Often called Gas Lifting or Jetting)

There are two main situations when a well needs to be unloaded and these require different approaches
to the design of the operation.

1. Removing workover kill fluid—To return the well to production, you would need to remove a
small amount of wellbore fluid to get the well to an underbalanced condition. Typically, you
would plan an underbalance of 500 to 1,500 psi. Therefore, you only need to calculate the amount
of wellbore fluid that must be removed to reduce the bottomhole pressure (BHP).

Because gas lift has fluid fallback, you must run the tubing approximately 20% deeper into the
fluid than the amount of fluid you want to remove.
2. Jetting in a well after stimulation—Stimulation treatments often require injecting a large
amount of fluid into the reservoir. In many cases, it is necessary to jet back much of this fluid
before the well will produce on its own. Therefore, the jetting process becomes a longer-term gas
lift process.

Gas lift may be required at the deepest point in a vertical well or at the heel in a horizontal well.
If you inject nitrogen below the perforations, all the nitrogen may leak off to the zone rather than
gas-lift the fluid in the wellbore. Therefore, run the coiled tubing into the well while jetting nitro-
gen to a depth just above the perforations or at the heel of a horizontal well.

Unloading Considerations
When utilizing nitrogen to unload wellbores and initiate flow, it is important to recognize the effects of
lifting fluids in the coiled tubing / production tubing annulus. As the ratio of coiled tubing OD to
production tubing ID increases, pressure losses within the annulus increase. The amount of coiled tubing
run concentric within the production tubing will significantly affect the degree of annular friction
pressure loss and fluid head as compared to flow in an unobstructed tube. When the nitrogen injection
point is run deeper into the well, the expected response is an increase in BHP drawdown and a
proportional increase in liquid production rate. However this perception is not accurate.

As a volume of nitrogen is pumped down the coiled tubing, the pressure required to overcome the
hydrostatic pressure within the annulus causes the gas to compress. As the injection point of the nitrogen
is lowered deeper in the wellbore, the hydrostatic pressure will increase and cause the nitrogen to
compress further. When the nitrogen gas exits the coiled tubing and begins to lift liquids within the
annulus, the hydrostatic pressure of the flowing column will decrease, causing the nitrogen to expand.
The expansion of the nitrogen volume dispersed in the liquid will increase the velocity of the fluids,
resulting in a decrease of the hydrostatic pressure. The increase in annular fluid velocity also decreases
the degree of liquid slippage within the flowing well.

The volume of nitrogen within the liquid will continue to expand as it flows to the surface, causing the
degree of expansion to become dramatic. The fluid velocity and frictional pressure losses experienced in
the annulus increase significantly. These increased frictional pressure losses are a function of the
expanding gas in the system. Depending upon how deep the nitrogen injection point was in the wellbore,
there will be a specific point in the tubing annulus where the benefits of reduced hydrostatic pressure are
overcome by the increases in frictional pressure losses. The unloading system will then become limited
by the frictional pressure loss within the annulus and the fluid lift rates decline dramatically.

5-20 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

If this drop in produced fluids is not interpreted correctly, the natural reaction is to continue deeper into
the well bore with the coiled tubing and increase the nitrogen rates. This reaction to low fluid production
will, in fact, create greater frictional pressure loss in the annulus and in some cases, cause the liquid flow
to cease. In order to increase flow, the nitrogen circulation rate is cut back slowly while pulling the coiled
tubing back up the wellbore. Therefore, to minimize the effects of the aforementioned conditions, it is
recommended to use the smallest size of coiled tubing available for nitrogen unloading programs and to
perform the procedure with the lowest nitrogen circulation rates required.

The desired amount of hydrostatic pressure reduction should be indicated and a depth calculated that will
reflect the reduction of pressure.

Calculations
Example:

To regain production on a well that has recently been worked over, we want to reduce the bottomhole
pressure by 1,000 psi. The kill fluid density is 10 lb/gal and the completion is 3 1/2-in. OD, 9.3-lb/ft
tubing.

1. Calculate the fluid height with the following equation:

Height = pressure reduction / (0.052 × fluid density)

For the well example given, the equation would read
Height = 1,000 / (0.052 × 10) = 1,923 ft
2. Calculate the fluid volume with the following equation:

Volume = Height × volume factor

The volume factor for 3 1/2-in., 9.3-lb/ft tubing is 0.0087 bbl/ft
Volume = 1,923 × 0.0087 = 16.7 bbl
An advantage of coiled tubing is that nitrogen can be injected while the tubing is going in the well. The
gas-lift process is most efficient when the gas is mixed with the wellbore fluid at a concentration of 500
scf/bbl. Use the following table to find the nitrogen rate required to mix the wellbore fluids at a
concentration of 500 scf/bbl when running in the hole at the indicated tubing speed. This can also be
calculated using the equations following the table.

For example, if you chose a tubing RIH speed of 75 ft/min, up to 3 ½ completion tubing the nitrogen rate
would be 326 scf/min.

Nitrogen Rate to Commingle Well Fluids at 500 scf/bbl (scf/min)

Table 5.3—Nitrogen Rate to Commingle at 500 scf/bbl (scf/min)

Coiled Tubing RIH Completion Tubing Size (in.)
Speed (ft/min) 2 3/8 2 7/8 3½ 4 4½
25 48 72 109 147 190
50 97 145 218 147 381
75 145 217 326 294 571
100 194 290 435 330 761
125 242 362 544 587 951

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-21

Coiled Tubing Handbook

To calculate nitrogen rate for a known RIH rate:

scf
N 2 = N 2 F × RIH × (ID 2 × 0.0009714)
min

To calculate a RIH speed for a known nitrogen pump rate:

N2 ft
RIH =
(ID 2 × 0.0009714) × N 2 F min

Where: N2 = nitrogen pump rate (scf/min)

RIH = RIH speed (ft/min)
N2F = N2 / fluid ratio (scf/bbl) (usually aim for 500)
ID = wellbore ID (in.)
Wellbore volume factor = ID2 × 0.0009714 (bbl/min)

Example Programs/Operational Concerns for Various Well Unloading Opera-

tions
All coiled tubing and flow back equipment should be rigged up and pressure tested in accordance with
the minimum standards and requirements set out in the section "Coiled Tubing Equipment Operational
Standards" or according to local standards. The following examples highlight some of the main
operational considerations for each method but may not be applicable to every situation.

Example Job Procedure (unloading starting from the surface)

1. Open the well and run in the well pumping nitrogen at minimum rates.
2. When the coiled tubing is directly above the fluid level, stabilize nitrogen and run in rates so that
the fluid in the well is nitrified at 250-500 scf/bbl. (50-100 scm/m3 )
3. Continue down at the prescribed tubing and nitrogen rates, checking tubing drag every 1,000 ft
(300 m).
4. When the final predetermined depth is reached, circulate nitrogen until the well can sustain pro-
duction on its own.
5. Once the well is on production, slow the nitrogen rate to the minimum possible and pull the
coiled tubing out of the hole while maintaining circulation. If there is no possibility of any loose
solids in the annulus it may be safe to stop the nitrogen circulation.
6. If pumping through the coiled tubing is stopped, be prepared to start pumping again to pressure
up the coiled tubing if necessary. During the operation, wellhead pressure may increase to a level
where collapse of the coiled tubing is a concern.
7. An estimate of the nitrogen volume required for this operation (excluding equipment losses) can
be easily estimated from the calculated nitrogen pump rate, RIH speed and required depth.

5-22 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Example Job Procedure (unloading from downhole, e.g. immediately after a cleanout or stimula-
tion operation)
1. Perform the required cleanout or stimulation operations.
2. Once the well is completely cleaned out but while still circulating fluid through the choke, reduce
the choke size to achieve a low wellhead pressure (say, 100 psi). This setting should be sufficient
for the following unloading operation.
3. Start circulating nitrogen while pulling the coiled tubing to a pre-determined depth to obtain the
proper drawdown. Starting the nitrogen displacement at a shallow depth and then RIH to the
required depth as opposed to starting the displacement at a deeper depth requires less nitrogen
and will create less shock on the surface equipment as it reaches the top of the well.
4. Once the nitrogen starts to come up the annulus it will expand causing the hydrostatic pressure
and therefore pump pressure to decrease. Following these indications stop or slow the nitrogen
pump rate to reduce the pressure shock on surface when the gas reaches surface.
5. The expanding nitrogen moving up the wellbore will lower the hydrostatic pressure allowing the
nitrogen inside the coiled tubing to expand and therefore enter the wellbore. This expansion
alone may be enough to lift the well.
6. If required, continue to circulate nitrogen and RIH (using a nitrogen pump rate calculated in the
same way as the previous example) to the pre-determined depth until the well can sustain pro-
duction on its own.
7. Once the well is on production, slow the nitrogen rate to the minimum possible and pull the
coiled tubing out of the hole while maintaining circulation. If there is no possibility of any loose
solids in the annulus it may be safe to stop the nitrogen circulation.
8. If pumping through the coiled tubing is stopped, be prepared to start pumping again to pressure
up the coiled tubing if necessary. During the operation, wellhead pressure may increase to a level
where collapse of the coiled tubing is a concern.
9. Calculating the amount of nitrogen required to displace a well annulus is difficult because of the
continually changing pressures as the nitrogen expands. An estimate of the nitrogen volume
required for this operation can be done by calculating both the following quantities and using the
LARGER one only. (equipment losses should be calculated separately)
a. Volume of nitrogen required to displace the coiled tubing when the BHA is at the maximum
calculated depth. (due to nitrogen expansion and therefore pressure reduction in the annulus
this quantity will be enough in some cases)
b. Volume of nitrogen required to displace the coiled tubing / production tubing annulus (ignore
CT internal volume on reel and downhole) to the maximum calculated depth. Base this cal-
culation on a pressure equal to the maximum pressure we would anticipate on surface (say
1,000psi). If the annulus volume is large in relation to the CT volume then this may be the
quantity we require.

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-23

Coiled Tubing Handbook

If the Well Fails to Flow by Itself after Sustained Gas Injection

Important DO NOT automatically increase the nitrogen pump rate; this can lead to fluid
refluxing in the annulus which will make things worse.

Important DO NOT automatically go deeper into the well; this can also make things worse
due to fluid refluxing.

1. Ensure everything is in steady state, ie pump rate is constant and well returns are constant.
2. Measure the fluid returns and compare to the nitrogen rate being pumped into the well. If the ratio
of pumped gas to recovered fluid is greater than 1,500 scf/bbl, reduce the nitrogen rate and if the
ratio is less than 300 scf/bbl then increase the nitrogen rate. It may also be beneficial to jet nitro-
gen for a while then stop and let the well recover before jetting again (eg. Jet for 1 hour every 3
hours)
3. Gradually reduce the nitrogen rate while pulling the CT slowly up the well. Once expected
returns are seen start RIH again slower than before.

Equipment Considerations

Many nitrogen units are designed for pumping high rates of nitrogen. The minimum rate at which they
are capable of pumping may be too high for the planned operation with coiled tubing. Ensure the nitrogen
unit being used is suitable for the planned pump rates.

5-24 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pinpoint Stimulation
General Overview of Pinpoint Stimulation
As oil and gas producers are driven to improve return from their assets, coupled with continued decline
in discoveries of significant major reservoirs, their need to exploit more challenging reservoirs is
growing. Specific to stimulation, we are being challenged to more effectively and efficiently provide
solutions to this market segment.

Early efforts to stimulate multiple zones consisted of limited entry perforating, sand plugs separating
zones, as well as retrievable bridge plugs and packers. Although these solutions have been effective,
more speed and accuracy is needed. Recent development of composite (coiled tubing drillable) bridge
plugs has increased the speed and accuracy, yet more sophisticated solutions are required.

Today we offer Cobra Frac™, SurgiFrac™ and CobraMaxSM services; all are advanced solutions to
Pinpoint stimulation. Cobra Frac™ service combines coiled tubing and an exclusive bottomhole
assembly to easily and effectively stimulate multiple lenticular hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs.
Typically, this can be done with a single trip in the well. Cobra Frac™ service saves time, but more
importantly it places the treatment directly in the zone of interest providing the Customer with a
stimulation treatment that will effectively drain the reservoir.

SurgiFrac™ service, typically used in openhole horizontals is a method used to surgically place fractures
in a wellbore without the need for mechanical isolation.

Cobra Frac™ and SurgiFrac™ services have all proven to be viable Pinpoint stimulation methods that
allow our Customers to generate the greatest return on their investment dollar.

Cobra Frac™
Cobra Frac™ is a stimulation technique for stimulating multiple zones individually using a straddle
packer assembly conveyed with coiled tubing. The straddle packer assembly is set across a perforated
zone and then the desired treatment is pumped down the coiled tubing. After treatment the assembly is
immediately moved to the next zone and the next treatment is pumped. Process continues for all zones.
Perforations are created prior to Cobra Frac™ and are not part of the Cobra Frac™ process.The Cobra
Frac™ bottomhole assembly offers:
• A specially designed straddle packer.
• An equalizing valve in the bottom packer to allow movement of tools without flowing the well or
circulating fluids (ideal for energized fluids, screenouts).
• A reciprocating J-slot that allows multiple sets on a single trip with no rotation to set.
• Packer does not drag sand or swab the wellbore when picking up.
• A top packer that acts like a check valve, allowing the well to be reverse-circulated to clean the tools
and wash out the underflush.
• A safety shear sub that allows the release of tools.
• A fracturing treatment that is optimized for each zone.
• A system that permits fracturing of missed or previously bypassed pay zones simple operation,
dependability and ease of field dressing.
• Available for 4 1/2-in. and 5 1/2-in. casing.

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-25

Coiled Tubing Handbook

• Safety - with compression type tools, in an unplanned event the wellbore can be isolated to prevent
uncontrolled releases.

Operational Limitations
• Requires a minimum coiled tubing size of 2-in. (2 3/8-in. or greater preferred) due to the pump rates
required while pumping a frac fluid slurry.
• Suitable for cased hole, vertical and deviated wellbores up to around 45º
• Because of wear from dragging the cup in the well, reliable sealing between the cup and casing wall
cannot be certain on wells deeper than 8,000 ft.
• Current packer differential pressures are limited to 5,000 psi.
• Tools available for 4 1/2-in. and 5 1/2-in. casing
• If the well is unable to hold a column of fluid, special considerations need to be taken, such as reverse
circulate with N2 or the use of lost circulation materials to help in holding a column of fluid on the
backside. Holding a column of fluid on the backside allows you to monitor the treatments to help
assure there are not any communication concerns up hole.

5-26 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Cobra Frac™ BHA

1 CT Connector 6 Long Centralizer

Blast Joints
Knuckle Joint
2 7 (5 - 25 ft max.)
(Optional)

Shear Disconnect
Ported
3 (Optional DepthPro 8
Blast Joint
would fit below here)

4 Short Centralizer
RR4-EV Multi Set
Compression Packer

Equalizing valve allows

movement without flow-
Top Cup Packer 9 ing the well – ideal for
Assembly energized fluids and
screenouts.
5 Acts like a check valve to Reciprocating J-Slot
allow reverse circulation enables multiple sets
to clean the tools without rotation

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-27

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Typical Cobra Frac™ Job Procedure

• Perforate selected intervals (not part of the Cobra Frac™ process)
• Pressure test all surface equipment
• Run in hole with coiled tubing while reversing
• Position tools to straddle lowest perforated interval
• Set packer and reverse with clean fluid
• Frac through the coiled tubing while holding pressure on the annulus as per site-specific strategy
• Reposition tools to straddle next interval
• Reverse-circulate to ensure clean fluid is used to initiate the frac
• Frac as per site-specific strategy
• Repeat throughout wellbore and POOH

Answers to Most Frequently Asked Questions

What happens if sanding off occurs?
Hoist the tools to the next interval, reverse them clean, and continue with the next frac.

What happens if annulus pressure starts to build?

Stop pumping, hoist the tools to the next interval, reverse them clean, and continue with the next fracture
treatment. It is also worth setting the tools in a blank section of pipe to pressure test the tools.

What should be done to get indications of a tool failure?

Monitor the pipe weight and annulus pressure throughout the treatments.

Is it necessary to use coiled tubing with the tools?

No. Wells have successfully been fractured with jointed pipe using a snubbing unit but CT is
recommended.

How is the Cobra Frac™ tool different from cup type tools?
The bottom packer acts as an anchor to prevent tool movement during the fracture treatment.

Is hydraulic isolation important?

Yes. To prevent communication between zones, isolation is critical. It is important to ensure good bond
logs and frac barriers.

What should be done if the BHA gets stuck in the hole ?

Shear off the disconnect. Depending on the conditions, either put on new tools and finish the hole or fish
the tools out.

What type of wells are good candidates?

Look for wells with one or more of these characteristics:
• Multiple zones that require stimulation.
• NPV can be increased by reduced cycle time.
• Bypassed pay behind pipe.

5-28 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

SurgiFrac™
SurgiFrac™ is a stimulation method that combines hydrajetting, fracturing and co-injection down the
annulus to create multiple fractures. The hydra-jetting tool is moved adjacent to the desired point of
treatment and the treating fluid is pumped through the tubing and out the jets into the formation while
additional fluid is pumped down the annulus. This process is performed without any form of a mechanical
sealing device such as a packer. Once the desired fracture is completed then the tool can be moved up
hole to pump additional fractures. The SurgiFrac™ process was developed to be able to treat the full
lateral length of horizontal wells and can be used on cased or open hole.

Usually requires a minimum coiled tubing size of 2 in. due to the pump rates required for the HydraJet
and frac operation while co-injecting down the annulus.

Currently, SurgiFrac™ service tools are available in four OD sizes: 3.06 in., 3.40 in., 3.66 in. and 4.50
in. The maximum standoff recommended for a SurgiFrac™ service application is 2.0 in.(radius);
therefore, for ID greater than 6.5 in., larger SurgiFrac™ service tools can be built on demand.

Typical SurgiFrac™ Procedure

• Run in hole with coiled tubing and position tools for lowest perforated interval.
• Jet through the coiled tubing to perforate the casing (if present) and initiate the frac in the reservoir.
• Pump frac fluid down the annulus simultaneously once the frac has been initiated to finish the
fracture as per site-specific strategy.
• Reposition tools to next interval.
• Repeat jetting and fracturing throughout wellbore and POOH.

SurgiFrac™ in Vertical Wells

New procedures have been introduced to use SurgiFrac™ via coiled tubing to treat multiple intervals in
an unperforated vertical well. In a vertical well SurgiFrac™, all proppant laden fluid is pumped through
the coiled tubing with some additional clean fluid pumped through the annulus.

• Position SurgiFrac™ Jetting Sub across lower-most interval

• Cut holes or slots by pumping down CT
• Close in Annulus and breakdown formation by continuing to pump down CT
• Pump fracture treatment down the CT and annulus as per site-specific strategy
• When final proppant stage reaches perforations, slow the injection rate to induce screenout to
enhance near wellbore conductivity
• Pull up to Target 2 and reverse circulate any excess proppant
• Repeat the process for Targets 2, 3, 4, etc.
• As a final step, the well will be cleaned out by washing through the residual sand leaving the wellbore
ready for treatment load recovery and production

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-29

Coiled Tubing Handbook
CobraMaxSM
• For vertical wells
• Used in non-perforated, cased hole
• Hydrajetting is performed by pumping through the CT and the fracture treatment is pumped down
the annulus.

Typical CobraMaxSM Procedure

• Correlate CT depth by tagging a wireline set bridge plug
• Move BHA to target and begin Hydra Jetting the holes by pumping through the CT and taking returns
on the annulus
• Close in the annulus while jetting to breakdown the perforations using an adjustable choke
• Pump fracture treatment down the annulus while reducing pump rate through the CT to 0.25 bpm
• Pack perforations by slowing frac rates on the annulus
• Pick up the CT a safe distance above calculated top of sand
• Begin reverse circulating sand while moving the CT to the next frac target
• Repeat the process for the next frac inteval

Operational Features and Limitations

• Used in vertical and deviated wellbores upto angles suitable for setting a sand plug between intervals
• Requires a cased hole
• Available in same sizes as SurgiFrac™, ODs 3.06-, 3.40-, 3.68- and 4.5-in., capable of jetting
through casing up to 6.5-in. ID - other tool sizes could easily be made
• Requires only 1 ¾-in. CT or larger to achieve flow rates for hydra-jetting (no frac fluids are pumped
through CT)

5-30 Applications and Job Design September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

SurgiFrac™ and CobraMaxSM BHA

(Will vary depending on “cased or
openhole” and “CT or jointed-pipe”
conveyance)
1 CT Connector

2 Shear Disconnect

Centralizer

3 (Required for jet-cutting standoff to

hydrajet through the casing)

4 Hydrajet Tool

Ball Sub
5
(Diverts all fluid pumped down the CT
through the hydrajet tool)

Pump through Bull Plug or Mule Shoe

6
(Allows reverse-circulation)

September 2005 Applications and Job Design 5-31

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pinpoint Stimulation Summary Table

Table 5.4—Pinpoint Stimulation Summary
Cobra Frac™ SurgiFrac™ CobraMaxSM
Vertical Wells Horizontal Vertical Wells
Pre-Perforated Cased Non-Perforated Cased Non-Perforated Cased
Wells or Openhole Hole
Procedure
1. Set Packer then reverse 1. At depth, hydra-jet perfs, then ini- 1. At depth, hydra-jet perfs.
circulate clean fluid. tiate frac by pumping treatment 2. Frac down annulus.
2. Frac thru CT while hold- fluid (include proppant if required) 3. Slow down pump rate to
ing annulus pressure. through CT pack perforations with
3. Pick up to next interval 2. Once frac started, pump down sand.
and repeat. annulus at same time to extend & 4. Pick up and repeat.
finish frac.
3. Pick up and repeat.

5-32 Applications and Job Design September 2005

Section 6 Well Control Equipment

Summary of Well Control Equipment ....................................................... 6-1

Blowout Preventer (BOP) Systems .................................................... 6-2
Stripper Packer Systems .................................................................... 6-7
Hydraulic Quick-Latches/Connectors ................................................. 6-9
Coiled Tubing Drilling/Workover Equipment ....................................... 6-11
Work Window ..................................................................................... 6-13
Specialty Equipment ........................................................................... 6-13
Adapters/Spools/Lubricators/Flow Cross/Hand Unions ..................... 6-14
Blowout Preventers (BOPs) ..................................................................... 6-14
Features ............................................................................................. 6-15
Options ............................................................................................... 6-16
Operation ............................................................................................ 6-16
Preparation ......................................................................................... 6-16
Closing and Locking the Rams ........................................................... 6-17
Unlocking and Opening the Rams ...................................................... 6-17
Blind Ram Assembly .......................................................................... 6-17
Pipe Ram Assembly ........................................................................... 6-18
Slip Ram Assembly ............................................................................ 6-19
Shear Ram Assembly ......................................................................... 6-20
Shear Seal Rams ............................................................................... 6-24
Pipe Slip Rams ................................................................................... 6-25
BOP Field Testing .............................................................................. 6-25
BOP Specifications ............................................................................. 6-26
TOT 2.50-in. 5,000-psi Quad BOP ..................................................... 6-26
TOT 2.50-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP .................................................. 6-27
TOT 3.06-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP .................................................. 6-28
TOT 3.06-in., 15,0000-psi Quad BOP ................................................ 6-29
TOT 4.06-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP .................................................. 6-30
TOT 4.06-in., 15,000-psi Quad BOP .................................................. 6-31
TOT 5.12-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP .................................................. 6-32
Stripper Packers ...................................................................................... 6-32
Operation ............................................................................................ 6-33
Top Loading Stripper Packer .............................................................. 6-34
Side Door Stripper Packer .................................................................. 6-35
Sidewinder Stripper Packer ................................................................ 6-36
Anti-Buckling Device .......................................................................... 6-37
Inhibitor Injection ................................................................................ 6-37

i
 Test Pressure ..................................................................................... 6-37
Test Procedure ................................................................................... 6-37
Specifications ..................................................................................... 6-38
Quick-latches ........................................................................................... 6-41
Hydraconn Connectors ....................................................................... 6-41
Injector Connectors .................................................................................. 6-42
Operation ............................................................................................ 6-42
Hydraulic Releasing Connector .......................................................... 6-43
Unions and Flanges ................................................................................. 6-43
CB Unions .......................................................................................... 6-44
CH, CQ Unions ................................................................................... 6-45
CO Unions .......................................................................................... 6-46
Flange Dimensions ............................................................................. 6-47
Maintenance and Field Inspection ........................................................... 6-49
Suggested Maintenance Schedule ..................................................... 6-49
Field Inspections ................................................................................ 6-49

ii
Section 6

Well Control Equipment

Summary of Well Control Equipment

Preface

Figure 6.1—Well control equipment

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-1

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Blowout Preventer (BOP) Systems

Figure 6.2—Type EC and EH model quad BOPs

Type EC and EH Model Quad BOPs

• Compact profile designed for high operational pressure control
• Increased protection against blowouts
• Solid block bodies and bonnets made from forged steel for optimal pressure integrity and safety
• Economical field proven design with a 20 year track history
• Wide range of flanged or union connections
• Available with Internal or External hydraulic connections on the cylinders
• Single, double, or triple configurations available
• Optional booster cylinders for shearing large, heavy wall CT

Table 6.1—EC and EH Model BOPs

BOP Bore Size (in.) Working Pressure (psi) Tubing Range (in.)
2.50 10,000 and 15,000 1.00 to 2.00
3.06 10,000 and 15,000 1.00 to 2.00
4.06 10,000 and 15,000 1.25 to 2.875
5.12 10,000 and 15,000 1.25 to 3.50
6.375 10,000 1.25 to 3.50
7.06 10,000 1.25 to 3.50

6-2 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 6.3—Different ram types in a quad BOP

Type EM/EN Model BOPs

Figure 6.4—EM and EN model BOP

• Compact, solid block profile and two bolt bonnet design provides for easier handling and quicker ram
seal replacement
• Rams easily changed to accommodate all tubing sizes up to 2.375-in. diameter
• Oversized shear actuators, with multiplecut shear blades, allow for repeated shearing of tubing sizes
up to 2.375-in. at full 10,000-psi working pressure without the need for booster cylinders
• Hydraulic actuators include a quick union nut for easy and quick maintenance

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-3

Coiled Tubing Handbook

• Slip rams have replaceable inserts with an interrupted tooth pattern that reduces slip damage to the
coiled tubing (CT) and maximizes grip area
• Available in the EN internally ported hydraulics configuration, or the EM model for use with
hydraulic hose bridles dual-combi BOP

Table 6.2—EM and EN model BOPs

EN and EM Models
BOP Bore Size (in.) Working Pressure (psi) Maximum Tubing Size (in.)
3.06 10,000 1.00 to 2.375

Dual-Combi BOP

• Reduces the overall stack height and weight of

the equipment
• Combines the shear rams and the blind rams into
one set of shear seal rams
• Slip rams and pipe rams are combined into one
set of pipe slip rams
• Dual-combination available in the EC, EH, EM,
EN and the IH models
• Combi technology can be incorporated into
singles, duals, triples, and quads

Figure 6.5—Dual-combi BOP

6-4 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Type IH Model BOP

Figure 6.6—Type IH BOP

• Environmentally friendly, no loss of hydraulic fluids during ram change and routine cleaning
• Design makes it easier for the user to inspect and clean the unit
• Hydraulic pressure is utilized to back the actuator and rams away from the BOP body
• Hydraulic pressure moves the ram out of the bonnet to let you remove it easily
• Designed and manufactured for high-pressure CT applications
• Integral porting features inherent in the design use the existing open and close ports for all hydraulic
functions.

Table 6.3—Type IH BOPs

BOP Bore Size (in.) Working Pressure (psi) CT Range (in.)
3.06” 15,000 1.00 to 200
4.06” 15,000 1.25 to 2.375

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-5

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Type El Subsea BOP

Figure 6.7—Type EI subsea BOP

• Subsea wellhead intervention BOP which makes up an integral component of the lower wellhead
riser package
• Features a single line hydraulic system and an automatic, wedge-type, "Autolock" actuator system
• Autolock system secures rams in the closed position in the event of a hydraulic failure, or an
emergency situation that requires disconnecting from the subsea wellhead
• Built to customer's specific design requirements which generally include a dualbore valve block with
a combination of blind shear and pipe slip combi ram assemblies
• Combi rams offer increased functionality, and the ability to use a wide range of CT and wireline sizes
in a field-proven, compact design
• All pressure ratings and service applications are available including certification

6-6 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Stripper Packer Systems

Conventional Stripper Packers
• Conventional benchmark packoff system for the CT
industry since its introduction in the early 1980s
• Reliability and low-maintenance design is the most
cost effective packoff available
• Designed to packoff on CT as it is stripped in and out
of the well at pressures up to 10,000 psi
• Uses the "Interlock" packer elements. Easily changed
by removing the top entry split cap and using hydraulic
packoff pressure to expose the packer for quick
replacement

Table 6.4—Conventional Stripper Packers

BOP Bore Size Working Pressure Tubing Range
(in.) (psi) (in.)
2.50 5,000 and 10,000 1.00 to 2.00
4.06 5,000 and 10,000 1.00 to 2.875
5.12 5,000 and 10,000 1.00 to 3.50
Figure 6.8—Conventional
stripper packer

Side Door Stripper Packers

• Designed to packoff on CT as it is stripped in and out
of the well
• Unique design permits replacement of the packer
elements and bushings through an open "window"
below the injector
• Advantageous design easily allows changing packers
with tubing in the well
• Side door design permits replacement of the packer,
nonextrusion ring, and bushings by hydraulically
retracting the packoff piston to expose an open portal
through which these elements may be changed with
tubing in the well.

Table 6.5—Side Door and Tandem

Side Door Stripper Packers
BOP Bore Size Working Pressure Tubing Range
(in.) (psi) (in.)
2.50 10,000 1.00 to 1.75
3.06 10,000 and 15,000 1.00 to 2.375 Figure 6.9—Side door stripper
4.06 10,000 and 15,000 1.00 to 3.50 packer

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-7

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Sidewinder Stripper Packers

Figure 6.10—Sidewinder stripper packer

• Reduced overall stack height by 50% over standard side door models
• Retractable packers and bushings enable full through bore capabilities for running tools through the
stripper packer
• Easy packer change. Hydraulic pressure is used to back the actuator and packer out of the body with
easy access to change the packer and bushings
• Tandem operability. The standard sidewinder can be run in tandem
• Low hydraulic pressures

Table 6.6—Sidewinder Stripper Packers

BOP Bore Size (in.) Working Pressure Tubing Range (in.)
3.06 10,000 and 15,000 1.00 to 2.375
4.06 15,000 1.25 to 2.375
5.12 5,000, 10,000, and 15,000 1.25 to 3.50
6.375 5,000 and 10,000 1.25 to 3.50
7.06 5,000 and 10,000 1.25 to 3.50

6-8 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook
Tandem Stripper Packers
• Designed to run "in tandem" below a conventional or
side door stripper packer and may be run
independently as a back up stripper, or in conjunction
with the upper packoff
• Tandem operation allows lubricant injection under
pressure between packers to reduce well pressure and
increase packer element life
• Injection porting also allows injection of inhibitors
and de-icing chemicals
• Tandem stripper packers are available in the side
door and sidewinder configurations

Figure 6.11—Tandem
stripper packer

Hydraulic Quick-Latches/Connectors
Type JU Hydraconn Connector Unions
• Design facilitates a secure connection between the
coiled tubing BOP and stripper packer, providing an
elevated level of personal safety by minimizing the
need for operator assistance during rig-up of the
pressure control stack
• Constructed to provide a safe and reliable connection
in a compact, rugged design
• Incorporates a tapered seal bore that facilitates
stabbing the connection
• Safety latch with a manual override and an indicator
included to prevent an unintentional release while
operating with well pressure in the stack
• Available in 3.06-, 4.06-, 5.12-, 6 3/8-, and 7.06-in.
sizes in pressure ranges 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 psi

Figure 6.12—Type JU Hydraconn connec-

tor union
September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-9
Coiled Tubing Handbook

Injector Connectors

• Safety quick-latch between the stripper packer and the injector

head
• Hydraulic pressure is required to latch and unlatch. No hydraulic
pressure is required to retain the tool in the latched position
• Designed to latch the injector to the pressure control stack
without the need for personnel standing underneath the injector

Figure 6.13—Injector connector

JHS Hydraulic Releasing Connectors

• No hydraulic pressure required to latch

• The latch is capable of 1,000,000 lb of pull
• Designed to connect the injector to drillpipe when working on a drill
ship or semi-submersible rig
• Unlatching requires hydraulic pressure; a backup manual system is
also incorporated in the tool
• Available in 3.06-, 4.06-, and 5.12-in. sizes in pressure ranges 5,000
to 15,000 psi

Figure 6.14—JHS hydraulic

releasing connector

6-10 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Quick Disconnects

• Designed as a safety quick-disconnect for

hoses or pipe lines
• Hydraulic pressure will quickly disconnect
the tool and the hoses even with wellbore
pressure
• Corrosion resistant alloys provide a
reliable, extended life
• Redundant secondary wellbore seals
• Weco or API hub end connections injector
connector
• Safety quick-latch between the stripper
Figure 6.15—Quick disconnect
packer and the injector head
• Hydraulic pressure is required to latch and
unlatch. No hydraulic pressure is required
to retain the tool in the latched position
• Designed to latch the injector to the
pressure control stack without the need for
personnel standing underneath

Coiled Tubing Drilling/Workover Equipment

Type EJ Model Annular BOP

• Designed for CT drilling, snubbing, and wireline operations

• Can be used as a stripper/packoff with CT in the well, allowing
large BHAs to be inserted through the annular; or as a CSO
blowout preventer at times when the tubing is out of the well
• Unique features allow quick and efficient packer replacement,
and a shorter overall height
• Configuration has a studded body for quick removal of the
bonnet and rapid packer removal
• Designed to be lightweight and compact
• Includes vented ports between the hydraulic system seals and the
wellbore seals

Figure 6.16—Type EJ model

annular BOP

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-11

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Type EG Model 7.06-in. BOP

• Designed for well servicing, CT

applications and complete workover
operation
• Field-proven designs improved upon
to offer a BOP that can be supplied
with any combination of blind,
variable pipe 2 3/8- to 3.50-in., slip,
and shear rams for use with CT or
workover strings
• Blind shear and pipe slip combi rams
available for CT sizes up to 3.50-in.
OD
• Design provides easier and quicker
field maintenance, longer service life,
and sustained reliability under all Figure 6.17—Type EG Model 7.06-in. BOP
types of well conditions
• Rams may be changed with pipe in the
well
• Large rubber volume in the top seal
and front packer elements increase the
ram's service life

6-12 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Work Window
• Hydraulic work window with large opening, convenient access and ample
working room
• Dual wellbore seals on reciprocating window, with back ups for the main
dynamic seal
• Cam lock window has a unique positive lock in the closed position
• Reliable, safe design based on TOT side door technology
• Electronic sensor to indicate the window is closed and locked
• Well pressure lock prevents hydraulic pressure from opening the window

Figure 6.18—Work
window

Specialty Equipment
Tubing Cutter

• In response to the needs of the CT industry, Texas Oil

Tools has developed a line of tubing cutters for use in a
variety of applications.
• Three models are currently available for shearing up to
3.50-in. OD tubing
• Hydraulically operated cutter comes in a configuration as
light as 42 lb for easy handling
• Generates over 60,000 lb of force
• Requires only one hydraulic hose connection
• Air spring returns the blades to the full open position when
hydraulic pressure is vented

Figure 6.19—Tubing cutter

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-13

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Adapters/Spools/Lubricators/Flow Cross/Hand Unions

Figure 6.20—Adapters, spools, lubricators, flow cross, hand unions

Blowout Preventers (BOPs)

A blowout preventer (BOP) contains wellbore pressure. It's main function is to prevent well fluids from
escaping into the atmosphere. A CT blowout preventer is designed specifically for CT operations.

A BOP consists of several pairs of rams. Each type of ram performs a specific function:
• Blind rams isolate wellbore fluids and contain pressure when there is no CT in the BOP.
• Pipe or tubing rams seal around CT to isolate wellbore fluids and contain pressure.
• Shear rams have cutting blades to shear CT.
• Slip or gripping rams hold the CT to prevent it from being pushed out of the well or from falling down
the well.
Blind rams, and pipe or tubing rams are also known as sealing rams.

The number and type of ram pairs in a BOP is determined by the configuration of the BOP: single,
double, triple, quad, or quint. The standard CT BOP is a quad. From top down, the four separate ram pairs
are blind rams, shear rams, slip rams, and pipe rams.

The standard CT blowout preventer has two equalizing ports, one on each sealing ram. It also has a side
outlet between the slip and shear rams. This side outlet can be used as a safety kill line.

6-14 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

BOPs are available in several sizes. These sizes normally follow the API flange sizes. They start with the
2 9/16-in. and can be as large as 7 1/16-in. Currently the most commonly used size is the 3 1/16-in. quad.
Table 6.7 is a rule of thumb for the size of CT that can be used in each BOP.

Table 6.7—CT Sizes for BOPs

BOP Size
CT Range (in.)
(in.)
2.56 0.75 through 2.00
3.06 0.75 through 2.375
4.06 1.00 through 2.875
5.12
6.375 1.25 through 3.50
7.06

Pressure ratings of the BOPs correspond with API 6A and

16A information. Currently, coiled tubing BOPs have been
built for 5,000 and 10,000 psi.

Features
• Environmentally friendly, will not spill hydraulic fluid
when the bonnets are retracted from the BOP body.
• Hydraulic pressure will retract the actuators away from
the body making the maintenance easier.
• Corrosion resistant alloy body for severe harsh well
conditions.
• Keyless ram assemblies.
• Combination pipe and slip ram assemblies. One set of
rams will seal and hold the CT.
• Combination shear and seal ram assemblies. One set of
rams will cut the CT and seal on the open hole.
• Forged steel body
• Cam-lock cylinder to body connections.
• Integral side outlet flange for use as a kill port.
• Double seal for critical wellbore seals.
• Quick union ram access.
• Corrosion resistant alloys on the rams, piston rods, seat
and stems. These alloys should be highly resistant to
corrosion, drilling fluids, and well fluids.
• Separate well pressure and hydraulic seals on the piston
rods with a weep hole between them to prevent well
fluids from entering the hydraulic system and to indicate
leaks.
• Teflon coating on the body to minimize the onset of
corrosion on the BOP body.
Figure 6.21—BOPs

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-15

Coiled Tubing Handbook

• Indicator rods on each piston to indicate the true position of the ram.
• Manual nonrising stems encapsulated in the hydraulic chamber. A special thread on the stem reduces
galling and makes it easier to close with full well head pressure.
• Solid block BOP body with no welds or threads on the BOP body.
• Integral equalizing valve that has no exposed tubing.
• Easy assembly and maintenance. A BOP should have ram change rods that make it easy for daily
maintenance. Actuators should only go together one way so they cannot be put together incorrectly.

Options
• Quick unions for all types of equipment. Quick unions exist for 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 psi H2S
environments.
• A debooster is a safety tool to monitor well pressure without having the high pressure and well fluids
in the control cabin. A 4:1 debooster is available that will mount to the BOP body and connect to the
high-pressure port on the BOP body. Well pressure runs to the inlet of the debooster and is converted
to hydraulic pressure with a reduction of four.
• The hydraulic line is run to the control cabin and connected to a Martin Decker 1:4 gauges that
indicate the actual well pressure.
• Ram change rods to make it easier to pull the rams out of the BOP. The actuators can be pulled away
from the body without having to pull them off. Ram change rods are standard for some BOP models.
• Booster cylinders to shear large-diameter or heavy-wall CT. If the equipment you have cannot shear
required CT, you can add booster cylinders to the shear actuators. The type of model to use depends
on the hydraulic pressure.
• Side outlet flange to adapt to the treating iron.

Operation
A BOP operates with hydraulic pressure. You must connect two hoses to each actuator for proper
operation of a BOP. One hose is used to close the ram. The other hose is used to open it.

Preparation
1. Be sure the BOP has been fully serviced by a competent technician. Do not assume that a ser-
viceable BOP on the last job will be good for the next job. Well conditions and storage conditions
are the main contributors to premature corrosion and pitting.
2. Check the operation of the manual locks. Rotate the handwheel counter-clockwise to open the
manual locks.
3. Check all flange and union seals for damage that might impair sealing. Repair or replace items
if necessary.
4. Check all sealing surfaces and ring gaskets for scratches which may impair sealing.
5. Test all hydraulic functions. Open and close each set of rams.
6. Pressure test the complete stack before starting each job.
7. Close all equalizing valves.

6-16 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Closing and Locking the Rams

After fully closing the rams, you should close and lock the manual locks into place. The locks hold the
wellbore pressure, while slip rams hold the tubing, even if hydraulic pressure is lost. Locking the manual
locks tightly is critical for the slip ram if there is no backup.

The following is the procedure for closing and locking the rams:

1. Close the rams with hydraulic pressure. If the hydraulic system has failed, release the hydraulic
fluid in front of the piston, then close the rams manually. To release the fluid, either switch the
valve over to the closed position, or remove the hydraulic fittings from the front of the piston.
Then allow the fluid to drain.
2. Run the manual locks in and rotate the handwheel clockwise to lock the rams. Tighten the hand-
wheel down with a pipe wrench and torque it down to make sure it is locked.

Unlocking and Opening the Rams

The rams must be fully opened to avoid contact with the tool string. The procedure to unlock and open
the rams is

1. Equalize the pressure above and below the rams. Do not open the pipe rams or blind rams with
a pressure differential across them.
2. Unlock the manual locks by rotating the handwheel counter-clockwise. Note that rotating the
handwheel clockwise will lock the rams.
3. Open the rams with hydraulic pressure. You cannot open the rams manually.

Blind Ram Assembly

Blind rams are a type of sealing rams. They isolate wellbore
fluids and contain pressure when there is no CT in the BOP.
Unlike pipe rams, blind rams will not seal on any wireline,
cable or tubing. If closed on wireline the seals will damage the
wireline.

Blind rams consist of identical ram bodies positioned opposite

each other in a ram bore. Each ram assembly contains a ram
body, front seal, rear seal and a retainer bar. The front seal
contains the well pressure on an open hole and the rear seal
contains the well pressure from behind the ram body.

Hydraulic pressure acts on a piston connected to a piston rod.

The force moves the rams to the center of the wellbore. As the Figure 6.22—Blind ram assembly
force is increased, the rubber flows and forms a seal.

Caution Never open blind rams with a differential of pressure across them. The pressure
above and below the rams should be equal before opening them. If you open
blind rams with a differential of pressure, it will damage the rubber goods and
the BOP will no longer function properly.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-17

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pipe Ram Assembly

Pipe rams, also called tubing rams, are a type
of sealing rams. They seal around CT to
isolate wellbore fluids and contain pressure.

Pipe rams consist of identical ram bodies

positioned opposite each other in a ram bore.
Each ram assembly contains a ram body,
front seal, rear seal and a retainer bar. The
front seal contains the well pressure around
the CT and the rear seal contains the well
pressure from behind the ram body.

Hydraulic pressure acts on a piston connected

to a piston rod. The force moves the rams to
the center of the through bore. Guides,
machined on the rams, guide the CT into the
center of the rams to the front seal. As the
force is increased, the rubber flows around
the CT and forms a seal.
Figure 6.23—Pipe ram assembly

Caution Never open pipe rams with a differential of pressure across them. The pressure
above and below the rams should be equal before opening them. If you open pipe
rams with a differential of pressure, it will damage the rubber goods and the
BOP will no longer function properly.

6-18 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Slip Ram Assembly

Figure 6.24—Slip ram assembly

Slip rams grip the CT holding it and preventing it from being pushed out of the well or from falling down
the well. In addition to having a pair of slip rams in the BOP stack, you may want a backup set of slips
above the stripper packer as an extra safety precaution.

Slip rams consist of identical rams and slip inserts positioned opposite each other in a ram bore. Each ram
assembly contains a ram body, slip insert and a retainer pin. The slip insert slides into the ram and is held
in place with the retainer pin. The retainer pin does not take any loading; it merely prevents the insert
from falling into the well. The slips should hold the yield strength of the CT.

The slip inserts have a special tooth designed to minimize the stresses on the CT. The slip insert is
machined out of a NACE material and then hardened for gripping and holding the CT. This process
makes the slips highly susceptible to SSC (sulfide stress cracking). Since the slips may be exposed to H2S
during CT operations, the slip inserts are made with a soft core and hard case. The hard outer case will
be subject to cracking; however, the softer core will not be as likely to crack in an H2S environment.

When inspecting slip rams, make sure the slips are in good condition, .03-in. flat on the gripping edge or
crest of the teeth on the slip insert is insufficient. The insert must be replaced. Use the following steps to
operate slip rams:

1. Close the slips with hydraulic pressure to ensure that they will hold. The minimum hydraulic
pressure required is 1,500 psi.
2. Manually lock the slips by turning the handwheel closed and locking it in with a pipe wrench.
Closing the manual locks ensures that the slips will hold, even if hydraulic pressure is lost.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-19

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Shear Ram Assembly

Figure 6.25—Shear ram assembly

Shear rams have shear inserts to cut through CT, wireline, or cable.

Shear rams have right and left hand ram bodies. The ram assembly consists of ram bodies, shear blades
and socket head cap screws. The blades on both ram bodies are identical. The socket head cap screws
hold the blades in their proper place. The blades are made out of a material that is hardened after
machining. The base material used for the blades is a NACE approved material, and therefore the core of
the blades remains relatively soft. The material gives the blades the ductility required to prevent cracking
and still shear the CT. A single set of shear blades can cut multiple times. More than 30 cuts have been
made with one set of blades with no damage.

Shear blades for H2S service have special requirements, as noted in the NACE specifications MR-01-75:
"high strength and high hardness steels are required for ram shear blades to shear drillpipe during
emergency conditions. However the user shall be advised that these materials are highly susceptible to
SSC (sulfide stress cracking)." Since the blades may be exposed to H2S during CT operations, the shear
blades are made with a soft core and hard case. The hard outer case will be subject to cracking; however,
the softer core will not be as likely to crack in an H2S environment.

It is extremely important that you make sure your BOP will shear the CT you are using. A simple shear
test in the yard will prove whether or not this can be accomplished. If the blades chip or break, you need
to get new blades. High yield and heavy wall pipe require special blades and may require booster
cylinders.

Inspect the blades frequently; any chips or pitting on the blades is a good indication they need to be
replaced. Use extreme caution with the shear blades, if they look bad, they may not cut when you need
them to cut.

6-20 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Test Data for TOT Shear Rams

Extensive testing on shearing CT was performed at the Texas Oil Tools Conroe factory. The results have
been tabulated and are presented for your convenience. Separate tests were conducted to confirm the
additional pressure required to close the rams under wellbore pressure. In each case, where multiple cuts
were made, the highest observed pressure is shown. Wireline was placed inside the CT for many of the
cuts. Either 7/32 or 15/32 line was used and in every case the wireline cut at a lower pressure than the
CT. Several cuts were made with the slips set to determine if this increased the force required. It did not.
This tabulation of actual hydraulic operating pressures required to cut CT should serve only as a guide in
determining whether a booster is required.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-21

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Shear Tests Data for 3.06-in. Quad BOP

Table 6.8—Shear Tests Data for 3.06-in. Quad BOP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
b b
Wall b b b Booster Booster
OD of CT a Hydraulic Hydraulic Hydraulic
Thickness Type 3,000-psi, 1,500-psi
(in.) psi, psi, psi, 10-M
of CT (in.) Material Hydraulic WP, Hydraulic WP,
0 Well 5-M Well Well
10-M Well 10-M Well
1.000 0.075 70 1,000 1,556 2,111 725 529
1.000 0.087 70 1,100 1,656 2,211 760 554
1.000 0.095 70 1,300 1,856 2,411 829 604
1.000 0.109 70 1,400 1,956 2,511 863 629
1.250 0.087 70 1,500 2,056 2,611 897 654
1.250 0.087 80 1,600 2,156 2,711 932 679
1.250 0.087 100 1,800 2,356 2,911 1,000 730
1.250 0.095 70 1,500 2,056 2,611 897 654
1.250 0.087 70 1,500 2,056 2,611 897 654
1.250 0.087 80 1,600 2,156 2,711 932 679
1.250 0.087 100 1,800 2,356 2,911 1,000 730
1.250 0.095 70 1,500 2,056 2,611 897 654
1.250 0.109 70 1,500 2,056 2,611 897 654
1.250 0.109 c70 900 1,456 2,011 691 504
1.250 0.109 d 1,400 1,956 2,511 863 629
70
1.250 0.109 100 2,100 2,656 3,211 1,103 805
1.250 0.134 70 2,400 2,956 3,511 1,207 880
1.250 0.175 70 3,000 3,556 4,111 1,413 1,030
1.500 0.095 70 1,700 2,256 2,811 966 705
1.500 0.109 70 1,900 2,456 3,011 1,035 755
1.500 0.125 70 2,100 2,656 3,211 1,103 805
1.500 0.134 70 2,750 3,306 3,861 1,327 968
1.500 0.156 70 3,200 3,756 4,311 1,481 1,080
1.750 0.109 70 2,450 3,006 3,561 1,224 892
1.750 0.175 100 1,500 2,056 2,611 897 1,654
1.750 0.190 100 1,800 2,356 2,911 1,000 730
2.000 0.203 80 2,000 2,556 3,111 1,069 780
a
Published yield strength of the CT: 70-, 80-, 90-, or 100-kpsi yield strength.
b
Columns 4–8=hydraulic operating pressure required to shear the CT and overcome a wellbore pressure of:
(Col. 4)–0 psi (using the original 3.06-in. BOP hydraulic cylinders)
(Col. 5)–5,000 psi (using the original 3.06-in. BOP hydraulic cylinders)
(Col. 6)–10,000 psi (using the original 3.06-in. BOP hydraulic cylinders)
(Col. 7)–10,000 psi (using the booster cylinder, EH34-BC03. [Max. 3,000 psi])
(Col. 8)–10,000 psi (using the booster cylinder EH34-BC05. [Max. 2,000 psi])
c Test cut was with 10,000-lb tension applied before making the cut. The tension of hanging tubing weight, or applied

pull, decreases the force required to cut the tubing.

d
Test cut was with 20,000-lb tension applied before making the cut. The tension of hanging tubing weight, or applied
pull, decreases the force required to cut the tubing.

6-22 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Shear Tests Data for 4.06-in. Quad BOP

Table 6.9—Shear Tests Data for 4.06-in. Quad BOP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
OD of CT Wall Thickness aType b
Hydraulic psi, c
Hydraulic d
Hydraulic e
Booster
(in.) of CT (in.) Material 0 Well psi, psi, 1,500-psi
5-M Well 10-M Well Hydraulic WP,
10-M Well
1.250 0.087 70 700 1078 1456 444
1.250 0.095 70 700 1078 1456 444
1.250 0.109 70 800 1178 1556 474
1.250 0.125 70 1100 1478 1856 566
1.250 0.134 70 1100 1478 1856 566
1.250 0.156 70 1300 1678 2056 627
1.500 0.095 70 900 1278 1656 505
1.500 0.109 70 1000 1378 1756 535
1.500 0.134 70 1200 1578 1956 596
1.500 0.156 70 1300 1678 2056 627
1.750 0.087 70 1050 1428 1806 551
1.750 0.095 70 1150 1528 1906 581
1.750 0.134 70 1400 1778 2156 657
1.750 0.156 70 1500 1878 2256 688
2.000 0.109 70 1300 1678 2056 627
2.000 0.125 70 1600 1978 2356 718
2.000 0.134 70 1700 2078 2456 749
2.000 0.156 70 1800 2178 2556 779
2.375 0.109 70 1100 1478 1856 566
2.375 0.156 70 1500 1878 2256 688
2.875 0.109 70 1500 1878 2256 688
2.875 0.156 70 1500 1878 2256 688
aPublished yield strength of the CT: 70-, 80-, 90-, or 100-kpsi yield strength.
bRecords the hydraulic pressure required to cut the tubing (with zero well pressure). This is with the original 4.06-in.
BOP hydraulic cylinders, (no Booster).
c
Adds the hydraulic pressure required to overcome a well pressure of 5,000 psi.
d
Hydraulic pressure shown is the pressure required when the well pressure is 10,000 psi. This unit is designed for
hydraulic pressure of 1,500–2,000 psi WP and 3,000-psi test.
eHydraulic pressure shown is the pressure required with a booster cylinder when the well pressure is 10,000 psi. This

unit is designed for hydraulic pressure of 1,500–2,000 psi WP and 3,000-psi test.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-23

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Shear Seal Rams

Figure 6.26—Shear seal rams

Shear seal rams are designed to shear the CT along with any wireline or cable and establish a blind seal.
The blades will cut the tubing and will continue to stroke until the rubber seals form a seal on the
wellbore. Left- and right-hand ram bodies are positioned opposite each other in the valve block. Both
rams contain a rear seal for sealing wellbore pressure from below and seals on the blades for sealing the
through bore.

As the rams close, shearing of the work string takes place between the upper and lower blades. After
shearing is complete, continued travel of both rams to the body center causes the leading edge of the right
hand blade to engage the elastomer sealing area in the left-hand insert and effect a wellbore pressure seal
from below. Once the seal is obtained, the pressure from below acts to keep the rams closed and maintain
the seal. Pressure from above the ram acts in the opposite direction, tending to open the rams and break
the seal. Accordingly, the rams are uni-directional and designed to seal pressure from below only. In
operation, the rams are not designed to be opened against full differential pressure. Before opening,
always ensure that the pressure across the rams is equalized. Failure to do so may result in mechanical
damage to the head of the ram rod and possible extrusion damage to the ram seals.

6-24 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pipe Slip Rams

Figure 6.27—Pipe slip rams

Two identical ram bodies are positioned opposite each other in the valve body. Each ram body contains
a front seal, rear seal, and slip inserts that work in unison to grip and seal around the CT. The front seal
contains the well pressure around the CT and the rear seal contains the well pressure from behind the ram
body.

A slip insert is installed above the front seal to hold the CT during sealing. The slip insert movement is
transmitted to the hydraulic actuator by the compression pin. The compression pin is held in place by the
retainer ring. An O-ring is installed to seal against wellbore pressure from below. The force created by
the O-ring seal assists in the setting of the slip onto the outside of the CT.

BOP Field Testing

Test Fluids

Normally use cold water for testing. However, you can use another fluid if it is nonflammable and not
harmful to any of the resilient seals.

Test Pressure

The test pressure should be limited to the lowest pressure determined by the following constraints:

• The rated working pressure of the BOP, open or closed. Do not confuse the manufacturer's rated
working pressure with the rated test pressure. The rated test pressure is a factory test to prove the
strength of the BOP shell; never use it as the working pressure.
• The lowest working pressure of any outlet or connection flanged or threaded.
The working pressure (with safety factor) of the tubing used in the test.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-25

Coiled Tubing Handbook

BOP Specifications
TOT 2.50-in. 5,000-psi Quad BOP
Table 6.10—TOT 2.50-in. 5,000-psi Quad BOP
-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Top end 2.56-in. 5-M, R27 Studded flange
Lower end 2.56-in. 5-M, R27 Open flange
Side outlet 2.06-in. 5-M, R24 Studded flange
CT range 1.00 to 2.00 in.
Hydraulic operating range booster cylinder
1,500-psi Minimum; 3,000-psi Maximum
may reduce operating pressure
Hydraulic Volumes
Close 1 (one) pair of rams 31.4 cubic in.
Open 1 (one) pair of rams 27.9 cubic in.
Close booster shear rams 122 cubic in.
Ratio, hydraulic pressure:well pressure 9:1
Dimensions 33.30 in. tall × 61.3 in. wide
Weight 1,000 lb
Options
Debooster assembly External Only
Adapter flanges Top, bottom, and side; all standard unions
Test fixtures Blank box and/or lift plug

6-26 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

TOT 2.50-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP

Table 6.11—TOT 2.50-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP
-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Top end 2.56-in. BX-153 Studded flange
Lower end 2.56-in. BX-153 Open flange
Side outlet 2.06-in. BX-152 Studded outlet
CT range 1.00 to 2.00 in.
Hydraulic operating range booster cylinder may
1,500-psi Minimum; 3,000-psi Maximum
reduce operating pressure
Hydraulic Volumes
Close 1 (one) pair of rams 32 cubic in.
Open 1 (one) pair of rams 28 cubic in.
Close booster shear rams 122 cubic in.
Ratio, hydraulic pressure:well pressure 9:1
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 33.33 in. tall x 61.3 in. wide
Weight 1,100 lb
Options
Debooster assembly Internal or external
Adapter flanges Top, bottom, and side; all standard unions
Test fixtures Blank box and/or lift plug
Change rod assembly Ram change rod

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-27

Coiled Tubing Handbook

TOT 3.06-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP

Table 6.12—TOT 3.06-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP
-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Top end 3.06-in. BX-154 Studded flange
Lower end 3.06-in. BX-154 Open flange
Side outlet 2.06-in. BX-152 Studded outlet
CT range 1.00 to 2.00 in.
Hydraulic operating range booster cylinder
1,500-psi Minimum; 3,000-psi Maximum
may reduce operating pressure
Hydraulic Volumes
Close 1 (one) pair of rams 32 cubic in.
Open 1 (one) pair of rams 28 cubic in.
Close booster shear rams 122 cubic in.
Ratio, hydraulic pressure:well pressure 9:1
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 37.13 in. tall × 61.5 -in. wide
Weight 1,300 lb
Options
Debooster assembly Internal or external
Adapter flanges Top, bottom, and side; all standard unions
Test fixtures Blank box and/or lift plug
Change rod assembly Ram change rod for bonnets

6-28 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

TOT 3.06-in., 15,0000-psi Quad BOP

Table 6.13—TOT 3.06-in., 15,0000-psi Quad BOP
-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Top end 3.06-in., 15-M BX-154 Studded flange
Lower end 3.06-in., 15-M BX-154 Open flange
Side outlet 2.06-in.,15-M BX-152 Studded outlet
CT range 1.00 to 2.00 in.
Hydraulic operating range booster cylinder
1,500-psi Minimum; 3,000-psi Maximum
may reduce operating pressure
Hydraulic Volumes
Close 1 (one) pair of pipe rams 46 cubic in.
Open 1 (one) pair of pipe rams 42 cubic in.
Close one pair of shear rams 112.9 cubic in.
Open one pair of shear rams 105.8 cubic in.
Ratio, hydraulic pressure:well pressure 12.25:1
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 50.00 in. tall × 59.88 in. wide
Weight 2,700 lb
Options
Debooster assembly Internal or external
Adapter flanges Top, bottom, and side; all standard unions
Quick connect guards To protect hydraulic fittings
Test fixtures Blank box

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-29

Coiled Tubing Handbook

TOT 4.06-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP

Table 6.14—TOT 4.06-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP
-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Top end 4.06-in., 10-M BX-155 Studded flange
Lower end 4.06-in., 10-M BX-155 Open flange
Side outlet 2.06-in., 10-M BX-152 Studded outlet
CT range 1.25 to 2.87 in.
Hydraulic operating range booster cylinder
1,500-psi Minimum; 3,000-psi Maximum
may reduce operating pressure
Hydraulic Volumes
Close 1 (one) pair of rams 148 cubic in.
Open 1 (one) pair of rams 128 cubic in.
Close booster shear rams 580 cubic in.
Ratio, hydraulic pressure:well pressure 13:1
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 52.25 in. tall × 67.5 in. wide
Weight 3,500 lb
Options
Debooster assembly Internal or external
Adapter flanges Top, bottom, and side; all standard unions
Test fixtures Blank box and/or lift plug

6-30 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

TOT 4.06-in., 15,000-psi Quad BOP

Table 6.15—TOT 4.06-in., 15,000-psi Quad BOP
-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Top end 4.06-in., 15-M BX-155 Studded flange
Lower end 4.06-in., 15-M BX-155 Open flange
Side outlet 2.06-in., 15-M BX-152 Studded outlet
CT range 1.25 to 2.87 in.
Hydraulic operating range booster cylinder
1,500-psi Minimum; 3,000-psi Maximum
may reduce operating pressure
Hydraulic Volumes
Close 1 (one) pair of rams 184 cubic in.
Open 1 (one) pair of rams 170 cubic in.
Close booster shear rams 580 cubic in.
Ratio, hydraulic pressure:well pressure 13:1
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 63.25 in. tall × 83.50 in. wide
Weight 8,900 lb
Options
Debooster assembly Internal or external
Adapter flanges Top, bottom, and side; all standard unions
Test fixtures Blank box and/or lift lug

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-31

Coiled Tubing Handbook

TOT 5.12-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP

Table 6.16—TOT 5.12-in., 10,000-psi Quad BOP
-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Top end 5.12-in., 10-M BX-169 Studded flange
Lower end 5.12-in., 10-M BX-169 Open flange
Side outlet 2.06-in., 10-M BX-152 Studded outlet
CT range 1.25 to 3.50 in.
Hydraulic operating range booster cylinder
1,500-psi Minimum; 3,000-psi Maximum
may reduce operating pressure
Hydraulic Volumes
Close 1 (one) pair of rams 184 cubic in.
Open 1 (one) pair of pipe rams 167 cubic in.
Close 1 (one) pair of shear rams 462 cubic in.
Open 1 (one) pair of shear rams 424 cubic in.
Ratio, hydraulic pressure:well pressure
Pipe rams 11:1
Shear rams 12.25:1
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 64.50 in. tall × 82.53 in. wide
Weight 9,000 lb
Options
Debooster assembly Internal or external
Adapter flanges Top, bottom, and side; all standard unions
Quick connect guards To protect hydraulic fittings
Test fixtures Blank box and/or lift plug
Change rod assembly Standard

Stripper Packers
A stripper packer is a pressure-containing device designed to contain wellbore pressure during CT
operations. It is the upper tool in the pressure control stack. It is always mounted above the BOP, and as
close to the injector chains as possible. Its purpose is to seal around the CT in dynamic applications as
the CT is run in and out of the well.

A stripper packer has a hydraulic piston that squeezes the packer element around the CT. The injector
pushes the CT down through the stripper packer, and then the CT tools are installed on the end of the CT.
The injector and stripper are then installed on the wellhead either with a flange connection or a quick
union connection.

The latest innovations for CT stripper packers have been in high-pressure applications. New designs have
decreased the overall height and made them easier to use.

6-32 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Operation
Hydraulic pressure is required to operate stripper packers. There is no manual backup or locking device
to use if hydraulic pressure is lost. These tools must be operated with a 4-way control valve. Packoff and
retract functions are required to operate safely.

Packing-off the Packer

1. Make sure the tubing is through the packer. Applying packoff pressure without tubing in the
packer will cause severe damage.
2. Apply hydraulic pressure to the "packoff" port. The force will energize the packer and squeeze
it around the CT.

Retracting the Packer

Apply hydraulic pressure to the retract port. The force will allow the packer to relax and retract.

Changing the Packer Element with CT in the Well

If the packer element begins to leak during a job, you can change it out with the CT still in the well.

1. Close the BOP pipe rams.

2. Bleed off the pressure above the BOP.
3. Change out the packer element. How you remove the packer element depends on the model. For
earlier designs, you remove the element from the top of the stripper packer. In newer designs,
changing out the packers is easier, and it can be done in less than 15 minutes.

Stripper Packer Elements

• Polyurethane packers are the standard. These have excellent chemical and wear characteristics with
a temperature range of -50 to 200°F.
• Viton and nitrile rubber compounds are used primarily if the surface well temperature exceeds 180°F.
Temperature range is 0 to 400°F. These packers do not have the same wear characteristics as
polyurethane.
• Steam service packers are available for 500°F steam service or geothermal applications.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-33

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Top Loading Stripper Packer

The top loading slip is the original design used for CT operations. It was
the first stripper packer designed strictly for CT. The stripper packer
consists of a packer element contained between two bushings. A double
acting piston squeezes the bushings together and forces the packer to
squeeze around the CT.

The upper section of the stripper packer is called the split cap. This is
composed of a split housing containing the upper wear bushings. The
split cap is held in place with retainer pins or it is threaded into the body.
The split cap is designed such that the packer can be changed while
tubing is in the well.

The conventional stripper packer will accept either a single packer or the
split insert with energizer. To prevent extrusion at the higher pressure, it
has a hard teflon nonextrusion ring plus bronze bushing retainers that
overlap the seam in the split cap. The hydraulic packoff cylinder is long
Figure 6.28—Top loading
stroke and double acting to enable the operator to use hydraulic power
stripper packer
to change packers.

To accommodate all of the various packer combinations, your hydraulic hand pump should have a
5,000-psi working pressure.

You can operate the stripper packer with either a pump with a 4-way valve and 2 hoses, or a single pump
with one hose.

Important If you use a single hose, ensure that the quick-connectors do not have check valves.
Check valves will prevent you from operating the stripper packer normally.

To change the packer inserts while the tubing is in the well, follow these steps:

1. Make the last movement downward, with hydraulic pressure on the upper side of the piston. This
will help you remove all loading on the retainer pins.
2. Remove the pin clips and retainer pins.
3. Apply hydraulic pressure to the lower side of the piston (same as packoff). The force will push
the split cap and nonextrusion rings and approximately one-half of the energizer and packer
inserts up out of the housing for easy changing. Apply hydraulic pressure to the upper side of the
piston through the port on the edge of the flange. The force will move the piston down, making
it easy to reassemble the packer, nonextrusion ring, split cap and pins.

6-34 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Side Door Stripper Packer

The side door model has a unique design that allows the packer elements
to be replaced through a door below the injector mount flange. Changing
packers with this design is always easier, but it is particularly
advantageous when changing packers with tubing in the well. Swing the
two doors open and pump up the piston to expose the packers with
enough room to quickly change the packers or the bushings.

The side door stripper packer is available in 2.50-, 3.06-, and 4.06-in.
bore sizes with working pressure to 15,000 psi, accommodating up to
2.875-in. CT.

The TOT stripper packer features:

• The packing elements and bushings can be replaced through the open
door below the injector. Changing packers is easy through the side
door even with tubing in the well.
• New designs contain independent packer piston and retract piston.
• Well pressure assist. Working pressures up to 15,000 psi.
• An increased open door length to simplify the installation of hang-off Figure 6.29—Side door
slips, without the need for a separate window. stripper packer
• A threaded bottom connection allows convenient replacement in the
event one is damaged or to change connections.
• Removal of the packers and bushings leaves a full through bore for passage of larger tools.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-35

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Sidewinder Stripper Packer

The Sidewinder stripper packer is designed to packoff on a full range of CT sizes as it is stripped in and
out of the well. This design incorporates the unique feature of the ability to fully retract the packer
elements and wear bushings from the vertical wellbore. Features include:

• The packers actuated with two opposing rams, allowing the overall height to be reduced
substantially.
• Full through bore availability.
• Manual retract bushings or hydraulic retract bushings.
• Retracting the actuator out of the body exposes the packers and enables easy access to change the
packers.
The sidewinder stripper packer is available in 3.06-, 4.06-, 5.12-, 6.375- and 7.06-in. bore sizes with
working pressures up to 15,000 psi.

Figure 6.30—Sidewinder stripper packer with injector connectors

6-36 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Anti-Buckling Device
CT can buckle between the chains and the top of the stripper packer when you use high snubbing loads.
This buckling of the CT at the surface can be avoided by minimizing the length of unsupported CT
between the stripper packer and the chains. The unsupported length should be held to a maximum length
of 4 in.

There are two ways to reduce the distance between the stripper packer and the chains.

1. Modify the stripper packer mount to raise it up.

2. Increase the length of the top of the stripper packer.
Increasing the length of the stripper packer is easy with an anti-buckling device. You mount the
anti-buckling device to the top of the stripper packer. It uses an extra bushing to raise the height of the
stripper packer. For earlier stripper packers that have a split cap with retainer pins, install a new split cap
that increases the length and uses a longer bushing.

Inhibitor Injection
Two common causes of packer wear are dry, rusty pipe, and dry gas. Putting dry, rusty pipe in the well
will cause excessive damage to the packer. The damage may be so severe that you will have to change
the packer before the job is complete.

Spraying the CT before it is stripped through the stripper packer will reduce the wear on the packer and
increase the life. One method of lubricating the CT is to spray lubricants on the CT as it comes off the
reel. However, some locations may prohibit this method for environmental reasons. Another method
involves making the upper section of the stripper packer into an injection inhibitor. While this method
requires special bushings and hoses, it is an environmentally acceptable method for spaying the pipe.

A stripper packer with an inhibitor injection device sprays a uniform film on the CT before it goes
through the stripper packer. An injection inhibitor can be incorporated in the stripper packer, or a special
adapter flange can be made to mount below the stripper packer. Because the port must be located below
the packer, it requires a high-pressure pump to pump the inhibitor in against well pressure.

Test Pressure
The test pressure should be limited to the lowest pressure determined by the following constraints:

• The rated working pressure of the stripper packer.

• The lowest rated working pressure of any component in the stack.
• The rated collapse pressure of the CT.

Test Procedure
Test the stripper packer before starting each job.

1. Test all of the hydraulic functions. Ensure that the stripper packer opens and operates in a smooth
manner.
2. Install a test rod or CT in the stripper.
3. Packoff around the CT.
4. Apply the necessary test pressure.
September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-37
Coiled Tubing Handbook

Specifications
TOT 2.50-in., 10-M "DS74" Side Door Stripper Packer

Table 6.17—TOT 2.50-in., 10-M "DS74" Side Door Stripper Packer

-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Lower end Quick union, flange, or Hydraconn connection
CT range 1.00 to 1.75 in.
Hydraulic operating range 5,000-psi Maximum; depends on CT
Hydraulic Volumes
Packoff 213 cubic in.
Retract 64 cubic in.
Ratio Hydraulic Pressure: Well Pressure
1.00-in. CT 2.5:1
1.25-in. CT 2.7:1
1.50-in. CT 2.8:1
1.75-in. CT 3.1:1
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 36.34 in. tall × 11.40 in. OD
Weight 250 lb

6-38 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

TOT 2.50-in., 10-M "DT74" Tandem Side Door Stripper Packer

Table 6.18—TOT 2.50-in., 10-M "DT74" Tandem Side Door Stripper Packer
-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Upper end Quick union or flange
Lower end Quick union or flange
CT range 1.00 to 2.00 in.
Hydraulic operating pressure 5,000-psi Maximum; depends on CT size
Hydraulic Volumes
Packoff 387 cubic in.
Retract 72 cubic in.
Ratio Hydraulic Pressure: Well Pressure
1.00-in. CT 2.45:1
1.25-in. CT 2.54:1
1.50-in. CT 2.67:1
1.75-in. CT 2.84:1
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 45.3 in. tall × 13.25 in. OD
Weight 300 lb

TOT 3.06-in., 10-M "DST4" Sidewinder Stripper Packer

Table 6.19—TOT 3.06-in., 10-M "DST4" Sidewinder Stripper Packer

-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Upper end 3.06-in., 10-M BX-154 Studded flange
Lower end 3.06-in., 10-M BX-154 Open flange
CT range 1.25 to 2.375 in.
Hydraulic operating pressure 3,000-psi Maximum; depends on CT size
Hydraulic connections 1/4-in. NPT
Hydraulic Volumes
Packoff 60 cubic in.
Retract 53 cubic in.
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 25.13 in. tall × 46.87 in. wide × 20.65 in. deep
Weight 2,900 lb

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-39

Coiled Tubing Handbook

TOT 3.06-in., 10-M "DSH4" Side Door Stripper Packer

Table 6.20—TOT 3.06-in., 10-M "DSH4" Side Door Stripper Packer

-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Lower end Quick union, flange or Hydraconn connection
CT range 1.25 to 2.375 in.
Hydraulic operating pressure 3,000-psi Maximum; depends on CT size
Hydraulic Volumes
Packoff 16.5 cubic in.
Retract 21.5 cubic in.
Close window 116 cubic in.
Open windows 36 cubic in.
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 43.38 in. tall × 11.40 in. OD
Weight 340 lb

TOT 3.06-in., 10-M "DTH4" Tandem Side Door Stripper Packer

Table 6.21—TOT 3.06-in., 10-M "DTH4" Tandem Side Door Stripper Packer
-20 to 250°F H2S Service
-25 to 250°F North Sea Service
Temperature and Service
-50 to 200°F Arctic Service
75 to 500°F Steam
Connections
Lower end Quick union, flange, or Hydraconn connection
CT range 1.25 to 2.375 in.
Hydraulic operating pressure 3,000-psi Maximum; depends on CT size
Hydraulic Volumes
Packoff 16.5 cubic in.
Retract 21.5 cubic in.
Close window 225 cubic in.
Open windows 45 cubic in.
Dimensions/Weight
Dimensions 48.8 in. tall × 11.40 in. OD
Weight 450 lb

6-40 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Quick-latches
Rigging up pressure control equipment is a time consuming task. Working with the cranes and slings to
lift the equipment and install it on the well can be dangerous. The quick-latch is a pressure control tool
that makes the rigging process quicker and safer. It is operated with a hydraulic source.

A quick-latch is like a very big air or hydraulic quick connect. It saves time because the operator does
not have to stab a flange connection or a quick union with a crane. It is safer because a person does not
have to stand to align the flange or quick union. Instead, the crane operator guides the mating pieces of
the quick-latch together.

The quick-latch is normally the last connection made during the CT rig-up.

1. Install the BOP and flow lines on the well head and mount the stripper to the injector.
2. Stab the CT into the stripper packer and make up the tools.
3. Pick up the injector, and use the quick-latch to stab it onto the BOP stack. Note that you do not
have to make up a flange or union.

Hydraconn Connectors
(Quick-latch located between the BOP and the stripper
packer)

The Hydraconn connector is designed to facilitate a secure

connection between the coiled tubing BOP and stripper
packer while providing an elevated level of personal safety
by minimizing the need for operator assistance during
rig-up of the pressure control stack. The Hydraconn
connector is constructed to provide a safe and reliable
connection in a compact and rugged design. The
Hydraconn connector incorporates a tapered seal bore that
facilitates stabbing the connection. A safety latch with a
manual override and an indicator are included to prevent
an unintentional release while operating with well pressure
in the stack.

Operation
Hydraulic pressure is required to open or unlatch the tool.
To close or latch the tool, release the hydraulic pressure
and allow the fluid to drain back into the handpump. The
tool has a spring return that will provide enough force to Figure 6.31—Hydraconn connector
close and lock the locking dogs into position.
Two models are in the field at this time:
• The most popular has a lock/indicator that prevents the tool from being opened until you move the
lock out of the way.
• The second model has a well pressure lock that operates with 200 psi. Well pressure of 200 psi will
force a lock into a position that will prevent the tool from being opened. Well pressure must be
released for this one to open. Hydraulic working pressure 3,000-psi maximum.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-41

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Injector Connectors
The injector connector is used as a tool to connect the pressure control equipment to the injector head. It
is mounted above the stripper packer and is therefore a nonpressure containing device.

Operation
Hydraulic pressure is required to open or unlatch this tool. To close or latch the tool, release the hydraulic
pressure and let the fluid flow back into the handpump.

Hydraulic working pressure is 3,000-psi maximum.

Figure 6.32—JIC connector

6-42 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Hydraulic Releasing Connector

The JHS hydraulic releasing connector is designed to facilitate
the connection of the BOP and/or lift frame to the wellhead or
drillpipe, making this procedure quick with increased operator
safety.

The JHS connector is comprised of two mating sections. The

skirt section is installed in the lower spreader bar of the lift
frame or the BOP, and the stinger section is connected to the
wellhead or drillpipe. These two sections are latched together
by a collet mechanism as part of the stinger section. The collet
mechanism is attached to the stinger section and retracted by an
integral hydraulic cylinder during the latching and unlatching
sequence.

When latching, the collet is retracted and the skirt is lowered

over the stinger. The weight of the skirt and spreader bar will
collapse the collet fingers until the lugs of the collet spring into
position in the recess machined into the skirt section. This
allows the stinger to fully engage the skirt. The release of
hydraulic pressure will then allow the spring to return the collet
to the extended and locked position.

The connector can be unlatched by hydraulically retracting the Figure 6.33—Hydraulic releasing
connector
cylinder and collet, allowing the skirt to be removed from the
center section. In the event of a hydraulic failure, a manual
override mechanism is attached to retract the collet by using
the three tension bolts that are provided on the manual override.

The seal between the stinger and skirt is formed by three independent seals each of which is capable of
sealing against the 15,000-psi working pressure or the 22,500-psi test pressure. The multiple redundancy
is to accommodate the heavy, sometimes brutal latching experienced when handling the large lift/frame
on a semi-submersible vessel in heavy seas.

Unions and Flanges

Unions are a quick and easy method to attach pressure control equipment. Also known as quick unions,
the unions have an elastomer seal for the wellbore pressure. The seal is either on the box or pin connection
depending on the type of union. The quick union is comprised of four components, which consist of the
box end, pin end, union nut, and seal. The pin end is stabbed into the box end and the union nut holds
everything in place. Quick unions offer a quick method of assembling pressure control equipment as
opposed to bolting up flanges.

There are several types of quick unions on the market being used for pressure control equipment. The
three most common are Bowen type, Otis type and TOT type unions. The following pages have drawings
of the unions along with sizes and pressure ratings. This is a quick reference chart that should help to
identify what type of union you may have.

The unions do not interchange with each other so make sure when ordering parts you know what type of
union you need.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-43

Coiled Tubing Handbook

CB Unions
Bowen Interchange

Table 6.22—Bowen Interchange

Size Name Description Service re Rating
(in.) (psi)
2.00 CB11 4.06-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.00-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
2.00 CB12 4.06-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.00-in. seal bore H 2S 5,000

2.00 CB13 4.06-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.00-in. seal bore Standard 10,000
2.56 CB21 4.75-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
2.56 CB22 4.75-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore H 2S 5,000
2.50 CB23 4.75-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore Standard 10,000
2.56 CB24 6.31-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore H 2S 10,000
2.56 CB26 6.31-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore H 2S 15,000
3.06 CB31 5.50-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 4.37-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
3.06 CB32 5.50-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 4.37-in. seal bore H 2S 5,000
3.06 CB33 5.50-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 4.37-in. seal bore Standard 10,000
3.06 CB34 6.31-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.37-in. seal bore H 2S 10,000
3.06 CB36 7.00-in. diameter/5 Stub Acme 4.87-in. seal bore H 2S 15,000
4.00 CB41 6.00-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 4.87-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
4.00 CB42 6.00-in. diameter/4 Double Lead 4.87-in. seal bore H 2S 5,000
4.00 CB44 8.25-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 6.00-in. seal bore H 2S 10,000
5.00 CB51 8.25-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 6.75-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
5.00 CB52 8.25-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 6.75-in. seal bore H 2S 5,000
5.00 CB53 8.875-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 6.50-in. seal bore Standard 10,000
5.00 CB54 9.15-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 6.75-in. seal bore H 2S 10,000
6.00 CB61 9.875-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 8.00-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
6.00 CB62 9.875-in. diameter/4 Double Acme 8.00-in. seal bore H 2S 5,000

6-44 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

CH, CQ Unions
TOT Unions

Table 6.23—TOT Unions

Size Name Description Service Pressure Rating
(in.) (psi)
1.50 CH04 3.37-in. diameter/4 Acme 1.93-in. seal bore H2 S 10,000
2.56 CH23 5.06-in. diameter/2 Stub Acme 3.25-in. seal bore Standard 10,000
2.56 CH24 5.25-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.37-in. seal bore H2 S 10,000
5.00 CH25 5.755-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.37-in. seal bore Standard 15,000
2.56 CH26 6.50-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore H2 S 15,000
2.56 CH28 8.25-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore H2 S 20,000
3.06 CH31 5.06-in. diameter/2 Stub Acme 3.50-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
3.05 CH33 5.25-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore Standard 10,000
3.06 CH34 5.75-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore H2 S 10,000
3.06 CH35 6.50-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.00-in. seal bore Standard 15,000
3.06 CH36 7.50-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.50-in. seal bore H2 S 15,000
4.00 CH42 7.00-in. diameter/2 Stub 5.25-in. seal bore H2 S 5,000
5.00 CH51 7.50-in. diameter/2 Stub 6.187-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
5.00 CH54 9.62-in. diameter/4 Acme 6.75-in. seal bore H2 S 10,000
6.00 CH61 9.50-in. diameter/2 Stub Acme 7.62-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
2.56 CQ24 6.31-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.75-in. seal bore H2 S 10,000
4.06 CQ44 10.00-in. diameter/2 Stub Acme 7.50-in. seal bore H2 S 10,000

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-45

Coiled Tubing Handbook

CO Unions
Otis Interchange

Table 6.24—Otis Interchange

Size Name Description Service Pressure Rating
(in.) (psi)
2.62 CO16 5.75-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.00-in. seal bore H2 S 15,000
2.56 CO21 5.00-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.50-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
2.56 CO22 5.00-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.50-in. seal bore H2 S 5,000
2.56 CO23 5.00-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.50-in. seal bore Standard 10,000
2.56 CO24 5.00-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.50-in. seal bore H2S 10,000
2.50 CO25 5.00-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.50-in. seal bore Standard 15,000
2.62 CO26 6.25-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.00-in. seal bore H2 S 15,000
2.56 CO28 6.25-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.00-in. seal bore H2 S 20,000
3.00 CO31 5.00-in. diameter/4 Acme 3.50-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
3.00 CO32 5.75-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.00-in. seal bore H2 S 5,000
3.00 CO34 5.75-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.00-in. seal bore H2S 10,000
3.00 CO36 7.50-in. diameter/4 Acme 5.50-in. seal bore H2S 15,000
4.00 CO41 6.50-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.75-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
4.00 CO42 8.37/-in. diameter/4 Acme 5.25-in. seal bore H2 S 5,000
4.00 CO43 6.50-in. diameter/4 Acme 4.75-in. seal bore Standard 10,000
4.00 CO44 8.37/-in. diameter/4 Acme 5.25-in. seal bore H2 S 10,000
4.00 CO46 9.50/-in. diameter/4 Acme 6.25-in. seal bore H2 S 15,000
5.00 CO51 8.25-in. diameter/4 Acme 6.18-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
5.00 CO52 9.00-in. diameter/4 Acme 6.75-in. seal bore H2 S 5,000
5.00 CO53 8.25-in. diameter/4 Acme 6.18-in. seal bore Standard 10,000
5.00 CO54 9.00-in. diameter/4 Acme 6.75-in. seal bore H2S 10,000
5.00 CO56 12.25-in. diameter/4 Acme 7.00-in. seal bore H2 S 15,000
6.38 CO61 8.75-in. diameter/4 Acme 7.50-in. seal bore Standard 5,000
6.38 CO62 9.50-in. diameter/4 Acme 8.00-in. seal bore H2 S 5,000
6.38 CO64 11.50-in. diameter/4 Acme 8.25-in. seal bore H2 S 10,000
9.00 CO92 12.00-in. diameter/4 Acme 10.312-in. seal bore H2S 5,000

6-46 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Flange Dimensions

Figure 6.34—Flange dimensions

5,000-psi Working Pressure Flange Dimensions

Table 6.25—5,000-psi Working Pressure Flange Dimensions

*Nominal Size (in.) 2.06 2.56 3.125 4.06 5.125 7.06
Ring groove designation R-24 R-27 R-35 R-39 R-44 R-46
“A” ring groove width .469 .469 .469 .469 .469 .531
“B” ring groove pitch diameter 3.750 4.250 5.375 6.375 7.625 8.313
“C” ring groove depth .313 .313 .313 .313 .313 .375
“D” flange OD 8.500 9.625 10.500 12.250 14.750 15.500
“E” bolt hole size (in.) 1.00 1.125 1.250 1.375 1.625 1.500
“F” bolt circle diameter 6.500 7.500 8.000 9.500 11.500 12.500
Bolt diameter (in.) .875 1.000 1.125 1.250 1.500 1.375
Number of bolts 8 8 8 8 12 12
“G” flange raised face diameter 4.875 5.375 6.625 7.625 9.000 9.750
“H” bore diameter 2.063 2.563 3.125 4.063 5.125 7.063
“J” thickness of flange 1.813 1.938 2.188 2.438 3.188 3.625
“K” chamfer depth .125 .125 .125 .125 .125 .250
“L” radius of hub .125 .125 .125 .125 .125 .125
“M” diameter of hub 4.125 4.875 5.250 6.375 7.750 9.000
*Letters refer to Figure 6.34

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-47

Coiled Tubing Handbook

10,000-psi Working Pressure Flange Dimensions

Table 6.26—10,000-psi Working Pressure Flange Dimensions

Nominal Size (in.) 2.06 2.56 3.125 4.06 5.125 7.06
Ring groove designation BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-169 BX-156
“A” ring groove width .498 .554 .606 .698 .666 .921
“B” ring groove OD 3.395 4.046 4.685 5.930 6.955 9.521
“C” ring groove depth .234 .265 .296 .328 .375 .438
“D” flange OD 7.875 9.125 10.625 12.438 14.062 18.875
“E” bolt hole size .875 1.000 1.125 1.250 1.250 1.625
“F” bolt circle diameter 6.250 7.250 8.500 10.188 11.813 15.875
Bolt diameter .750 .875 1.000 1.125 1.125 1.500
Number of bolts 8 8 8 8 12 12
“G” flange raised face diameter 4.375 5.188 6.000 7.281 8.688 11.875
“H” bore diameter 2.063 2.563 3.063 4.063 5.125 7.063
“J” thickness of flange 1.734 2.015 2.296 2.765 3.125 4.062
“K” chamfer depth .125 .125 .125 .125 .125 .250
“L” radius of hub .375 .375 .375 .375 .375 .625
“M” diameter of hub 3.938 4.750 5.594 7.188 8.813 11.875
*Letters refer to Figure 6.34

15,000-psi Working Pressure Flange Dimensions

Table 6.27—15,000-psi Working Pressure Flange Dimensions

Nominal Size (in.) 2.06 2.56 3.06 4.06 5.125 7.06
Ring groove designation BX-152 BX-153 BX-154 BX-155 BX-169 BX-156
“A” ring groove width .498 .554 .606 .698 0.666 .921
“B” ring groove OD 3.395 4.046 4.685 5.930 6.955 9.521
“C” ring groove depth .234 .265 .296 .328 0.375 .438
“D” flange OD 8.750 10.000 11.313 14.188 16.500 19.875
“E” bolt hole size 1.000 1.125 1.250 1.500 1.625 1.625
“F” bolt circle diameter 6.875 7.875 9.062 11.438 13.500 16.875
Bolt diameter .875 1.000 1.125 1.375 1.500 1.500
Number of bolts 8 8 8 8 12 12
“G” flange raised face diameter 4.500 5.250 6.063 7.625 8.875 12.000
“H” bore diameter 2.063 2.563 3.063 4.063 5.125 7.063
“J” thickness of flange 2.000 2.250 2.531 3.094 3.875 4.688
“K” chamfer depth .125 .125 .125 .125 0.125 .250
“L” radius of hub .375 .375 .375 .375 0.625 .625
“M” diameter of hub 3.938 4.750 5.594 7.188 9.625 11.875
*Letters refer to Figure 6.34

6-48 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Maintenance and Field Inspection

Suggested Maintenance Schedule
• After every job—Remove the rams and inspect all ram rubber seals. Clean the BOP body, bonnet
and rams. Remove all trace of well fluids.
• Once a month—Remove all rams, actuators, equalizing valves, and flanges. Thoroughly clean all of
the items. Grease and assemble to proper technical manual.
• Once a year—Disassemble completely and replace all of the seals.
• After 2 years—Strip down and perform NDE on parts exposed to well fluids, replace any worn parts.
• Every 4 years in service—Strip down perform NDE on all critical items. Replace any worn parts.

Two Year NDE requirements:

All parts exposed to the well fluids will have to be inspected by NDE methods. The preferred NDE test
would be a wet magnetic particle testing. Not all parts can be tested in this method. If the parts can not
be inspected with MPI then a dye penetrant test will have to be conducted.

Four Year NDE requirements:

All parts exposed to the well fluids, loaded by well pressure or pressure containing will have to be
inspected by NDE methods. The preferred NDE test would be a wet magnetic particle testing. Not all
parts can be tested in this method. If the parts can not be inspected with MPI then a dye penetrant test
will have to be conducted.

Note Halliburton recommends that a full disassemble and NDE on all critical items is
carried out every 3 years and not 4 years as stated above.

Field Inspections
TOT Coiled Tubing BOPs

Begin by disassembling the BOP. Refer to the proper technical manual for the detailed instructions for
disassembly. Clean all parts either with a steam washer, solvents, or other means. All of the dirt, rust, and
scale must be removed.

Corrosion is the main cause for a BOP to leak. How much corrosion is too much? Any corrosion that
causes pitting in the base material is too much. The pitting will directly effect the sealing capabilities of
the rear seal, O-ring, and polypak seals.

Critical areas that must be examined include the bonnet O-ring face, the bonnet seal areas, and the ram
bores. These areas are usually the areas that corrosion will start.

The following is an individual part detail of what to look for during inspections.

BOP Body
1. Visually inspect the ring grooves looking for pitting on the angles of the grooves. If the pitting
breaks the surface and into the groove it is too much. Ring grooves can be machined to remove
the corrosion.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-49

Coiled Tubing Handbook

2. Inspect the ram bores. On a quad the upper half of the ram bore is the sealing area of the rams.
If corrosion has allowed the pitting to get deeper than .010 in. this is too much.
3. Inspect the equalizing valve ports. There are two 3/16-in. drilled holes in each equalizing valve
that must be free of debris. If these holes are stopped up they must be cleaned out. You can use
a small 1/8 - 3/16-in. steel rod with a point on the end to help clean out the holes.

Caution Using a power hand-held drill or other power tool is not recommended. The drill
bit may break off in the equalizing port.

4. Inspect the equalizing valve seal bore, look for corrosion or scratches on the seal surface.
5. Check the area of the body where the bonnet O-rings seal. On most BOPs this is within a 1/2-in.
of the ram bore. Pitting in this area is unacceptable.
6. Examine the studs; make sure there are no damaged threads. If the threads are damaged, you can
used a small thread file (triangular in shape) to remove any sharp edges or burrs.
7. The last item to check is the well monitoring port. This must be free of debris like the equalizing
valve.
8. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Bonnet
1. Visually inspect the O-ring groove. Look for damaged areas including pitting. Visually inspect
the wellbore piston rod seal area. If there is corrosion that has caused pitting .010-in. deep, the
bonnet must be replaced. seal bore area. Inspect the threads, remove any nicks or burrs with a
small thread file. If the bonnet has hydraulic porting, inspect all of the ports. The leading 15°
bevel on the hydraulic ports is a seal area; this must have a good seal surface. Check the seal area
where the hydraulic ports go through the BOP body. Screwdriver pry marks are common on the
O-ring groove for this seal.
2. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Rams
1. Most rams are stainless and should not have any corrosion. Inspect the guides on the pipe rams
they should not have any sharp edges. Inspect the rear seal groove, there should not be any cor-
rosion in this area. Any pitting on the OD or seal area and the ram should be replaced.
2. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Slip Inserts
Slip inserts are one part of the BOP that will wear out. The teeth should be sharp. If the crest of the
tooth has a flat area of .02 in. that is too much. Of course, some areas of the slip insert may have teeth
that are dull. If 25% of the teeth have flat areas then the slip must be replaced. The outer edges of the
slip inserts will normally wear first.

Shear Blades
Shear blades are designed to shear the CT. If the blades have pitting on any area the blades must be
replaced. If the cutting edge of the blades are chipped or cracked they must be replaced. TOT shear
blades will cut several times without damage. These tests have been done on new blades not exposed
to well fluids. Well fluids will attack the shear blade and can cause damage to the blades.

6-50 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Piston Rods
1. Inspect the area exposed to well fluids look for tiny pits in the stainless, this is a sign the well
fluids are attacking the metal and the parts should be replaced. Inspect the ram guides. If the ram
guides are damaged replace the entire piston rod. The ram guide and piston rod are normally sold
as a set. Normally you will have to polish the smooth sealing area of the piston rod, use a fine
emery cloth and polish lightly.
2. Inspect the woodruff (half moon) key slot in the piston rod. Remove any sharp edges that might
damage the seal when the rod is installed in the bonnet. Remove any burrs from the woodruff
key with a file.
3. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Cylinder
1. Inspect the threads, remove any nicks or burrs with emery cloth, or a polishing wheel.
2. Inspect the seal bore. There should not be any scratches in the bore, polish any nicks or scratches
with a fine emery cloth.
3. Perform a surface NDE on this part every 4 years
Nonrising Stem
1. The end of the nonrising stem that sticks out the back of the hydraulic cap is susceptible to envi-
ronmental corrosion. Water that collects in this area tends to start corrosion. A generous amount
of grease kept on this end will minimize the corrosion rate. Replace the stem if corrosion has
started. A leak on this stem can prevent the rams from closing properly. Examine the threads of
the sleeve nut and make sure the sleeve nut moves freely the entire length of the threads. The
thread is a left hand thread.
2. Perform a surface NDE on this part every 4 years.
Sleeve Nut
1. Rarely will this part get damaged. Make sure the sleeve nut threads easily on and off of the Non-
rising stem. The slots on either side of the sleeve nut that the hex keys slide into can get damaged,
use a small file and remove any nicks or burrs from the slot.
2. Perform a surface NDE on this part every 4 years.
Hydraulic Cap
1. Visually inspect the threads and the O-ring groove behind the threads.
2. Inspect the small ID of the hydraulic cap. This is where corrosion of the nonrising stem may also
cause damage to the hydraulic cap.
3. Inspect the indicator rod seal and seal retainer. Make sure you replace the indicator rod seal.

Caution When tightening the hydraulic cap on the cylinder, do not let the wrench grip
the cap in the area of the indicator rod. The wrench may damage the indicator
rod or the hole for the indicator rod.

4. Perform a surface NDE on this part every 4 years.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-51

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Closing Tube Assembly

The closing tube is stainless steel, which is resistant to rust. Paint on the closing tube can make it
difficult to take apart. It would be easier if all of the paint was removed from the closing tube. There
is very little that can go wrong with these parts unless the threads or seal areas are damaged. Visually
inspect them for damage.

Indicator Rod
The indicator rod may bend. Ensure that the rods are straight and there are no nicks or scratches on
the OD.

Front and Rear Seals

Inspect these seals after each job. If any noticeable loss of rubber is observed, the seals should be
replaced. If the bond between the rubber and the metal plates begins to separate, the seals should be
replaced.

TOT Stripper Packers

Begin by disassembling the stripper packer. Refer to the proper technical manual for the detailed
instructions for disassembly. Clean all of the parts either with a steam washer, solvents, or other means.
All of the dirt, rust, and scale must be removed.

Worn out packers and bushings are the main reason a stripper will leak. Examination of the packers and
bushing after each job is critical. The packer should be replaced after every job. Corrosion is another
cause for the stripper packer to leak. How much corrosion is too much? Any corrosion that causes pitting
in the base material is too much. The pitting will directly effect the sealing capabilities of the wellbore
seal, O-rings, and polypak seals.

Critical areas that must be examined include the wellbore seal groove and sealing area. The upper
bushing stack and bushing sleeve are susceptible to corrosion. The bushings themselves will not corrode
but the fluids get trapped between the bushings and the housing and tend to act as a catalyst for corrosion.

The following is an individual part detail of what to look for during inspections.

Bushings

Note There are special bushings available that are .050-in. oversized. These are not covered
in this procedure.
The critical bushings are those just above and just below the packer. They prevent the packer from
extruding. If these bushings are allowed to wear too much it will create a leak path for the packer.
Replace the bushings if they become worn. Worn is defined as wear that can be measured with a
caliper to be .10-in. larger than the CT size (i.e for 1.25-in. CT, 1.350 would be classified as worn).

Bushing Stack
The bushings at the upper end of the stripper packer are guide bushings and the main function is to
guide the CT and prevent it from buckling between the chains and the packer. The top one will
normally wear out faster than the others. It is important that you check the wear on these frequently.

Wellbore Seal Grooves

The items that house the wellbore seals are critical. Damaged seals and corrosion are the most
common cause for this item to leak.

6-52 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

The remaining sections are specific details for certain models of stripper packers.

DS34 Stripper Packers

Split Caps
1. If the split cap is threaded on, inspect the threads carefully and make sure it threads all the way
down into the housing. Corrosion is the most common reason to replace this item.
2. Perform NDE on this part every 2 years.
3. If the split cap has pins that retain it in place make sure the pins are in good condition and the
clips are used properly. Both of these items are stainless and corrosion is normally not a problem.
Perform NDE on the split cap and retainer pins every 2 years.
Lower Connection
1. This part has the seal grooves for the wellbore and hydraulic seals. Ensure that these areas are
not damaged by the corrosion. If there is corrosion, the seals will not last as long and the tool will
begin to leak. Weep holes are located between the wellbore seals and the hydraulic seals so there
will always be an indication of when the seals are leaking.
2. Inspect the wellbore port.
3. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Upper Housing
1. The upper housing has the hydraulic porting which should be checked frequently. The upper
housing retains the packer and it should be inspected for corrosion in the packer area.
2. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Cylinder Rings
The upper and/or lower cylinder ring may have some wear marks due to pressure. These are normal,
corrosion are not usually a problem with these but they can get damaged when removing them from
the upper housing. Replace the cylinder ring if the seal areas are damaged.

Piston
1. After years of use, the lower end of the piston may become pitted. Replace if the pitting is too
excessive. The piston is stainless and does resist most standard corrosion problems. Replace if
the seal areas are damaged. All OD surfaces of this part are sealing areas be careful when han-
dling this item.
2. Perform a surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Sidewinder
1. The critical areas of the sidewinder are the packers, energizers, and bushings. Replace the bush-
ings if they become worn.
2. Inspect the manual bushing caps, the union nut that retains them and the manual stem. Corrosion
may be a problem. There is a grease port that should be greased regularly. The grease port is
located on the manual cap. Inspect the threads on the union nut and on the retainer that is bolted
to the body.
3. Perform a surface NDE on these parts every 2 years.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-53

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Stripper Body
1. Treat this part as you would a BOP body. Inspect the seal areas frequently. The bonnet seals are
in a counter bore of the main ram bore. Make sure this area is free of corrosion. The O-ring on
the manual caps seal inside the body; inspect this area for corrosion.
2. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Bonnet
1. The bonnet on the sidewinder is similar in design to the bonnet on the BOP. There are wellbore
seals, hydraulic seals and a weep hole. All of these must be checked. Inspect the wel bore seal
and seal surface. Inspect the threads for the cylinder. Remove any nicks or burrs from the threads.
2. Perform a surface NDE on these parts every 2 years.
Cylinder
1. Inspect the cylinder threads, piston bore and hydraulic ports.
2. Perform a surface NDE on this part every 4 years.
All Other Parts
1. Visually inspect for any damage. If the parts are damaged, they should be replaced.
2. Perform a surface NDE on critical parts every 4 years.

Side Door

Packer and nonextrusion Rings

The packers for these units are our blue and red interlock design. The red is always the section on the
top. Above the packer and in some cases below the packer, depending on the model, is the
nonextrusion ring. The nonextrusion rings are designed to take as much of the wear as possible.
Pressure will extrude the edges of the nonextrusion rings into the gaps around the bushings. Replace
when they become worn or damaged.

Stripper Body
1. This is the main body of the stripper packer. It consists of the two large plates and the four posts
that hold them together. Perform a visual check on the threads and the hydraulic ports.
2. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Seal Sub
1. The seal sub is the item that retains the wellbore seals. Inspect the seal grooves for corrosion,
nicks, or burrs. Carefully examine this item for corrosion. If the seal sub has threads inspect the
threads for damage.
2. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.

6-54 Well Control Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Piston
1. The piston or window is the item that comes down and covers the wellbore seals and pumps open
to provide access to the packers. Visually inspect this item for damage; look for nicks on the OD
and the ID. Both areas are seal surfaces. Inspect the retainer rings and split rings that hold the
window in the closed position.
2. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Bushing Sleeve
1. The bushing sleeve provides the housing for the bushing stack and is the inner barrier for the
piston. This item is susceptible to corrosion; carefully examine the ID for corrosion. Examine the
OD threads and the seal surface. Visually inspect the OD for an adequate seal surface. The
threads on the upper end will thread directly into the cylinder. Inspect the threads
2. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
Cylinder
1. The cylinder is either an integral part of the body or a separate item. In either model the cylinder
has an ID sealing surface. Make sure if is free of corrosion, nicks, or burrs. Inspect the threads
and any hydraulic ports.
2. Perform surface NDE on this part after 5 years.
Lower Connection
1. The lower connection of the stripper packer may have either a quick union, flange, or Hydraconn
profile down. It will thread into the lower flange of the body. Inspect the threads on the union nut
and the section that threads into the body. Inspect all sealing surfaces. The ID will normally have
some corrosion. As long as the corrosion in the ID is minimized to less than .050 in. it is OK.
2. Perform surface NDE on this part every 2 years.
All other parts
Visually inspect for any damage. If the parts are damaged, they should be replaced.

September 2005 Well Control Equipment 6-55

Coiled Tubing Handbook

6-56 Well Control Equipment September 2005

Section 7 Downhole Tools

Connectors .............................................................................................. 7-1

Coiled Tubing Service Connector ....................................................... 7-1
Coiled Tubing Double-Slip Connector ................................................ 7-3
Splined Quick-Connect ....................................................................... 7-7
Roll-on Connectors for 1.25- to 1.75-in. CT ....................................... 7-9
Roll-On Connectors for 2.00- to 2.375-in. CT ..................................... 7-12
Coiled Tubing Reel Connector ........................................................... 7-14
Basic Coiled Tubing Tools ....................................................................... 7-15
Double-flapper Check Valve ............................................................... 7-15
Hydraulic Disconnect .......................................................................... 7-17
Ball-Drop Circulating Valve ................................................................ 7-19
Rupture Disc Sub ............................................................................... 7-21
Compact Motorhead Assembly .......................................................... 7-24
Coiled Tubing Swivel .......................................................................... 7-28
Flow-Through Knuckle Joint ............................................................... 7-29
Flow-Control Tools ................................................................................... 7-31
Ball-Drop Diverter Sub ....................................................................... 7-31
Flow-Controlled Circulating Valve ...................................................... 7-33
Downhole Ball-Drop Tool ................................................................... 7-35
Acid Stimulation Tools ............................................................................. 7-37
GO Retrievable Packer ...................................................................... 7-37
TW Shorty Retrievable Bridge Plug .................................................... 7-39
Swab Cup Straddle Tool .................................................................... 7-41
Selective Injection Packer (SIP) Tool ................................................. 7-43
RS Coiled Tubing Stimulation Tool .................................................... 7-45
Gauge Carrier ..................................................................................... 7-47
Fishing Tools ........................................................................................... 7-48
Up/Down Hydraulic Jar ....................................................................... 7-48
Up/Down Accelerator ......................................................................... 7-50
GS Hydraulically Activated Pulling Tool ............................................. 7-52
Flow-Releasing GS Pulling Tool ......................................................... 7-54
Flow-Through Stem ............................................................................ 7-56
Hydra-Blast, CoilSweep, and Pulsonix Tools .......................................... 7-58
Hydra-Blast Pro™ Rotating Tool ........................................................ 7-58
Hydra-Blast™ Indexing Tool .............................................................. 7-60
CT Downhole Inline Filter ................................................................... 7-63

i
 CT Surface Inline Filters ..................................................................... 7-64
CoilSweep™ Sand Cleaning Tool ...................................................... 7-65
Pulsonix™ Oscillating Tool ................................................................. 7-66
Setting Tools and Downhole Force Generator ........................................ 7-68
Hydraulic Setting Tools ...................................................................... 7-68
PressureSetPro™ Tool ...................................................................... 7-70
Pressure-Activated Firing Head with Wireline .................................... 7-72
Setting Tools ...................................................................................... 7-72
X-Line® Hydraulically Activated Running Tool .................................... 7-74
Downhole Force Generator ................................................................ 7-76
Logging and Perforating .......................................................................... 7-78
Coiled Tubing Mechanical-Release Cablehead ................................. 7-78
Coiled Tubing Flow-Releasing Cablehead ......................................... 7-80
Deployment Bars ................................................................................ 7-82
Surface Termination Assembly .......................................................... 7-83
Depth Measuring Heads ..................................................................... 7-84
DepthPro™ Collar Locator Equipment .................................................... 7-86
DepthPro™ Coiled Tubing Collar Locator .......................................... 7-86
Surface Computer Package ............................................................... 7-87
Features and Benefits ........................................................................ 7-87
Warrior Software ................................................................................ 7-90
Universal Logging Kit ......................................................................... 7-91
Inflatable Straddle Packer ........................................................................ 7-93
Pin-Point Stimulation ............................................................................... 7-95
Coiled Tubing Connectors .................................................................. 7-95
Shear Disconnect ............................................................................... 7-97
Splined Quick-Connect ....................................................................... 7-99
Centralizers ........................................................................................7-100
Knuckle Joint ......................................................................................7-101
Blast Joints .........................................................................................7-102
Ported Subs ........................................................................................7-103
Top Cup Packers ................................................................................7-104
RR4-EV Packers ................................................................................7-106
SurgiFrac™ Jetting Tools ...................................................................7-108
Ball Subs ............................................................................................7-110
CT Thread Selection ................................................................................7-111
Dimensional Data for Recommended CT Tool Threads ..........................7-112
Coiled Tubing Thread Strengths and Recommended Makeup Torque ...7-113

ii
Commonly Used CT Threads Recognition ..............................................7-114
1.7 - 10 Stub Acme ............................................................................7-114
Stub Acme ..........................................................................................7-114
Ammt with O-ring Groove ...................................................................7-115
1 1/4-in. Ammt ....................................................................................7-115
API Regular with O-ring Groove .........................................................7-116
PAC ....................................................................................................7-116
External Fishing Necks ............................................................................7-117
Internal Fishneck Reference Table for CT Flow Activated "GS" ..............7-118
Guidelines for Selection of Seals and O-rings .........................................7-119
O-ring Selections ................................................................................7-120
Quality Checks ...................................................................................7-121

iii
iv
Section 7

Downhole Tools
Connectors
Coiled Tubing Service Connector Preface
Service connectors (Figure 7.1) use a single-ferrule lock ring and a threaded
CT end. They allow tools to be connected to the end of the CT.

Features and Benefits

The service connector can provide the following features and benefits:

• Has a redundant load-carrying feature in the lock ring and CT threaded

end.
• Is H2S-compatible

Applications

The service connectors listed in Table 7.1 are used for standard service work
on CT.

Figure 7.1—CT service

connector

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-1

 Table 7.1—Standard CT Service Connectors
Tubing Size 1-in. CT OD 1 1/4-in. CT OD 1 1/2-in. CT OD 1 3/4-in. CT OD 2-in. CT OD

7-2
Tool Part No. 100070872 100004082 120132898 101296041 100004083 100070892 100071095 100071092 100071129 100071159 100071135
OD (in.) 1.605 1.750 1.890 1.920 2.030 2.030 2.250 2.250 2.440 2.750 2.750
ID (in.) 0.750 0.859 1.109 0.864 0.859 1.218 0.859 1.312 1.312 1.680 1.750
Makeup Length
7.71 7.63 7.63 7.64 7.64 7.64 7.78 7.78 7.70 7.62 6.05
(in.)
1 1/2-in.- 1 1/2-in.- 1 1/2-in.- 1 1/2-in.- 1 1/2-in.- 1 3/4 1 3/4-in.- 2-in.-
CT Thread 3/4NPT 1 NPT 1 NPT
Coiled Tubing Handbook

16UN 16UN 16UN 16UN 16UN -in.-16UN 16UN 16UN

1.315-in. 1.315-in. 1.660-in. 1.315-in. 1.315-in. 1.315-in. 1.660-in. 1.660-in. 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in.

Downhole Tools
1.660-in.
Bottom OD, 2.25-lb OD, 2.25-lb OD, 2.40-lb OD, 2.25-lb OD, 2.25-lb OD, 2.25-lb OD, 2.40-lb OD, 2.40-lb OD, 5.30-lb OD, 5.30-lb
OD, 3.02-lb
Connection OECO OECO OECO OECO OECO OECO OECO OECO OECO OECO
"A" Pin
"A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin
Service Rating H2S H2S H2S Standard H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S
Tensile Rating
20,000 33,000 33,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 48,000 50,000 50,000 52,000 50,000
(lb)
Pressure
10,000 11,000 12,000 15,000 11,000 10,000 15,000 11,000 11,000 10,000 9,000
Rating (psi)
Torque Ratings
— 710 950 710 710 960 710 950 950 1,170 1,900
(lb/ft)
Nut 698.20002 698.20016 698.20016 101295898 698.20027 698.20027 698.24512 698.24512 698.24592 698.24592 698.24603
Bottom Sub 698.20003 698.20017 698.20019 101295922 698.20028 698.20036 698.24514 698.24501 698.24591 698.24671 698.24602
Lock Ring 996.07602 698.20013 698.20013 100070891 698.20029 698.20029 698.24513 698.24513 698.24593 698.24593 698.24504
O-ring 600.33958 600.33962 600.33962 100064798 600.33966 600.33966 600.33966 600.33966 600.34021 600.34021 600.34023
Backup Ring 996.04396 996.04397 996.04397 101081947 70.31739 70.31739 70.31739 70.31739 698.24594 698.24594 698.20053
1 9/16-in.- 1 9/16-in.- 1 3/4-in.- 1 13/16-in.- 1 13/16-in.- 2 2
1 3/8 -in.- 2-in.- 2-in.- 2 1/2
Nut Thread 12 Stub 12 Stub 12 Stub 12 Stub 12 Stub 3/16-in.-14 3/16-in.-14
16UN 12 UN 12 UN -in.-12UN
Acme Acme Acme Acme Acme UN UN
aRedress
Kit
698.20009 698.24561 698.24561 101296181 698.20026 698.20026 698.24520 698.24520 698.24599 698.24599 698.24601
Part No.
Threading
Ratchet 698.24541 698.24540 698.24540 — — — — — — — —
Assembly
Threading Pilot
— — — 698.24530 698.24530 698.24530 698.24530 698.24530 698.24530 698.24530 698.24530
Assembly
Threading Die
— — — 698.24531 698.24531 698.24531 698.24531 698.24531 698.24532 698.24532 698.24537

September 2005
Part No.
a
The redress kit includes an O-ring, backup ring, and lock ring.
 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Double-Slip Connector

Double-slip connectors (Figure 7.2) differ from regular service
connectors in that they have two ferrule lock rings instead of one
and no thread on the coiled tubing itself. The two lock rings help
share the load and provide redundancy. They are also designed with
two O-ring seals.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.2 (Page 7-4) provide specifications for the double-slip

connector. This tool can provide the following features and benefits:

• Easy and quick to install.

• Has redundant lock rings.
• Requires no thread on CT.
• Has double O-ring seal.

Applications

These connectors work well for all types of coiled tubing service
work. They can handle high torque, so they work well with mud
motors. They are easier to install on high-strength coiled tubing than
the coiled tubing service connectors because no threading is
required.

Figure 7.2—Double-slip
connector

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-3

7-4
Table 7.2—Double-slip CT Service Connectors
Tubing Size 1 1/4-in. CT OD 1 1/2-in. CT OD
Tool Part No. 100071117 100070875 101315649 100082991 100071110 100071112 10120231a 101315551 101227817b 101346019
OD (in.) 2.594 1.750 1.750 2.250 2.250 2.594 2.250 2.880 2.750 2.030
ID (in.) 1.039 0.860 0.750 0.864 1.218 1.290 1.218 1.250 1.000 0.864
Makeup Length
13.84 10.87 9.64 10.10 9.53 13.29 9.57 9.53 12.30 11.27
Coiled Tubing Handbook

(in.)

Downhole Tools
1.315-in. 1.315-in. 1.660-in. 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8-in.
2 3/8 -in. 2 3/8 -in.
Bottom OD, 2.25-lb 1-in. AMMT OD, 2.25-lb OD, 3.02-lb 3.02-lb 2 3/8-in. OD, 5.30-lb 1-in.
EUE, 8-rd EUE, 8-rd
Connection OECO "A" Pin OECO "A" OECO "A" OECO "A" PAC Pin OECO "A" AMMT Pin
Tubing Pin Tubing Pin
Pin Pin Pin Pin Pin
Service Rating H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S
Tensile Rating
56,000 33,000 33,000 37,000 56,000 56,000 65,000 56,000 65,000 39,000
(lb)
Pressure
10,000 10,000 10,000 12,000 15,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 14,000 10,000
Rating (psi)
Torque Ratings
710 710 710 710 960 1,340 960 1,300 1,300 400
(lb/ft)
Nut 698.24574 698.20016 698.20016 698.24512 698.24512 698.24512 101201224 100071096 101201224 100070890
Center Sub 698.24573 698.20018 698.20018 698.24557 698.24557 698.24557 101201350 100071114 101201350 101340727
Bottom Sub 698.24572 698.20006 101315550 698.24551 698.24553 698.24556 101201179 101315545 101227889 101345921
Lock Ring 996.07603 698.20013 698.20013 698.24513 698.24513 698.24513 100071097 100071097 101214816 100070891
O-ring 600.33962 600.33962 600.33962 600.33966 600.33966 600.33966 100012308 100012308 100012308 100012308
Backup Ring 996.04397 996.04397 996.04397 70.31739 70.31739 70.31739 100026301 100026301 100026301 100026301
19/16-in.- 19/16-in.-
1 13/16-12
Nut Thread 2-in.-12UN 12-stub 12-stub 2-in.-12UN 2-in.-12UN 2-in.-12UN 2-in.-12UN 2-in.-12UN 2-in.-12UN
Stub Acme
ACME ACME
Nut OD 2.25 1.75 1.75 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.03
cRedress Kit
N/A 698.20007 698.20007 698.24559 698.24559 698.24559 698.24559 698.24559 — 101348228
Part No.
aThis
connector is built from Incoloy 925
bThis connector is built from Incoloy 925 and has a metal-to-metal seal ring.
cThe redress kit includes an O-ring, backup ring, and lock ring.

September 2005
 Table 7.2—Double-slip CT Service Connectors (Continued)
Tubing Size 1 1/2-in. CT OD (continued) 1 3/4-in. CT OD 2-in. CT OD
Tool Part
101344506 101344517 101353765 101343071 100071121 100071122 100071127 101310839 101312314 101376696 100071149 100071144
No.
OD (in.) 2.120 1.920 1.920 2.030 2.750 2.594 2.440 3.200 2.880 2.440 2.750 2.750

September 2005
ID (in.) 1.000 0.750 0.750 0.864 1.500 1.500 1.218 1.500 1.380 1.130 1.750 1.750
Makeup
9.84 9.69 9.69 10.53 10.42 13.32 9.53 8.91 9.53 9.73 10.41 13.85
Length (in.)
1.315-in.
2 3/8-in. 1.660-in. 2 3/8-in.
OD, 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8 -in.
Bottom 1 1/2-in. 1-in. 1-in. OD, 5.30-lb OD, 3.02-lb 2 3/8-in. IF 2 3/8 -in. ½-in. OD, 5.30-lb
2.25-lb EUE, 8-rd EUE, 8-rd
Connection AMMT Pin AMMT Pin AMMT Pin OECO "A" OECO "A" Pin PAC Pin AMMT PIN OECO "A"
OECO Tubing Pin Tubing Pin
Pin Pin Pin
”A” Pin
Service
H2S Standard H2S H2S H2S H2S H2S Standard H2S H2S H2S H2S
Rating
Tensile
48,000 37,500 30,000 42,000 63,000 52,000 60,000 63,000 63,000 53,000 55,000 55,000
Rating (lb)
Pressure
12,000 12,000 9,000 10,000 12,000 10,000 10,000 17,000 12,900 12,000 12,000 7,500
Rating (psi)
Torque
Ratings 650 400 400 710 1,270 1,270 960 1,270 1,270 960 1,800 1,800
(lb/ft)
Nut 101344509 101295898 101353620 100070890 698.24592 698.24592 698.24592 698.24592 698.24592 698.24592 698.24603 698.24603
Center Sub 101344553 101344568 101353636 101340727 698.24582 698.24582 698.24582 698.24582 698.24582 698.24582 698.24632 698.24632
Bottom Sub 101344558 101344579 101353631 101340725 698.24584 698.24583 698.24589 101310837 101311984 101374897 698.24634 698.24633
Lock Ring 100070891 100070891 100070891 100070891 698.24593 698.24593 698.24593 698.24593 698.24593 698.24593 698.24504 698.24504
O-ring 100012308 100064798 100064798 100012308 600.34021 600.34021 600.34021 600.34021 600.34021 600.34021 600.34023 600.34023
Backup
100026301 101081947 101081947 100026301 698.24594 698.24594 698.24594 698.24594 698.24594 101321949 698.20053 698.20053
Ring
1 7/8-in. 1 3/4-in. 1 3/4-in. 1 13/16-in.
2 3/16-in. 2 3/16-in. 2 3/16-in. 2 3/16-in. 2 3/16-in. 2 3/16-in. 2 1/2-in. 2 1/2-in.
Nut Thread 12 Stub 12 Stub 12 Stub 12 Stub
14UN 14UN 14UN 14UN 14UN 14UN 12 UN 12UN
Acme Acme Acme Acme
Nut OD 2.12 1.92 1.92 2.03 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.75 2.75

Downhole Tools
aRedress
101348228 101347793 101347793 101379944 698.24581 698.24581 698.24581 698.24581 698.24581 101378463 698.24631 698.24631
Kit Part No.
aThe
redress kit includes an O-ring, backup ring, and lock ring.
Coiled Tubing Handbook

7-5
 Table 7.2—Double-slip CT Service Connectors (Continued)
2-in. CT OD

7-6
Tubing Size 2 3/8-in. CT OD 2-7/8-in. CT OD
(continued)
Tool Part
101317095 100071150 101215821 101327409 101276435 b101302063 101204481 101276664 101285527 101324943
No.
OD (in.) 3.200 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.20 3.20 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.80
ID (in.) 1.750 1.89 1.99 1.38 1.75 1.75 2.44 1.75 2.43 1.75
Makeup
9.77 11.09 14.24 11.23 9.36 10.39 13.43 10.65 13.43 11.48
Coiled Tubing Handbook

Length (in.)

Downhole Tools
2 3/8-in.
2 3/8-in. 2 7/8-in. 2 7/8-in.
Bottom 2 3/8-in. IF OD, 5.30-lb 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in.
EUE, 8-rd EUE 8-rd EUE 8-rd
Connection Pin OECO "A" PAC Pin IF Pin IF Pin IF Pin IF Pin
Tubing Pin Tubing Box Tubing Pin
Pin
Service
Standard H2S H2S H2S Standard Standard H2S Standard H2S H2S
Rating
Tensile
70,000 81,000 81,000 81,600 81,000 134,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 140,000
Rating (lb)
Pressure
17,000 8,200 8,200 8,200 13,000 15,000 9,000 10,000 9,000 10,000
Rating (psi)
Torque
Ratings 1,800 2,380 1,800 2,380 2,380 2,600 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,380
(lb/ft)
Nut 698.24603 698.24645 698.24645 698.24645 698.24645 101302060 698.24695 698.24695 698.24695 101325156
Center Sub 698.24632 698.24644 698.24644 698.24644 698.24644 101302061 698.24694 698.24694 698.24694 101325080
Bottom
101317141 698.24642 101215765 101327412 101276431 101302062 698.24692 101276665 101285528 101324977
Sub
Lock Ring 698.24504 698.24643 698.24643 698.24643 698.24643 100071153 698.24693 698.24693 698.24693 101204569
O-ring 600.34023 600.33974 600.33974 600.33974 600.33974 600.33974 600.33978 600.33978 600.33978 100003923
Backup
698.20053 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ring
2 13/16-in. 2 13/16-in. 2 13/16-in. 2 13/16-in. 2 7/8-in. 3 5/16-in. 3 5/16-in. 3 5/16-in. 3 13/32-in.
2 1/2-in.
Nut Thread 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub
12UN
ACME ACME ACME ACME ACME ACME ACME ACME ACME
Nut OD 2.75 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.09 3.20 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.80
aRedress
698.24631 698.24641 698.24641 698.24641 698.24641 698.24641 698.24691 101204528 101204528 101204528
Kit Part No.

September 2005
aThe
redress kit includes an O-ring, backup ring, and lock ring.
bThis
connector has a 5° internal taper in the top of the nut.
 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Splined Quick-Connect

Halliburton's splined quick-connects for coiled tubing (Figure 7.3) are a

work- and time-saving device created for coupling large CT toolstrings.
See Table 7.3 (Page 7-8) for specifications.

Features and Benefits

The splined quick-connect can provide the following features and
benefits:
• Requires no rotation for assembling toolstring to coiled tubing
• Has high torque rating that makes the quickconnect ideal for CT
drilling applications
• Has premium thread connections
• Has high tensile rating comparable to the strength of CT
• Has a large ID that allows high flow rates

Applications
Splined quick-connects allow CT toolstrings to be attached to CT. The
splined feature removes the need for toolstring rotation, allowing a quick
makeup to longer, heavier toolstrings. The splined quick-connect can also
be ordered with rotary shouldered connections for makeup of tool joints
or collars.

Operation
Perform the following steps to operate the splined quick-connect:
1. During makeup of the bottomhole assembly (BHA), attach the
bottom sub with the female splines to the top of the lower section
of the bottomhole assembly. Attach the remainder of the splined
quick-connect to the bottom of the upper section of the BHA.
2. To connect the upper and lower sections of the BHA, stab the
male splines of the splined quick-connect into its female splines
in the tool's bottom sub.
3. Tighten the makeup nut, and install the set screws.

Figure 7.3—Splined
quick-connect

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-7

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.3—Splined Quick-connect Specifications

Makeup
OD ID Tensile Pressure Torque
Part No. Length Description Service
(in.) (in.) (lb) (psi) (ft-lb)
(in.)
1.660-in. OD, 3.02-lb OECO
101002413 2.12 1.00 15.31
"A" Box × Pin
34,900 10,000 1,050a Standard

2 3/8-in. OD, 5.30-lb OECO

101002416 3.09 1.63 22.72 "A" Pin × 2-in. 55,000 10,000 1,900 Standard
CT service style connector
2 3/8-in. OD, 5.30-lb OECO
100070857 3.09 1.63 20.74
"A" Box × Pin
66,000 10,000 2,600a Standard

101341479 3.50 1.38 17.55 2 3/8-in. PAC Box × Pin 122,000 12,000 4,000 Standard
2 3/8-in. OD, 5.30-lb OECO
698.24650 3.50 1.75 12.47 "A" Pin × 2-in. 55,000 10,000 1,900 Standard
CT service style connector
2 3/8-in. OD, 5.30-lb OECO
698.19110 3.50 1.75 12.43
"A" Box × Pin
100,000 10,000 2,600a Standard

2 3/8-in. API IF
101325972 3.80 1.75 20.80
Box × Pin
160,000 14,000 4,200a H2 S
aTorque ratings are limited by the OECO threads.

7-8 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Roll-on Connectors for 1.25- to 1.75-in. CT

Locally manufactured roll-on connectors allow operators to attach tubing to downhole tools
easily, inexpensively, and with little training. Table 7.4 provides machining dimensions for the
roll-on connector and O-ring sizes and part numbers for various tubing sizes. The dimensions
for the connector's male end, which fits inside the tubing, vary with the tubing size and wall
thickness.
Features and Benefits

The roll-on connector can be used for a wide variety of applications, including those that do not
require O-ring seals.
Manufacturing

To manufacture roll-on connectors, follow these guidelines:

• Use 4130 or 4140 alloy steel, 18-22 Rockwell "C," which is rated at 75,000-psi minimum yield
strength or equivalent.
• Use Table 7.4 to determine the machining dimensions A, B, C, D, and E marked on Figure 7.4 and
Figure 7.5. If Table 7.4 does not list the tubing wall thickness you require, use the following formulas
to calculate the machining dimensions:
– A = Tubing OD
– B = Tubing OD - (wall thickness × 2) - 0.015 in.
– C = B - (wall thickness × 2)
– D = Tubing OD - (wall thickness × 2) - 0.230 in.
– E (1.25-in. tubing) = D - 0.30 in.
– E (1.50-in. tubing) = D - 0.35 in.
– E (1.75-in. tubing) = D - 0.37 in.

Table 7.4—Machining Dimensions, O-ring Sizes, and Part Nos. for CT Roll-on Connectors
Tubing Size (in.) 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.75
Wall Thickness (in.) 0.087 0.095 0.109 0.095 0.102 0.109 0.109 0.134
Dimension A 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.75 1.75
(in.) B 1.061 1.045 1.017 1.295 1.281 1.267 1.517 1.467
C 0.887 0.855 0.8 1.105 1.077 1.049 1.299 1.199
D 0.846 0.83 0.802 1.08 1.066 1.052 1.302 1.252
E 0.57 0.53 0.5 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.91 0.88
O-ring Size 211 211 211 215 215 215 218 218
Part No. 70.33959 70.33959 70.33959 70.33937 70.33937 70.33937 70.33962 70.33962

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-9

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 7.4—Side view of roll-on connector

Table 7.5—Part Numbers and Sizes for Marking Guides

Guide Part No. 698.35046 698.35045 698.35051
Tubing OD (in.) 1.25 1.5 1.75

Table 7.6—Accessories
Description Part No.
Ridgid® Model 2A tubing cutter tool 130.11978
Crimping wheel 100071394
Crimping tool assembly 100071379

7-10 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 7.5—Top cutaway, cross-sectional and bottom views of

roll-on connector

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-11

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Roll-On Connectors for 2.00- to 2.375-in. CT

Locally manufactured roll-on connectors can allow operators to attach tubing to downhole tools easily,
inexpensively, and with little training. Table 7.7 provides machining dimensions for the roll-on connector
and O-ring sizes and part numbers for various tubing sizes. The dimensions for the connector's male end,
which fits inside the tubing, vary with the tubing size and wall thickness.

Features and Benefits

The roll-on connector can be used for a wide variety of applications, including those that do not require
O-ring seals.

Manufacturing
To manufacture roll-on connectors, follow these guidelines:
• Use 4130 or 4140 alloy steel, 18-22 Rockwell "C," which is rated at 75,000-psi minimum yield
strength or equivalent.
• Use Table 7.7 to determine the machining dimensions A, B, C, D, and E marked on Figure 7.6. If
Table 7.7 does not list the tubing wall thickness you require, use the following formulas to calculate
the machining dimensions:
– A = Tubing OD
– B = Tubing OD - (wall thickness × 2) - 0.04 in.
– C = B - 0.32 in.
– D = Tubing OD - (wall thickness × 2) - 0.360 in.
– E = Roll-on ID

Table 7.7—CT Roll-on Connector Specifications

Tubing Wall Dimensions
Tubing ID O-ring Tensile
Size Thickness (in.)
(in.) (in.)
(in.) Strengtha
A B C D E Size Part No.
2.00 0.109 1.782 2.00 1.742 1.422 1.422 0.75 324 70.33635 68,781
0.125 1.750 1.710 1.390 1.390 324 64,541
0.134 1.732 1.692 1.372 1.372 323 70.34137 62,198
0.156 1.688 1.648 1.328 1.328 0.69 323 60,671
0.188 1.624 1.584 1.264 1.264 0.56 322 70.33617 60,512
0.203 1.594 1.554 1.234 1.234 0.50 321 70.33646 60,094
2.375 0.109 2.157 2.375 2.117 1.797 1.797 1.00 327 70.33969 105,094
0.125 2.125 2.085 1.765 1.765 99,678
0.134 2.107 2.067 1.747 1.747 96,699
0.156 2.063 2.023 1.703 1.703 326 70.33968 89,545
0.175 2.025 1.985 1.665 1.665 83,514
0.188 1.999 1.959 1.639 1.639 79,466
0.203 1.969 1.929 1.609 1.609 325 70.33967 74,874
a Yield strength - 75 kpsi
Safety factor = 1.25

7-12 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.8—Marking Guide Part Nos.

Tubing OD (in.) Part No.
2.00 698.35253
2.375 698.35254

Table 7.9—Required Tools

Part No. Description
698.35224 Crimping wheel
70.99441 Ridgid® Model 4S pipe cutter (Part No. 32840)
698.35256 Crimping wheel and pipe assembly

Figure 7.6—Machining dimensions for fabricating 2.00- and 2.375-in. CT

roll-on connectors

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-13

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Reel Connector

Generally, CT has been adapted back to the plumbing

inside the reel with a reel connector welded on with a
2-in. (51-mm) 1502 male union half on the opposite
end. A new line of reel connectors (Figure 7.7) replaces
the weld with a standard tubing thread, nut and lock
ring, and O-ring seals.
Features and Benefits
Table 7.10 gives the specifications for the reel
connector. The reel connector can provide the
following features and benefits:
• Can be quickly installed in the field
• Is rated for 10,000-psi working pressure
• Eliminates the need for a certified welder
• Has a double O-ring seal
• Uses the same CT thread as equivalent service
connector
• Is H2S-compatible
Figure 7.7—CT reel connector

Applications
The primary use for this new connector is inside the coiled tubing reel.

Table 7.10—CT Reel Connector Specifications

CT OD (in.) 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 1 3/4 22 3/8a 2 7/8a
Part No. 698.24740 100071162 100071166 100071170 100071174 100071178 101216299
2-in. 1502 2-in. 1502 2-in. 1502 2-in. 1502 2-in. 1502 2-in. 1502 3-in. 1502
Hammer Union
male male male male male male male
Connection
union half union half union half union half union half union half union half
CT Thread 3/4-in. NPT 1-in. NPT 1 1/2-in. 16UN 1 3/4-in. 16UN 2-in.16UN N/A N/A
Thread Die N/A N/A 698.24531 698.24532 698.24537 N/A N/A
Threading Pilot
N/A N/A 698.24530 698.24530 698.24530 N/A N/A
Assembly
Threading Ratchet
698.24541 698.24540 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Assembly
Redress Kit Part No. 698.24741 698.24746 698.24751 698.24756 698.24761 698.24641 698.24691
O-ring Part No. 100003922 100064830 100012308 100007363 100064876 100064838 100003923
Pressure Rating
10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
(psi)
Service Rating H2 S H2 S H2 S H2 S H2 S H2 S H2 S
aThese connectors use double lock rings and do not require threading the CT

7-14 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Basic Coiled Tubing Tools

Double-flapper Check Valve
Description
The double-flapper check valve (Figure 7.8) prevents flow back up
the coiled tubing. Table 7.11 (Page 7-16) provides the specifications
for the double flapper check valve.
Features and Benefits
The double-flapper check valve can provide the following features
and benefits:
• Prevents uncontrolled pressure at surface in the event of a leak in
the CT or surface plumbing.
• Prevents corrosive fluids such as sour gas from entering the tubing.
• Uses premium thread connections.

Applications
The double-flapper check valve is normally used as a safety
feature in the bottomhole assembly.
Operation
The double-flapper check valve operates as a oneway check valve,
allowing free fluid movement down to the tools below. The
flappers are spring-actuated and close automatically when fluid
flow is stopped. Balls are frequently pumped through the flapper
valve. Choose a size that will allow the ball to pass through.

Figure 7.8—Double-flapper
check valve

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-15

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.11—Double-flapper Check Valve Specifications

Tool Part No. 100070716 101296766 101367257 100070729 100070737
OD (in.) 1.75 1.75 2.12 2.25 2.88
ID (in.) 0.719 0.628 1.000 1.031 1.31
Makeup Length (in.) 17.69 17.69 12.16 20.32 21.71
Top Connection 1.315-in. OD, 1.315-in. OD, 1 ½-in. 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8 -in. OD,
2.25-lb OECO 2.25-lb OECO AMMT Box 3.02-lb OECO 5.30-lb OECO
"A" Box "A" Box "A" Box "A" Box
Bottom Connection 1.315-in. OD, 1.315-in. OD, 1 ½-in. 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8 -in. OD,
2.25-lb OECO 2.25-lb OECO Ammt pin 3.02-lb OECO 5.30-lb OECO
"A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin
Pressure Rating (psi) 10,000 15,000 13,000 10,000 10,000
Service Rating H2 S Standard H2 S H 2S H2 S
Tensile Rating (lb) 39,000 39,000 53,000 65,000 88,000
Flapper Assembly 698.10589 101296094 101358796 698.10645 698.10655
Part No.
Top Sub Part No. 698.10597 698.10597 N/A 698.10642 698.10652
Center Housing Part 698.10598 698.10598 101357573 698.10643 698.10653
No.
Bottom Sub Part No. 698.10599 698.10599 101367173 698.10644 698.10654
O-ring Part No. 600.33960 600.33960 100064832 600.33966 600.34023
(2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (4 req.) (4 req.)
600.33653 600.33653 100064798
(2 req.) (2 req.) (3 req.)
Flapper Seal Ring 698.10595 101337830 101358801 698.10646 698.10656
Part No. (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) b
(2 req.)
a
Redress Kit Part No. 100070720 101297786 101368688 100070730 100070738
aRedress kits include O-ring and flapper-seal rings
bOptional seal ring Part No. is 101277460

7-16 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Hydraulic Disconnect

The through-tubing hydraulic disconnect (Figure 7.9) releases

the tubing from other downhole tools run below. It is activated
by a trip ball and tubing pressure. When run with an inflatable
bridge plug, it serves as the primary release mechanism. The
hydraulic disconnect is used as an emergency safety joint with
other downhole tool assemblies.
Features and Benefits
See Table 7.12 (Page 7-18) for the hydraulic disconnect
specifications. This tool can provide the following features and
benefits:
• Uses hydraulic pressure to release.
• Has both a rotating and nonrotating 1.81-in. (46-mm) version
available.
• Includes standard internal fishneck for retrieval.
• Causes only a small pressure drop while circulating because
minimum ID region is short.
• Provides positive circulation after releasing.
• Is pressure-balanced to prevent premature release.
• Is H2S-compatible.

Applications
Hydraulic-disconnect assemblies are used in at least two
distinct operational situations:
• The assembly allows mechanical packers, bridge plugs, and
tubing hangers for velocity strings to be run, set, and released
from coiled tubing.
• For an emergency disconnect, the hydraulic-disconnect
assembly can be incorporated into other CT bottomhole
assemblies, such as the heavy-duty workstring.

Operation

To operate the hydraulic disconnect, perform the following steps:

1. Set down weight on the toolstring.

2. Pump a ball down to the seat of the hydraulic disconnect to
activate it.
Figure 7.9—Hydraulic
3. Apply pressure above the ball to release a lug prop in the disconnect
hydraulic disconnect and allow the tubing string to be dis-
connected from the bottomhole assembly.
4. Trip the ball, lugs, and prop of the hydraulic disconnect out
of the hole with the tubing.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-17

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.12—Hydraulic Disconnect

Tool Part No. 100071070a 100004086 101367191b 100071075 100071080 101321372
OD (in.) 1.81 1.81 2.12 2.25 2.88 2.88
ID (in.) 0.54 0.54 0.75 0.69c 1.12 0.62
Makeup Length (in.) 12.03 12.03 16.91 12.32 14.79 15.78
Top Connection 1.315-in. OD, 1.315-in. OD, 1 ½-in. 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8-in. OD, 2 3/8-in.
2.25-lb OECO 2.25-lb AMMT Box 2.40-lb OECO 5.30-lb OECO PAC Box
"A" Box OECO "A" "A" Box "A" Box
Box
Bottom Connection 1.315-in. OD, 1.315-in. OD, 1 ½-in. 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8-in. OD, 2 3/8-in.
2.25-lb OECO 2.25-lb AMMT Box 2.40-lb OECO 5.30-lb OECO PAC Pin
"A" Pin OECO "A" "A" Box "A" Box
Pin
Release Pressure 3,300 3,300 3,300 3,000 2,700 2,700
(psi)
Service Rating H2S H2S H2S H2 S H2 S H2 S
Tensile Rating (lb) 29,000 29,000 45,000 42,000 67,000 67,000
Pressure Rating (psi) 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 12,000 12,000
Torque Rating (ft-lb) none 500 650 800 1,900 1,900
Fishing Neck ID (in.) 1.375 1.375 1.695 1.812 2.312 2.312
Top Sub Part No. 698.21052 698.21052 101367188 698.21062 698.21082 101321071
Release Ball Part No. 70.00401 70.00401 100007748 70.00431 70.00443 100020488
(5/8 in.) (5/8 in.) (7/8 in.) (7/8 in.) (1 1/4 in.) (3/4 in.)
Ceramic 70.00421
(3/4in.)d
Lug Prop Part No. 698.21054 698.21054 101357680 698.21065b 698.21085 101321327
Lug Part No. 698.21004 698.21004 101357640 698.21024 698.21084 698.21084
Bottom Sub Part No. 698.21043 698.21053 101367189 698.21063 698.21083 101321013
Lug Prop O-ring Part 600.33907 600.33907 100064796 600.33912 600.33931 600.33931
No. (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.)
Top Sub O-ring Part 600.33653 600.33653 100064748 600.33915 600.33908 600.33908
No. (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.)
Shear Pin Part No. 698.20082 698.20082 100075698 698.20636 600.20634 600.20634
(2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.)
Spiral Ring Part No. 70.37829 70.37829 N/A 70.3784 70.37863 70.37863
Redress Kit Part No. 100004087 100004087 101368363 100071076 100071081 100071081
a
Free-rotating version
b
This tool uses a collet instead of lugs
c
Optional lug prop for fishing applications (0.44-in. ID), Part No. 698.21066; requires 0.5-in. ball, Part No. 70.00391 for actuation
d
Optional release ball

7-18 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Ball-Drop Circulating Valve

The ball-drop circulating valve (Figure 7.10) allows circulation at high
rates through ports on the side of the tool after a ball is dropped. Table
7.13 (Page 7-20) provides specifications for this tool.

Features and Benefits

The ball-drop circulating valve can provide the following features and
benefits:

• Has higher circulation rates attainable than through drilling

motors.
• Saves excessive wear on expensive drilling motors by diverting
circulation.
• Uses premium thread connections. Is H2S-compatible.

Applications

The tool is commonly run above a motor to circulate cuttings out of the
well after the drilling operation is complete.

Operation

When the tool is in the running position before the ball is dropped and
the inner sleeve is shifted, fluids will pass straight through the valve.
Perform the following steps when the tool is operated:

1. Run the tool into the hole. When the tool is in the running posi-
tion, fluids will pass straight through the valve.
2. Drop the ball and pump until it seats.
3. Increase pressure in the workstring above the ball until the
valve's shear pins are sheared. The valve will now divert fluids
through its side ports. Figure 7.10—Ball-drop circulat-
ing valve

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-19

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.13—Ball-Drop Circulating Sub Specifications

Tool Part No. 100070798 100070794 101367258a 100070782 100070786
OD (in.) 1.75 2.12 2.12 2.88 3.00
ID (in.) 0.47 0.59 0.56 0.94 0.63
Makeup Length (in.) 6.42 6.64 7.00 7.52 10.69
Top Connection 1.315-in. OD, 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8 -in. OD, 2 3/8-in. OD,
1 ½ - in.
2.25-lb OECO 2.40-lb OECO 5.30-lb OECO 5.30-lb OECO
AMMT Box
"A" Box "A" Box "A" Box "A" Box
Bottom Connection 1.315-in. OD, 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8 -in.OD, 2 3/8 -in. OD,
1 ½-in.
2.25-lb OECO 2.40-lb OECO 5.30-lb OECO 5.30-lb OECO
AMMT Box
"A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin "A" Pin
Circulation Ports 3/8 - in. 1/2-in. 0.38-in. 3/4 - in. 1.00-in.
2 holes 2 holes 2 holes 2 holes 2 holes
Shear Pressure (psi) 3,300 2,800 4,000 2,900 1,600
Service Rating H2 S H2 S H2 S H 2S H2 S
Tensile Rating (lb) 48,000 50,000 53,000 88,000 118,000
Ball Part No. 70.00391 70.00401 101367190 252.00532 70.30970
(1/2 in.) (5/8 in.) (5/8 in. ceramic) (1 In.) (3/4 in.)
Tool Body Part No. 698.11082 698.11072 101367190 698.11022 698.11032
Sleeve Part No. 698.11083 698.11073 101355495 698.11023 698.11033
O-ring Part No. 600.33951 600.33958 100064806 600.33915 600.33967
(2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.)
Shear Pin Part No. 698.20636 698.20636 100075698 698.20633 698.70603
(1 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.) (2 req.)
Redress Kit Part No. a 100070799 100070795 101368904 1000070783 100070787
a
This tool includes a rupture disc.
b
Redress kits include O-ring, shear pins, and ball.

7-20 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Rupture Disc Sub

The rupture disc sub (Figure 7.11) provides a means of establishing
circulation in a bull-plugged situation. Table 7.14 (Page 7-22)
provides specifications for this tool, and Table 7.15 (Page 7-23)
provides information for optional rupture discs.

Features and Benefits

The rupture disc sub can provide the following features and benefits:

• Offers rupture disks orders in a wide range of burst pressures for

different applications.
• Has premium thread connections.
• Is H2S-compatible.
• Has equalizing port/bleed-hole capability with removal of pipe
plug.

Applications

The rupture disc sub is generally run as a component of the

bottomhole assembly used for CT drilling operations. It can be used
in emergencies to allow a ball to be circulated to a hydraulic
disconnect. An example of this would be when a motor becomes
stuck and circulation is lost.

Operation

To operate the rupture disc sub, review the temperature- effect chart
for a rupture disc before selecting it for a job. The chart is packaged
with the disc. Temperature can affect the rating of the disc by as
much as 10 to 15%.
Figure 7.11—Rupture disc
sub

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-21

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.14—Ruptue Disc Sub Specifications

Tool Part No. 100070842 100070847 100070853
OD (in.) 1.81 2.12 2.88
ID (in.) 0.50 0.81 1.56
Makeup Length (in.) 7.00 7.77 7.69
Top Connection 1.315-in. OD, 1.80-lb 1.660-in. OD, 2.40-lb 2 3/8 -in. OD, 4.70-lb
OECO "A" Box OECO "A" Box OECO "A" Box
Bottom Connection 1.315-in. OD, 1.80-lb 1.660-in. OD, 2.40-lb 2 3/8 -in. OD, 4.70-lb
OECO "A" Pin OECO "A" Pin OECO "A" Pin
Circulation Port 3/8in. 3/8in. 3/8in.
Rupture Pressure (psi) 5,000 5,000 5,000
Service Rating H2 S H2 S H2 S
Tensile Rating (lb) 37,000 50,000 75,000
Rupture Disc Part No. 615.61050 615.61050 615.61050
Tool Body Part No. 698.19102 698.19104 698.19116
Sleeve Part No. 698.19101 698.19107 698.19117
Spacer Part No. 698.19108 698.19109 698.19118
Disc Holder Part No. 698.19103 698.19103 698.19103
O-ring Part No. 600.33650 600.33650 600.33650
Disc Seal Part No. 615.61003 615.61003 615.61003
Redress Kit Part No. a 100070848 100070848 100070848
a
Redress kits include O-ring, rupture disc seal ring, and rupture disc.

7-22 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.15—Optional Rupture Discs

Halliburton Rupture Pressure Specified Temperature
Part No. (psi) (°F)
100065864 1,000 100
100065865 1,500 100
100065866 2,000 100
100065867 2,500 100
100065868 3,000 100
100065869 3,500 100
100065870 4,000 100
100012334 4,500 100
100012336 5,500 150
100065871 6,000 150
100065872 6,500 150
100065873 7,000 200
100065874 7,500 200
100065875 8,000 200
100065876 8,500 200
100065877 9,000 200
100065878 9,500 250
100065879 10,000 250
100065880 10,500 250
100065881 11,000 250
100065882 11,500 250
100065883 12,000 300
100065884 12,500 300
100065885 13,000 300
100065886 13,500 300
100065887 14,000 300
100065888 14,500 350
100065889 15,000 350
100065890 15,500 350
100065891 16,000 350
100065892 16,500 350
100065893 17,000 400
100065894 17,500 400
100065895 18,000 400
103348 18,500 400
100065896 19,000 400
100065897 19,500 400
100065898 20,000 450
103349 20,500 450
100065899 21,000 450
101337679 21,500 450
100065900 22,000 450

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-23

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Compact Motorhead Assembly

The HES CT motorhead (Figure 7.12) is designed to be a compact,

rugged tool to be run above the other common coiled-tubing tools. The
motorheads incorporate a double flapper check valve, hydraulic
disconnect, ball-drop circulating sub, and rupture disc all into one
compact tool. Some of the motorheads also include a built-in CT
connector. Table 7.16 (Page 7-25) provides the specifications for the
assembly.
Features and Benefits
The motorhead assembly can provide the following features:
• Short length to reduce overall toolstring length.
• Easy and quick to install at the wellsite.
• Flapper valves for well control.
• A disconnect that acts as an emergency release.
• Ball-drop sub to allow for circulation to the annulus.
• Rupture disk to establish circulation to the annulus in the event that the
normal circulation path becomes plugged.
• H2S compatibility.

Applications
Even though this tool's name implies that it is used with motors, the
compact motorhead assembly is used on most jobs where toolstrings
are run into a well on coiled tubing.

Figure 7.12—Compact
motorhead assembly

7-24 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Table 7.16—Compact Motorheads

SAP No. 101353530 101317673 101356953 101356950 101329334 10131814 101319166

September 2005
Maximum OD (in.) 1.75 1.75 2.12 2.12 2.88 2.88 2.88
1-in. 1.25-in. 1 ½-in. 1.50-in. 2 3/8-in. 1.75-in. 2.00-in.
Top Connection
AMMT box CT connector AMMT box CT connector PAC box CT connector CT connector
1-in. 1-in. 1 ½-in. 1 ½-in. 2 3/8 in. 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in.
Bottom Connection
AMMT pin AMMT pin AMMT pin AMMT pin PAC pin PAC pin PAC pin
makeup Length (in.) 26.77 32.36 26.12 31.68 32.29 36.42 36.94
Minimum ID (in.) 0.406 0.406 0.59 0.59 0.94a 0.94a 0.94a
Tensile Rating (lb) 31,000 31,000 45,000 45,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
Pressure Rating (lb) 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Temperature Rating (°F) 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
Torque Rating (ft-lb) 500 500 650 650 1,200 1,200 1,200
Disconnect Ball Size (in.) 5/8 OR ½ 5/8 OR ½ 7/8 7/8 1.25a 1.25a 1.25a
Circulation Sub Ball Size 7/16 7/16 5/8 5/8 1a 1a 1a
Circulation Sub Port Size 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.75 0.75 0.75
(in.) (2 holes) (2 holes) (2 holes) (2 holes) (2 holes) (2 holes) (2 holes)
GS Fishing Neck Size, 2 3/8 2 3/8 Special Special 3½ 3½ 3½
Nominal
GS Pulling Tool SAP No. 101317979 101317979 101356954 101356954 101321225 101321225 101321225
aWhen using the 2.88-in. OD motorhead on heavy-wall 1.75-in. or 1.50-in. CT, a lug prop and circulation sub sleeve with reduced ID are
required. Order lug prop SAP No. 101325192 and sleeve SAP No. 101325185. The new lug prop ID will be 0.82 in. and requires a 7/8-in.
ball for disconnecting. The new sleeve ID will be 0.69 in. and requires a ¾-in. ball to open the sleeve. The minimum ID through the tool will
be the sleeve ID, 0.69 in.

Downhole Tools
b
The motorheads can be purchased with the CT connector built onto the top, or they can be purchased with a box thread on top for thread-
ing onto a stand-alone CT connector.
Coiled Tubing Handbook

7-25
Coiled Tubing Handbook

If no tension value is given, use the following recommendations for a pull test:

• For the 1.75-in. OD motorhead, pull to 20,000 lb

• For the 2.88-in. OD motorhead, pull to 35,000 lb

Operation

Once the tool is assembled on the coiled tubing, normal coiled tubing operations can take place. If one
of these events occurs, follow the procedures given:

• The customer wants to circulate fluid through the circulation sub to the annulus above a motor.
1. Choose the correct ball size to shift the sleeve in the circulation sub. This size is normally the
smaller of the two balls that come with the motorhead.
2. Insert the ball into the coiled tubing and pump the ball all the way through the reel and down to
the motorhead. Surging the pump to move the ball through the flapper cartridges may be neces-
sary.
3. Pressure up slowly and watch for a pressure decrease indicating that the shear pins have sheared
and the sleeve has shifted.
4. Pump as needed through the side ports.

• Circulation capability is lost while in the well and must be regained.

1. The rupture disc needs to be burst. Determine the strength of the rupture disc being used in the
motorhead.
2. Remove any tension being applied to the motorhead by setting down weight. If you cannot set
down weight, ensure that you are not pulling tension through the motorhead.
3. Slowly apply pressure to the motorhead until the rupture disc breaks. Do not go higher than 1,000
psi over the rupture disc strength. If the rupture disc does not break at its advertised value, an
obstruction may be present somewhere above the disc.
4. Circulation should now be possible.

• The toolstring becomes stuck in the well and the customer wants to disconnect from the tools and
remove the coiled tubing.
1. Use your stretch charts to verify that the tubing is not stuck somewhere above the motorhead.
2. Set down weight on the tools. Do not pull tension into the motorhead while trying to release the
hydraulic disconnect.
3. Select the proper size ball to shift the sleeve in the hydraulic disconnect. This should be the larger
of the two balls that come with the motorhead.
4. Insert the ball in the coiled tubing and circulate it through the reel and down to the motorhead.
Surging the pump to move the ball through the flapper cartridges may be necessary.
5. Slowly pressure up until the shear pins in the hydraulic disconnect shear. You should see a pres-
sure indication when this happens because you will regain the ability to circulate through the
tool.
6. Slowly pick up on the coiled tubing until you are sure that the coiled tubing is free from the stuck
tools.

7-26 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

7. Trip out of the hole per normal procedures.

• The lower half of the motorhead is left in the well after releasing and the customer wants to fish the
tools.
1. The motorheads can be fished with GS pulling tools in conjunction with a jar and accelerator.
Select the proper tools from the Fishing Tool section of this manual.
2. Configure the jar and accelerator for jarring in the "up" direction.
3. Attach the GS pulling tool to the lower end of the fishing toolstring.
4. Trip into the well until the GS tool is about 50 feet above the lower half of the hydraulic discon-
nect.
5. Stop the tubing and begin circulating at approximately 0.75 bbl/min.
6. Slowly proceed down to the fish while circulating fluid to wash out the inside of the fishing neck.
7. Set down weight and then stop pumping.
8. Pick up weight so that the GS pulling tool engages the fishneck.
9. Jar up to release the stuck tools.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-27

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Swivel

The CT swivel (Figure 7.13) allows easy makeup of a large
toolstring to a connector because of its ballbearing rotation feature.
See Table 7.17 for specifications.

Features and Benefits

The CT swivel can provide the following features and benefits:

• Has three separate bearing grooves to increase load-carrying

capacity.
• Has double O-ring seal and grease zerk for bearing lubrication.
• Is H2S-compatible.

Applications

This swivel has premium thread connections and can be used for any
application where torque transmission is not required. Longer,
heavier toolstrings are easier to make up with a swivel in place.

Table 7.17—CT Swivel Specifications

Part No. 100070790

Tool OD (in.) 2.88

Tool ID (in.) 1.5

Makeup Length (in.) 12.84

Connections 2 3/8-in. OD, 5.30-lb

OECO "A" Box × Pin

Service Rating H 2S

Tensile Rating (lb) 60,000

Pressure Rating (psi) 10,000

Redress Kit Part No. a 100070791

aKitcontains ball bearings, O-rings, jam screws, pipe plug,

and grease fitting. Figure 7.13—CT swivel

7-28 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Flow-Through Knuckle Joint

Flow-through knuckle joints (Figure 7.14) give the bottomhole

assembly the flexibility required to centralize the heavy-duty workstring
and remove any side-loading from the jars. This action allows the
assembly to pass through side-pocket gas-lift mandrels. See Table 7.18
for specifications.

Features and Benefits

Flow-through knuckle joints can provide the following features and
benefits:
• Are pressure-tight.
• Have premium thread connections.
• Are H2S-compatible.
• Have a load rating compatible with coiled tubing.
• Can transmit torque.

Applications
The flow-through knuckle joint can be used in the following
applications:
• Fishing operations
• Running bottomhole assemblies through highly deviated intervals
• Other applications in which flexibility is required

Figure 7.14—Flow-through
knuckle joint

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-29

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.18—Knuckle Joint Specifications

Halliburton Part No. 100070948 101343839 101343840 100070954 101304461
OD (in.) 1.69 1.75 1.75 2.375 3.20
ID (in.) 0.56 0.50 0.50 0.57 1.75
Length (in.) 9.14 10.46 10.46 12.54 11.56
Max. Tension (lb) 25,000 38,000 38,000 66,000 110,000
Max. Torque (ft/lb) 36 500 500 60 N/A
Articulation Angle 10° 15° 15° 15° 5°
Pressure Rating (psi) 19,000 10,000 10,000 16,000 15,000
Threads 1.315-in. OD, 1.315-in. OD, 1.660-in. OD,
1-in. AMMT 2 3/8-in. OD API
2.25-lb OECO 2.25-lb OECO 2.40-lb OECO
Box × Pin IF box × pin
"A" Box × Pin “A” Box × Pin "A" Box × Pin
Redress Kit No. 698.20169 101343841 101343841 698.20179 N/A

7-30 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Flow-Control Tools
Ball-Drop Diverter Sub
Description
The ball-drop diverter sub (Figure 7.15) allows fluid circulation
until a ball is dropped. Circulation ports on the side of the tool
are open to the wellbore to allow the coiled tubing to fill while
running in the well. Fluid can also be pumped through the same
ports when needed. When the ball is dropped from the surface
and landed in the tool, the side ports are blocked from
circulation and flow is routed down through the bottom of the
tool.

Features and Benefits

Specifications for the ball-drop diverter sub are provided in
Table 7.19 (Page 7-32). The ball-drop diverter sub can provide
the following features and benefits:
• Adaptable to pressure-activated firing heads for perforation
operations.
• Offers circulation while running in the well.
• Allows pressure to be applied to lower tools after a ball is
dropped.
• Provides bleed port option that prevents pressure from
being trapped below a flapper check valve.

Applications
This tool is commonly run in a toolstring below a hydraulic
disconnect tool. This sub allows a ball to be circulated to the
disconnect tool if the tools become stuck, helping ensure that
circulation is available. The tool also allows the coiled tubing to
fill while running in the well so that pressure can equalize.

Operation
Normal circulation can occur while the tool is run in the well.
When the coiled tubing is at the proper depth, a ball is circulated
to the ball-drop diverter sub. When the ball lands on the seat, all Figure 7.15—Ball-drop
flow to the annulus is blocked, and flow is diverted down diverter sub
through axial flow ports to perform services below the tool.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-31

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.19—Ball-Drop Diverter Sub Specifications

Tool SAP Part No. 100070840 101320334 100070749 100070774 101311206 101321417
OD (in.) 1.60 1.66 1.69 2.12 2.88 3.06
Side Flow Ports (in.) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.38 0.38 0.38
(4 holes) (4 holes) (4 holes) (4 holes) (4 holes) (4 holes)
Axial Flow Ports (in.) 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.25 0.312 0.312
(3 holes) (3 holes) (3 holes) (3 holes) (4 holes) (4 holes)
Ball Size (in.) 0.50 0.375 0.50 0.50 0.625 0.625
Tensile Strength (lb) 22,000 22,000 48,500 66,900 223,000 100,000
Pressure Rating (psi) 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 10,000
Top Thread 1.315-in. OD, 1-in. AMMT 1.315-in. OD, 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in.
2.25-lb OECO Box 2.25-lb OECO 3.02-lb OECO PAC Box PAC Box
"A" Box "A" Box "A" Box
Bottom Thread 1.315-in. OD 1.315-in. 1.315-in. OD, 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in.
NU 10-rd Box OD NU 2.25-lb OECO 3.02-lb OECO PAC Pin EUE 8-rd
10-rd Box "A" Pin "A" Pin Box

7-32 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Flow-Controlled Circulating Valve

The flow-controlled circulating valve (Figure 7.16) is used with BHAs

that require pressure buildup after circulation; it allows circulation to
be re-established at any time. The valve uses a spring-loaded piston
with flow ports (replaceable in the 3.00-in. OD tool) that allow flow
up to a predetermined rate before the valve closes.

Features and Benefits

Specifications for the flow-controlled circulating valve are given in
Table 7.20 (Page 7-34). This valve can provide the following features
and benefits:
• Has adjustable closing flow rates.
• Can activate certain tools without the use of balls.
• Has premium thread connections.
• Offers circulation re-establishment as often as required through
flow ports.
• Can be used with a downhole power unit to activate its switch.
• Can be used with many string designs that require pressure to be
applied to tools.

Applications
The flow-controlled circulating valve is run in toolstrings with
pressure-actuated tools that require circulation before operation.

Operation
To operate the flow-controlled circulating valve, perform the
following steps:
1. Assemble the toolstring so that the valve is located above the
pressure-operated tools and below the connector, double-flap-
per check valves, and hydraulic disconnects.
2. Increase the flow rate through the tool's ports and create a
pressure drop across the ports. The piston will shift down and
close the valve.
3. Release the pressure to allow the spring to push the piston up
and thereby open the flow ports and re-establish circulation.

Figure 7.16—Flow-controlled
circulating valve

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-33

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.20—Flow-Controlled Circulating Valve Specifications

Tool Part No. 100070815 100070608
OD (in.) 2.13 3.00
ID (in.) 0.625 1.125
Makeup Length (in.) 25.69 22.56
Maximum Tensile Load (lb) 54,000 75,000
Pressure Rating (psi) 11,000 11,000
Opening Pressure (psi) Approximately 55 Approximately 55
Closing Pressure (psi) Approximately 75 Approximately 75
Piston Area (in.2) 1.187 1.214
Top and Bottom Thread 1.660-in. OD, 3.02-lb OECO 2.375-in. OD, 5.30-lb OECO
"A" box × pin "A" box × pin

7-34 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Downhole Ball-Drop Tool

The downhole ball-drop tool (Figure 7.17) is used in conjunction with

other downhole tools that require a ball for activation. The ball-drop
tool carries the ball into the well and will drop the ball when a
predetermined flowrate is exceeded.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.21 provides specifications for the downhole ball-drop tool.
This tool can provide the following features and benefits:
• Can be adjusted to drop the ball at different flowrates.
• Can drop different size balls.
• Has compact, simple design.
• Has premium thread connections.
• Minimizes the volume of fluid required to circulate a ball to a
tool.
• Cuts job time by eliminating the need to circulate a ball through
the entire coiled tubing string.

Applications
This tool is designed to be used with tools that require a ball drop to
activate, such as some types of firing heads or inflatable packers. The
ball-drop tool can be used when a tool above it in the toolstring does
not allow a ball to pass through, such as the DepthPro™ collar locator
tool.

Operation
The ball is held inside the tool by three rocker arms, which are
attached to a cage. The cage and arms are supported by a spring. The
rocker arms are prevented from swinging open by the internal profile
of the outer housing. Below the predetermined flowrate, fluid simply
bypasses the cage and rocker arms and passes on through the tool.
When this flowrate is exceeded, the cage and rocker arms shift down
Figure 7.17—Downhole
against the spring and the rocker arms are allowed to swing open. As
ball-drop tool
the arms swing open, the ball is dropped out of the tool.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-35

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.21—Downhole Ball-Drop Tool Specifications

Tool Part Number 101224735 101281554
OD (in.) 2.25 3.25
Makeup length (in.) 6.82 15.36
Maximum tensile load (lb) 50,000 187,000
Pressure Rating (psi) 10,000 16,000
Ball sizes accepted (in.) 0.50 to 0.75 1.00 to 1.375a
Nominal ball-drop flowrate (gal/min) 20 42
Top and Bottom Thread 1.660-in. OD, 2.40-lb/ft 2 3/8 - in.
OECO "A" box × pin PAC box × pin
a
0.50 to 0.875 in. with optional sleeve and rocker arms.

7-36 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Acid Stimulation Tools

GO Retrievable Packer

GO retrievable packers (Figure 7.18) are compression or tension-set packers that

are run on tubing or wireline. The packers use an automatic J-latch that sets and
releases by reciprocation. Picking up and setting down the tubing sets and
releases the packers as often as necessary.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.22 (Page 7-38) provides the specifications for the GO retrievable packer.
This packer tool can provide the following features and benefits:
• Can be reset several times in the same trip.
• Can be released by straight up-and-down movement.
• Is not affected by tubing rotation.
• Can be inverted for tension-set situations.

Applications
The GO packer can be used with wireline or tubing to find leaks in the
production tubing. When used with the tubing, the packer can be used for
stimulation. It can also be used in permanent installations with coiled tubing or
spacer pipe as a packer for holes in production tubing, as an anchor for a siphon
string, or as a downhole hanger for a siphon or velocity string.

Operation
To operate the GO retrievable packer, perform the following steps:
1. Start the packer in the hole in the run/release position (short slot on the
J-slot).

Important Do not pick up the packer more than 18 in., or it will set on the
next downward movement.

2. Lower the packer to approximately 3 ft below the required setting depth.

The drag springs hold the lug and slips in place in relation to the J-slot.
3. Pick up the tubing approximately 2 to 3 ft. The J-slot will index out of
the run/retrieve position.
4. Move the coiled tubing down. The slip mandrel will move down under
the slips, forcing them to engage the production tubing.
5. Set a minimum of 500 lbf to set the packer elements and provide a seal.

Figure 7.18—GO
retrievable packer

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-37

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.22—GO Retrievable Packer Specifications

Halliburton Part No. 101025067 100005765 101294725
Tubing Size (in.) 2.375 2.875 3.500
Tubing Weight (lb/ft) 4.6 to 4.7 6.4 to 6.5 9.3
Max. Tool OD (in.) 1.84 2.28 2.81
Min. Tool ID (in.)a 1.00 1.36 1.90
Length (in.) 48.75 49.42 55.06
Top Thread 2 3/8-in. OD, 4.7-lb
1.315-in. NU 10-rd 1.660-in. NU 10-rd
OECO "A" Box
Bottom Thread 2 3/8-in. OD, 4.7-lb
1.315-in. NU 10-rd 1.660-in. NU 10-rd
OECO "A" Pin
Service Standard Standard Standard
aMinimum ID dependent on tubing size and thread type selected.

7-38 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

TW Shorty Retrievable Bridge Plug

The TW Shorty Retrievable Bridge Plug (RBP) (Figure 7.19) is a double-grip,
wireline-set or hydraulic-set, mechanically held, tubing-retrievable bridge
plug. It can be set on electric wireline using a wireline pressure setting
assembly or on coiled tubing using a hydraulic setting tool and will hold
pressure differentials from above and below. After performing the desired
wellbore operations, the bridge plug is retrieved with an overshot-type
retrieving tool on coiled tubing with a straight pull to release. See Table 7.23
(Page 7-40) for tool specifications.

Applications

The TW Shorty RBP can be used as a plug below a treating packer when
isolating a zone or a section of casing during straddle packer operations. It
may be used to isolate zones for extended production testing or treating down
the casing in a multizone wellbore, without having a rig on location for tubing
manipulation. The TW Shorty RBP may also be used to aid in wellhead
repairs or other operations that require "lubricating in" the plug to isolate the
pressure below without having to circulate heavy fluids to kill the well.

Features and Benefits

The TW Shorty bridge plug can provide the following features and benefits:

• Set on wireline or coiled tubing for easy lubricating into the wellbore
without having to kill the well
• Short length for ease of makeup and running through "dog-legs"
• Hydraulically set for deviated or horizontal wells
• Setting and/or retrieving on coiled tubing or jointed tubing
• Equalizing valve in retrieving neck to equalize pressure across the plug
when engaged with the overshot retrieving tool for easy release
• Holds differential pressures from above or below without loading the
shear release system
• Rated to 10,000 psi 70 000 kPa
• Three-piece packer-type packing element system, with optional
compounds available
• Straight pull release system that enables slickline retrieval
• Simple design allows economical redress of bridge plug.
Figure 7.19—TW Shorty
retrievable bridge plug

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-39

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.23—TW Shorty Retrievable Bridge Plug Specifications

Casing Assembly Numbers
OD Weight ID TW Shorty Type B Retrieving Tool
(in.) (lb/ft) (in.) Bridge Plug Adapter Kit Standard Autoa
9.5 4.09 101161828 101161857 101161862 101161863
4 1/2
13.5 3.92
11.5 4.56 101163819 101161857 101164248 101161863
15 4.408
5
15 4.408 101380847
18 4.276
13 5.044 101159430 101159450 101159454 101159455
15.5 4.95
17 4.892 101159431
5 1/2
20 4.778
20 4.778 101159432
23 4.67
17 6.538 101160281 101159450 101160319 101161281
20 6.456
22 6.398 101160293
7
26 6.276
28 6.214 101160307
32 6.094
a
For slickline or coiled tubing retrieve. Refer to parts list and dimensional data sections for field
connections.

7-40 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Swab Cup Straddle Tool

The swab cup straddle tool (Figure 7.20) is a straddle cup tool used to isolate a
section of wellbore for stimulation. See Table 7.24 (Page 7-42) for tool
specifications.

Features and Benefits

The swab cup straddle tool can provide the following features and benefits:

• Simple operation.
• Adjustable straddle length.
• Swab cups that are readily available and inexpensive.
• H2S -compatible.

Applications

The swab cup straddle tool can be used to isolate a section of perforated pipe or
screen for stimulation.

Operation

To operate the tool, perform the following steps:

1. Run the tool on the end of tubing.

2. Place the tool across the zone of interest.
3. Pump fluid between the cups.

Note Do not operate the tool deeper than 7,000 ft. By the time this
depth has been reached, cup wear will be significant enough
that the cups will no longer seal.

Figure 7.20—Swab
cup straddle tool

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-41

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.24—Swab Cup Straddle Tool Specifications

Halliburton Part No. 100071039 100071047 100071051
Tubing Size (in.) 2 3/8 2 7/8 3 1/2
Tool OD (in.) (Excluding Cups) 1.75 2.13 2.13
ID (in.) 0.56 0.56 0.56
Minimum Makeup Length (in.) 49.27 52.67 52.67
Minimum Straddle Length (in.) 36.00 36.00 36.00
Tensile Strength (lbf) 28,000 28,000 28,000
Working Pressure (psi) 9,000a 6,000 a
4,000a
Swab Cup (8 Required) 698.20761 698.20771 698.20781
Thread: Box by Pin 1.315-in. OD 1.315-in. OD 1.315-in. OD
2.25-lb OECO 2.25-lb OECO 2.25-lb OECO
"A" thread "A" thread "A" thread
Additional Straddle Spacer: 52.50 (60.00) 52.50 (60.00) 52.50 (60.00)
698.20766 (in.)
a
Differential pressure is required to part straddle perforated spacer in tension. The pressure rating will
also be limited by the swab cup pressure rating.

7-42 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Selective Injection Packer (SIP) Tool

The selective injection packer (SIP) tool (Figure 7.21) has opposing cups that
isolate perforations for chemical treatments or perforation washing. Normal
spacing between the cups is 1 ft, but spacing can be expanded if required. Tool
specifications are provided in Table 7.25 (Page 7-44).

Features and Benefits

The SIP tool can provide the following features and benefits:

• Simple operation.
• Built-in concentric bypass for pressure equalization.
• Adjustable straddle length. Additionally, this tool is available for use with
common casing sizes of 3 1/2 in. and larger.

Applications

The SIP tool can be used to isolate perforations for acid stimulation or chemical
placement.

Operation

For detailed operating instructions, refer to the Service Tools Manual at the
following HalWorld link:

<http://halworld.halnet.com/hes/hesps/hespsttt/hespsttt_ServiceToolsManual/st_
home.htm>

Figure 7.21—SIP
tool

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-43

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.25—Selective Injection Packer (SIP) Tool Specifications

Casing Casing
Part No. Size Weight
ID Cup OD Packer Ringa OD
in. (cm) in. (cm) in. (cm)
(in.) (lb/ft)
9.20
698.702 3½ 2.992 (7.60) 3.03 (7.07) 2.62 (6.65)
10.20
9.50 4.090 (10.39)
10.50 4.052 (10.29) 4.10 (10.41) 3.78 (9.60)
4 1/2 11.60 4.000 (10.16)
1350 3.920 (9.96)
3.95 (10.03) 3.62 (9.60)
15.10 3,826 (9.72)
11.50 4.560 (11.58)
4.60 (11.68) 4.25 (10.79)
13.00 4.494 (11.41)
100070818
5 15.00 4.408 (11.20)
4.45 (11.30) 4.00 (10.16)
18.00 4.276 (10.86)
4.31 (10.95) 3.90 (9.91)
21.00 4.154 (10.55)
15.50 4.950 (12.57)
4.98 (12.65) 4.62 (11.73)
17.00 4.892 (12.43)
5 1/2
20.00 4.778 (12.14)
4.81 (12.22) 4.42 (11.23)
23.00 4.670 (11.86)
13.00 5.044 (12.81)
5.04 (12.80)
14.00 5.012 (12.73)
5 1/2 15.50 4.950 (12.57) 460. (11.68)
4.98 (12.65)
17.00 4.892 (12.43)
20.00 4.778 (12.14) 4.808 (12.21)
17.00 6.538 (16.61)
6.578 (16.71)
20.00 6.456 (16.40) 6.00 (15.24)
23.00 6.366 (16.17) 6.416 (16.30)
698.703 26.00 6.276 (15.94)
7 6.306 (16.02) 5.75 (14.60)
29.00 6.184 (15.71)
32.00 6.094 (15.48)
35.00 6.004 (15.25) 6.124 (15.55) 5.65 (14.32)
38.00 5.920 (15.04)
26.40 6.969 (17.70) 7.055 (1792) 6.50 (16.51)
29.70 6.875 (17.46)
7 5/8 6.905 (17.54) 6.35 (16.13)
33.70 6.675 (16.95)
39.00 6.625 (16.83) 6.665 (16.90) 6.20 (15.75)
a
Two packer rings required.

7-44 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

RS Coiled Tubing Stimulation Tool

RS coiled tubing stimulation tools (Figure 7.22) allow selective
formation injection of stimulation fluids through Sliding Side-Door®
circulating devices and downhole circulating nipples. The tool consists
of two assemblies: a straddle tool and a stinger tool. The straddle tool
assembly is landed and set by conventional wireline methods or with
coiled tubing. The stinger tool is then attached to the coiled tubing and
lowered downhole to connect into the straddle assembly.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.26 (Page 7-46) provides the specifications for the RS coiled
tubing stimulation tool. This tool can provide the following features
and benefits:

• Withstands working pressures up to 5,000 psi

• Can be selectively set
• Puts no axial loads on the production tubing because injection
pressure is balanced
• Has a ball-shear feature that permits emergency release of the
stinger from the coiled tubing
• Runs on wireline or coiled tubing
• Features emergency shear release of the stinger from the straddle
tool

Operation

Perform these steps to operate the stimulation tool:

1. Place the straddle tool with either wireline or tubing.

2. Run the stimulation stinger tool on tubing.
3. Set weight down to determine the location of the sleeve and
release it from the lugs.
4. If the indexing sleeve will not release the tubing, hydraulically
release the tubing from the stimulation stinger tool.
5. Make another trip with jars to shear the lugs and release the Figure 7.22—RS coiled
stimulation stinger tool from the straddle tool. tubing stimulation tool

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-45

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.26—RS Coiled Tubing Stimulation Tool

RS Straddle Tool Specifications
Part Halliburton 101227049 101227050 101227051
No. Otis 174 RS 18700 174 RS 23100 174 RS 27500
Size (in.) 2 3/8 2 7/8 3 1/2
OD (in.) 1.830 2.280 2.745
ID (in.) 0.627 0.990 1.350
Length (in.) 28.09 28.63 28.30
Polished Bore ID (in.) 0.937 1.308 1.710
Connection 1 3/8-in. 14UNS B-P 1 3/4-in. 12UN B-P 2 1/4-in. 12SLB B-P

RS Stinger Tool Specifications

Part Halliburton 101227052 101227053 101227054
No. Otis 174 RS 2000 174 RS 2501 174 RS 3001
Size (in.) 1 1 1/4 1 1/2
OD (in.) 1.810 2.280 2.720
ID (in.) 0.490 0.490 0.370
Length (in.) 54.08 51.67 55.56
Pressure Rating a a a
Fishneck Bore ID (in.) 1.375 1.375 1.375
1.315-in. OD, 2.25-lb 1.315-in. OD, 2.25-lb 1.315-in. OD, 2.25-lb
Top Thread
OECO "A" box OECO "A" box OECO "A" box
aEqual to rating of tubing

7-46 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Gauge Carrier
The gauge carrier (Figure 7.23) is an instream gauge carrier. It is capable of
holding 1.27-in. (32-mm) OD or smaller pressure gauges like the HMR™,
QR-2, and RPG- 3. Specifications for the gauge carrier are given in Table
4.6.A.

Features and Benefits

The gauge carrier can provide the following features and benefits:

• Is an instream gauge carrier.

• Has an annulus pressure recording.
• Has small ODs to pass through nipples.
• Holds one gauge using standard quick-change connection.

Applications

The gauge carrier is used to run an annulus-pressure recording gauge. The

pressure gauge records the annulus pressure during a pumping job. The gauge
carrier would be used during a matrix acidizing job, particularly a foam
acidizing job, to record the true bottomhole annulus pressures and
temperatures. The gauge carrier can be used to monitor temperatures and
pressures during foam cleanout jobs.

Operation

The gauge carrier can be placed anywhere in the toolstring to record the
annulus pressure.

Table 7.27—Gauge Carrier Specifications

Part No. 698.19190 100070865
OD (in.) 1.75 2.12
Makeup Length (in.) 90.68 90.68
Effective Flow Area (in. 2) 0.344 0.557
Tensile Strength (lbf) 20,000 40,000
Burst Pressure (psi) 10,000 9,000
Collapse Pressure (psi) 10,000 9,000
Thread: Box by Pin 1.315-in. OD, 1.660-in. OD,
2.25-lb OECO 2.40-lb OECO
"A" thread "A" thread
Service Rating H2 S H 2S
Maximum Gauge OD (in.) 1.27 1.27

Figure 7.23—Gauge
carrier

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-47

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Fishing Tools
Up/Down Hydraulic Jar
Description

Up/down hydraulic jars (Figure 7.24) are used with the accelerator and
flow-through stem to form the coiled tubing heavy-duty workstring. The jar is
the time-delay device that allows energy to be stored in the accelerator or
stretched tubing. The stored energy creates a high-impact force.The hydraulic
jar specifications are provided in Table 7.28 (Page 7-49).

Features and Benefits

Up/down hydraulic jars can provide the following features and benefits:

• Flow-through design allows continuous circulation.

• Are assembled at surface for either jarring up or down.
• Reduces toolstring length with compact design.
• Can be run in tandem to provide both upward and downward impact
forces.
• Are suitable for use in wireline operations.
• Are H2S-compatible.

Applications

An up/down hydraulic jar can be used for the following applications:

• Used as part of heavy-duty workstring to remove stuck tools from a

wellbore.
• Used to set and retrieve flow controls on coiled tubing.
• Can be used to release and pull bridge plugs on coiled tubing.
• Can be adapted for wireline use.

Operation

To operate the tool, perform the following steps:

1. Configure the tool for either up or down impact, as outlined in the

"Assembly" section.
2. Install the tool in the bottomhole assembly above the pulling or
running tool and below the flow-through stem
3. Set the jar configuration.
Figure 7.24—Up/down
• For jarring upward, perform the following: hydraulic jar
a. Cock the jar by setting weight down (approximately 500 lbf).
b. Reduce the pump rate, since high pumping pressure tends to lift the
tool upward, interfering with the set-down cocking procedure.

7-48 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

c. Stop pumping before firing the jar. d. Pull up with 1,000 lbf and wait until the tool releases
its impact force (fires).

• For jarring downward, perform the following:

a. Pull the workstring upward with 500 lbf.
b. Slow the pump rate before actually firing the jar.
c. Set down 1,000 lbf and wait until the jar fires.
Note Pump pressure actually helps cocking for downward jarring, but it should be slowed
or stopped before firing.

Table 7.28—Hydraulic Jar Specifications

Halliburton Part No. 101298145 100070910 100070922 101322222 101327660
OD (in.) 1.69 1.812 2.375 2.375 2.720
ID (in.) 0.500 0.330 0.563 0.563 0.560
Length-Down Mode (in.) 34.57 37.40 37.20 37.20 35.69
Length-Up Mode (in.) 28.57 31.10 31.00 31.00 29.49
Max. Tensile Load (lb) 24,500 26,000 57,000 57,000 57,000
Pressure Rating (psi) 15,000 15,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Impact Force (lbf) 20,000/ 25,000/ 36,000/ 36,000/ 36,000/
Up/Down 20,000 21,000 24,000 24,000 24,000
Top Thread 1-in. 1.315-in. OD 1.660-in. OD 1 1/2-in. 2 3/8-in. PAC
AMMT box 2.25-lb OECO 2.40-lb OECO AMMT box box
"A" box "A" box
Bottom Thread 1-in. 1.315-in. OD 1.660-in. OD 1 1/2-in. 2 3/8-in.
AMMT pin 2.25-lb OECO 2.40-lb OECO AMMT pin PAC pin
"A" pin "A" pin
Redress Kit No. 101321955 10004085 100070923 100070923 100070923

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-49

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Up/Down Accelerator
Up/down accelerators (Figure 7.25) are specifically designed for use with
coiled tubing hydraulic jars and the coiled tubing stem to form a heavy-duty
workstring. The accelerators store the energy required to shear pins, shift
sleeves, fish tools, and to pull or run plugs for jobs in which high-impact forces
are required. See Table 7.29 (Page 7-51) for specifications.

Features and Benefits

Up/down accelerators can provide the following features and benefits:

• Have pump-through capability.

• Have a surface assembly for either jarring up or down.
• Can be run in tandem to provide both upward and downward impact forces.
• Require low force to fully compress or extend spring.
• Generate high-impact forces when used with flowthrough stem and
hydraulic jars.
• Reduces toolstring length with compact design.
• Are suitable for use in wireline operations.
• Are H2S-compatible.

Applications

Up/down accelerators can be used in the following applications:

• Used with hydraulic jars to remove stuck tools from a wellbore.

• Used with hydraulic jars to set and retrieve flow controls on coiled tubing.
• Suitable for use in wireline operation.

Operation

To operate the up/down accelerator, perform the following steps:

1. Install the accelerator in the workstring above the flow-through stem,

hydraulic jar(s), and running or pulling tools.
2. Install a knuckle joint (Section 2) immediately above the accelerator to
help prevent side loading from the accelerator and jar(s). If the tubing
is larger than 2 7/8-in. OD, install a tubing centralizer between the
knuckle joint and the accelerator.

Figure 7.25—Up/do
wn accelerator

7-50 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.29—Up/Down Accelerator Specifications

Halliburton
101006480 100070931 100070939 101322224 101328700
Part No.
OD (in.) 1.690 1.810 2.375 2.375 2.72
ID (in.) 0.50 0.330 0.560 0.560 0.560
Length-Down
40.41 38.84 38.75 38.75 38.73
Mode (in.)
Length-Up Mode
34.49 32.81 32.81 32.81 32.79
(in.)
Maximum Tensile
18,000 17,000 45,000 45,000 45,000
(lb)
Pressure Rating
17,000 16,000 9,000 9,000 9,000
(psi)
Top Thread 1-in. AMMT 1.315-in. OD 2.25-lb 1.660-in. OD 2.40-lb 1 1/2-in. 2 3/8-in.
Box OECO "A" box OECO "A" box AMMT box PAC box
Bottom Thread 1-in. 1.315-in. OD 2.25-lb 1.660-in. OD 2.40-lb 1 1/2-in. 2 3/8-in.
AMMT pin OECO "A" pin OECO "A" pin AMMT pin PAC pin
Cycle Load (lb) 700 800 1,000 1,000 1,000
Redress Kit No. 100070932 100070932 100070940 100070940 100070940

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-51

Coiled Tubing Handbook

GS Hydraulically Activated Pulling Tool

GS hydraulically activated pulling tools (Figure 7.26) are used on coiled
tubing to retrieve downhole flow controls that use X-Line® Lock
Mandrels. The flow controls can be retrieved from landing nipples,
Sliding Side-Door® devices, or safety valve landing nipples in highly
deviated or horizontal wellbores. Table 7.30 (Page 7-53) provides
specifications for the GS hydraulically activated pulling tool.

Features and Benefits

The GS hydraulically activated pulling tool can provide the following

features and benefits:

• Designed specifically for coiled tubing applications.

• Ported to allow continuous circulation to wash sand and debris from
the fishneck before latching.
• Allow washing and retrieval of X-Line lock mandrels in a single trip.
• Can be released downhole either hydraulically or mechanically.
• Allow retrieval of X-Line lock mandrels in highly deviated or
horizontal wellbores in which standard wireline is not effective.
• Are suitable for use on wireline as a jar-down to- release pulling tool.
• Have premium thread connections.
• Are H2S-compatible.

Tool Retrieval

The GS hydraulically activated pulling tool is lowered into the well on

coiled tubing until the tool to be retrieved is reached. As the pulling tool
enters an internal fishneck, the engaging shoulder of the fishneck moves
the dogs up, compressing the dog spring. As the core of the pulling tool
moves into the fishneck, the dogs retract against a reduced OD on the
core, and the compressed spring moves the dogs down past the engaging
shoulder and onto the enlarged OD on the core. The pulling tool is
engaged in the tool to be retrieved.

Pulling Tool Release

If the downhole tool cannot be retrieved, the GS hydraulically activated

pulling tool can be released mechanically or hydraulically. Two release
options are available: jarring down or applying hydraulic pressure to force
the skirt up. Either of these methods shears the pins and moves the dogs
up. The dogs then retract against the reduced OD on the core and are
released from the fishneck. When a ball is pumped down the coiled tubing
to release the tool hydraulically, a surface indication is given by the drop
in pump pressure. While the tool is removed from the hole, circulation can
be maintained for well-control operations. A snap ring ensures that the Figure 7.26—GS hydrau-
pulling tool stays in the released position when the pins have sheared. The lically activated pulling
tool must be retrieved to the surface to redress before attempting to latch tool
back into the fishing neck.

7-52 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Operation

To operate the pulling tool, perform the following steps: (1) Use coiled tubing to lower the pulling tool
into the well until you reach the target. As the pulling tool enters an internal fishneck on the target, the
engaging shoulder on the fishneck moves the dogs up, compressing the dog spring. As the core of the
pulling tool moves into the fishneck, the dogs retract against a reduced OD on the core, and the
compressed spring moves the dogs down past the engaging shoulder and onto the enlarged OD on the
core. The pulling tool is engaged in the tool to be retrieved. (2) Attempt to retrieve the downhole fish.

• If the fish is retrieved successfully, perform the following:

a. Release the pulling tool from the fish by grasping the dog retainer with your thumb and fore-
finger.
b. Force the dog retainer up to compress the dog spring. This compression allows the dogs to
retract against the smaller OD of the core and release from the fishneck.

• If the fish cannot be retrieved, release the pulling tool by either jarring down or by first applying a
downward force of at least 500 lbf. Then apply hydraulic pressure with a ball to force the skirt up.
Both methods shear pins in the pulling tool and move the dogs up. The dogs then retract against the
reduced OD on the core and slip off the fishneck. When the ball is pumped down the tubing to release
the tool hydraulically, the drop in pump pressure gives a surface indication. Circulation is restored at
this point.

Note While retrieving the pulling tool, you may maintain circulation for well control. A
snap ring keeps the pulling tool in the released position after the pins are sheared.

Table 7.30—GS Hydraulically Activated Pulling Tool

SAP No. (Carrollton) 101038011 29470 101038012
Part No.
Legacy 140GS36800 140GS45000 140GS62801
Size (in.) 4 1/2 5 1/2 6 5/8
Max. OD (in.) 3.62 4.48 5.54
Length (in.) 19.63 19.63 35.87
1.315-in. OD 1.660-in. OD 2.375-in. OD
Top Thread 2.25-lb 2.25-lb 2.25-lb
OECO "A" Box OECO "A" Box OECO "A" Box
X-Lock Size (in.) 4½ 5½ 6 5/8
Will Engage Fishneck Size (in.) 3.120 4.000 4.750
Ball Size (in.) 5/16 5/16 N/A
Redress Kit. No. 698.20461 698.20461 140GS0Z801-K

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-53

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Flow-Releasing GS Pulling Tool

Flow-releasing GS pulling tools (Figure 7.27) are used on coiled tubing
to retrieve downhole flow controls that use X-Line® lock mandrels. The
flow controls can be retrieved from landing nipples, Sliding
Side-Door® devices, or safety valve landing nipples in highly deviated
or horizontal wellbores. Increasing the flow rate will force the
flow-releasing GS pulling tool to release from the fish. No ball drops
are required. See Table 7.31 (Page 7-55) for specifications.

Features and Benefits

The flow-releasing GS pulling tool can provide the following features

and benefits:

• Ported to allow continuous circulation to wash sand and debris

from the fishneck before latching.
• Allows washing and retrieval of X-Line lock mandrels in a single
trip.
• Can be released downhole hydraulically.
• Allows retrieval of X-Line lock mandrels in highly deviated or
horizontal wellbores in which standard wireline is not effective.
• Can relatch the fishneck multiple times without the need for pulling
out of the well to redress.
• Is H2S-compatible.

Operation

To operate the tool, perform the following steps:

1. Normally, the pulling tool is attached to the lower end of

fishing jars so that jarring can be performed while downhole.
2. Lower the pulling tool into the well with coiled tubing until you
reach the target.
3. Flow through the coiled tubing as the pulling tool approaches
the fishing neck.
4. Set down weight on the pulling tool to engage the fishing neck. Figure 7.27—Flow-releasing
As the tool enters the fishing neck profile, the dogs will retract GS pulling tool
and then snap back into place when they have fully entered the
neck.
5. Stop pumping.
6. Perform normal fishing operations to attempt to remove the fish.
7. If the fish is retrieved to the surface successfully, remove the fish from the pulling tool by grasp-
ing the dog retainer with your thumb and forefinger and pulling up to retract the dogs.

7-54 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

8. If the fish cannot be retrieved from the well, release from the fish to allow retrieval of the coiled
tubing.
a. Set down weight on the fish.
b. Flow above 40 gal/min to retract the dogs.
c. Pull up on the coiled tubing to disengage from the fish.
9. If necessary, the fish can be re-engaged by repeating Steps 2 to 5.

Table 7.31—Flow-Releasing GS Pulling Tool

Halliburton Part No. 101317979 101356954 101355628 101321225 101310465
Size (in.) 2 3/8 Speciala 2 7/8 3 1/2 3 1/2
Maximum OD (in.) 1.75 2.12 2.25 2.72 3.2
Length (in.) 13.98 17.28 17.28 19 19
Top Thread 1-in. 1 ½-in. 1 ½-in. 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in.
AMMT box AMMT box AMMT box PAC box IF box
X-Lock Size (in.) 2 3/8 Special 2 7/8 3 1/2 3 1/2
Compatible Fishneck Size (in.) 1.380 1.695 1.812 2.310 2.310
Tensile Strength (lb) 23,000 28,000 27,400 64,000 69,000
Pressure Rating (psi) 18,000 10,000 10,000 14,000 19,000
Flow Rate to Release (gal/min) 40 32 38 40 40
Service Rating H2 S H2 S H2 S H 2S Standard
aUse to fish 2.12-in motorhead

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-55

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Flow-Through Stem
Flow-through stems (Figure 7.28) are used as part of the coiled tubing
heavy-duty workstring to provide the additional mass necessary to generate
high-impact forces. Table 7.32 (Page 7-57) provides specifications for the
flow-through stem.

Features and Benefits

The flow-through stem can provide the following features and benefits:

• Flow-through design for continuous circulation.

• Sized to generate the maximum impact force within the tensile limitations
of the bottomhole assembly.
• Premium thread connections.
• Suitable for use in wireline operations.
• H2S-compatible.

Operation

To operate the tool, perform the following steps:

1. Install the tool between the up/down accelerator and the hydraulic jar.
2. Operate the workstring as described throughout this section.

Maintenance

Clean the tool inside and out to help prevent corrosion. Protect the threads with
thread protectors at all times when the tool is not made up in a workstring.

Figure 7.28—HCT
flow-through stem

7-56 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.32—Flow-Through Stem Specifications

Halliburton Part No. 101322501 100070961 100070962 101322502 101321316
OD (in.) 1.690 1.800 2.375 2.375 2.720
ID (in.) 0.50 0.34 0.62 0.62 1.00
Length (in.) 24.00 21.77 21.77 24.00 24.00
Weight (lb) 12 14 22 22 35
Threads 1-in. AMMT 1.315-in. OD 1.660-in. OD 1 1/2-in. AMMT 2 3/8-in. PAC
box × pin 2.25-lb OECO 3.02-lb OECO box × pin box × pin
"A" box × pin "A" box × pin
Pin Thread Protector 101336627 698.23990 698.23992 101336631 101242022
Box Thread Protector 101336628 698.23991 698.23993 101336632 101242023

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-57

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Hydra-Blast, CoilSweep, and Pulsonix Tools

Hydra-Blast Pro™ Rotating Tool
Description

The Hydra-Blast Pro™ rotating tool (Figure 7.29) uses a series of nozzles,
high-pressure fluid from the coiled tubing, and a rotating tool to cut,
erode, or dissolve deposits on the tubing or casing wall without damaging
any of the surfaces. Table 7.33 (Page 7-59) provides the specifications for
the 1.75-in. tool, and Table 7.34 (Page 7-59) provides the specifications
for the 2.88-in. tool.

Features and Benefits

The Hydra-Blast Pro rotating tool can provide the following features and
benefits:

• Service is performed without killing the well.

• Prejob software analysis improves results and reduces cost.
• It uses no mills or abrasives, reducing wear on tubulars.
• It can clean diameters much larger than the tool OD.

Applications

The Halliburton Hydra-Blast® service is a totally planned cleaning process

for oil, gas, injection, and geothermal wells, as well as flowlines. Scale
buildup can cause a choking effect, increasing the bottomhole pressure
required to maintain flow capacity. By combining fluid-jet technology
with the proven performance of coiled tubing, the Hydra-Blast® service
provides an extremely effective solution for many wellbore cleanout
problems.

Operation, Maintenance, Disassembly, and Assembly

For operation, maintenance, disassembly, and assembly instructions, refer

to online manuals for each tool.

• For the 1.75-in. OD tools, see Manual No. 101241870 at the following
link:
http://halworld.halnet.com/hes/Hesps/hespspe/ hespspe_CT
/hespspe_ CTT/hespspe_CTT_manuals/ hespspe_CTT_manuals_
content/ 101241870/ 101241870.pdf

• For the 2.88-in. OD tools, see Manual No. 101274563 at the following
link:
<http://halworld.halnet.com/HES/Hesps/hespspe/ hespspe_CT Figure 7.29—Hydra-Blast
/hespspe_CTT/hespspe_CTT_manuals/ hespspe_CTT_manuals_ Pro™ rotating tool
content/101274563.pdf>

7-58 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.33—1.75-in. OD Hydra-Blast Pro Rotating Tool Specifications

Part No. 100071267 101208071
Top Connection 1.315-in. OECO "A" Box 1.25-in. AMMT Box
Tool Length (in.) 52.25 52.25
Service Rating Standard Standard
Repair Kit Part No. 698.25201 698.25201

Cleaning Head OD (in.) Head Part No. Adapter Part No.

1.60 698.25052 698.25247
1.75 698.25053 698.25247
1.90 698.25054 698.25247
2.00 698.25055 698.25247
2.16 698.25150 698.25249
2.30 698.25151 698.25249
2.60 698.25152 698.25249
2.75 698.25153 698.25249
Note—Part Nos. 6998.25053, 698.25247, and 698.25249 are included in the assembly.

Table 7.34—2.88-in. OD Hydra-Blast Pro Rotating Tool Specifications

Part No. 101274562
Top Connection 2.375-in. OECO "A" Box a
Tool Length (in.) 80.53
Service Rating Standard
Repair Kit Part No. 101274564

Cleaning Head OD Cleaning Body Adapter Nose Cap

(in.) Part No. Part No. Part No.
2.90 100071247 101274579 100071246
3.14 100071248 101274579 100071246
3.41 100071251 101282411 100071250
3.70 100071252 101282411 100071250
3.95 100071253 101282411 100071250
4.14 100071256 101282413 100071255
4.42 100071257 101282413 100071255
4.70 100071258 101282413 100071255
5.50 100071259 101282414 100071261
6.00 100071262 101282414 100071261
a
2 3/8-in. PAC box also available.
Note—Part Nos. 101274579, 100071247, and 100021746 are included in the assembly.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-59

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Hydra-Blast™ Indexing Tool

The Hydra-Blast™ indexing tool (Figure 7.30) uses a series of nozzles,
high-pressure fluid from the coiled tubing, and an indexing tool to cut, erode,
or dissolve deposits on the tubing or casing wall without damaging any of the
surfaces. Table 6.2.A provides the specifications for the 1.60-in. OD tool, and
Table 6.2.B provides the specifications for the 2.90-in. OD tool.

Features and Benefits

The Hydra-Blast indexing tool can provide the following features and
benefits:

• Service is performed without killing the well.

• Prejob software analysis improves results and reduces cost.
• It uses no mills or abrasives, reducing wear on tubulars.
• It can clean diameters much larger than the tool OD.
• It is H2S-compatible.

Applications

The Halliburton Hydra-Blast® service is a totally planned cleaning process for

oil, gas, injection, and geothermal wells, as well as flowlines. Scale buildup
can cause a choking effect, increasing the bottomhole pressure required to
maintain flow capacity. By combining fluid-jet technology with the proven
performance of coiled tubing, the Hydra-Blast service provides an extremely
effective solution for many wellbore cleanout problems.

Operation

Follow these steps to operate the Hydra-Blast indexing tool:

1. Run a Hydra-Blast software analysis to establish correct nozzle-jet

sizes and rate of tubing descent (or retraction) to achieve optimum
cleaning.
2. Ensure that the tool has been redressed and properly assembled.
3. Install the correct nozzles in the nozzle head.
4. Apply Loctite® thread compound to threads and make up the nozzle
head and adapter sub to the mandrel as described on.
5. Use CT to run the tool to the desired depth.
6. Establish the pump rate and pressure determined by the Hydra-Blast
software.
7. Pump and run the tool over the depth interval to be cleaned. Figure 7.30—Hydra-
Blast™ indexing tool
8. Decrease pressure to a point below 200 psi.
9. Increase pressure to a point above 200 psi. You have now rotated the
nozzle 30°. Pull the Hydra-Blast tool over the same interval.
10. Repeat Steps 8 and 9 until you determine that the cleanup is complete.

7-60 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

11. Stop the pumping operation.

12. Retrieve the tool from the well.
13. Perform redress/maintenance procedures as instructed in "Disassembly" and in "Assembly."

Table 7.35—1.60 in. OD Hydra-Blast Indexing Tool Specifications

Part No. 100071202
Top Connection 1.315-in. OD, 2.25-lb OECO "A" box
Minimum ID (in.) 0.50
Tool Length (in.) 42.39
Service Rating H2 S
Repair Kit Part No. 698.25001

Cleaning Head OD Head Adapter

(in.) Part No. Part No.
1.60 698.25052 698.25050
1.75 698.25053 698.25050
1.90 698.25054 698.25050
2.00 698.25055 698.25050
2.16 698.25150 698.25051
2.30 698.25151 698.25051
2.60 698.25152 698.25051

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-61

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.36—2.90-in. OD Hydra-Blast™ Indexing Tool Specifications

Part No. 100071229
Top Connection 2 3/8-in.OD, 5.30-lb OECO "A" boxa
Minimum ID (in.) 0.88
Tool Length (in.) 69.98
Service Rating H2 S
Repair Kit Part No. 698.25101

Cleaning Head OD Threaded Adapter Nose Body

(in.) Part No. Part No. Part No.
2.90 698.25120 698.25121 698.25122
3.14 698.25120 698.25121 698.25125
3.41 698.25126 698.25127 698.25128
3.75 698.25126 698.25127 698.25129
3.95 698.25126 698.25127 698.25130
4.14 698.25131 698.25132 698.25133
4.42 698.25131 698.25132 698.25134
4.70 698.25131 698.25132 698.25135
5.50 698.25137 698.25138 698.25136
6.00 698.25137 698.25138 698.25139
a
1.660-in. OD, 2.40-lb OECO "A" box adapter optional, Part No. 698.25105

7-62 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

CT Downhole Inline Filter

Halliburton's downhole inline filter (Figure 7.31) for coiled tubing is available
in three sizes. It is used between the coiled tubing and jet cleaning tools to
prevent contaminants from entering and plugging the jet orifices.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.37 provides the specifications for the CT downhole inline filter. This
tool can provide the following features and benefits:

• It extends the life of jet orifices.

• Screens are reusable after cleaning.
• It is H2S-compatible.

Applications

The primary application for this tool is for filtering the cleaning fluid used in
Hydra-Blast® service operations. However, the filter can be used in other
toolstrings when clean fluid is important.

Operation

To operate the downhole inline filter, perform the following steps:

1. Install the filter between the coiled tubing and the jetting tools.
2. Retrieve and clean the filter if pumping pressures rise during the job.

Table 7.37—CT Downhole Inline Filter Specifications

Part No. 100070963 100070966 100070972
Tool Size
1.69 in. 2.00 in. 2.90 in.
(OD)
Screen Part
698.20326 698.20326 698.25301
No.
Screen Slot
0.020 0.020 0.040
Width (in.)
Makeup
23.81 25.04 33.29
Length (in.)
Connections 1.315-in. OD, 1.660-in. OD, 2 3/8 -in. OD,
2.25-lb OECO "A" 2.40-lb OECO "A" 5.30-lb OECO
Box × Pin Box × Pin "A" Box × Pin

Figure 7.31—CT
downhole inline filter

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-63

Coiled Tubing Handbook

CT Surface Inline Filters

Halliburton's CT surface inline filter (Figure 7.32) is used between the pump
and coiled tubing reel to remove contaminants that may plug the
Hydra-Blast™ tool jets. Table 7.38 provides the specifications for the CT
surface inline filter.

Features and Benefits

CT surface inline filters can provide the following features and benefits:

• Surface location simplifies frequent cleaning.

• Tripping out of hole is minimized for cleaning of downhole filter.
• It uses standard 1502 WECO connections.

Applications

The surface inline filter can be used on the surface to catch any
contaminants coming from the pumping unit and the pressure lines before
they enter the coiled tubing. This filtration is necessary on Hydra-Blast®
service operations to minimize jet erosion and reduce the number of CT
trips required to keep the downhole filter from plugging.

Operation

Install the filter at the point in the pumping line immediately before fluid
enters the tubing.

Table 7.38—CT surface Inline Filter Specifications

2-in. 1502 3-in. 1502
Connections
WECO WECO
Part Number 100071305 100071306
Screen Part Number 698.25301 698.25311
Screen Slot Width 0.040 0.040
in. (cm) (0.10) (0.10)
Service Standard Standard

Figure 7.32—CT
surface inline filters

7-64 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

CoilSweep™ Sand Cleaning Tool

The CoilSweep™ sand cleaning tool (Figure 7.33) is part of a system used to
effectively clean sand from highly deviated wellbores. It is designed to be used
in conjunction with specially designed fluids to carry the sand from the well.
Table 7.39 provides specifications for this tool.

Features and Benefits

The CoilSweep sand cleaning tool has the following features and benefits:

• Jet orientation to swirl and sweep sand

• Premium thread connections
• Replaceable nozzles for longer tool life and optimum cleaning efficiency
• H2S compatibility

Applications

Highly deviated wells with sand production problems are very difficult to clean
out with traditional circulation techniques. The sand tends to fall out and settle to
the low side of the hole, and a large percentage of the sand is never removed from
the well. The CoilSweep tool uses a computer-designed system of fluid blends
and this tool to suspend and sweep the sand from the well.

Operation

After modeling a job on a proprietary software package, choose a fluid system

and select the nozzle sizes that can best clean the well. At the jobsite, the fluid is
pumped at certain rates while the tool is removed from the well.

Table 7.39—CoilSweep Sand Cleaning Tool Specifications

Part Number 101232564 101292619
OD (in.) 1.69 2.375
ID (in.) 0.50 1.00
Makeup Length (in.) 56.59 59.68
Top Thread 1.315-in. OD, 2.25 lb/ft 1.660-in. OD, 3.02 lb/ft
Connection OECO "A" box OECO "A" box
Service Rating H2 S H2 S
Tensile Rating (lb) 19,500 65,000
Pressure Rating (psi) 14,800 13,000

Figure 7.33—Coil
Sweep™ sand
cleaning tool

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-65

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pulsonix™ Oscillating Tool

The Pulsonix™ service tool (Figure 7.34) is based on patented fluidic
oscillator technology that causes alternating bursts of fluid. These
bursts of fluid create pulsating pressure waves within the wellbore and
formation fluids. These pressure waves can break up many types of
near-wellbore damage, helping restore and enhance the permeability
of the perforations and near-wellbore area. The pressure waves
expand spherically, providing 360° coverage while the tool is moved
through the interval. As damage is removed, the waves penetrate
deeper into the formation.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.40 (Page 7-67) provides the specifications for the Pulsonix
oscillating tool. This tool can provide the following features and
benefits:

• Reliability—no moving parts or packing elements that could fail

• Small size—1.25-in. and 1.50-in. OD sizes available
• Fast—clean out fill and stimulate well in one trip

Applications

Pulsonix® service incorporates Halliburton's coiled tubing expertise

with proven fluidic oscillator technology. This combination is highly
effective for the following applications:

• Removal of near wellbore damage

• Primary stimulation of high-permeability formations
• Preparation before stimulation treatments
• Preparation for gravel-packing or frac-packing operations
• Cleaning out fill from open hole or casing
Figure 7.34—Pulsonix™ oscil-
• Alteration of injection profiles lating tool
• Correct placement of treating chemicals See Table 7.41 (Page
7-67) for accessories. Figure 7.35 is a detail of the tool.

Operation

To operate the Pulsonix tool, perform the following steps:

1. Attach the Pulsonix tool to the coiled tubing using either:

• A roll-on connector machined with the appropriate box thread (Figure 6.6.B)
• A coiled tubing connector with a 1.315-in. OECO "A" pin and the crossover (Part No.
101307418)
2. Run into the well to the required working depth.
3. Begin pumping at the recommended rate for the tool size chosen for the job.

7-66 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.40—Pulsonix™ Tool Specifications

Part No. 101294667 101294671
Tool Size OD (in.) 1.25 1.50
Makeup Length (in.) 3.00 3.50
Recommended Flow Rate (bbl/min) 1.00 1.75 to 2.00
Upper Thread Connection 1.00-in. 14 UNS pin 1.00-in. 14 UNS pin
Replacement O-ring Part No. 100012942 100012942

Table 7.41—Pulsonix™ Tool Accessories

Description Part No.
Wear gauge 101298365
Crossover—1.315 OECO "A" box to
101307418
Pulsonix 1.00 -14 UNS box

Figure 7.35—Pulsonix oscillating tool thread details.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-67

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Setting Tools and Downhole Force Generator

Hydraulic Setting Tools
Description

Halliburton's hydraulic setting tools (Figure 7.36) can be used to set cast-iron
bridge plugs, Fas Drill® plugs and packers, permanent packers, or squeeze
cement retainers. Specifications for the hydraulic setting tool are provided in
Table 7.42 (Page 7-69).

Features and Benefits

Hydraulic setting tools can provide the following features and benefits:

• Bottom connections emulate common wireline setting tools.

• Tools have circulation ports available to use for spotting cement.
• Tools can be run on regular tubing or coiled tubing.
• Operation does not require explosives.

Applications

These setting tools can be used for any application where a conventional
wireline setting tool would be used. Because no explosives are required, no
special training is required to operate them. Horizontal wells and wells
without a rig that already have a coiled tubing unit in place are the most
common applications for these setting tools.

Operation

To operate the hydraulic setting tool, perform the following steps:

1. Circulate through the workstring as required before setting the

packer or plug.
2. Ensure that the pulling pistons are pinned in place to prevent prema-
ture setting of the packer or plug while it is running in the well. The
1/4-in. Driv-Lok® pin between the extension sleeve and ball-drop
circulating sub performs this function.
3. When the tool is located at the proper depth, pump a steel ball to the
seat in the circulating valve assembly.
4. Apply pressure to the workstring to shear the extension sleeve
setting pin and activate the pulling cylinders. As more pressure is
applied, the cylinders will generate increasing force, setting and
releasing the packer or plug.
5. Continue to build pressure in the workstring above the ball so that
the ball-drop sleeve shears open, establishing circulation through the
Figure 7.36—Hydraulic
assembly.
setting tool

7-68 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.42—CT Hydraulic Setting Tool Specifications

Tool OD (in.) 1.81 3.64 3.81
Halliburton Part No. 120125425 101054134 101203462
Tool Length (in.) a 33.80 41.98
93.66
Stroke (in.) 10.0 6.68 12.0
Working Area (in.2) 4.062 9.91 10.82
Maximum Force (lb) b c d
19,497 40,135 55,000
Ball Size (in.) 7/16 7/8 5/8
Service Rating Standard Standard Standard
Top Connection 1.315-in. OD 2.25-lb 2 3/8-in. EUE 2 7/8-in. EUE
OECO "A" box 8-rd box 8-rd box
Bottom Connection 1 11/16-in. GO Baker #10 Baker #20
setting tool setting tool setting tool
eMaximum 10,000 11,000 8,400
Pressure (psi)
eTensile 17,500 78,000 73,000
Rating(lb)
Redress Kit Part No. f f f
100070998 698.20671 100070991
a
This is the maximum length of the tool with four cylinders.
b
This calculation is based on a shear-pin rating of 4,800 psi.
c
This calculation is based on a shear-pin rating of 4,050 psi.
d
This calculation is based on a shear-pin rating of 5,150 psi.
e
This is the pressure/tensile rating after the tool is fully stroked.
fThe kit includes O-rings, ball, and Driv-Lok®pins.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-69

Coiled Tubing Handbook

PressureSetPro™ Tool
The PressureSetPro™ tool (Figure 7.2.A) can be run above a wireline
setting tool to convert the setting tool from explosive to hydraulic
operation. Table 7.43 (Page 7-71) provides the specifications for this tool.

Features and Benefits

The PressureSetPro™ tool can provide the following features and benefits:

• Improves safety due to nonexplosive operation.

• Eliminates transportation and handling of explosives.
• Does not require explosive-trained personnel.
• Is compatible with common wireline setting tools.
• Provides improved, controllable slow set of slips and elements.
• Is easily redressed; no special training required.
• Usable on coiled or jointed tubing.

Applications

The PressureSetPro™ tool can be used for setting any device that is
normally set on wireline setting tools, including:

• Packers
• Bridge plugs
• Cement retainers
• Sump packers
• Whipstocks

Operation

To convert the wireline setting tool to hydraulic operation, remove the

power charge from the wireline setting tool and attach the
PressureSetPro™ tool. The PressureSetPro™ tool works through pressure
intensification. After the tool is located to setting depth, pressure is built up
in the intensifier chamber. When the pins in the piston retainer sleeve
shear, the multiplier generates the necessary setting pressure. Based on
input pressure, setting pressure generated can be as much as 18,000
psi—more than adequate for any setting tool. The plug setting ring then
shears and the downhole device is successfully set. For detailed operating
instructions, including disassembly and assembly instructions, refer to the
PressureSetPro™ tool manual on the HalWorld website at the following
link:
Figure 7.37—Pressure-
<http://halworld.halnet.com/hes/Hesps/hespspe/hespspe_CT/hespspe_CT SetPro™ tool
T/hespspe_CTT_manuals/hespspe_CTT_manuals_content/101251577.
pdf>

7-70 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.43—PressureSetPro Tool Specifications

Halliburton Part No. 100071021 100071025 100071033
Max. OD (in.) 1.69 2.5 3.5
Compatible Wireline • 1 11/16-in. GO Shorty
• 2 1/2-in. GO Shorty • 3 1/2-in. GO Shorty
Setting Tool • 1 11/16-in. GO Long stroke
• Baker #10 • Baker #20
• Baker #05
Top Thread 1.660-in. OD, 1.660-in. OD,
1.315-in. OD,
3.02-lb 3.02-lb
2.25-lb OECO "A" Box
OECO "A" Box OECO "A" Box
Max. Tensile Rating
40,000 77,000 88,000
(lbf)
Max. Burst Rating
18,000 16,500 14,000
(psi)
Service Rating Standard Standard Standard

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-71

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pressure-Activated Firing Head with Wireline

Setting Tools
Description
The pressure-activated firing head (Figure 7.38) comes in three sizes:
1 11/16-, 2 3/4-, and 3 3/8-in. The firing head takes the place of a
blasting cap or fuse used in typical wireline operations. The tool is
fired by application of surface pressure against a shear-pinned piston.
When the piston shears, it is driven down to fire the initiator and also
exposes circulation ports so that the tubing string can be pulled dry.

Refer to the installation manuals listed in Table 7.44 for

installation, operation, and maintenance instructions. Table 7.45 (Page
7-73) provides the specifications for the adapters from firing heads to
setting tools. Table 7.46 (Page 7-73) provides the specifications for the
accessory parts and tools.

Features and Benefits

The firing head can provide the following features and benefits:
• Explosives can be activated without wireline, resulting in safer
operation.
• Circulation can take place through the head after firing has
occurred.
• Shear-pin strength can be adjusted for specific well applications.

Applications
The pressure-activated firing head can be adapted for use with TCP
guns, wireline setting tools, chemical cutters, and severing tools.

For operations, disassembly, assembly, and maintenance instructions,

refer to the Pressure-Activated Firing Head Manual on the HalWorld
website at the following link:

<http://halworld.halnet.com/HES/Hesps/hespspe/ hespspe_CT/
hespspe_CTT/hespspe_CTT_manuals/ hespspe_CTT_manuals_
content/101251577.pdf> Figure 7.38—Pressure-
activated firing head

Table 7.44—Pressure-Activated Firing Head Specifications

Size (in.) 1 11/16 2 3/4 3 3/8
Tool Part No. 100005224 100014153 100014155
Tool Length (in.) 9.88 17.98 19.26
Service Rating Standard Standard Standard
Top Connection 1.315 NU 10rd pin 2 3/8EU 8rd pin 2 7/8 EU 8rd pin
Bottom Connection 1 7/16-8UN box 2 3/8-6 Acme box 2 7/8-6 Acme box
Installation Manual Part No. D00092488 D00100138 D00100138

7-72 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.45—Adapters from Firing Heads to Setting Tools

Compatible Compatible Wireline
Part No.
Firing Head Setting Tool
100070833 1 11/16-in. 1 ½ in. GO Shorty
100070834 1 11/16-in. 1 11/16in. GO Long Stroke
100070835 1 11/16-in. 2 ½-in. GO Shorty
100070837 1 11/16-in. Baker #10
100070836 1 11/16-in. 3 ½-in. GO Shorty
100070838 1 11/16-in. Baker #20
101201420 3 3/8-in. 3 ½-in. GO Shorty
101004447 3 3/8-in. Baker #20

Table 7.46—Accessory Parts and Tools

Part No. Description
100070839 Secondary igniter seat—Baker tool
100083009 Blast diffuser plate
100070830 1.66-in. OD Lockdown circulating sub
100155738 1.75-in. OD telescoping sub

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-73

Coiled Tubing Handbook

X-Line® Hydraulically Activated Running Tool

X-Line® hydraulically activated running tools (Figure 7.39) are used in

highly deviated or horizontal wellbores to set downhole flow controls that
use X-Line® lock mandrels in landing nipples, Sliding Side-door® devices, or
safety-valve landing nipples.

Features and Benefits

Specifications for the X-Line® hydraulically activated running tool are
given in Table 7.47 (Page 7-75). This tool can provide the following features
and benefits:
• Designed specifically for coiled tubing applications.
• Has an internal check to eliminate the possibility of collapsing the coiled
tubing as it is run into the wellbore.
• Allows setting of X-Line® Lock Mandrels in highly deviated or
horizontal wellbores in which standard wireline is ineffective.
• Can be selectively set.
• Provides surface indications of set position.
• Has premium thread connections.
• Is H2S-compatible.

Operation
1. Run in hydraulically activated running tools on coiled tubing until
the necessary nipple profile is reached.
2. When the tool is above the nipple where the flow control will be set
and below the nearest identical nipple, apply internal pressure.
3. The flow forces the check ball to seat, which increases the pressure.
4. The increased pressure shears a set of pins, allowing the piston of the
running tool and the fishneck of the lock to travel downward, which
expands the keys of the lock into the "locate" position.
5. A snap ring keeps the lock in the "locate" position, and a dampening
chamber prevents impact shear of the second set of pins.
6. The keys continue down the wellbore and locate in the nipple pro-
file.
7. Flow is reapplied to force the ball back on the seat.
8. Pressure builds in the running tool until a second set of pins shear
and force the piston to travel downward to engage the locking keys
into the nipple profile.
9. The retaining lugs of the running tool release from the fishneck of
the lock, and circulation grooves are uncovered to give the operator Figure 7.39—X-Line®
a surface indication that the lock mandrel is set. hydraulically activated
running tool
10. Tension is applied to the coiled tubing to activate the jars and release
the running tool from the lock mandrel.

7-74 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.47—X-Line Hydraulically Activated Running Tool Specifications

Tubing Size (in.) 2 3/8 2 7/8 3 1/2 4 1/2 5 1/2
Maximum OD (in.) 1.75 2.19 2.72 3.66 4.41
Nipple Bore ID (in.) 1.875 2.313 2.750 3.813 4.562
Length (in.) 32.79 32.76 33.35 33.72 33.72
Engaging Core (in.) 1.120 1.495 1.735 2.610 3.110
aPressure Rating — — — — —
Prong Thread 1/2-in. 5/8-in. 3/4-in. 2 1/8-in. 2 1/2-in.
13 UNC Box 11 UNC Box 10 UNC 12 UN 12 UN
Top Thread 1.315-in. OD, 1.315-in. OD, 1.315-in. OD, 1.315-in. OD, 1.660-in. OD,
2.25-lb 2.25-lb 2.25-lb 2.25-lb 2.25-lb
OECO "A" box OECO "A" box OECO "A" box OECO "A" box OECO "A" box
X-Lock Size (in.) 2 3/8 2 7/8 3 1/2 4 1/2 4 1/2
Engage Size (in.) 1.38 1.81 2.31 3.12 4.00
Part Halliburton 698.20480 100070981 698.20520 698.20540 698.20540
No. Otis 141 XO 18701 141 XO 18701 141 XO 18701 141 XO 38100 141 XO 45000
Redress Kit Part No. 698.20481 698.20501 698.20521 698.20521 N/A
a
Equal to rating of tubing

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-75

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Downhole Force Generator

The downhole force generator (Figure 7.40) provides a means to push and pull
with coiled tubing in deep and highly deviated wells. See Table 7.48 (Page 7-77)
for specifications.

Features and Benefits

The downhole force generator can provide the following features and benefits:

• The system passes through the nipple and sets in the tubing below.
• It can push and pull discriminately and repeatedly on the same run in the well.
• The magnitude of force is controlled by applied pressure acting on a known
area.
• It can create high pushing/pulling forces at the end of the coiled tubing string
in highly deviated and horizontal wellbores.
• Cyclic fatigue on the coiled tubing string is minimized when used in fishing
operations.
• Gentle shearing and shifting action eliminates impact loading.
• It is simple to operate.

Applications

The downhole force generator can be used for the following applications:

• Shifting sleeves in deep and highly deviated wells.

• Fishing in deep and highly deviated wells.

Operation

Before activating the tool, take an accurate weight reading by working the string
up and down close to the working depth.

Caution Never apply pressure on the tubing unless the hydraulic

hold-down assembly is within the tubing where it will be
used. The slips could blow out of the hold-down body.

Note To determine the output forces, refer to Table 7.48 (Page 7-77).

Figure 7.40—Down-
hole force generator

7-76 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pulling

Perform the following steps when pulling with the tool:

1. To help ensure that the force generator is stroked out (fully extended), pull a recommended 300
lb on the tool being fished or set.
2. Start pumping slowly, and gradually increase the rate. (The velocity check-valve will close at
approximately 1/2 bbl/min).
3. When the valve closes, the amount of pressure applied will determine the amount of force being
applied to the tool. The hold-down slips will be forced against the casing or tubing and the tool
will stroke approximately 10 in. from this point.

Pushing

Perform the following steps when pushing with the tool:

1. Apply weight to the tool being set.

2. Place a recommended 300 lb on the tool to help ensure that the force generator is in the
stroked-closed (fully retracted) position.
3. Start pumping slowly and gradually increase the rate. (The velocity check-valve will close at
approximately 1/2 bbl/min).
4. When the valve closes, the amount of pressure applied will determine the amount of force being
applied to tool. The hold-down slips will be forced against the casing or tubing, and the tool will
stroke approximately 10 in. from this point.

Table 7.48—Downhole Force Generator Specifications

Part No. (complete string) 101002425 101002435 698.25750 698.25850
Tubing OD Size (in.) 2 3/8 2 7/8 3 1/2 a
4 1/2
Tool OD (in.) 1.81 2.18 2.72 3.62
Pushing Stroke (in.) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Pulling Stroke (in.) 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
Extended Length (in.) 101.36 105.21 107.52 118.00
Retracted Length (in.) 81.32 85.17 87.81 98.28
Push Force (lbf) at 5,000 psi 8,800 12,650 22,150 22,150
Pull Force (lbf) at 5,000 psi 8,650 13,650 22,000 22,000
Max. Pressure (psi) 10,000 10,000 7,500 7,500
Max. Tensile Strength (lbf) 17,500 18,000 40,000 40,000
Part No. (holddown body) 698.25500 698.25600 698.25700 698.25800
Part No. (push cylinder) 698.25560 698.25660 698.25760 698.25760
Part No. (pull cylinder) 698.25540 698.25640 698.25740 698.25740
Part No. (vel check valve) 698.25680 698.25680 698.25780 698.25780
Part No. Assembly Redress Kit 698.25551 698.25651 698.25751 b—

a
A consists of 3 ½-in. assembly with a 4 ½-in. holddown assembly
b
Use kits 698.25741, 698.25761, and 698.25807 for redress

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-77

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Logging and Perforating

Coiled Tubing Mechanical-Release Cablehead
Description

Halliburton's coiled tubing mechanical-release cablehead assemblies

(Figure 7.41) allow logging or perforating tools to be coupled to an
electric-line coiled tubing unit. Both monoconductor and multiconductor
assemblies are available. Table 7.49 (Page 7-79) provides specifications for
this tool.

Features and Benefits

The CT cablehead can provide the following features and benefits:

• Cablehead can be installed off-site and stabbed through the injector

during rig-up to save time (1.50- and 2.00-in. sizes).
• Optional check valves allow for circulation during logging while
preventing wellbore fluids from entering the coiled tubing.
• An adjustable mechanical disconnect provides a predictable weak point
with a standard fishing neck to allow easy release from tools (1.50- and
2.00-in. sizes).

Applications

Coiled tubing mechanical-release cablehead assemblies are designed for

coiled tubing logging and perforating applications. The cables used with the
cablehead can have from one to seven conductors, and can be up to 15/32-in.
OD. Most of the cablehead can be built in the shop. This process saves rig-up
time on location and provides a safer work environment by eliminating the
need to assemble the cablehead under the injector. The cablehead can be
configured to use either cased-hole logging tools and perforating equipment
or openhole tools.

Operation, Maintenance, and Assembly

For operation and maintenance instructions, refer to online manuals at the

following links:

• 1.50-in. OD cablehead
<http://halworld.halnet.com/HES/Hesps/hespspe/hespspe_CT/hespspe
_CTT/hespspe_CTT_manuals/hespspe_CTT_manuals_content/698350
50.pdf>
• 2.00-in. OD cablehead
<http://halworld.halnet.com/HES/Hesps/hespspe/hespspe_CT/hespspe
_CTT/hespspe_CTT_manuals/hespspe_CTT_manuals_content/698352 Figure 7.41—CT
50.pdf> mechanical release
cablehead

7-78 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.49—Coiled Tubing Mechanical-Release Cablehead Specifications

Tool OD (in.) 1.50 2.00
Halliburton Part No. 100071339 100071438
Coiled Tubing Size (in.) 1.00 to 1.50 1.50 and above
Top Connection Roll-on or OECO "A" box Roll-on or OECO "A" box
1 3/16-in. 12 UN 1 3/16-in. 12 UN
Bottom Connection
Type"A" pin Type "A" pin or 3 5/8-in. DITS
Fishing Neck Size (in.) 1.000 External 1.375 External
Emergency Release Force 3,200 to 10,000 5,000 to 30,000
Range (lb)
Logging Cable 7/32- or 5/16-in. 5/16-in. monoconductor or
monoconductor 3/8-, 7/16 -, 0.457-, or
15/32-in. multiconductor

Installation Manual 698.35050 698.35250

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-79

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Flow-Releasing Cablehead

Halliburton's coiled tubing flow-releasing cablehead (Figure 7.42) provides a
rugged method of attaching logging and perforating tools to electric line coiled
tubing units.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.50 (Page 7-81) provides specifications for the CT flowreleasing

cablehead. The cablehead can provide the following features and benefits:

• Much of the assembly can be done offsite, which saves time rigging up
once on the wellsite.
• Very rugged design is ideal for conveying heavy gun strings.
• Three-step release process helps prevent accidental release during
perforating.
• Check valves allow for circulating while logging but prevent flow back up
the coiled tubing.
• Built-in quick-change on the cablehead eases makeup to the logging tools
or guns.

Applications

The flow-releasing cablehead can be used for most types of logging or

perforating that use monoconductor cable. It is particularly well-suited to heavy
perforating operations.

Operation, Maintenance, and Assembly

For operating and maintenance instructions, refer to the 2.50-in. OD Coiled

Tubing Flow-Releasing Cablehead Manual on HalWorld at the following link:

http://halworld.halnet.com/HES/Hesps/hespspe/hespspe_CT/hespspe_CTT/he
spspe_CTT_manuals/hespspe_CTT_manuals_content/101213514all.pdf

Figure 7.42—CT flow-

releasing cablehead

7-80 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.50—Coiled Tubing Flow-Releasing Cablehead Specifications

Tool OD (in.) 2.50
Halliburton Part No. 101201583
Coiled Tubing Size (in.) 1.50 and above
Top Connection OECO "A" box or AMMT box
Bottom Connection 1 3/16-in. 12 UN Type "A" pin
Fishing Neck Size (in.) 1.812 Internal
Emergency Release Force Flow-release in conjunction with shear pins
Range (lb)
Logging Cable 7/32- or 5/16-in. monoconductor
or 3/8-, 7/16 -, 0.457-, or 15/32-in. multiconductor
Installation Manual 101213514

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-81

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Deployment Bars
Deployment bars (Figure 7.43) are used in coiled tubing logging operations
when the toolstring is longer than the available lubricator. The deployment bar
can be run in between tool sections and allow the tools to be suspended in the
coiled tubing blow-out preventers (BOP). In addition, the bar allows for sealing
against wellbore pressure using the BOP seal rams.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.51 lists the available deployment bars. Deployment bars can
provide the following features and benefits:
• Simple to use.
• Easy to maintain.
• Eases rig-up for coiled tubing logging jobs.
• Eliminates the need for an extremely tall crane to support the CT injector.
• Can be used on high-pressure wells.

Applications
Deployment bars are often used on coiled tubing logging or perforating jobs
where the toolstring length exceeds 30 feet. The bars are very useful on
production logging jobs where the toolstrings are long and the well is usually
logged while live.

Operation
A long toolstring should be broken into sections that are shorter than the
available lubricator length. There should be one less deployment bar than the
number of tool sections. For instance, if the lubricator length dictates that a
toolstring needs to be run in three separate sections, then two deployment bars
will be needed.
1. Attach a deployment bar at the top of each of the lower tool sections.
2. Deploy the first section into the well until the deployment bar straddles
the BOP rams.
3. Close the slip and seal rams, bleed the pressure off the lubricator.
4. Detach the lubricator and lift it up to allow the cablehead to be removed
from the deployment bar.
5. Attach the second tool section and repeat the process.
6. To remove the tools from the well, simply reverse the order of the steps.
Figure 7.43—Deploy-
ment bar

Table 7.51—Deployment Bars

Part No. Bar Seal Diameter (in.) Makeup Length (ft) Thread Type
698.35160 1.25 7.0 1 3/16-in. 12UN Type "A" box × pin
100071423 1.50 7.0 1 3/16-in. 12UN Type "A" box × pin

7-82 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Surface Termination Assembly

A coiled tubing unit (CTU) with electric line requires a surface termination inside the reel. The
termination (Figure 7.44) provides an electrical feed-through while maintaining pressure integrity of the
flow path.

Features and Benefits

The surface termination assembly can provide the following features and benefits:

• 1502 connections fit most coiled tubing reels.

• Pressure integrity of the e-line CTU to 10,000-psi working pressure

Applications

Available surface termination assemblies are listed in Table 7.52. The surface termination assembly
should be used with a CTUs with electric line installed.

Operation

When the termination assembly is installed on the reel, it becomes an integral part of the reel and needs
no operating procedures. With proper maintenance, it can provide many hours of trouble-free service.

Figure 7.44—Surface termination assembly

Table 7.52—Surface Termination Assemblies

Part No. Reel Type Cable Type
997.07300 30K with shaft Monoconductor
100081921 30K with shaft Multiconductor
100081922 60K DNV shaftless Multiconductor
100081923 60K shaftless Multiconductor

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-83

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Depth Measuring Heads

Halliburton offers several depth measuring heads, or counters, for coiled tubing operations. Two
examples are shown in Figures 8.5.A and 8.5.B. A counter is necessary for coiled tubing logging
operations so that depth data can be fed to the logging computer. Depth signals are generated by optical
encoders that are attached to the side of the counter.

Features and Benefits

Table 8.5.A provides the part numbers for various depth measuring heads. Depth measuring heads can
provide the following features and benefits:
• Easy and quick installation
• Can run mechanical and electrical depth displays simultaneously
• Offer good depth accuracy
• Rugged design requires little maintenance

Applications

Depth measuring heads are useful on most coiled tubing jobs. The ability to accurately measure depth is
very important on coiled tubing logging jobs. The injector counter is usually preferred for depth-critical
applications because it measures the tubing in the stretched state.

Operation, Maintenance, and Assembly

For operations and maintenance instructions, refer to the following manual on HalWorld:

<http://halworld.halnet.com/hes/hesps/hespspe/hespspe_ct/hespspe_ctdas/hespspe_ctdas_content/
ctdmh.pdf>

Table 7.53—Depth Measuring Head Specifications

Part No. Reel Type
100062155 Depth counter, 30-38K injector
100062168 Depth coutner, 60K injector
100082303 Mounting brackets, counter, 60K injector
101243732 Depth coutner, 100K injector
101246015 Mounting brackets, counter, 100K injector
100010535 Depth counter, levelwind, 1-ft wheel
100082521 Depth counter, levelwind, 1/3-m wheel

7-84 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 7.45—Injector-mounted counter

Figure 7.46—Levelwind-mounted counter

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-85

Coiled Tubing Handbook

DepthPro™ Collar Locator Equipment

DepthPro™ Coiled Tubing Collar Locator
The DepthProSM collar locator service helps to accurately determine the location
of downhole tools run into wells on coiled tubing. The tool and computer work
together to determine the location of tubing or casing collars, which can be used
as depth reference-points in the wellbore.

Features and Benefits

The DepthPro collar locator (Figure 7.47) can provide the following features and
benefits:
• Provides a real-time reading of collar depths.
• Works on standard CT without the need of logging cable in the tubing.
• Will work on any coiled tubing unit.
• Creates an API-format log for correlation to existing logs.
• Eliminates the need for costly coiled tubing logging units.

Applications

Tables 7.54 and 7.55 provide specifications for the tool and equipment. The
DepthPro collar locator should be used for the following applications:
• Spot perforating guns on depth
• Locate nipples, end of tubing, and other equipment
• Spot production packers, bridge plugs, squeeze packers, and inflatable tools
• Spot chemical or jet-tubing cutters
• Place sand-laden fluids or chemicals
• Provide better depth control during fishing operations

Operation, Maintenance, and Assembly

For operations and maintenance instructions, refer to the following manuals

posted on HalWorld:
• 2.25-in. OD Coiled Tubing Casing Collar Locator Assembly and Operating
Instructions Manual, No. 698.36150 (SAP No. 101205050)
<http://halworld.halnet.com/hes/hesps/hespspe/hespspe_CT/hespspe_CTT/h
espspe_CTT_manuals/hespspe_CTT_manuals_content/101205050rev.pdf>
• 3.25-in. OD Coiled Tubing Casing Collar Locator Assembly and Operating
Instructions Manual, No. 698.36250 (SAP No. 101205065)
<http://halworld.halnet.com/HES/Hesps/hespspe/hespspe_CT/hespspe_CTT Figure 7.47—Depth-
/hespspe_CTT_manuals/ hespspe_CTT_manuals_content/101205065.pdf> Pro collar locator
• 3.50-in. OD Coiled Tubing Casing Collar Locator Assembly and Operating Instructions Manual,
No. 101280600
<http://halworld.halnet.com/HES/Hesps/hespspe/hespspe_CT/hespspe_CTT/hespspe_CTT_manua
ls/ hespspe_CTT_manuals_content/101280600.pdf>

7-86 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.54—DepthPro Tool Specifications

Tool Part Number 101007068 101004646 101269182
Tool OD (in.) 2.25 3.25 3.5
Tool ID (in.) 0.495 0.5 1.25
Makeup Length (in.) 85.77 121.57* 65.22
Temperature Rating (°F) 300 400 300
Pressure Rating (psi) 15,000 20,000 15,000
Tensile Rating (lb) 50,000 150,000 110,000
Redress Kit Part Number 101203875 101205464 101278991
Spare Parts Kit Part Number 101210998 101211165 101278996
Makeup Plate Part Number 101208289 101208280 101208280
*This length applies to the version of the tool with 2 3/8-in. PAC threads. This tool is also available with 2
3/8-in. OECO "A" threads, which shorten the tool.

Table 7.55—DepthPro Surface Equipment Specifications

Description Part No.
Surface computer package 101203868
DepthPro software 101203870
Universal Logging Kita 101203876
aThe
Universal Logging Kit is necessary if the DepthPro™ Service will be
run on coiled tubing units that are not equipped with Unipro computers.

Surface Computer Package

The Surface Computer Package (SCP) is necessary to record the data being transmitted by the
DepthPro™ tool. The SCP (Figure 9.2.A) consists of a computer, continuous-feed logging
printer, data acquisition input connections, and a carrying case. The SCP can be run using AC
voltage (120 or 240 volts) or DC voltage (12/24 volts).

Features and Benefits

Table 9.2.A provides the specifications for the SCP. The SCP can provide the following features
and benefits:
• Is completely packaged in one easy-to-carry case.
• Has a rugged construction for oilfield use.
• Can be ordered with or without the laptop computer.
• Can accept data from UNIPRO II™ computers.
• Can be used on competitor's coiled tubing units in conjunction with the Universal Logging Kit.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-87

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 7.48—Surface computer package

Applications

The SCP is intended for use on DepthProSM logging operations. When the computer is loaded
with the Warrior logging software, the SCP serves to record and display logging information in
real time. When the logging operation is complete, hard copies of the logs can be printed using
the continuous-feed printer.
Operation

The SCP is set up at the wellsite. Most often, the SCP is located in the coiled tubing operator's
cabin, but it can be located in other areas if the cabin lacks room. Perform the following steps to
prepare the SCP for logging operations:
1. Find a location for the SCP where AC or DC power is available. Ensure that the location is within
reach of the data cables that will connect to the SCP.
2. Open the cover of the SCP, and then open up the laptop. Connect the power supply to AC or DC
voltage and turn on the laptop power switch.
3. Make sure the DC power supply plug for the laptop is plugged into the back of the laptop.

7-88 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

4. Depending on the type of input, attach the data cables as follows:

• UNIPRO II computer: Attach the serial input connection (DB-9) directly to the back of the
laptop computer.
• Universal Logging Kit: Attach the encoder cable and pressure transducer cable to the input
connectors located on the panel face of the SCP. Then, attach the serial cable connector
located near the back of the SCP to the back of the laptop.
5. Install the Warrior software key in between the LPT1 port on the laptop and the printer cable.
The key is required or the software will not collect data.
6. Boot up the computer and start up the Warrior software. Follow the instructions in the Warrior
Quick-User's Guide for configuring the software.

Table 7.56—Surface Computer Package Specifications

Part No. 101203868
Power Supply Universal for computer and plotter from 12-24 V
DC or 120-240 V AC, 50/60 cycle
Computer Processor 133 MHz Pentium or better
Computer Memory 32 MB RAM minimum
Display 12.1 in. Active matrix LCD or better
Hard Drive 1.3 GB minimum
Ports One 16550AF Serial and one ECP/EEP parallel
Printer Printrex Model 820 for 8 1/2-in. wide paper
Operating System Windows 98 or better
Pressure Transducer Compatible with Halliburton Part No.
Connector 100062883 cable assembly
Encoder Connector Compatible with Halliburton Part No.
101214442 cable assembly

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-89

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Warrior Software
The Warrior software is used to record DepthPro™
service collar logs. Warrior software is purchased from
Scientific Data Systems. This software was initially
developed for recording all types of well logging
information and is widely used throughout the
industry. Slight modifications were made to the
version of Warrior used with DepthPro™ tools so that
the software could better fit the logging needs of the
DepthPro service. Figure 7.49 shows the type of data
that can be obtained with Warrior software.
Features and Benefits

The Warrior software can provide the following

features and benefits:
• Simple to use.
• Works with Windows 95 or 98.
• Good database handling characteristics.
• Excellent plotting capabilities including headings.
• Can read or write in Log ASCII Standard (LAS).

Applications

The Warrior software for DepthPro service is intended

for DepthPro logging only. Other versions of Warrior
software used in normal logging and perforating
operations should not be used for DepthPro service
jobs.
Operation

For operating instructions, refer to the online version

of the Warrior Quick-User's Guide on HalWorld at the
following link:
<http://halworld.halnet.com/hes/hesps/hespspe/hespspe_C
T/hespspe_CTT/hespspe_CTT_manuals/
hespspe_CTT_manuals_content/69836508rev.pdf>

To download a detailed Warrior instruction manual,

refer to the Scientific Data Systems website at the
following link:
Figure 7.49—Data from Warrior software
http://www.scientificdata.com/

7-90 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Universal Logging Kit

The Universal Logging Kit (ULK) enables the DepthProSM service to be run on coiled tubing units that
are not equipped with UNIPRO II™ computers. This capability allows the DepthPro service to be run on
older Halliburton CT units or on competitor's CT units. The kit consists of a levelwind-mounted depth
counter, pressure transducer, optical depth encoder, data cables, and a cable reel (Figure 7.50).

Features and Benefits

The ULK (SAP No. 101203876) can provide the following features and benefits:

• Depth counter mounts on most coiled tubing units in the industry.

• Depth counter will fit most common coiled tubing sizes.
• Pressure transducer mounts on any Fig. 1502, 2-in. connection.
• Cables are compatible with the surface computer package (SCP).
• Mechanical readout on counter gives reliable backup footage reading.

Applications

The ULK is primarily intended for use on DepthPro logging jobs. It allows the DepthPro tool operator to
easily adapt the DepthPro service to any coiled tubing unit, regardless of the service company.

Operation

The ULK must be installed after arriving at the wellsite. Perform the following procedures to install the
kit on the coiled tubing unit:

1. Install the pressure transducer on a Fig. 1502, 2-in. connection somewhere between the pump
and the coiled tubing reel.
2. Install the levelwind counter on the levelwind traversing head of the reel.
3. Insert the coiled tubing in the counter and fasten the counter by closing the latches.
4. Attach a cable from the depth encoder to the surface computer package.
5. Attach a cable from the pressure transducer to the surface computer package.
6. Test the outputs with the surface computer package and Warrior software from each sensor by
rolling the wheel and applying pressure on the transducer.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-91

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 7.50—Universal logging kit

7-92 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Inflatable Straddle Packer

The inflatable straddle packer (Figure 7.51) is a multiset tool used for acid
stimulations or conformance. The straddle packers are designed to be run on
coiled tubing, but will also work on jointed tubing.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.57 (Page 7-94) provides specifications for the inflatable straddle packer.
The inflatable straddle packer can provide the following features and benefits:

• Is multiset without using balls.

• Is run through tubing and set in casing.
• Can be run as a single packer or straddle packer.
• Has adjustable straddle spacing.
• Has multiple J-slot positions-RIH, trap inflation pressure, circulate, treat,
equalize, unset.
• Uses coiled tubing manipulation to move through a J-slot.
• Has two styles of inflatable elements available: weave and slat.
• Uses premium thread connections.

Applications

The tool is primarily used to perform selective acid stimulations with coiled
tubing in live wells. The tool can also be used to pump conformance chemicals.

Operation, Maintenance, and Assembly

For complete operation, maintenance, and assembly instructions, refer to the 3

1/16-in. OD Inflatable Straddle Packer Manual (Part No. 698.10202) at the
following HalWorld link:

<http://halworld.halnet.com/HES/Hesps/hespspe/hespspe_CT/hespspe_CTT/he
spspe_CTT_manuals/ hespspe_CTT_manuals_content/stradpac.pdf>

Figure 7.51—In-
flatable straddle
packer

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-93

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.57—Inflatable Straddle Packer Specifications

Tool Part No. 100070631 100070671 698.10200
OD (in.) 2.13 2.56 3.06
ID (in.) 0.375 0.5 0.62
Straddle Makeup Length (in. ) 268.23 266.94 266.91
Packer Makeup Length (in.) 178.34 179.29 179.29
1.660-in. OD, 3.02-lb 1.660-in. OD, 3.02-lb 23/8-in. OD, 5.30-lb
Top Connection
OECO “A” Box OECO “A” Box OECO “A” Box
Bottom Connection 5/8-in. sucker rod box 5/8-in. sucker rod box —
Minimum Straddle Length (in.)a 25.22 25.22 25.21
1-ft Case Extension 698.10339 698.10433 698.10240
3-ft Case Extension 698.10340 698.10434 698.10241
5-ft Case Extension 698.10341 698.10435 698.10242
1-ft Mandrel Extension 698.10336 698.10430 698.10216
3-ft Mandrel Extension 698.10337 698.10431 698.10217
5-ft Mandrel Extension 698.10338 698.10432 698.10218
Tensile Rating (lb) 16,000 16,000 16,000
Straddle Strength (lb)b 38,700 47,000 38,000
Minimum Force Required (lb) 600 600 600
Redress Kit Part No. 698.10301 698.10401 698.10201
Instruction Manual Part No. — — 698.10202
aDistance from the bottom of the top element to the top of the bottom element connection when a 66-in. long
inflatable element is used.
b
Can be increased depending on element ID used on tool.

7-94 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pin-Point Stimulation
Coiled Tubing Connectors
Description

Double-slip connectors (Figure 7.52) differ from regular service

connectors in that they have two ferrule lock rings instead of one and
no thread on the coiled tubing itself. The two lock rings help share the
load and provide redundancy. They are also designed with two O-ring
seals.

Features and Benefits

Table 7.58 (Page 7-96) provides specifications for the double-slip

connector. This tool can provide the following features and benefits:

• Is easy and quick to install.

• Has redundant lock rings.
• Requires no thread on coiled tubing.
• Has double O-ring seal.

Applications

These connectors work well for all types of coiled tubing service
work. They can handle high torque, so they work well with mud
motors. They are easier to install on high-strength coiled tubing than
coiled tubing service connectors because no threading is required.

Figure 7.52—Double-slip con-

nector

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-95

7-96
Table 7.58—CT Double-Slip Connector Specifications
Description 1 3/4-in. CT OD 2-in. CT OD 2 3/8-in. CT OD 2 7/8-in. CT OD
Tool Part No. 100071122 101310839 101312314 100071144 101317095 101215821 101327409 101302063b 101204481 101276664 101285527 101324943
OD (in.) 2.594 3.200 2.880 2.750 3.200 3.09 3.09 3.20 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.80
ID (in.) 1.500 1.500 1.380 1.750 1.750 1.99 1.38 1.75 2.44 1.75 2.43 1.75
Coiled Tubing Handbook

Makeup 13.32 8.91 9.53 13.85 9.77 14.24 11.23 10.39 13.43 10.65 13.43 11.48

Downhole Tools
Length (in.)
Bottom 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8 -in. 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8 -in. 2 3/8 -in. 2 3/8-in. 2 3/8-in. 2 7/8-in. 2 3/8-in. 2 7/8-in. 2 3/8-in. IF
Connection EUE, 8-rd IF pin PAC pin EUE, 8-rd IF pin EUE, 8-rd PAC pin IF pin EUE 8-rd IF pin EUE 8-rd pin
tubing pin tubing pin tubing pin tubing box tubing pin
Service Rating H2S Standard H2S H2S Standard H2S H2S Standard H2S Standard H2S H2S
Tensile Rating 52,000 63,000 63,000 55,000 70,000 81,000 81,600 134,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 140,000
(lb)
Pressure 10,000 17,000 12,900 7,500 17,000 8,200 8,200 15,000 9,000 10,000 9,000 10,000
Rating (psi)
Torque Rating 1,270 1,270 1,270 1,800 1,800 1,800 2,380 2,600 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,380
(lb/ft)
Nut 698.24592 698.24592 698.24592 698.24603 698.24603 698.24645 698.24645 101302060 698.24695 698.24695 698.24695 101325156
Center Sub 698.24582 698.24582 698.24582 698.24632 698.24632 698.24644 698.24644 101302061 698.24694 698.24694 698.24694 101325080
Bottom Sub 698.24583 101310837 101311984 698.24633 101317141 101215765 101327412 101302062 698.24692 101276665 101285528 101324977
Lock Ring 698.24593 698.24593 698.24593 698.24504 698.24504 698.24643 698.24643 100071153 698.24693 698.24693 698.24693 101204569
O-ring 600.34021 600.34021 600.34021 600.34023 600.34023 600.33974 600.33974 600.33974 600.33978 600.33978 600.33978 100003923
Backup Ring 698.24594 698.24594 698.24594 698.20053 698.20053 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Nut Thread 2 3/16-in. 2 3/16-in. 2 3/16-in. 2 1/2-in. 2 1/2-in. 2 13/16-in. 2 13/16-in. 2 7/8-in. 3 5/16-in. 3 5/16-in. 3 5/16-in. 3 13/32-in.
14UN 14UN 14UN 12UN 12UN 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub 10-stub
ACME ACME ACME ACME ACME ACME ACME
Nut OD 2.44 2.44 2.44 2.75 2.75 3.09 3.09 3.20 3.60 3.60 3.60 3.80
Redress Kit 698.24581 698.24581 698.24581 698.24631 698.24631 698.24641 698.24641 698.24641 698.24691 101204528 101204528 101204528
Part No.a
aRedress
kits include O-rings, backup rings, and lock rings.
bThis connector has 5-in. internal taper in the top of the nut.

September 2005
 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Shear Disconnect
The shear disconnect (Figure 7.53) provides a predetermined
weak point in the toolstring in case the toolstring becomes stuck
in the well. Table 7.59 (Page 7-98) provides the specifications for
the shear disconnect.

Features and Benefits

The shear disconnect can provide the following features and

benefits:

• Provides a predetermined weak point so the toolstring can be

parted at a known location in the toolstring.
• Operates on straight tensile pull to disconnect.
• Weak point can be adjusted with the addition or removal of
shear screws.
• Leaves a profile for future fishing jobs if disconnected.

Applications

The shear disconnect is run when using a hydraulic disconnect is

not practical, such as in a fracturing job where a possible
screenout could prevent a ball from being circulated to the
disconnect. The shear disconnect can provide a known location in
the toolstring where the tools can be parted, allowing the coiled
tubing to be retrieved from the well. The shear disconnect is
normally run below the coiled tubing connector and above the
rest of the toolstring.

Operation

The shear disconnect serves as a controlled weak point if the

toolstring becomes stuck and the operator decides to remove the
coiled tubing from the well. Before running in the well, the tool
operator must decide how many shear screws will be required for
the job. The depth of the well, the coiled tubing strength, and the
amount of available injector pull capacity should be considered
when the weak point is determined.

Each shear screw takes 5,000 lb of tension to shear. The tool

operator will select the quantity of pins required to provide the
weak point needed for the jobs.
Figure 7.53—Shear disconnect
If the weak point must be sheared downhole, the coiled tubing
operator must pull enough tension on the coiled tubing to shear
the combined load of the shear screws. If the disconnect does not shear at the predetermined load, the
coiled tubing operator should slack off and try again several times. The pins should eventually weaken,
allowing the tool to part.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-97

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

If circulation capability is lost while the toolstring is in the well, the weak point will be affected by internal
pressure in the coiled tubing. Any applied pressure inside the coiled tubing will apply additional force to
the shear screws.

Table 7.59—Shear Disconnect Specifications

SAP No. 101308640 101298 95367
OD (in.) 3.20 2.94 3.63
ID (in.) 1.75 1.96 2.441
Makeup Length (in.) 9.37 12.49 12.35
Top Connection 2 3/8-in. API 2 3/8-in. EUE 2 7/8-in. EUE
IF box 8 rd box 8 rd box
Bottom Connection 2 3/8-in. API 2 3/8-in. EUE 2 7/8-in. EUE
IF pin 8 rd pin 8 rd pin
Shear Screw Part No. 100005755 100005755 100005755
Max. No. of Screws 10 8 8
O-ring Part No. 100001988 100006583 100006587
Fishing Profile 3 1/2 Overshot only Overshot only
GS internal

7-98 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Splined Quick-Connect
Halliburton's splined quick-connects for coiled tubing (Figure 7.54) are a work-
and time-saving device created for coupling large CT toolstrings. See Table
7.60 for specifications.

Features and Benefits

The splined quick-connect can provide the following features and benefits:
• Requires no rotation for assembling toolstring to coiled tubing.
• High torque rating makes the quick-connect ideal for CT drilling
applications.
• Has premium thread connections.
• Has high tensile rating comparable to the strength of CT.
• Has a large ID that allows high flow rates.

Applications

Splined quick-connects allow CT toolstrings to be attached to coiled tubing.

The splined feature removes the need for toolstring rotation, allowing a quick
makeup to longer, heavier toolstrings. The splined quick-connect can also be
ordered with rotary shouldered connections for makeup of tool joints or collars.

Operation
Perform the following steps to operate the splined quick-connect:
1. During makeup of the bottomhole assembly (BHA), attach the bottom
sub with the female splines to the top of the lower section of the bot-
tomhole assembly. Attach the remainder of the splined quick-connect
to the bottom of the upper section of the BHA.
2. To connect the upper and lower sections of the BHA, stab the male
splines of the splined quick-connect into its female splines in the tool's
bottom sub.
3. Tighten the makeup nut, and install the set screws.

Table 7.60—Splined Quick-Connect Specifications

Part No. 101325972
OD (in.) 3.80
ID (in.) 1.75
Makeup Length (in.) 20.80
Thread Connections 2 3/8-in. API IF box × pin
Tensile (lb) 160,000
Pressure Rating (psi) 14,000
Torque (ft-lb) 4,200 Figure 7.54—Splined
Service H 2S quick-connect

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-99

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Centralizers
Centralizers (Figure 7.55) serve to keep the toolstring in the
center of the casing at all times, even in highly deviated wells.
Table 7.61 provides specifications for the various centralizers.

Features and Benefits

The centralizers can provide the following features and benefits:

• Can centralize the toolstring in the casing.

• Has a short, simple design.
• Fluted design allows for fluid bypass.
• Available in short versions for use above a straddle packer.
• Available in long versions for use between straddle packers.

Applications

Centralizers are useful when other tools in the toolstring require

support to maintain concentricity with the well casing. Tools such
as cup packers cannot maintain centralization in deviated
wellbores without help from centralizers. Additionally, the
curvature of coiled tubing tends to try to decentralize toolstrings,
but even in vertical wells, centralizers can help maintain
centralization.

Figure 7.55—Centralizer

Table 7.61—Centralizers Specifications

Casing Max. Makeup
ID
Part No. Size OD Length Thread Connections
(in.)
(in.) (in.) (in.)
101301835 4.5 3.85 1.75 8.13 2 3/8-in. API IF
101309111 4.5 3.85 1.75 24.13 2 3/8-in. API IF
97680 4.5 3.942 1.937 8.35 2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd
129850 4.5 3.852 1.937 8.35 2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd
101308525 5.5 4.75 1.75 8.13 2 3/8-in. API IF
101301885 5.5 4.75 1.75 24.13 2 3/8-in. API IF
99415 5.5 4.862 2.375 10.61 2 7/8-in. EUE 8rd
97679 5.5 4.742 2.375 10.61 2 7/8-in. EUE 8rd
90370 7.0 6.216 2.75 11.61 3 1/2-in. EUE 8rd

7-100 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Knuckle Joint
Knuckle joints (Figure 7.56) give the toolstring flexibility.
This flexibility helps minimize the tendency of the coiled
tubing to decentralize the toolstring. This flexibility also helps
minimize high bending loads in the coiled tubing at the top of
the coiled tubing connector. Table 7.62 provides the
specifications for the knuckle joint.

Features and Benefits

Flow-through knuckle joints can provide the following

features and benefits:

• Sealed knuckle area allows for use with pressure.

• Can minimize centralization problems.
• Can lessen stress at the coiled tubing connector.
• Can handle high-flowrate, sand-laden fluids.

Applications

Flow-through knuckle joints can be used in most coiled tubing

fracturing applications to help obtain good centralization and
reduce coiled tubing stress.

Operation

Install the knuckle joint below the coiled tubing connector and
above the shear disconnect.

Figure 7.56—Knuckle joint

Table 7.62—Knuckle Joint Specifications

Makeup Tensile
OD ID Articulation Pressure Thread
Part No. Length Rating
(in.) (in.) Angle Rating (psi) Connections
(in.) (lb)
101304461 3.20 1.75 11.56 110,000 5º 15,000 2 3/8-in. API IF

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-101

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Blast Joints
Blast joints (Figure 7.57) serve as high-strength spacer pipe between the
packers on a straddle toolstring. They are available in a variety of lengths
to assist the tool operator in getting the exact amount of straddle length
that is needed. Table 7.63 provides the specifications for the blast joints.

Features and Benefits

Blast joints can provide the following features and benefits:

• Available in different lengths.

• High-strength steel resists erosion.
• Available in different thread connections.

Applications

Blast joints can be used in various types of fracturing operations to set the
straddle length to seal across the zones to be treated.

Table 7.63—Blast Joint Specifications

OD ID Makeup Thread
Part No.
(in.) (in.) Length (in.) Connections
101306763 3.20 1.75 12.0 2 3/8-in. API IF
101301748 3.20 1.75 24.0 2 3/8-in. API IF
101306626 3.20 1.75 48.0 2 3/8-in. API IF
99756 2.94 1.92 39.3 2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd
95434 3.63 2.44 39.3 2 7/8-in. EUE 8rd

Figure 7.57—Knuckle joint

7-102 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Ported Subs
The ported sub (Figure 7.58) serves as the exit point for fracturing fluids
between the straddle packer elements. Table 7.64 provides the
specifications for the ported sub.

Features and Benefits

The ported sub can provide the following features and benefits:

• Made from high-strength steel to resist erosion.

• Available in various thread connections.
• Allows reverse circulation to remove sand from the lower packer.

Applications

The ported sub is run on coiled tubing fracturing operations and allows
fluid to be pumped from the inside of the coiled tubing to the annulus.
The ported sub is most often run in the toolstring directly above the
lower packer.

Table 7.64—Ported Sub Specifications

Makeup
OD ID
Part No. Length Thread Connections
(in.) (in.)
(in.)
2 3/8-in. API IF box
101301434 3.20 1.88 12.00
× 2 3/8-in. NU 10rd box
2 3/8-in. API IF box
101303833 3.20 1.88 12.00
× 2 7/8-in. NU 10rd box
2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd box
125812 3.063 1.966 18.12
× 2 3/8-in. NU 10rd box
2 7/8-in. EUE 8rd box Figure 7.58—Ported sub
125813 3.705 2.350 18.25
× 2 7/8-in. NU 10rd box specifications

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-103

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Top Cup Packers

The top cup packer (Figure 7.59) forms the top seal in the Cobra Frac™
straddle packer. The top cup packer size is chosen to fit inside the casing
in a particular well. Table 7.65 provides the top cup packer
specifications. The tool is sold without the rubber products. Rubber
products should be selected from Table 7.66 and Table 7.67 (Page
7-105), depending on the casing size, and ordered separately.

Features and Benefits

The top cup packer can provide the following features and benefits:

• Provides a high-quality seal when the treating process starts.

• Allows for reverse circulation while running in the well or after a
zone is treated.
• Is easy to redress.

Applications

The top cup packer is normally run on coiled tubing fracturing jobs
when a straddle packer is needed. Because of wear from dragging the
cup in the well, reliable sealing between the cup and casing wall cannot
be certain on wells deeper than 8,000 ft.

Operation

Install the top cup packer at the top of the straddle tool. Installing
centralizers above and/or below the cup packer to help the cup edges
maintain contact with the casing wall is a good practice. If the cup does
not make good contact, a seal is difficult to achieve.

Figure 7.59—Top cup packer

Table 7.65—Top Cup Packers

Casing Size Mandrel OD Mandrel ID Makeup Thread
Part No.
(in.) (in.) (in.) Length (in.) Connections
101309169a,b,c 4.5 3.50 1.285 16.06 2 3/8-in. API IF
101309199a,c,d 5.5 4.40 1.75 16.06 2 3/8-in. API IF
95382e 4.5 3.668 1.937 18.0 2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd
95344 5.5 4.625 2.38 18.0 2 7/8-in. EUE 8rd
a
Packer rings are sold separately. See Table 7.66.
bO-ring is sold separately. Order SAP No. 100001960.
c
Cups are sold separately. See Table 7.67.
d
O-ring is sold separately. Order SAP No. 100001961.
eOptional 90 durometer cup for this packer is Part No. 186958.

7-104 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.66—Packer Ring Selection

Casing Casing Packer Ring
OD
Size Weight
(in.) 50 Duro 70 Duro 80 Duro 90 Duro
(in.) (lb/ft)
N/A 100070000 100012497
9.5 to 10.5 3.71 —
(696.50034) (696.50022) (696.50018)
4 1/2
11.6 to N/A 100009397 100004002
3.54 —
13.5 (696.51034) (696.51022) (696.51018)
100009391 100003941 100012412
13 to 14 —
(695.08201) (695.08195) (695.08199)
4.60
15.5
5 1/2 — — — —
17
100070094 100012531
20 to 23 4.40 — —
(696.53725) (696.53723)

Table 7.67—Cup Selection

Casing Size Casing Cup
(in.) Weight (lb ft) 70 Duro 85 Duro
100009387 100009390
9.5 to 10.5
(694.94011) (694.94064)
4 1/2
100003936 100009388
11.6 to 13.5
(694.94012) (694.94013)
100003989 N/A
13 to 14
(694.94019) (694.94065)
10000939 100009388
5 1/2 15.5
(694.94023) (694.94013)
17 100012394
—
20 to 23 (694.94025)

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-105

Coiled Tubing Handbook

RR4-EV Packers
The RR4-EV packer (Figure 7.60) is a specially designed packer for coiled
tubing fracturing operations. When the RR4- EV packer is combined with a top
cup packer, the resulting toolstring can be used for straddling zones for acid
treatments or for fracturing. The RR4-EV packer can also be run as a single
packer whenever acid or fracturing treatments are performed down the
annulus. Table 7.68 (Page 7-107) provides the specifications for the RR4-EV
packer. Table 7.69 (Page 7-107) provides available packer ring selections.

Features and Benefits

The RR4-EV packer can provide the following features and benefits:

• Continuous J allows the tool to be run with coiled tubing; no rotation is

required.
• Can be set multiple times in a single trip in the well.
• Set with reciprocation and weight.
• Equalizing valve allows movement of the toolstring without flowing the
well.
• Simple design enables field servicing.

Applications

The RR4-EV packer is used when coiled tubing fracturing operations are
performed on monobore wells. The packer can also be used for acid treatments
with coiled tubing.

Operation

For detailed operation instructions and maintenance procedures for the

RR4-EV packer, refer to Manual No. 101207872 at the following HalWorld
link:

<http://halworld.halnet.com/HES/Hesps/hespsttt/ hespsttt_content/
D00006060.pdf>
Figure 7.60—RR4-EV
packer

7-106 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.68—RR4-EV Packer Specifications

Weight Makeup
Casing Max. OD Packer
Part No. Range a
Size (in.)
(lb/ft)
(in.) Length (in.) Elementb

101207099 4.5 9.5 to 11.6 3.75 46.97 —

101251733c 5.5 13 to 23 4.67 46.24 —
A
makeup length does not include the ported sub length.
b
Packer rings must be ordered separately. See Table 11.9.B.
c
For work inside 17- to 23-lb/ft casing, order shoe SAP No. 100014056 and wedge
SAP No. 101252993 separately. Quantity one of each is required.

Table 7.69—Packer Ring Selection

Casing Casing Packer Ring (1 req.)
OD
Size Weight
(in.) 50 Duro 60 Duro 65 Duro 75 Duro 85 Duro 95 Duro
(in.) (lb/ft)
9.5 to 100005025 100077733 100005026 100005024 100014066
4 1/2 3.75 —
11.6 (838.95217) (838.95222) (838.95226) (838.95211) (838.95216)
100014058 100014057 100077696 101251589
5 1/2 13 to 23 4.42 — —
(838.93531) (838.93511) (838.93516) (838.93514)

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-107

Coiled Tubing Handbook

SurgiFrac™ Jetting Tools

SurgiFrac™ jetting tools (Figure 7.61) are similar to Hydra-Jet™
jetting tools but offer higher performance and durability. They are used
in conjunction with sand-laden fluid to jet perforations in casing before
SurgiFracSM or CobraJet FracSM stimulation operations. The tool
consists of several hardened nozzles that concentrate the high-velocity
sand slurry on the inside of the casing wall. The resulting jet can
quickly and easily penetrate the steel casing and form a perforation
tunnel in the formation. Table 7.70 (Page 7-109) provides the
specifications for the SurgiFrac tool bodies, while Table 7.71 (Page
7-109) provides the specifications for the SurgiFrac tool nozzles.

Features and Benefits

SurgiFrac jetting tools can provide the following features and benefits:

• Available in a variety of nozzle orientations.

• Hardened steel housing can extend the life of the tool.
• High-strength nozzles can withstand high sand concentrations.
• Replaceable nozzles.
• Safe and effective method of perforating casing.

Applications

SurgiFrac jetting tools are used in SurgiFrac and CobraJet Frac

operations to create the perforations before fracturing. Additionally,
they can be used to create perforations any other time that a customer
wants to avoid explosive perforating.

Operation

Select and install the appropriate size and number of nozzles in the
SurgiFrac tool body. Consider the coiled tubing size, length, and
pressure rating when selecting the nozzles. The coiled tubing
parameters will dictate the maximum flowrate available, which will
determine the number and size of nozzles. When the SurgiFrac tool has
reached the proper well depth for perforating, begin pumping down the
Figure 7.61—SurgiFrac tool
coiled tubing at the appropriate flowrate and sand concentration.
Typical flowrates for perforating are in the range of 1.0 bbl/min per
3/16-in. nozzle in the tool. Typical sand concentrations range from 0.5
to 1.0 pound of sand per gallon of fluid.

7-108 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 7.70—SurgiFrac Tool Bodies

Makeup
OD Min. ID Number Thread
Part No. Length Phasing
(in.) (in.) of Holes Connections
(in.)
101252146 3.06 1.00 14.25 10 Helical 2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd
101252136 3.06 1.00 17.25 9 120° 2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd
101252143 3.06 1.10 22.25 10 180° 2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd
101330284 3.40 1.20 14.25 10 Helical 2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd
101330285 3.40 1.20 13.13 10 Helical 2 3/8-in. API IF
101252127 3.66 1.50 14.25 16 90° 2 7/8-in. EUE 8rd
101323841 3.66 1.50 13.13 16 90° 2 3/8-in. API IF
101252133 3.66 1.50 20.25 15 120° 2 7/8-in. EUE 8rd
101252130 3.66 1.50 28.25 16 180° 2 7/8-in. EUE 8rd
101323995 4.50 2.25 16.63 25 72° 2 7/8-in. API IF
101247141 4.50 2.25 18.00 25 72° 3 1/2-in. EUE 8rd
101252120 4.50 2.25 28.00 21 120° 3 1/2-in. EUE 8rd
101252123 4.50 2.25 33.00 20 180° 3 1/2-in. EUE 8rd
101300991 7.50 3.75 27.63 21 Helical 4 1/2-in. API IF

Table 7.71—SurgiFrac Tool Nozzles

Part No. Nozzle Size (in.) Thread
101247257 3/16
101268612 1/4 1.00-12UNF male
101268616 Blank (no hole)

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-109

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Ball Subs
Ball subs (Figure 7.62) have a ball on a seat that serves as a
check valve. The ball prevents flow from passing down
through the tool, but it allows reverse circulation, which is
important during SurgiFracSM and CobraJet FracSM
stimulation jobs. Table 7.72 provides ball sub
specifications.

Features and Benefits

Ball subs can provide the following features and benefits:

• High-pressure seal during stimulation treatments.

• Ceramic ball is impervious to most fluids.
• Simple and reliable.
• Available in a variety of sizes and threads to fit most
toolstrings.

Applications

Ball subs are used during some coiled tubing fracturing jobs
to allow reverse circulation. The zones can be cleaned up after
treatment and sand can be washed off the top of the packer
before the toolstring is released and moved. The ball resting
on the seat acts as a check valve to prevent leakoff of the
sandladen fluid, which is being used to perforate the casing.

Figure 7.62—Ball sub

Table 7.72—Ball Sub Specifications

Makeup
OD Min. ID Ball Size Thread
Part No. Length
(in.) (in.) (in.) Connections
(in.)
101247256a 3.06 1.19 1.375 10.25 2 3/8-in. EUE 8rd
101251668b 3.66 0.94 1.375 10.25 2 7/8-in. EUE 8rd
101251672c 4.50 1.50 2.125 10.00 3 1/2-in. EUE 8rd
101331279d 3.20 1.06 1.375 13.48 2 3/8-in. API IF
a
Ball cage (SAP No. 101247249) and ball (SAP No. 101313175) must be ordered separately.
b
Ball cage (SAP No. 101247250) and ball (SAP No. 101313175) must be ordered separately.
c
Ball cage (SAP No. 101251973) and ball (SAP No. 101313167) must be ordered separately
d
Tool comes complete with the ball cage and ball.

7-110 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

CT Thread Selection
The following factors should be considered when selecting a thread type or sizing a downhole tool.

• The outside diameter of the connection should allow the toolstring to pass through any downhole
restrictions in the production tubing.
• The outside diameter of the chosen connection should allow the toolstring to be "fishable" or
incorporate fishing necks into the design.
• The inside diameter of the connection should be large enough to allow the free travel of any balls or
plugs that need to pass through to operate other equipment in the tool string.
• The inside diameter should be large enough to provide minimal pressure drops when pumping fluid
at high rates.
• When in remote locations, can the chosen connection be machined at local facilities?
• Tubing connections and those with O-ring seals are not as dependant on the make up torque as a tool
joint style thread in high-pressure applications. Improperly made up tool joints can washout during
pumping operations.
• Can the chosen thread be torqued to it's recommended makeup torque with the available tools?
• In drilling and fishing operations, a tool joint style connection should be selected.
• For high-pressure applications, select a connection that is designed to retain internal pressure.
Historically Halliburton has used the OECO "A" Thread which is interchangeable with CS Hydril.
However Duncan Technology now follows the recommendations of the International Coiled Tubing
Association, (ICoTA) that are summarized in the table below.

Table 7.73—CT Tool Thread Recommendations

Primary Thread
Tool OD (in) Alternative Thread Choice
Choice
1.69 1-in. AMMT 1.315, 2.25# OECO “A”
1.75 1-in. AMMT 1.315, 2.25# OECO “A” or 1 ¼ in. AMMT
1.812 1 1/4-in. AMMT 1.315, 2.25# OECO “A”
2.00 to 2.375 1 1/2-in. AMMT 1.660, 3.02# OECO “A”
2.70 to 2.875 2 3/8-in. PAC* 2.375, 5.30# OECO “A”
3.00 to 3.125 2 3/8-in. PAC* 2.375, 5.30# OECO “A”
3.20 to 3.50 2 3/8-in. API IF* 2 ? in. API Reg
*This thread is not the same as 2 3/8-in. PAC DSI, nor will it mate with the DSI thread.

Table 7.74—CT Tool Thread Specifications

Nominal OD Nominal ID Pin Length Tensile
Thread
(in.) (in.) (in.) Strength* (lb)
1-in. AMMT 1.69 0.812 1.50 39,531
1 1/4-in. AMMT 1.75 1.00 2.00 40,365
1 1/2-in. AMMT 2.06 1.156 2.00 53,410
2 3/8-in. PAC 2.875 1.375 2.25 169,915
2 3/8-in. API IF 3.375 1.75 2.87 198,664
*Tensile strengths are based on 95,000 minimum yield strength steel and a 1.25 factor of safety.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-111

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Dimensional Data for Recommended CT Tool Threads

Figure 7.63—Dimensional data for recommended CT tool threads

7-112 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Thread Strengths and Recommended Makeup Torque

Table 7.75—CT Thread Strengths and Recommended Makeup Torque

Tensile Torsional Recommended
Connection Strength* Strength* Makeup
(lb) (ft-lb) Torque**
1-in. Hydril CS/ RTS-8- 1.80 lb/ft 46,636 1,213*** 345–432
1-in. Hydril CS/ RTS-8- 2.25 lb/ft 60,455 1,467*** 345–432
1 1/4-in. Hydril CS/ RTS-8- 2.40 lb/ft 63,909 2,144*** 518–648
1 1/4-in. Hydril CS/ RTS-8- 3.02 lb/ft 83,773 2,662*** 518–648
1 1/2-in. Hydril CS/ RTS-8- 2.90 lb/ft 86,364 2,980*** 691–864
1-in. American MT (AMMT) 49,415 574 345
1 1/4-in. American MT (AMMT) 50,457 655 393
1 1/2-in. American MT (AMMT) 66,763 966 580
2 1/16-in. American MT (AMMT) 97,959 1,580 948
NC-10 45,738 358 215
NC-12 58,152 614 369
NC-13 78,860 937 562
NC-16 118,551 1,637 982
1 1/4-in. FJ Regular 131,610 1,941 1,165
2 3/8-in. API Regular 330,641 4,186 2,511
2 3/8-in. API IF 248,330 — 3,700–4,000
2 3/8-in. PAC 212,395 3,877 2,326
2 7/8-in.PAC 241,626 5,077 3,046
1 13/16-in. Wilson FJ OS 103,765 873 524
1 13/16-in. Wilson FJ NS 90,741 873 524
2 3/8-in. Wilson FJ 187,494 2,881 1,728
AW Rod 86,821 1,288 773
BW Rod 124,326 2,131 1,278
N Rod 137,481 2,401 1,441
1.50-in. OD DS Acme 33,215 426 256
1.81-in. OD DS Acme 77,403 1,149 689
2.06-in. OD DS Acme 133,832 2,191 1,314
1.125-in. Nowsco Mod. Stub Acme 49,245 489 294
1.562-in. Nowsco Mod. Stub Acme 81,181 1,080 649
2.080-in. Nowsco Mod. Stub Acme 83,939 1,335 801
*Thread strength based on 95,000-psi material minimum yield with no safety factor added.
**Make up torque based on 60% of minimum material yield strength.
***Torsional yield of connection based on corresponding size of tubing.
Note—The figures presented in this table are theoretical and meant to be a guide only.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-113

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Commonly Used CT Threads Recognition

1.7 - 10 Stub Acme

Stub Acme

7-114 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Ammt with O-ring Groove

1 1/4-in. Ammt

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-115

Coiled Tubing Handbook

API Regular with O-ring Groove

PAC

7-116 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

External Fishing Necks

Table 7.76—External Fishing Necks Specifications

Minimum Tubing Size in A B C** D*** PULLING TOOL
which Neck May Be Run (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) OTIS CAMCO
1 3/16 RB 1 1/4 JDC*
1.660 .875 .688 2 3/4 1 5/16
1 5/16 SM* 1 5/16 JDC
1 1/4 RB
1.660 1.000 .813 2 3/4 1 7/16 1 3/8 JDC*
1 1/2 RB*
1 1/2 RB* 1 1/2 JDC*
1.900 1.188 1.000 2 1/4 1 1/2
1 1/2 SB 1 1/2 JUC
2 RB* 2 JDC*
2 3/8 1.375 1.188 2 3/8 1 15/16
2 SB 2 JUC
2 1/2 RB* 2 1/2 JDC*
2-7/8 1.750 1.500 2-1/4 2 3/8
2 1/2 SB 2 1/2 JUC
3 RB* 3 JDC*
3 1/2 2.313 2.063 2 1/4 2 7/8
3 SB 3 JUC
*These dimensions are based on using the pulling tools (overshots) most commonly found on wireline service
trucks. They are the OTIS RB, RS, SB, and SS, and the CAMCO JDC, JUC, JDS, and JUS. The RB, RS, JUC,
and JUS are all jar-up release tools, and the others are jar-down release.
**The minimum recommended distance to allow an Otis SB or CAMCO JDC pulling tool to release.
***The least recommended diameter immediately surrounding the fishing neck to allow the overshot dots room to
latch and unlatch.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-117

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Internal Fishneck Reference Table for CT Flow Activated "GS"

Table 7.77—Running/Pulling Tool

Nominal Tool Size Special
1 1/4 1 1/2 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 5 5.62 7 7 3/4 8 5/8 9 5/8
(in.) 4
Tubing Size OD (in.) 1.66 1.9 2.062 2 3/8 2 7/8 3 1/2 4 4 4 1/2 5 1/2 5 5/8 7 7 3/4 8 5/8 9 5/8
A 0.88 1.06 1.06 1.38 1.81 2.31 2.62 2.75 3.12 4.00 4.75 5.38 6.25 7.12 7.62
(in.) 0.90 1.08 1.08 1.40 1.83 2.33 2.64 2.77 3.14 4.02 4.77 5.40 6.27 7.14 7.64
B 1.03 1.22 1.22 1.57 2.00 2.50 2.81 2.94 3.31 4.19 5.00 5.62 6.50 7.50 8.00
(in.) 1.05 1.24 1.24 1.59 2.02 2.52 2.83 2.96 3.33 4.21 5.02 5.64 6.52 7.52 8.02
C 0.97 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.58 1.58
(in.) 1.03 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.64 1.64
D Ref. (in.) 1.38 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.36 2.36
E 1.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 2.97 3.23 3.23
(in.) 2.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.03 3.27 3.27
F 0.88 1.06 1.06 1.38 1.81 2.31 2.62 2.75 3.12 4.00 4.75 5.38 6.25 7.12 7.62
(in.) 0.90 1.08 1.08 1.40 1.83 2.33 2.64 2.77 3.14 4.02 4.77 5.40 6.27 7.14 7.64
G 1.00 1.16 1.16 1.59 1.98 2.47 2.78 2.91 3.35 4.16 4.98 5.60 6.48 7.47 7.98
(in.) 1.06 1.22 1.22 1.65 2.02 2.53 2.84 2.97 3.41 4.22 5.02 5.64 6.52 7.53 8.02
H 0.42 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.77 0.77
(in.) 0.34 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.73 0.73
J 30° 30° 30° 30° 30° 30° 30° 30° 30° 30° 45° 45° 45° 45° 45°

7-118 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Guidelines for Selection of Seals and O-rings

Guidelines for assessing chemical compatibility and selecting rubber types are provided in Table 7.78
and Table 7.79 (Page 7-120).

Table 7.78—Chemical Compatibility of Rubber Types

Sulfur-Cured
Peroxide- Fluorocarbon AFLAS
Chemical Nitrile
Cured Nitrile (FKM, Viton, Fluorel) (TFE/P)
Environment Packer Elements
O-rings O-rings O-rings
and Molded Seals
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) D3 E A A
Methane (CH4) B 4
B 4
B4
A4
Hydrocarbons (crude) A A A A
Salt water A A A A
Steam E E E B
Carbon dioxide (CO2) B4 B4 A4 B4
Nitrogen (N2) B4 B4 A4 B4
Weak acid (HCl<15%) B B A A
Strong acid (HCl>15%) C2 C2 A A
Amine inhibitors C2 C2 E A
Alcohols A A E B
Diesel B B A B
Acidic completion fluids C1,D1 E B A
(bromide-zinc, calcium,
magnesium)
Aromatic hydrocarbons D2 D2 B D2
Oil-based drilling mud A A A A
Ester-based drilling mud B B B B
Solvents (xylene, toluene) D2 D2 B D2
Key: A- Excellent - Recommended
B- Good - Slightly affected, but no significant chemical change
C- Conditional - Time and/or temperature limitations
D- Conditional - Operation considerations for running
E- Not recommended
1
Could lose elasticity
2Physical degradation could occur
3If the well has been properly killed, potential incompatibilities may not exist
4Explosive decompression could damage seals or elements

Table 7.80 Notes

1. Some chemicals and environments cause certain rubber types to lose elasticity, which can affect
setting or resetting packer elements. Usually, no other physical degradation of the rubber is
apparent. Service tools can be run in these environments if the packer or bridge plug is set within

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-119

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

8 hours of starting in the hole. The packer or plug cannot be reset after initial operations have
begun.
2. Some chemicals can cause physical degradation of certain rubber types. To keep these chemicals
from prolonged contact with the rubber, pump them into the workstring and the wellbore. Do not
allow them in the drilling or completion fluids. If fluids are spotted, do not spot these chemicals
across the packer seat (overdisplacement). Run a pup joint below a retrievable packer to provide
a fluid barrier for packer elements. Place sand above a retrievable bridge plug to provide a phys-
ical barrier to pumped chemicals.
3. Incompatibilities that previously existed with chemicals that are produced from an oil or gas well
may not exist in certain service operations if the well has been properly killed, and those chem-
icals do not exist in the wellbore. Further, pumping operations will keep produced chemicals
from entering the wellbore during the service operation.
4. Chemical incompatibilities may not be severe enough to cause concern, but explosive decom-
pression can damage seals or packer elements. Explosive decompression occurs when a sudden
pressure loss occurs after prolonged exposure to this chemical.

O-ring Selections
Table 7.79 provides pressure and temperature guidelines for selecting the proper O-rings for HES service
tools. These guidelines are for HES service tools only.

Table 7.79—Temperature and Pressure Specifications for O-rings

Peroxide-Cured Nitrile Fluorcarbon Aflas
Temperature or Pressure
(NBR) (FKM, Viton, Fluorel) (TFE/P)
Specifications
Series 70 Series 6001 Series 601.32
Minimum Temp. °F (°C) -40 (-40) -10 (-23) 40 (4)3
Maximum Temp. °F (°C) 400 (204) 500 (260) 500 (260)
Exposure ≤ 24 hours
Maximum Temp. °F (°C) 350 (177)4 400 (204)5 400 (204)
Exposure ≤ 5 days
Max. Temp. °F (°C) 275 (135) 325 (163) 400 (204)
Exposure > 5 days
Maximum Pressure at 500°F — 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa)6 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa)6
Maximum Pressure at 350°F 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa) 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa) 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa)
Maximum Pressure at 275°F 15,000 psi (103,410 kPa) 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa) 8,000 psi (55,152 kPa)
Maximum Pressure at 150°F 20,000 psi (137,880 kPa) 15,000 psi (103,410 kPa) 8,000 psi (55,152 kPa)
1
Use Virgin PEEK backup rings above 400°F (204°C) and 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa).
2
Use Virgin PEEK backup rings above 350°F (177°C) and 5,000 psi (34,470 kPa).
3Min. temperature 100°F (38°C) if backup rings used; min. temp. 40°F (4°C) if backup rings not used.
4Field reports have shown successful results of working at 350°F (190°C) for 15 days.
5Field reports have shown successful results of working at 410°F (210°C) for 8 days.
6
Virgin PEEK backup rings (beige) are rated to 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa) at 550°F (288°C). Teflon backup rings (pink) that
are 25% glass-filled are rated to 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa) at 400°F (204°C).

7-120 Downhole Tools September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Quality Checks
To help ensure proper usage, perform field checks on packer elements and other rubber seal components.

Visual Inspection
Always inspect packer elements and seals before use, especially if they have been used before.

Important! Never reuse any packer element or seal that is run above 275°F (135°C).

Important! Never use cracked, blistered, bubbled, split, or torn packer seals.
When inspecting elements, check the OD of the packer element for swelling. ODs are listed in tool
manuals (Service Tools, Drillable Tools, etc.).

Important! Do not run packer elements that have swollen.

Durometer Check

Durometer is a measure of the hardness of an elastomer and is measured on a Shore "A" scale, which
displays values from about 45 to 100. Generally, most packer elements and seals vary from 50 to 95
Shore "A". ASTM 2240 provides information for properly testing rubber durometer.

Check the durometer of packer elements and seals if they are being reused. A durometer check also
ensures that the proper packer elements are being run on tools that allow for packer elements of various
durometers.

Conduct durometer tests on a thick section of rubber to ensure a proper reading. Readings must be taken
between 60° and 70°F (16 and 21°C) to correlate with the published durometers. Generally, readings at
higher temperatures will produce lower durometers. Tolerances on most packer elements and seals are ±
3 Shore "A".

Traceability
When redressing a service tool, always record the part number, batch number, cure date (by quarter of
the year), and purchase contract number of the seals found on the package label. This information is
especially important for packer elements.

Storage
To ensure traceability and improve the shelf life of seals, always store them in their original package. For
more information about packaging, identification, and storage, see Halliburton Specification 70.72000.

September 2005 Downhole Tools 7-121

Coiled Tubing Handbook

7-122 Downhole Tools September 2005

Section 8 Coiled Tubing Equipment

Coiled Tubing Units Overview ................................................................. 8-1

Standard Units vs. Certified Units ...................................................... 8-1
15K CTU ............................................................................................. 8-1
30K/38K CTUs ................................................................................... 8-2
60K CTU ............................................................................................. 8-3
80K CTU ............................................................................................. 8-4
V95HP QR CTU ................................................................................. 8-4
100K, V135HP CTU ........................................................................... 8-6
Halliburton Injectors ................................................................................. 8-7
15K Injector ........................................................................................ 8-7
30K and 38K Injectors ........................................................................ 8-8
60K Injector ........................................................................................ 8-10
80K Injector ........................................................................................ 8-12
V95HP Injector ................................................................................... 8-14
100K Injector ...................................................................................... 8-15
V135HP Injector ................................................................................ 8-17
Injector Chains and Gripper Blocks .................................................... 8-18
Two Hole Gripper Blocks: V-Blocks® ....................................................................................... 8-21

Minimum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks .............. 8-23
Maximum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks ............. 8-25
Tubing Guide Arches ............................................................................... 8-39
Overview ............................................................................................ 8-39
Selection and Job Considerations ...................................................... 8-39
48-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch ......................................................... 8-41
72-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch ......................................................... 8-41
72-in. Fixed-Radius Special Guide Arch ............................................ 8-42
96-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch ......................................................... 8-43
120-in. Fixed-Radius Special Guide Arch .......................................... 8-43
52-96 in. Progressive-Radius Guide Arch .......................................... 8-44
72-120 in. Progressive-Radius Guide Arch ........................................ 8-45
72-120 in. Segmented-Guide Arch ..................................................... 8-46
Coiled Tubing Reels ................................................................................ 8-47
Shaft-Type Reel Assemblies .............................................................. 8-48
Shaftless Type Reel Assemblies ........................................................ 8-49
Reel Swivels ....................................................................................... 8-53
Halliburton Reel Capacities ................................................................ 8-54
Reel Capacity Calculation .................................................................. 8-55
Shipping Spools ................................................................................. 8-56

i
Additional Reel Equipment ...................................................................... 8-57
Yard Spooling Device ......................................................................... 8-57
Coiled Tubing Embedded Reel Stand ................................................ 8-58
Bump Guard for Embedded Reel Stand ............................................. 8-58
Coiled Tubing Spreader/Lifter Bar with Slings and Shackles ............. 8-59
Coiled Tubing Hydraulic Power Packs ..................................................... 8-60
Standard 30K Hydraulic Coiled Tubing Power Pack .......................... 8-60
Universal High-Pressure Coiled Tubing Power Pack ......................... 8-61
Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure Coiled Tubing Power Pack
(Detroit Diesel 8V92TA) ..................................................................... 8-62
Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure Coiled Tubing Power Pack
(CAT 3406/CI5) .................................................................................. 8-64
Coiled Tubing Operator Houses .............................................................. 8-65
Standard 30K Coiled Tubing Operator House .................................... 8-65
Modular (Universal) Control House (60K CTU and Larger) ............... 8-67
Certified, Modular (Universal) Control House ..................................... 8-68
Trucks and Trailers .................................................................................. 8-69
Large Load Capacity Coiled Tubing Crane Truck .............................. 8-69
QMC 6070 High-Capacity Crane Trailer ............................................ 8-70
Standard Drop-Deck Coiled Tubing Reel Trailer ................................ 8-71
3-Axle International (Canada) Embedded Reel Trailer ...................... 8-72
4-Axle Embedded Reel Trailer ........................................................... 8-72
Offshore Skid Units .................................................................................. 8-73
Standard 60K Offshore Skid Unit ....................................................... 8-74
Certified 60K Offshore Skid Unit ........................................................ 8-78
Halliburton Fluid Pumps ........................................................................... 8-82
HT-150 (Coyote) ................................................................................. 8-82
HT-400 ............................................................................................... 8-83
HT-1200 (Bearcat) .............................................................................. 8-85
HT-2000 ............................................................................................. 8-86
HQ-2000 (Grizzly) .............................................................................. 8-87
Complete Pump Units ........................................................................ 8-88
General Statistics ............................................................................... 8-88
Unit Performance ............................................................................... 8-89
Centrifugal Pumps .............................................................................. 8-90

ii
Section 8

Coiled Tubing Equipment

Coiled Tubing Units Overview
Halliburton coiled tubing units (CTUs) are named according to the pulling load rating (in klbs) of the
Preface
injector head. These are made in a range of different sizes to suit different applications.

Standard Units vs. Certified Units

Most new units are available as a standard option or as a certified package for operating in hazardous
environments such as offshore in the North Sea. The main requirements for a certified unit is it's ability
to work in hazardous environments with flammable gasses present and specially certified lifting
equipment. This means all electrical components are sealed to prevent possible ignition sources and
major modifications are required to the diesel power pack to prevent ignition sources from sparks, etc.

15K CTU
This unit (Figure 8.1) is a self-contained
single unit design with the advantage of a
very fast rig-up and rig-down giving it the
ability to perform multiple jobs in a single
day. This unit is mostly suited to shallow
work with the smaller coiled tubing sizes.

The 15K injector was designed and built by

Halliburton and is mounted on a Hydra Rig
designed truck unit.

Figure 8.1—15K CTU

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-1

Coiled Tubing Handbook

30K/38K CTUs

Figure 8.2—30K and 38K CTUs

The 30 and 38K units have the capacity for most common coiled tubing requirements. They are available
in various configurations including trailer-mounted (Figure 8.2), truck-mounted split bodyloads (Figure
8.2), or offshore skid-mounted. The trailer-mounted embedded reel shown allows a larger capacity of
coiled tubing to be carried to location when required.

Main Features of 30K/38K CTUs

Figure 8.3—30K and 38K CTUs

Refer to Figure 8.3.

• Hoist capacity (pull rating) to 30 or 38Klbs (depending on injector hydraulic motors)

• 2 9/16-in. 10,000-psi, H2S-rated stripper
• 2 9/16-in. 10,000-psi, H2S-rated quad BOP
• Adapts easily to larger rental BOPs

8-2 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

60K CTU
The 60K unit offers more flexibility than smaller units and is able to perform many more job types due
to increased pulling ability and capacities to handle longer tubing strings with larger ODs. This was
available as a trailer mounted unit (Figure 8.4) or skid mounted to suit offshore applications.

Figure 8.4—60K CTU

Main Features of the 60K CTU

• Increased hoist capacity (pull rating) to 60Klbs

• Micro-Fine hydraulic controls
• All pressure control equipment rated for 10,000-psi working pressure and H2S exposure.
• 3 1/16-in., 10,000-psi, H2S-rated quad BOP
• Adapts easily to larger rental BOPs
• 3 1/16-in., 10,000-psi, H2S-rated sidewinder stripper that enables the quick change of elements.
• Full-length, anti-buckling tubing guides between the injector chains and the stripper ensure no
buckling occurs during snubbing.
• All connections are flanged with metal-to-metal seals.
• Large reel core diameter (84-in.) to minimize pipe bending fatigue.
• 10,000-psi Working pressure manifolds
• Pump-through reel swivel (10,000-psi)
• Remote-controlled isolation valve contains pressure inside the reel for added safety if the reel swivel
becomes damaged and needs to be re-dressed.
• Bi-directional dynamic braking control valves maintain positive control with tubing movement,
regardless of load direction or magnitude.
• Secondary static brakes engage to arrest tubing movement if primary control devices are rendered
ineffective.
• The injector can pass tools up to 7-in. OD.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-3

Coiled Tubing Handbook

80K CTU
With a pull capacity of 80,000 lb, this unit (Figure 8.5)
was designed and built for applications in which more
load capacity was required than was previously
available. Although this unit is still in use, it has now
been superceded by the higher capacity V95HP CTU
(Figure 8.6).

Figure 8.5—80K CTU

V95HP QR CTU
With a higher capacity in a smaller lighter body, the V95HP unit (Figure 8.6) has taken over from the
previous 80K unit. It is available on a quick-rig-up designed trailer where the injector is mounted on the
same trailer as the reel (shown) or skid-mounted on four separate skids for offshore operations (shown
in Figure 8.7, Page 8-5 without the reel skid).

Figure 8.6—V95HP CTU

8-4 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 8.7—V95HP unit skid-mounted on four separate skids for offshore operations
(shown without the reel skid).

Main Features of the V95HP CTU

• Injector-mounted on tilt mechanism on reel trailer so tubing remains stabbed in injector at all times
to improve safety and decrease rig-up and rig-down speed.
• V95HP injector based on proven 60K technology.
• Increased hoist capacity (pull rating) to 95Klb.
• Micro-Fine hydraulic controls.
• Designed to allow maximum tubing length to meet local weight limits.
• Available as triple rear-axle truck for international locations (lift axle on forward rear set) or
quad-axle trailer for US locations (lift axle on forward set) trailer capacity up to 60,000 lb of tubing.
• New segmented tubing guide (over 120-in. effective radius) reduces fatigue and simplifies rig-ups.
• All pressure control equipment rated for 15,000-psi working pressure and H2S exposure.
• 4 1/16-in., 15,000-psi, H2S-rated BOP.
• Adapts easily to larger rental BOPs.
• 4 1/16-in., 15,000-psi, H2S-rated dual stripper (over/under) that allows redundant pressure control.
• 15,000-psi Flow cross also standard (4 Lo-Torq valves).
• All connections are flanged with metal-to-metal seals.
• Large reel core diameter (84-in.) to minimize pipe bending fatigue.
• Pump-through reel swivel (15,000-psi).
• 15,000-psi Working pressure manifolds.
• Remote-controlled isolation valve contains pressure inside the reel for added safety if the reel swivel
becomes damaged and needs to be re-dressed.
• Full-length, anti-buckling tubing guides between the injector chains and the stripper ensure no
buckling occurs during snubbing.
• Bi-directional dynamic braking control valves maintain positive control with tubing movement,
regardless of load direction or magnitude.
• Secondary static brakes engage to arrest tubing movement if primary control devices are rendered
ineffective.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-5

Coiled Tubing Handbook

• The injector can pass tools up to 7-in. OD.

100K, V135HP CTU

The 100K CTU (Figure 8.8) is part of a complete system called
Anaconda. This state of the art system was developed primarily
for the drilling and completion of wells using composite instead
of steel coiled tubing. The Anaconda system includes other
special surface equipment such as the coiled tubing injector
tower and the highly advanced control room. New downhole
BHAs have been developed for this sytem that take advantage
of the ability to communicate with the surface equipment by
sending electrical signals through conductor wires embedded
into the full length of the wall of the special composite coiled
tubing.

With some changes to the motors of the 100K injector a new

V135HP injector has been made. This has a continuous pulling
capacity of 125klbs and an intermittent pulling capacity of
135klbs. Both injectors look very similar since the only major
change is with the hydraulic motors.

Figure 8.8—The 100K CTU is part of

a complete system called Anaconda

8-6 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Halliburton Injectors
15K Injector
The 15, 30, and 38K injectors are very similar in
design. However the 15K injector (Figure 8.9) has
only one hydraulic motor, whereas, both the 30K and
38K injectors have two.

Figure 8.9—15K injector

Table 8.1—15K Injector Specifications

Operating Load Rating
Maximum continuous pull 15,000
Maximum snub 5000
Maximum intermittent pull 12,000
Pressure Factor 7.72 lb/psi
Speed
Max speed 192 ft/min
Speed factor 2 (ft/min)/(gal/min)
Maximum Hydraulic Pressure 2,500 psi
Motor Type Double vane (single motor only)
Motor Displacement (each motor) 9.5 in³/rev
Total Motor Disp 9.5 in³/rev
Gear Ratio 21.48:1
Drive Sprocket Pitch Diameter 6.803 in
Dimensions 42 3/4 in. × 42 3/4 in. × 136 1/2 in.
Weight (with tubing guide) 4,200 lb
Unsupported Lengths
Stripper-to-tubing guide 3.5 in
Chain Contact Length 20 in.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-7

Coiled Tubing Handbook

30K and 38K Injectors

The 30 and 38K injectors (Figure 8.10) are very similar except for the higher capacity motors found on
the 38K injector.

Figure 8.10—Photo of 30K/38K injector. Drawing shows major components.

8-8 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.2—30 and 38K Injector Specifications

Operating Load Rating 30K 38K
30,400 lb at 2,500-psi
Maximum continuous pull 24,000
hyd. pressure
38,000 lb at 2,500-psi
Maximum intermittent pull 30,260
hyd. pressure
Maximum intermittent snub 15,000
Pressure Factor
Low speed 12.104 lb/psi 15.2 lb/psi
High speed 6.052 lb/psi 7.6 lb/psi
Speed
Maximum in low gear 112 ft/min 82 ft/min
Maximum in high gear 224 ft/min 164 ft/min
Low-gear speed factor 1.24 (ft/min)/(gal/min) 0.836 (ft/min)/(gal/min)
High-gear speed factor 2.48 (ft/min)/(gal/min) 1.672 (ft/min)/(gal/min)
Maximum Hydraulic Pressure 2500 psi 2500 psi
Motor Type Double vane Double vane
Motor Displacement
(each motor) 9.5 in.3/rev 13 in.3/rev
Total Motor Disp 19 in.3 26 in.3
Gear Ratio 21.48:1 21.48:1
Drive Sprocket Pitch Diameter 8.42 in. 8.42 in.
Dimensions 50 x 50 x 196 in 50 x 50 x 196 in
Weight with Tubing Guide 5,500 lb 5,500 lb
(6,600 lb on 1989 models or later) (6,600 lb on 1989 models or later)
Unsupported Lengths
Stripper-to-tubing guide 4.5 In. 4.5 in.
Stripper -to-gripper 22 in. 22 in.
Gripper-to-tubing guide 9.5 in. 9.5 in.
Chain Contact Length 30.42 in 30.42 in.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-9

Coiled Tubing Handbook

60K Injector

Gearhouse
Motors

V-style gripper
blocks on
chains

Outer frame

DAS load pins

Leveling legs

Figure 8.11—Photo of the 60K injector. Drawing shows the major components.

8-10 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.3—60K Injector Specifications

Operating Load Rating
Maximum continuous pull 60,000 lb (27 200 kg)
Maximum snub 24,000 lb (10 900 kg)
Maximum intermittent pull 60,000 lb (27 200 kg)
Maximum intermittent snub 30,000 lb (13 600 kg)
Pressure Factor
Low speed 12 lb/psi (0.79 kg/kPa)
High speed 6 lb/psi (0.39 kg/kPa)
Speed
Minimum < 1 ft/min (0.3 m/min)
Max in high gear 230 ft/min (70 m/min)
Maximum Hydraulic Pressure 5,000 psi
Motor Type Variable displacement axial piston
Motor Displacement (each motor) 4.88 in³/rev (80 mL/rev)
Total Motor Disp 9.76 in³/rev (160 mL/rev)
Gear Ratio 50.43:1
Drive Sprocket Pitch Diameter 9.620 in (244 mm)
Dimensions 45.5 × 68 × 111 in. (1.16 × 1.73 × 2.82 m)
Weight
with tubing guide 10,200 lb (4,630kg)
without tubing guide 8,100 lb (3,670kg)
Full Open Thru Bore (for BHA) 7 in
Unsupported Lengths
Stripper-to-gripper 19 in. (0.48 m)
Gripper-to-tubing guide 23 in. (0.58 m)
Chain Contact Length 36 in
Ambient Temperature Rating
Lifting -4°F to 200°F (-20°C to 93°C)
Operation -4°F to 122°F (-20°C to 50°C)

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-11

Coiled Tubing Handbook

80K Injector
Now superseded by the V95HP injector (Figure 8.12), there are three different versions of the old 80K
injector still being used.

• Standard—First version of the 80K injector designed and built with 6,000-psi hydraulic motors.
• DNV—A modified version of the standard version. The standard hydraulic motors were substituted
with 3,500-psi hydraulic motors to attain DNV certification. Both the standard and DNV injectors
needed the dedicated 80K power pack to run.
• Universal—The hydraulic motors were changed out to 5,000-psi motors. This allows the universal
80K injector to be run with the newer 60K power pack (sometimes called universal power pack).

Figure 8.12—Photo of the 80K injector with protection gaurds. Drawing shows the major components.

8-12 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.4—80K Injector Specifications

80K Standard 80K DNV 80K Universal
Operating Load Rating
Maximum continuous pull 71,.600 lb 73,200 lb
63,000 lb
at 5,000 psi at 3,000 psi
Maximum intermittent pull 85,600 lb at 6,000 psi 85,366 lb at 3,500 psi 80,000 lb
Maximum intermittent snub 40,000 lb (36 287 kg) 40,000 lb (36 287 kg)
Pressure Factor
Low speed 14.32 lb/psi 20.03 lb/psi 16 lb/psi
(1.32 kg/kPa)
High speed 10.01 lb/psi
(0.66 kg/kPa)
Speed
Minimum 1 ft/min (0.3 m/min)
Maximum in high gear 188 ft/min 160 ft/min 170 ft/min
Low-gear speed factor 1.45 (ft/min) / (gal/min)
0.117 (m/min) / (L/min)
High-gear speed factor 1 (ft/min)/(gal/min) 0.725 (ft/min) / (gal/min)
0.058 (m/min) / (L/min)
Maximum Hydraulic
6,000 psi 3,500 psi 5,000 psi
Pressure
Motor Type Piston Variable displacement Fixed displacement
axial piston axial piston
Motor Displacement 7.25 in.3/rev 9.76 in.3/rev (160 mL/rev) 7.25 in.³/rev
(each motor) each motor, low speed
4.88 in.3/rev (80 mL/rev)
each motor, high speed
Total Motor Disp 14.5 in³/rev 14.5 in.³/rev
Gear Ratio 50.47:1 50.47:1 52.0:1
Drive Sprocket Pitch 12,025 in 12.025 in.
Diameter (305.435 mm)
Dimensions 75 x 76 x 145 in. 76.5 x 60.5 x 153 in. 76.5 x 60.5 x 153 in.
Weight
with tubing guide 16,000 lb 14,000 lb 14,000 lb
without tubing guide 14,000 lb 11,900 kg
Unsupported Lengths
Stripper-to-tubing guide 5.0 in 5 in 8 in
Stripper -to-gripper 27.2 in. 27.2 in 30 in
Gripper-to-tubing guide 12.88 in. 12.88 in 9.5 in
Chain contact length 32.25 in 32.25 in 34 in
Ambient Temperature Rating
Lifting -4°F to 200°F
(-20°C to 93°C)
Operation -4°F to 122°F
(-20°C to 93°C)

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-13

Coiled Tubing Handbook

V95HP Injector

Table 8.5—V95HP Injector Specifications

Operating Load Rating
Maximum continuous pull 85.000 lb (38 555 kg)
Maximum snub 40,000 lb (18 144 kg)
Maximum Intermittent Pull 95,000 lb (43 091 kg)
Pressure Factor
Low speed 19 lb/psi (1.25 kg/kPa)
High speed 9.5 lb/psi (0.62 kg/kPa)
Speed
Minimum < 1 ft/min (0.3 m/min)
Maximum in low gear 90 ft/min
Maximum in high gear 185 ft/min (56.4 m/min)
Maximum Hydraulic Pressure 5,000 psi
Motor Type Viriable displacement
axial piston
Motor Displacement (each
6.53 in³/rev (107 mL/rev)
motor)
Total Motor Displacement 13.05 in³/rev (214 mL/rev)
Gear Ratio 50.43:1
Drive Sprocket Pitch Diameter 9.66 in.
Dimensions 45.5 x 59.75 x 115 in.
Weight
with tubing guide 10,350 lb (4,695 kg)
without tubing guide 9,800 lb (4,445 kg)
Full Open Thru Bore (for BHA) 7 in.
Unsupported Lengths
Stripper-to-tubing guide
Stripper -to-gripper 19 in. (0.48 m)
Gripper-to-tubing guide 23 in. (0.58 m)
Chain Contact Length 36 in. (0.91 m)
Ambient Temperature Rating
Operation -4°F to 122°F (-20°C to 93°C)

Figure 8.13—V95HP injector.

8-14 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

100K Injector

Figure 8.14—Major components of the 100K injector

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-15

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 8.15—Dimensions of the 100K injector

Table 8.6—100K Injector Specifications

Operating Load Rating
Maximum Continuous Pull 100,000 lb (44,600 kg)
Maximum Snub 50,000 lbf (22,300 kg)
Speed
Minimum 0.02 ft/min (0.006 m/min)
Maximum in low gear 30 ft/min at 100klbs
Maximum in high gear 100 ft/min at 50klbs
Maximum Hydraulic Pressure 5000 psi
Dimensions 52* x 69.6 x 132 in.
*70 in. with motor guard
Chain Contact Length 36.0 in. (915 mm)

8-16 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

V135HP Injector

Figure 8.16—V135HP injector

Table 8.7—V135HP Injector Specifications

Maximum Intermittent Pull 135,000 lb
Maximum Snub 50,000 lb
Speed
Minimum 0.01 ft/min elec. or 1 ft/min man.
Maximum in low gear 30 ft/min at 135klbs
Maximum in high gear 100 ft/min at 65klbs
Maximum Hydraulic Pressure 5,000 psi
Gear Ratio 60.5:1
Dimensions 52* x 64 x 132 in.
*70 in. with motor guard
Full Open Thru Bore (For BHA) 7 1/16-in.
Chain Contact Length 36 in.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-17

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Injector Chains and Gripper Blocks

Halliburton injectors have two types of chain, gripper drive
chains and linear beam roller chains (shown in Figure
8.17). The gripper blocks (or V-blocks) are an integral part
of the drive chains and provide the grip required to move
the coiled tubing at the speed and in the direction required.
The drive chains are driven by the drive motors. The linear
force required to hold the weight of the coiled tubing is
supplied by the linear beam cylinders pushing the linear
beams together. The force from the linear beams is
transmitted to the drive chains through the roller chains.
Two chains of each type are required for one injector
assembly.

Both sets of chains require regular inspection since chain

failure can be catastrophic. The two main inspection
criterion are for pin rotation and chain stretch.

To check for pin rotation ensure the cotter pins are aligned
vertically with the links as shown in Figure 8.18.
Rotated pins can be caused by the roller seizing on the Figure 8.17—Injector chain diagram
pin because of corrosion or galling and is often a sign of
poor lubrication. When rotation occurs, the pin is likely to
fracture rapidly. Replace all rotated connector links. Once one connector link starts to rotate it is common
for more links to rotate soon afterwards, therefore serious consideration should be given to changing the
entire chain and a thorough inspection of the chain lubrication system should be done. Also note the
correct makeup of the chain showing alternating end caps with cotter pins.

Figure 8.18—Injector chain pin rotation inspection

As soon as chains are installed on the injector and have been operated, they begin to stretch. Chain stretch
cannot be avoided, but it must be monitored and managed. Regular inspections should be conducted to
verify that chains have not stretched beyond their allowed length. The allowable stretch for these types

8-18 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

of chain is 3% (shown in Table 8.1). Figure 8.19 shows an example of how to measure an ASA 200
chain for allowed stretch. From the table the nominal length for this size of chain is 15.00 in. over six
links after proper tension is applied. If the measured length of the chain is actually 15.45 in. (as shown
in Figure 8.19), it has reached its maximum allowable length and should be replaced. Links should not
be removed or spacers installed to try to extend the chain life. It should also be noted that new chains
stretch faster than old chains.

Figure 8.19—Examination of chains for stretch

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-19

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.8—Injector Chain Specifications

For Chain Stretch
Pitches Purposes
Chain Size Pitch
Injector Description per One Maximum
(ASA No.) No. of
Chain Allow Length
Links
(in.) (mm) (in.) (mm)
15K Gripper chain No. 100 78 1.25 31.75 10 12.87 326.90
Linear beam chain No. 60 78 0.75 19.05 16 12.36 313.94
30K and Gripper chain No. 140 84 1.75 44.45 7 12.50 317.50
38K Linear beam chain No. 80 84 1.00 25.40 12 12.36 313.94
60K Gripper chain No. 160 82 2.00 50.80 6 12.36 313.94
Linear beam chain No. 80 82 1.00 25.40 12 12.36 313.94
80K Gripper chain No. 200 76 2.50 63.50 5 12.87 326.90
Linear beam chain No. 100 76 1.25 31.75 10 12.87 326.90
V95HP Gripper chain No. 200 66 2.50 63.50 6 15.45 392.43
Linear beam chain No. 80 66 1.00 25.40 12 12.36 313.94
100K and Gripper chain No. 200 heavy duty 76 2.50 63.50 6 15.45 392.43
V135HP Linear beam chain No. 100 76 1.25 31.75 10 12.87 326.90

8-20 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Two Hole Gripper Blocks: V-Blocks®

In the past, Halliburton has offered several types of CT gripper blocks including semi-circular and
V-block design. To standardize gripper block design, only the two-hole V-Block® gripper blocks will be
manufactured and held in inventory. Figure 8.20 shows different views of the standard two-hole
V-Block® gripper blocks and the correct orientation of the installed gripper block with the single hole
pointing upward and the double holes pointing downward.

Figure 8.20—Views of the standard two-hole V-Block® gripper blocks. Last view shows an installed
gripper block with the single hole pointing upward and the double holes pointing downward.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-21

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.9—Two-Hole Gripper Blocks (V-Blocks Status as of March 2003)

Part No.
No. of Blocks CT OD Part No. Existing
Injector Chain Assembly
per Injector RANGE (in.) Gripper Blocks
(2 req. per injector)
15K 2x78=156 0.75-1.25 101206290 100081522
1.00-1.50 101206291 100082339
30K and 2x84=168 1.00-1.75 101206292 100010533
38K 1.50-2.50 101206293 100082339
60K 2x82=164 1.25-2.25 101206294 100082340
1.50-2.50 101206296 100010277
2.00-3.00 101206297 100082341
80K 2x76=152 1.25-2.00 101206298 101208662
1.50-2.50 101206299 100082342
2.00-3.50 101206300 100082343
V95HP 2X66=132 1.25-2.00 101206298 101287669
1.50-2.50 101206299 101287670
2.00-3.50 101206300 101287671
100K and 2X76=152 1.25-2.00 101206298 101289599
V135HP 1.50-2.50 101206299 101289606
2.00-3.50 101206300 101323415

8-22 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Minimum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks

Table 8.10—Minimum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks
Required Required Linear beam Cylinder Pressure (p) for Injectors
Hoisting Hoisting
Gripper 60K and 100K and
Load 15K 30/38K 80K Load
Load V95HP V135HP
Q P=p/20.98 P=p/53.72 P=p/127.6 Q
P=Q/(2f) p=P/78.34 p=P/127.59
lb psi psi psi lb
lb psi psi
1000 1563 400 300 200 200 200 1000
2000 3125 400 300 200 200 200 2000
3000 4688 400 300 200 200 200 3000
4000 6250 400 300 200 200 200 4000
5000 7813 400 300 200 200 200 5000
6000 9375 450 300 200 200 200 6000
7000 10938 520 300 200 200 200 7000
8000 12500 600 300 200 200 200 8000
9000 14063 670 300 200 200 200 9000
10000 15625 740 300 200 200 200 10000
12000 18750 890 350 200 240 200 12000
14000 21875 1040 410 200 280 200 14000
16000 25000 1190 470 200 320 200 16000
18000 28125 1340 520 220 360 220 18000
20000 31250 1490 580 240 400 240 20000
22000 34375 1640 640 270 440 270 22000
24000 37500 700 290 480 290 24000
26000 40625 760 320 520 320 26000
28000 43750 810 340 560 340 28000
30000 46875 870 370 600 370 30000
32000 50000 930 390 640 390 32000
34000 53125 990 420 680 420 34000
36000 56250 1050 440 720 440 36000
38000 59375 1110 470 760 470 38000
40000 62500 1160 490 800 490 40000
42000 65625 510 840 510 42000
44000 68750 540 880 540 44000
46000 71875 560 920 560 46000
48000 75000 590 960 590 48000
50000 78125 610 1000 610 50000
52000 81250 Accumulator 640 1040 640 52000
54000 84375 precharge pressure 660 1080 660 54000
56000 87500 is about one-half of 690 1120 690 56000
58000 90625 required cylinder 710 1160 710 58000
60000 93750 pressure (p) 730 1200 730 60000
62000 96875 760 1240 760 62000
Based on friction factor of f=0.32
Cylinder areas are (Acyl)*(0.95) efficiency of 95% assumed

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-23

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.10—Minimum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks (Continued)
Required Required Linear beam Cylinder Pressure (p) for Injectors
Hoisting Hoisting
Gripper 60K and 100K and
Load 15K 30/38K 80K Load
Load V95HP V135HP
Q P=p/20.98 P=p/53.72 P=p/127.6 Q
P=Q/(2f) p=P/78.34 p=P/127.59
lb psi psi psi lb
lb psi psi
64000 100000 780 1280 780 64000
66000 103125 810 1320 810 66000
68000 106250 830 1360 830 68000
70000 109375 860 1400 860 70000
72000 112500 880 1440 880 72000
74000 115625 910 1480 910 74000
76000 118750 930 1520 930 76000
78000 121875 960 1560 960 78000
80000 125000 980 1600 980 80000
82000 128125 1000 82000
84000 131250 1030 84000
86000 134375 1050 86000
88000 137500 1080 88000
90000 140625 1100 90000
92000 143750 1130 92000
94000 146875 1150 94000
96000 150000 1180 96000
98000 153125 1200 98000
100000 156250 1220 100000
102000 159375 1250 102000
104000 162500 1270 104000
106000 165625 1300 106000
108000 168750 1320 108000
110000 171875 1350 110000
112000 175000 1370 112000
114000 178125 1400 114000
116000 181250 1420 116000
118000 184375 1450 118000
120000 187500 1470 120000
122000 190625 1490 122000
124000 193750 1520 124000
126000 196875 1540 126000
128000 200000 1570 128000
130000 203125 1590 130000
132000 206250 1620 132000
134000 209375 1640 134000
136000 212500 1670 136000
Based on friction factor of f=0.32
Cylinder areas are (Acyl)*(0.95) efficiency of 95% assumed

8-24 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Maximum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks

Table 8.11—(70-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
1.000 0.075 0.850 0.785 0.218 0.567 0.741 1186 695 572 312 351
1.000 0.080 0.840 0.785 0.231 0.554 0.786 1342 786 647 353 397
1.000 0.083 0.834 0.785 0.239 0.546 0.813 1439 843 694 379 426
1.000 0.087 0.826 0.785 0.250 0.536 0.848 1575 922 759 414 466
1.000 0.095 0.810 0.785 0.270 0.515 0.918 1861 1090 897 490 551
1.000 0.102 0.796 0.785 0.288 0.498 0.978 2129 1247 1026 560 630
1.000 0.109 0.782 0.785 0.305 0.480 1.037 2413 1414 1163 635 714
1.000 0.118 0.764 0.785 0.327 0.458 1.112 2801 1641 1350 737 829
1.000 0.125 0.750 0.785 0.344 0.442 1.168 3120 1828 1504 821 924
1.250 0.075 1.100 1.227 0.277 0.950 0.941 965 565 465 254 286
1.250 0.080 1.090 1.227 0.294 0.933 1.000 1093 640 527 288 324
1.250 0.087 1.076 1.227 0.318 0.909 1.081 1284 752 619 338 380
1.250 0.095 1.060 1.227 0.345 0.882 1.172 1520 891 733 400 450
1.250 0.102 1.046 1.227 0.368 0.859 1.251 1742 1020 840 458 516
1.250 0.109 1.032 1.227 0.391 0.836 1.328 1977 1158 953 520 585
1.250 0.118 1.014 1.227 0.420 0.808 1.427 2298 1347 1108 605 680
1.250 0.125 1.000 1.227 0.442 0.785 1.502 2564 1502 1236 675 759
1.250 0.134 0.982 1.227 0.470 0.757 1.597 2923 1713 1409 769 865
1.250 0.145 0.960 1.227 0.503 0.724 1.711 3391 1986 1635 892 1004
1.250 0.156 0.938 1.227 0.536 0.691 1.823 3888 2278 1874 1023 1151
1.250 0.175 0.900 1.227 0.591 0.636 2.009 4815 2821 2321 1267 1426
1.500 0.095 1.310 1.767 0.419 1.348 1.426 1285 753 620 338 380
1.500 0.102 1.296 1.767 0.448 1.319 1.523 1474 863 710 388 436
1.500 0.109 1.282 1.767 0.476 1.291 1.619 1674 981 807 441 496
1.500 0.118 1.264 1.767 0.512 1.255 1.742 1949 1142 940 513 577
1.500 0.125 1.250 1.767 0.540 1.227 1.836 2176 1275 1049 573 644
1.500 0.134 1.232 1.767 0.575 1.192 1.955 2484 1455 1197 654 735
1.500 0.145 1.210 1.767 0.617 1.150 2.098 2885 1690 1391 759 854
1.500 0.156 1.188 1.767 0.659 1.108 2.239 3313 1941 1597 872 981
1.500 0.175 1.150 1.767 0.728 1.039 2.476 4113 2409 1983 1082 1218
1.500 0.188 1.124 1.767 0.775 0.992 2.634 4703 2755 2267 1237 1392
1.500 0.204 1.092 1.767 0.831 0.937 2.824 5476 3208 2640 1441 1621
1.750 0.095 1.560 2.405 0.494 1.911 1.679 1113 652 537 293 329
1.750 0.102 1.546 2.405 0.528 1.877 1.795 1277 748 616 336 378
1.750 0.109 1.532 2.405 0.562 1.843 1.910 1452 851 700 382 430
1.750 0.118 1.514 2.405 0.605 1.800 2.057 1692 991 816 445 501
1.750 0.125 1.500 2.405 0.638 1.767 2.169 1890 1107 911 497 559
1.750 0.134 1.482 2.405 0.680 1.725 2.313 2159 1265 1041 568 639

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-25

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.11—(70-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
1.750 0.145 1.460 2.405 0.731 1.674 2.486 2511 1471 1210 661 743
1.750 0.156 1.438 2.405 0.781 1.624 2.656 2886 1691 1391 759 854
1.750 0.175 1.400 2.405 0.866 1.539 2.944 3589 2103 1730 944 1062
1.750 0.188 1.374 2.405 0.923 1.483 3.136 4109 2407 1981 1081 1216
1.750 0.204 1.342 2.405 0.991 1.414 3.368 4791 2807 2310 1261 1418

8-26 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.12—(80-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
1.000 0.080 0.840 0.785 0.231 0.554 0.786 1533 898 739 403 454
1.000 0.083 0.834 0.785 0.239 0.546 0.813 1645 964 793 433 487
1.000 0.087 0.826 0.785 0.250 0.536 0.848 1799 1054 868 474 533
1.000 0.095 0.810 0.785 0.270 0.515 0.918 2127 1246 1025 560 630
1.000 0.102 0.796 0.785 0.288 0.498 0.978 2433 1426 1173 640 720
1.000 0.109 0.782 0.785 0.305 0.480 1.037 2758 1616 1330 726 816
1.000 0.118 0.764 0.785 0.327 0.458 1.112 3201 1875 1543 842 948
1.000 0.125 0.750 0.785 0.344 0.442 1.168 3565 2089 1719 938 1055
1.250 0.075 1.100 1.227 0.277 0.950 0.941 1103 646 532 290 326
1.250 0.080 1.090 1.227 0.294 0.933 1.000 1249 732 602 329 370
1.250 0.087 1.076 1.227 0.318 0.909 1.081 1468 860 708 386 435
1.250 0.095 1.060 1.227 0.345 0.882 1.172 1738 1018 838 457 514
1.250 0.102 1.046 1.227 0.368 0.859 1.251 1991 1166 960 524 589
1.250 0.109 1.032 1.227 0.391 0.836 1.328 2259 1324 1089 594 669
1.250 0.118 1.014 1.227 0.420 0.808 1.427 2627 1539 1266 691 778
1.250 0.125 1.000 1.227 0.442 0.785 1.502 2930 1716 1412 771 867
1.250 0.134 0.982 1.227 0.470 0.757 1.597 3341 1957 1611 879 989
1.250 0.145 0.960 1.227 0.503 0.724 1.711 3875 2270 1868 1020 1147
1.250 0.156 0.938 1.227 0.536 0.691 1.823 4443 2603 2142 1169 1315
1.250 0.175 0.900 1.227 0.591 0.636 2.009 5503 3224 2653 1448 1629
1.500 0.095 1.310 1.767 0.419 1.348 1.426 1469 860 708 386 435
1.500 0.102 1.296 1.767 0.448 1.319 1.523 1684 987 812 443 499
1.500 0.109 1.282 1.767 0.476 1.291 1.619 1913 1121 922 503 566
1.500 0.118 1.264 1.767 0.512 1.255 1.742 2227 1305 1074 586 659
1.500 0.125 1.250 1.767 0.540 1.227 1.836 2487 1457 1199 654 736
1.500 0.134 1.232 1.767 0.575 1.192 1.955 2839 1663 1369 747 840
1.500 0.145 1.210 1.767 0.617 1.150 2.098 3297 1932 1590 868 976
1.500 0.156 1.188 1.767 0.659 1.108 2.239 3786 2218 1825 996 1121
1.500 0.175 1.150 1.767 0.728 1.039 2.476 4700 2754 2266 1237 1391
1.500 0.188 1.124 1.767 0.775 0.992 2.634 5375 3149 2591 1414 1591
1.500 0.204 1.092 1.767 0.831 0.937 2.824 6258 3666 3017 1647 1853
1.750 0.095 1.560 2.405 0.494 1.911 1.679 1272 745 613 335 377
1.750 0.102 1.546 2.405 0.528 1.877 1.795 1460 855 704 384 432
1.750 0.109 1.532 2.405 0.562 1.843 1.910 1659 972 800 437 491
1.750 0.118 1.514 2.405 0.605 1.800 2.057 1933 1133 932 509 572
1.750 0.125 1.500 2.405 0.638 1.767 2.169 2160 1265 1041 568 639
1.750 0.134 1.482 2.405 0.680 1.725 2.313 2468 1446 1190 649 731

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-27

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.12—(80-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks (Continued)
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
1.750 0.145 1.460 2.405 0.731 1.674 2.486 2869 1681 1383 755 849
1.750 0.156 1.438 2.405 0.781 1.624 2.656 3298 1932 1590 868 976
1.750 0.175 1.400 2.405 0.866 1.539 2.944 4102 2403 1977 1079 1214
1.750 0.188 1.374 2.405 0.923 1.483 3.136 4696 2751 2264 1236 1390
1.750 0.204 1.342 2.405 0.991 1.414 3.368 5475 3208 2640 1441 1621
2.000 0.109 1.782 3.142 0.648 2.494 2.201 1465 858 706 385 434
2.000 0.118 1.764 3.142 0.698 2.444 2.372 1708 1001 823 449 506
2.000 0.125 1.750 3.142 0.736 2.405 2.503 1909 1118 920 502 565
2.000 0.134 1.732 3.142 0.786 2.356 2.671 2183 1279 1052 574 646
2.000 0.145 1.710 3.142 0.845 2.297 2.873 2540 1488 1224 668 752
2.000 0.156 1.688 3.142 0.904 2.238 3.072 2922 1712 1409 769 865
2.000 0.175 1.650 3.142 1.003 2.138 3.411 3638 2132 1754 957 1077
2.000 0.188 1.624 3.142 1.070 2.071 3.638 4169 2443 2010 1097 1234
2.000 0.204 1.592 3.142 1.151 1.991 3.913 4866 2851 2346 1281 1441
2.375 0.109 2.157 4.430 0.776 3.654 2.638 1246 730 601 328 369
2.375 0.118 2.139 4.430 0.837 3.593 2.844 1454 852 701 383 430
2.375 0.125 2.125 4.430 0.884 3.547 3.004 1626 952 784 428 481
2.375 0.134 2.107 4.430 0.943 3.487 3.207 1860 1090 897 489 551
2.375 0.145 2.085 4.430 1.016 3.414 3.453 2167 1269 1045 570 641
2.375 0.156 2.063 4.430 1.088 3.343 3.697 2495 1462 1203 656 739
2.375 0.175 2.025 4.430 1.210 3.221 4.112 3111 1823 1500 819 921
2.375 0.188 1.999 4.430 1.292 3.138 4.391 3569 2091 1721 939 1057
2.375 0.204 1.967 4.430 1.391 3.039 4.730 4171 2444 2011 1098 1235
2.375 0.224 1.927 4.430 1.514 2.916 5.146 4982 2919 2402 1311 1475
2.375 0.236 1.903 4.430 1.586 2.844 5.391 5500 3222 2652 1447 1628
2.375 0.250 1.875 4.430 1.669 2.761 5.674 6133 3593 2957 1614 1816
2.875 0.142 2.591 6.492 1.219 5.273 4.145 1740 1019 839 458 515
2.875 0.134 2.607 6.492 1.154 5.338 3.923 1554 910 749 409 460
2.875 0.145 2.585 6.492 1.244 5.248 4.228 1812 1061 873 477 536
2.875 0.156 2.563 6.492 1.333 5.159 4.530 2088 1223 1007 549 618
2.875 0.175 2.525 6.492 1.484 5.007 5.046 2608 1528 1257 686 772
2.875 0.188 2.499 6.492 1.587 4.905 5.395 2994 1754 1443 788 886
2.875 0.204 2.467 6.492 1.712 4.780 5.819 3503 2052 1689 922 1037
2.875 0.224 2.427 6.492 1.866 4.626 6.342 4191 2455 2021 1103 1241
2.875 0.250 2.375 6.492 2.062 4.430 7.009 5168 3028 2492 1360 1530
3.500 0.156 3.188 9.621 1.639 7.982 5.571 1734 1016 836 456 513
3.500 0.175 3.150 9.621 1.828 7.793 6.215 2169 1271 1046 571 642
3.500 0.188 3.124 9.621 1.956 7.665 6.650 2492 1460 1202 656 738
3.500 0.204 3.092 9.621 2.112 7.509 7.181 2919 1710 1407 768 864

8-28 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.12—(80-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks (Continued)
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
3.500 0.224 3.052 9.621 2.305 7.316 7.837 3497 2049 1686 920 1035
3.500 0.250 3.000 9.621 2.553 7.069 8.678 4319 2531 2082 1137 1279
3.500 0.281 2.938 9.621 2.842 6.779 9.661 5403 3166 2605 1422 1600
3.500 0.300 2.900 9.621 3.016 6.605 10.253 6122 3587 2951 1611 1812

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-29

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.13—(90-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
1.000 0.075 0.850 0.785 0.218 0.567 0.741 1525 893 735 401 451
1.000 0.080 0.840 0.785 0.231 0.554 0.786 1725 1011 832 454 511
1.000 0.083 0.834 0.785 0.239 0.546 0.813 1851 1084 892 487 548
1.000 0.087 0.826 0.785 0.250 0.536 0.848 2024 1186 976 533 599
1.000 0.095 0.810 0.785 0.270 0.515 0.918 2393 1402 1154 630 708
1.000 0.102 0.796 0.785 0.288 0.498 0.978 2737 1604 1320 720 810
1.000 0.109 0.782 0.785 0.305 0.480 1.037 3102 1818 1496 816 918
1.000 0.118 0.764 0.785 0.327 0.458 1.112 3601 2110 1736 948 1066
1.000 0.125 0.750 0.785 0.344 0.442 1.168 4011 2350 1934 1055 1187
1.250 0.075 1.100 1.227 0.277 0.950 0.941 1240 727 598 326 367
1.250 0.080 1.090 1.227 0.294 0.933 1.000 1405 823 677 370 416
1.250 0.087 1.076 1.227 0.318 0.909 1.081 1651 967 796 434 489
1.250 0.095 1.060 1.227 0.345 0.882 1.172 1955 1145 942 514 579
1.250 0.102 1.046 1.227 0.368 0.859 1.251 2239 1312 1080 589 663
1.250 0.109 1.032 1.227 0.391 0.836 1.328 2542 1489 1225 669 752
1.250 0.118 1.014 1.227 0.420 0.808 1.427 2955 1731 1425 778 875
1.250 0.125 1.000 1.227 0.442 0.785 1.502 3296 1931 1589 867 976
1.250 0.134 0.982 1.227 0.470 0.757 1.597 3758 2202 1812 989 1113
1.250 0.145 0.960 1.227 0.503 0.724 1.711 4359 2554 2102 1147 1291
1.250 0.156 0.938 1.227 0.536 0.691 1.823 4999 2929 2410 1315 1480
1.250 0.175 0.900 1.227 0.591 0.636 2.009 6191 3627 2985 1629 1833
1.500 0.095 1.310 1.767 0.419 1.348 1.426 1652 968 797 435 489
1.500 0.102 1.296 1.767 0.448 1.319 1.523 1895 1110 913 499 561
1.500 0.109 1.282 1.767 0.476 1.291 1.619 2152 1261 1038 566 637
1.500 0.118 1.264 1.767 0.512 1.255 1.742 2506 1468 1208 659 742
1.500 0.125 1.250 1.767 0.540 1.227 1.836 2797 1639 1349 736 828
1.500 0.134 1.232 1.767 0.575 1.192 1.955 3193 1871 1540 840 945
1.500 0.145 1.210 1.767 0.617 1.150 2.098 3709 2173 1788 976 1098
1.500 0.156 1.188 1.767 0.659 1.108 2.239 4259 2495 2053 1121 1261
1.500 0.175 1.150 1.767 0.728 1.039 2.476 5288 3098 2549 1391 1565
1.500 0.188 1.124 1.767 0.775 0.992 2.634 6046 3542 2915 1591 1790
1.500 0.204 1.092 1.767 0.831 0.937 2.824 7040 4125 3394 1853 2084
1.750 0.095 1.560 2.405 0.494 1.911 1.679 1431 838 690 377 424
1.750 0.102 1.546 2.405 0.528 1.877 1.795 1642 962 792 432 486
1.750 0.109 1.532 2.405 0.562 1.843 1.910 1867 1094 900 491 553
1.750 0.118 1.514 2.405 0.605 1.800 2.057 2175 1274 1049 572 644
1.750 0.125 1.500 2.405 0.638 1.767 2.169 2430 1424 1171 639 719
1.750 0.134 1.482 2.405 0.680 1.725 2.313 2776 1626 1338 731 822

8-30 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.13—(90-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks (Continued)
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
1.750 0.145 1.460 2.405 0.731 1.674 2.486 3228 1891 1556 849 956
1.750 0.156 1.438 2.405 0.781 1.624 2.656 3711 2174 1789 976 1098
1.750 0.175 1.400 2.405 0.866 1.539 2.944 4614 2703 2225 1214 1366
1.750 0.188 1.374 2.405 0.923 1.483 3.136 5283 3095 2547 1390 1564
1.750 0.204 1.342 2.405 0.991 1.414 3.368 6159 3609 2970 1621 1823
2.000 0.109 1.782 3.142 0.648 2.494 2.201 1648 965 794 434 488
2.000 0.118 1.764 3.142 0.698 2.444 2.372 1921 1126 926 506 569
2.000 0.125 1.750 3.142 0.736 2.405 2.503 2148 1258 1035 565 636
2.000 0.134 1.732 3.142 0.786 2.356 2.671 2455 1439 1184 646 727
2.000 0.145 1.710 3.142 0.845 2.297 2.873 2857 1674 1378 752 846
2.000 0.156 1.688 3.142 0.904 2.238 3.072 3287 1926 1585 865 973
2.000 0.175 1.650 3.142 1.003 2.138 3.411 4093 2398 1973 1077 1212
2.000 0.188 1.624 3.142 1.070 2.071 3.638 4690 2748 2261 1234 1389
2.000 0.204 1.592 3.142 1.151 1.991 3.913 5475 3208 2639 1441 1621
2.375 0.109 2.157 4.430 0.776 3.654 2.638 1401 821 676 369 415
2.375 0.118 2.139 4.430 0.837 3.593 2.844 1635 958 788 430 484
2.375 0.125 2.125 4.430 0.884 3.547 3.004 1829 1072 882 481 541
2.375 0.134 2.107 4.430 0.943 3.487 3.207 2093 1226 1009 551 620
2.375 0.145 2.085 4.430 1.016 3.414 3.453 2437 1428 1175 641 722
2.375 0.156 2.063 4.430 1.088 3.343 3.697 2807 1644 1353 739 831
2.375 0.175 2.025 4.430 1.210 3.221 4.112 3500 2051 1687 921 1036
2.375 0.188 1.999 4.430 1.292 3.138 4.391 4015 2352 1936 1056 1189
2.375 0.204 1.967 4.430 1.391 3.039 4.730 4692 2749 2262 1235 1389
2.375 0.224 1.927 4.430 1.514 2.916 5.146 5605 3284 2702 1475 1659
2.375 0.236 1.903 4.430 1.586 2.844 5.391 6188 3625 2983 1628 1832
2.375 0.250 1.875 4.430 1.669 2.761 5.674 6899 4042 3326 1816 2043
2.875 0.142 2.591 6.492 1.219 5.273 4.145 1957 1147 943 515 579
2.875 0.134 2.607 6.492 1.154 5.338 3.923 1748 1024 843 460 518
2.875 0.145 2.585 6.492 1.244 5.248 4.228 2038 1194 983 536 603
2.875 0.156 2.563 6.492 1.333 5.159 4.530 2349 1376 1132 618 695
2.875 0.175 2.525 6.492 1.484 5.007 5.046 2934 1719 1414 772 868
2.875 0.188 2.499 6.492 1.587 4.905 5.395 3368 1973 1624 886 997
2.875 0.204 2.467 6.492 1.712 4.780 5.819 3941 2309 1900 1037 1167
2.875 0.224 2.427 6.492 1.866 4.626 6.342 4715 2762 2273 1241 1396
2.875 0.250 2.375 6.492 2.062 4.430 7.009 5815 3407 2803 1530 1721
3.500 0.156 3.188 9.621 1.639 7.982 5.571 1951 1143 941 513 578
3.500 0.175 3.150 9.621 1.828 7.793 6.215 2440 1429 1176 642 722
3.500 0.188 3.124 9.621 1.956 7.665 6.650 2804 1643 1352 738 830
3.500 0.204 3.092 9.621 2.112 7.509 7.181 3284 1924 1583 864 972

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-31

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.13—(90-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks (Continued)
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
3.500 0.224 3.052 9.621 2.305 7.316 7.837 3934 2305 1897 1035 1165
3.500 0.250 3.000 9.621 2.553 7.069 8.678 4859 2847 2343 1279 1439
3.500 0.281 2.938 9.621 2.842 6.779 9.661 6079 3561 2931 1600 1800
3.500 0.300 2.900 9.621 3.016 6.605 10.253 6887 4035 3320 1812 2039

8-32 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.14—(100-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
1.000 0.075 0.850 0.785 0.218 0.567 0.741 1694 992 817 446 502
1.000 0.080 0.840 0.785 0.231 0.554 0.786 1917 1123 924 504 567
1.000 0.083 0.834 0.785 0.239 0.546 0.813 2056 1205 991 541 609
1.000 0.087 0.826 0.785 0.250 0.536 0.848 2249 1318 1084 592 666
1.000 0.095 0.810 0.785 0.270 0.515 0.918 2659 1558 1282 700 787
1.000 0.102 0.796 0.785 0.288 0.498 0.978 3041 1782 1466 800 900
1.000 0.109 0.782 0.785 0.305 0.480 1.037 3447 2020 1662 907 1020
1.000 0.118 0.764 0.785 0.327 0.458 1.112 4001 2344 1929 1053 1185
1.000 0.125 0.750 0.785 0.344 0.442 1.168 4457 2611 2149 1173 1319
1.250 0.075 1.100 1.227 0.277 0.950 0.941 1378 808 664 363 408
1.250 0.080 1.090 1.227 0.294 0.933 1.000 1561 915 753 411 462
1.250 0.087 1.076 1.227 0.318 0.909 1.081 1835 1075 885 483 543
1.250 0.095 1.060 1.227 0.345 0.882 1.172 2172 1272 1047 572 643
1.250 0.102 1.046 1.227 0.368 0.859 1.251 2488 1458 1200 655 737
1.250 0.109 1.032 1.227 0.391 0.836 1.328 2824 1654 1361 743 836
1.250 0.118 1.014 1.227 0.420 0.808 1.427 3283 1924 1583 864 972
1.250 0.125 1.000 1.227 0.442 0.785 1.502 3662 2146 1766 964 1084
1.250 0.134 0.982 1.227 0.470 0.757 1.597 4176 2447 2013 1099 1236
1.250 0.145 0.960 1.227 0.503 0.724 1.711 4844 2838 2335 1275 1434
1.250 0.156 0.938 1.227 0.536 0.691 1.823 5554 3254 2678 1462 1644
1.250 0.175 0.900 1.227 0.591 0.636 2.009 6879 4030 3316 1810 2036
1.500 0.095 1.310 1.767 0.419 1.348 1.426 1836 1076 885 483 544
1.500 0.102 1.296 1.767 0.448 1.319 1.523 2105 1233 1015 554 623
1.500 0.109 1.282 1.767 0.476 1.291 1.619 2392 1401 1153 629 708
1.500 0.118 1.264 1.767 0.512 1.255 1.742 2784 1631 1342 733 824
1.500 0.125 1.250 1.767 0.540 1.227 1.836 3108 1821 1498 818 920
1.500 0.134 1.232 1.767 0.575 1.192 1.955 3548 2079 1711 934 1050
1.500 0.145 1.210 1.767 0.617 1.150 2.098 4121 2415 1987 1085 1220
1.500 0.156 1.188 1.767 0.659 1.108 2.239 4733 2773 2282 1245 1401
1.500 0.175 1.150 1.767 0.728 1.039 2.476 5875 3442 2832 1546 1739
1.500 0.188 1.124 1.767 0.775 0.992 2.634 6718 3936 3239 1768 1989
1.500 0.204 1.092 1.767 0.831 0.937 2.824 7822 4583 3771 2058 2316
1.750 0.095 1.560 2.405 0.494 1.911 1.679 1590 931 767 418 471
1.750 0.102 1.546 2.405 0.528 1.877 1.795 1825 1069 880 480 540
1.750 0.109 1.532 2.405 0.562 1.843 1.910 2074 1215 1000 546 614
1.750 0.118 1.514 2.405 0.605 1.800 2.057 2417 1416 1165 636 715
1.750 0.125 1.500 2.405 0.638 1.767 2.169 2700 1582 1302 710 799
1.750 0.134 1.482 2.405 0.680 1.725 2.313 3085 1807 1487 812 913

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-33

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.14—(100-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks (Continued)
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
1.750 0.145 1.460 2.405 0.731 1.674 2.486 3587 2101 1729 944 1062
1.750 0.156 1.438 2.405 0.781 1.624 2.656 4123 2415 1988 1085 1221
1.750 0.175 1.400 2.405 0.866 1.539 2.944 5127 3004 2472 1349 1518
1.750 0.188 1.374 2.405 0.923 1.483 3.136 5870 3439 2830 1545 1738
1.750 0.204 1.342 2.405 0.991 1.414 3.368 6844 4010 3299 1801 2026
2.000 0.109 1.782 3.142 0.648 2.494 2.201 1831 1073 883 482 542
2.000 0.118 1.764 3.142 0.698 2.444 2.372 2135 1251 1029 562 632
2.000 0.125 1.750 3.142 0.736 2.405 2.503 2386 1398 1150 628 706
2.000 0.134 1.732 3.142 0.786 2.356 2.671 2728 1598 1315 718 808
2.000 0.145 1.710 3.142 0.845 2.297 2.873 3175 1860 1531 835 940
2.000 0.156 1.688 3.142 0.904 2.238 3.072 3652 2140 1761 961 1081
2.000 0.175 1.650 3.142 1.003 2.138 3.411 4548 2665 2193 1197 1346
2.000 0.188 1.624 3.142 1.070 2.071 3.638 5211 3053 2512 1371 1543
2.000 0.204 1.592 3.142 1.151 1.991 3.913 6083 3564 2933 1601 1801
2.375 0.109 2.157 4.430 0.776 3.654 2.638 1557 912 751 410 461
2.375 0.118 2.139 4.430 0.837 3.593 2.844 1817 1065 876 478 538
2.375 0.125 2.125 4.430 0.884 3.547 3.004 2032 1191 980 535 602
2.375 0.134 2.107 4.430 0.943 3.487 3.207 2325 1362 1121 612 688
2.375 0.145 2.085 4.430 1.016 3.414 3.453 2708 1587 1306 713 802
2.375 0.156 2.063 4.430 1.088 3.343 3.697 3118 1827 1503 821 923
2.375 0.175 2.025 4.430 1.210 3.221 4.112 3889 2279 1875 1023 1151
2.375 0.188 1.999 4.430 1.292 3.138 4.391 4461 2614 2151 1174 1321
2.375 0.204 1.967 4.430 1.391 3.039 4.730 5214 3055 2514 1372 1543
2.375 0.224 1.927 4.430 1.514 2.916 5.146 6228 3649 3003 1639 1844
2.375 0.236 1.903 4.430 1.586 2.844 5.391 6875 4028 3315 1809 2035
2.375 0.250 1.875 4.430 1.669 2.761 5.674 7666 4491 3696 2017 2269
2.875 0.142 2.591 6.492 1.219 5.273 4.145 2174 1274 1048 572 644
2.875 0.134 2.607 6.492 1.154 5.338 3.923 1943 1138 937 511 575
2.875 0.145 2.585 6.492 1.244 5.248 4.228 2265 1327 1092 596 670
2.875 0.156 2.563 6.492 1.333 5.159 4.530 2610 1529 1258 687 773
2.875 0.175 2.525 6.492 1.484 5.007 5.046 3259 1910 1571 858 965
2.875 0.188 2.499 6.492 1.587 4.905 5.395 3742 2193 1804 985 1108
2.875 0.204 2.467 6.492 1.712 4.780 5.819 4379 2566 2111 1152 1296
2.875 0.224 2.427 6.492 1.866 4.626 6.342 5239 3069 2526 1379 1551
2.875 0.250 2.375 6.492 2.062 4.430 7.009 6461 3785 3115 1700 1913
3.500 0.156 3.188 9.621 1.639 7.982 5.571 2168 1270 1045 570 642
3.500 0.175 3.150 9.621 1.828 7.793 6.215 2711 1588 1307 713 803
3.500 0.188 3.124 9.621 1.956 7.665 6.650 3115 1825 1502 820 922
3.500 0.204 3.092 9.621 2.112 7.509 7.181 3649 2138 1759 960 1080

8-34 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.14—(100-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks (Continued)
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 60K/ 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside W 15K 30/38K 80K
Thickness V95HP V135HP
D d Ao At Ai lb/ft
t
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
(in.)
3.500 0.224 3.052 9.621 2.305 7.316 7.837 4371 2561 2107 1150 1294
3.500 0.250 3.000 9.621 2.553 7.069 8.678 5399 3163 2603 1421 1598
3.500 0.281 2.938 9.621 2.842 6.779 9.661 6754 3957 3256 1777 2000
3.500 0.300 2.900 9.621 3.016 6.605 10.253 7652 4483 3689 2014 2265

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-35

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.15—(120-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside 60K/
Thickness W 15K 30/38K 80K V135H
D d Ao At Ai V95HP
t lb/ft P
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2)
(in.) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
1.000 0.075 0.850 0.785 0.218 0.567 0.741 2033 1191 980 535 602
1.000 0.080 0.840 0.785 0.231 0.554 0.786 2300 1348 1109 605 681
1.000 0.083 0.834 0.785 0.239 0.546 0.813 2468 1446 1190 649 731
1.000 0.087 0.826 0.785 0.250 0.536 0.848 2699 1581 1301 710 799
1.000 0.095 0.810 0.785 0.270 0.515 0.918 3190 1869 1538 839 944
1.000 0.102 0.796 0.785 0.288 0.498 0.978 3650 2138 1760 960 1081
1.000 0.109 0.782 0.785 0.305 0.480 1.037 4137 2424 1994 1088 1225
1.000 0.118 0.764 0.785 0.327 0.458 1.112 4801 2813 2315 1263 1421
1.000 0.125 0.750 0.785 0.344 0.442 1.168 5348 3133 2578 1407 1583
1.250 0.075 1.100 1.227 0.277 0.950 0.941 1654 969 797 435 490
1.250 0.080 1.090 1.227 0.294 0.933 1.000 1873 1098 903 493 555
1.250 0.087 1.076 1.227 0.318 0.909 1.081 2202 1290 1061 579 652
1.250 0.095 1.060 1.227 0.345 0.882 1.172 2606 1527 1257 686 772
1.250 0.102 1.046 1.227 0.368 0.859 1.251 2986 1749 1440 786 884
1.250 0.109 1.032 1.227 0.391 0.836 1.328 3389 1985 1634 892 1003
1.250 0.118 1.014 1.227 0.420 0.808 1.427 3940 2308 1900 1037 1166
1.250 0.125 1.000 1.227 0.442 0.785 1.502 4395 2575 2119 1156 1301
1.250 0.134 0.982 1.227 0.470 0.757 1.597 5011 2936 2416 1319 1483
1.250 0.145 0.960 1.227 0.503 0.724 1.711 5812 3405 2802 1529 1721
1.250 0.156 0.938 1.227 0.536 0.691 1.823 6665 3905 3213 1754 1973
1.250 0.175 0.900 1.227 0.591 0.636 2.009 8255 4836 3980 2172 2444
1.500 0.095 1.310 1.767 0.419 1.348 1.426 2203 1291 1062 580 652
1.500 0.102 1.296 1.767 0.448 1.319 1.523 2526 1480 1218 665 748
1.500 0.109 1.282 1.767 0.476 1.291 1.619 2870 1681 1384 755 850
1.500 0.118 1.264 1.767 0.512 1.255 1.742 3341 1957 1611 879 989
1.500 0.125 1.250 1.767 0.540 1.227 1.836 3730 2185 1798 981 1104
1.500 0.134 1.232 1.767 0.575 1.192 1.955 4258 2495 2053 1120 1261
1.500 0.145 1.210 1.767 0.617 1.150 2.098 4946 2898 2384 1301 1464
1.500 0.156 1.188 1.767 0.659 1.108 2.239 5679 3327 2738 1494 1681
1.500 0.175 1.150 1.767 0.728 1.039 2.476 7050 4131 3399 1855 2087
1.500 0.188 1.124 1.767 0.775 0.992 2.634 8062 4723 3887 2121 2387
1.500 0.204 1.092 1.767 0.831 0.937 2.824 9387 5499 4525 2470 2779
1.750 0.095 1.560 2.405 0.494 1.911 1.679 1908 1118 920 502 565
1.750 0.102 1.546 2.405 0.528 1.877 1.795 2189 1283 1056 576 648
1.750 0.109 1.532 2.405 0.562 1.843 1.910 2489 1458 1200 655 737
1.750 0.118 1.514 2.405 0.605 1.800 2.057 2900 1699 1398 763 859
1.750 0.125 1.500 2.405 0.638 1.767 2.169 3240 1898 1562 852 959
1.750 0.134 1.482 2.405 0.680 1.725 2.313 3702 2169 1785 974 1096

8-36 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.15—(120-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks (Continued)
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside 60K/
Thickness W 15K 30/38K 80K V135H
D d Ao At Ai V95HP
t lb/ft P
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2)
(in.) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
1.750 0.145 1.460 2.405 0.731 1.674 2.486 4304 2522 2075 1133 1274
1.750 0.156 1.438 2.405 0.781 1.624 2.656 4947 2899 2385 1302 1465
1.750 0.175 1.400 2.405 0.866 1.539 2.944 6152 3605 2966 1619 1821
1.750 0.188 1.374 2.405 0.923 1.483 3.136 7044 4127 3396 1853 2085
1.750 0.204 1.342 2.405 0.991 1.414 3.368 8213 4812 3959 2161 2431
2.000 0.109 1.782 3.142 0.648 2.494 2.201 2197 1287 1059 578 650
2.000 0.118 1.764 3.142 0.698 2.444 2.372 2562 1501 1235 674 758
2.000 0.125 1.750 3.142 0.736 2.405 2.503 2863 1678 1380 753 848
2.000 0.134 1.732 3.142 0.786 2.356 2.671 3274 1918 1578 861 969
2.000 0.145 1.710 3.142 0.845 2.297 2.873 3810 2232 1837 1003 1128
2.000 0.156 1.688 3.142 0.904 2.238 3.072 4383 2568 2113 1153 1297
2.000 0.175 1.650 3.142 1.003 2.138 3.411 5458 3197 2631 1436 1616
2.000 0.188 1.624 3.142 1.070 2.071 3.638 6254 3664 3015 1646 1851
2.000 0.204 1.592 3.142 1.151 1.991 3.913 7300 4277 3519 1921 2161
2.375 0.109 2.157 4.430 0.776 3.654 2.638 1869 1095 901 492 553
2.375 0.118 2.139 4.430 0.837 3.593 2.844 2180 1277 1051 574 645
2.375 0.125 2.125 4.430 0.884 3.547 3.004 2439 1429 1176 642 722
2.375 0.134 2.107 4.430 0.943 3.487 3.207 2790 1635 1345 734 826
2.375 0.145 2.085 4.430 1.016 3.414 3.453 3250 1904 1567 855 962
2.375 0.156 2.063 4.430 1.088 3.343 3.697 3742 2192 1804 985 1108
2.375 0.175 2.025 4.430 1.210 3.221 4.112 4667 2734 2250 1228 1382
2.375 0.188 1.999 4.430 1.292 3.138 4.391 5353 3136 2581 1409 1585
2.375 0.204 1.967 4.430 1.391 3.039 4.730 6256 3665 3016 1646 1852
2.375 0.224 1.927 4.430 1.514 2.916 5.146 7474 4379 3603 1967 2213
2.375 0.236 1.903 4.430 1.586 2.844 5.391 8250 4834 3978 2171 2442
2.375 0.250 1.875 4.430 1.669 2.761 5.674 9199 5390 4435 2421 2723
2.875 0.142 2.591 6.492 1.219 5.273 4.145 2609 1529 1258 687 772
2.875 0.134 2.607 6.492 1.154 5.338 3.923 2331 1366 1124 613 690
2.875 0.145 2.585 6.492 1.244 5.248 4.228 2717 1592 1310 715 804
2.875 0.156 2.563 6.492 1.333 5.159 4.530 3132 1835 1510 824 927
2.875 0.175 2.525 6.492 1.484 5.007 5.046 3911 2292 1886 1029 1158
2.875 0.188 2.499 6.492 1.587 4.905 5.395 4491 2631 2165 1182 1330
2.875 0.204 2.467 6.492 1.712 4.780 5.819 5255 3079 2533 1383 1556
2.875 0.224 2.427 6.492 1.866 4.626 6.342 6287 3683 3031 1654 1861
2.875 0.250 2.375 6.492 2.062 4.430 7.009 7753 4542 3738 2040 2295
3.500 0.156 3.188 9.621 1.639 7.982 5.571 2601 1524 1254 684 770
3.500 0.175 3.150 9.621 1.828 7.793 6.215 3253 1906 1568 856 963
3.500 0.188 3.124 9.621 1.956 7.665 6.650 3738 2190 1802 984 1107
3.500 0.204 3.092 9.621 2.112 7.509 7.181 4379 2565 2111 1152 1296

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-37

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.15—(120-kpsi CT) Maximum Linear

Beam Pressure for Injectors with V-Blocks (Continued)
Specified (Nominal) Cross-section Area Injector Size
Wall Weight 100K/
OD ID Outside Wall Inside 60K/
Thickness W 15K 30/38K 80K V135H
D d Ao At Ai V95HP
t lb/ft P
(in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.2)
(in.) Linear Beam Pressure [psi]
3.500 0.224 3.052 9.621 2.305 7.316 7.837 5245 3073 2529 1380 1553
3.500 0.250 3.000 9.621 2.553 7.069 8.678 6479 3796 3124 1705 1918
3.500 0.281 2.938 9.621 2.842 6.779 9.661 8105 4749 3908 2133 2399
3.500 0.300 2.900 9.621 3.016 6.605 10.253 9183 5380 4427 2416 2719

8-38 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Tubing Guide Arches

Overview
The tubing guide arch is attached to the top of the injector to properly support, straighten, and
align the tubing into the gripper chains of the injector. The guide is designed with a nominal
radius of curvature appropriate to the tubing size. Halliburton coiled tubing units use the largest
practical radius of curvature to minimize the cold working strains on the tubing. Extensive
testing has verified that tubing life is greatly extended when larger radius tubing guides are used.
A series of contoured rollers support and constrain the tubing as it transitions from the reel to
the injector. The rollers ensure that the tubing exits the tubing guide arch concentric with the
gripper chains.

The tubing guide assembly receives the workstring tubing from the reel and guides it to the
tubing injector on the controlled minimum radius to prevent the tubing from running off the edge
of the roller assemblies and can be rotated on the horizontal to any desired position.

The tubing guide portion swivels in the horizontal plane on a large ball bearing to maintain
orientation with the tubing reel and compensate for fleet angle changes during the spooling
operation.

Selection and Job Considerations

Tubing guide arches should be selected based in part on the following considerations:
Mate with Injector

The tubing guide arch pins to the top of the stationary injector outer frame and is therefore fixed
with respect to the wellbore centerline. The basic injector models are modular, but the frames
may differ in the interface dimensions.
Configured for Proper Tubing Size

Each tubing guide arch is equipped with rollers or wear blocks along the arch length. These are
contoured to support the tubing OD. The rollers are designed to accommodate a range of tubing
diameters. Tubing sizes outside this nominal range may require replacement of some or all of
the roller sets. The backshell may need adjustment to accommodate the large tubing diameters.
Care should be taken to make sure that tubing exits the guide arch on center with the chains.
Arch Radius

The tubing guide arch radius is defined as the radius of curvature of the centerline of the inner
rollers (this determines the amount of bending fatigue damage). The bending radius of the tubing
guide arch is more important than the bending radius of the reel because twice as many bending
cycles occur at the tubing guide arch as occur at the reel. For coiled tubing used repeatedly in
service and drilling applications, the tubing guide arch radius should be at least 30 times the
coiled tubing diameter. This factor may be less for coiled tubing which will be run only a few
times (e.g. permanent installations).

Note Halliburton usually uses 48 times the diameter.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-39

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Alignment with Gripper Chains

It is important that the tubing exit the bottom of the guide rollers in line with the gripper chains.
Depending on the tubing diameter, it may be necessary to make adjustments in the injector
mechanism or the guide arch rollers.
Stabbing Techniques

It is often desirable to keep the tubing stabbed into the guide arch while transporting the unit.
At the job site it is easier to hoist the guide, with tubing affixed, onto the injector to facilitate
stabbing the tubing into the gripper chains. The tubing should be clamped to the guide arch
securely while being hoisted to the injector.
Straightener

Halliburton units are not equipped with straightening devices, because the injectors are designed
to accommodate some bending curvature, straightening reduces service life, and the additional
friction affects the weight indicator reading. Straightening devices can be considered for some
special applications like permanent completions where it is desired to eliminate the residual
bend for mechanical purposes.
Safe Hoisting Technique

A single point lifting bail is attached to most types of tubing guide arch. This is designed to hoist
the tubing guide onto the injector and can be used to support the combined weight of the tubing
guide, injector and small stripper assembly. It is not designed for lifting large BOP assemblies
that are attached to the injector. Lift slings should be used for this.

Due to the large radius tubing guide used on some of the Halliburton injectors, it is necessary to
have two balance points for lifting. When lifting only the tubing guide, it is necessary to connect
the balance link from the lift bail to the guide arch.

Note The tubing in the injector will tend to tilt the assembly forward. Do not reconnect the
balance link to compensate for this shift. If the balance link is connected, the guide
arch will tilt, damaging the pipe in the lower guide rollers.

Warning In addition to probable tubing damage, leaving the balance link connected when
lifting the injector assembly puts abnormal stress on the bolt to which the bal-
ance link is connected. This high stress could bend or break the bolt. This would
result in the injector swaying, due to the balance point change, and could result
in damage to equipment and/or personnel.

While being hoisted, the pivot lock should be engaged to prevent rotation of the guide arch.
After the guide arch base is pinned to the injector, be sure to disengage the pivot lock to allow
the guide to rotate from side to side to compensate for fleet angle changes.

8-40 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Lift Slings

Four leg wire rope lifting slings are available for most newer types of tubing guide and is the preferred
method of lifting the tubing guide and injector. The sling should never be used to pick up the tubing guide
alone because of the instability created by the location of the tubing guide balance point.

48-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch

The 48-in. fixed-radius guide arch (Figure 8.21) is
used on the 15K injectors.

Figure 8.21—48-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch

72-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch

The 72-in. fixed-radius guide arch
(Figure 8.22) is used on the older 30 and
38K injectors. It has now been replaced
by the 52-96 in. progressive radius tubing
guide.

Two styles of this type of tubing guide

arch exist. The early injector models
have a short frame, which require that
the leg supports on the base of the
tubing guide be extended. This allows
room for the injector motors. The
newer injectors have a tall outer frame
which requires the support legs on the
base of the tubing guide arch to be
shorter. These two versions of tubing Figure 8.22—72-in. Fixed-radius guide arch
guide arches are not interchangeable,
although both have a 72-in. radius.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-41

Coiled Tubing Handbook

72-in. Fixed-Radius Special Guide Arch

Designed specifically for the Anaconda drilling project using composite coiled tubing, this
tubing guide arch (Figure 8.23) was used with the 100K injector.

Figure 8.23—Two views of the 72-in. fixed-radius special guide arch

8-42 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

96-in. Fixed-Radius Guide Arch

The 96-in. fixed-radius guide arch (Figure 8.24) is used with the 80K injector.

Figure 8.24—The 96-in. fixed-radius guide arch

120-in. Fixed-Radius Special Guide Arch

Designed for a particular project with
larger coiled tubing diameter, this
tubing guide arch (Figure 8.25) has
been used with the V95HP injector.

Figure 8.25—120-in. Fixed-radius special guide arch

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-43

Coiled Tubing Handbook

52-96 in. Progressive-Radius Guide Arch

The 52-96 in. progressive-radius guide arch (Part No. 101318772, Figure 8.26) is the standard on
newer 30 and 38K injectors. Table 8.16 lists the guide arch specifications.

Figure 8.26—Two views of the 52-96 in. progressive-radius guide arch

Table 8.16—52-96 in. Progressive-Radius

Guide Arch Specifications
Length 12 ft, 6 in. (3.81 m)
Width 3 ft, 10 in. (1.17 m)
Height 9 ft, 11 in. (3.02 m)
Total Weight 1,300 lb (590 kg)

8-44 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

72-120 in. Progressive-Radius Guide Arch

The 72-120 in. progressive-radius guide arch (Part No. 100081871, Figure 8.27) is standard on the 60K
injectors. Table 8.17 lists the guide arch specifications.

Figure 8.27—Two views of the 72-120 in. progressive-radius guide arch

Table 8.17—72-120 in. Progressive-Radius

Guide Arch Specifications
Length 12 ft, 6 in. (3.81 m)
Width 3 ft, 10 in. (1.17 m)
Height 7 ft, 11 in. (2.41 m)
Total Weight 2,100 lb (953 kg)

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-45

Coiled Tubing Handbook

72-120 in. Segmented-Guide Arch

The 72-120 in. segmented-guide arch (Part No. 101271222, Figure 8.28) is standard on the V95HP
quick-rig-up coiled tubing units (QR CTU). The segmented design allows for improved tubing life and
easier stowing on the QR CTU. Table 8.18 lists the arch’s specifications.

Figure 8.28—Three views of the 72-120 in. segmented-guide arch

Table 8.18—72-120 in. Segmented-Guide

Arch Specifications
Length 12 ft, 6 in. (3.81 m)
Width 3 ft, 10 in. (1.17 m)
Height 7 ft, 11 in. (2.41 m)
Total Weight 2,100 lb (953 kg)

8-46 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Reels

Halliburton coiled tubing reels are now all designed as a shaftless assembly (Figure 8.29). The
advantages of this design type are highlighted alongside the shaftless reel information in Table 8.19,
Page 8-48. Many shaft-type reels are still in use so information on these has also been included for
reference.

For CT used repeatedly in service applications, the tubing guide arch radius and reel core diameter should
be at least 30 times the coiled tubing diameter. This factor may be less for coiled tubing which will be
run only a few times (eg. permanent installations).

Note Halliburton usually uses 48 times the diameter.

Figure 8.29—Example of older shaft-style reel assembly

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-47

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Shaft-Type Reel Assemblies

Table 8.19—Shaft-Type CT Reel Assemblies
Part Number 996.16074 996.16076 996.15871 997.02400 997.02104 997.02407 997.02102 996.16786
60K 80K
Approximate 5,500 7,000 9,600 7,800 8,500 9,900 9,000 14,000
Empty Weight, (2,495) (3,175) (4,355) (3,538) (3,856) (4,491) (4,083) (6,351)
lb (kg)
Height, in. (m) 118.75 118.75 118.75 129.52 98 138.75 142 154
(3.02) (3.02) (3.02) (3.29) (2.49) (3.53) (3.61) (3.92)
Width, in. (m) 94 94 98.38 93.88 96 95.5 81 102
(2.39) (2.39) (2.50) (2.39) (2.44) (2.43) (2.06) (2.59)
Length, in. (m) 128.75 128.75 149.25 139.75 126 139.75 173 168
(3.27) (3.27) (3.79) (3.55) (3.20) (3.55) (4.40) (4.27)
Core Diameter, 72 72 72 80 72 80 84 84
in. (m) (1.83) (1.83) (1.83) (2.03) (1.83) (2.03) (2.14) (2.14)
Flange 118 118 118 128 104 138 142 144
Diameter, in. (m) (3.00) (3.00) (3.00) (3.25) (2.64) (3.51) (3.61) (3.66)
Core Width, 54.13 54.13 54.13 54.13 79 54.13 65 76
in. (m) (1.38) (1.38) (1.38) (1.38) (2.01) (1.38) (1.65) (1.93)
Working 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 5,000
Pressure, (68.95) (68.95) (68.95) (68.95) (68.95) (68.95) (68.95) (34.47)
psi (MPa)
Service H2 S H2 S H2 S H2 S H2 S H 2S H2 S H2 S
Swivel, P/N 996.15830 996.15830 996.15830 996.15830 996.15830 996.15830 498.56001 70.40292
Hydraulic Drive 996.15847 996.15847 996.15848 996.15847 997.21007 996.15847 278.99782 70.40263
Assembly P/N
Split Bushing 996.00932 996.00932 996.00932 996.01152 996.01152 997.24031
— —
P/N (counter)
Lift Bar 997.07407 997.07407 997.07407 997.07407 997.07407
— — —
Assembly P/N
Size Conversion 996.20002 996.20002 996.20002 996.20001 996.20001
— — —
P/N

8-48 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Shaftless Type Reel Assemblies

Table 8.20—Shaftless CT Reel Assemblies

Legacy No. 997.02104 997.02128 997.02142 997.02148
SAP Part No. 100081862 100081863 100081864 100081865
Options Figure 8.30 Figure 8.30 Figures Figures
(see photos) Figure 8.31 Figure 8.31 8.32–8.35 8.32–8.35
Empty Weight, 7,780 8,750 8,400 8,500
lb (kg) (3,529) (3,969) (3,811) (3,856)
Empty Weight with — — 11,400 11,500
Stand, lb (kg) — — (5,171) (5,217)
Height in Stand, 105.5 130 153 155
in. (m) (2.68) (3.30) (3.89) (3.94)
Width, 96 96 93 93
in. (m) (2.44) (2.44) (2.37) (2.37)
Length, 130 160 189.5 189.5
in. (m) (3.30) (4.07) (4.82) (4.82)
Core Diameter, 72 80 84 84
in. (m) (1.83) (2.04) (2.14) (2.14)
Flange Diameter, 104 128 142 148
in. (m) (2.65) (3.26) (3.61) (3.76)
Core Width, 80 80 65 65
in. (m) (2.04) (2.04) (1.66) (1.66)
Notes 1,7 2,7 3,4,6,7 3,5,6,7
1. Basic reel designed for land and offshore application.
2. Same as 1 except designed for maximum pipe capacity. For U.S. applications, double
drop trailer is required for height restrictions.
3. Embedded-syle reel. The modular design allows this reel to be mounted in a trailer, skid,
stand, or embedded into decks of offshore platforms or vessels.
4. This reel is designed to be U.S. legal for trailer transport.
5. This reel is intended for international use due to height.
6. Has the option of an offshore lift frame.
7. Standard manifold option is 10kpsi (68.95MPa) working pressure H2S Service
All shaftless reels available with following options:
• 15kpsi Standard service manifolding
• 15kpsi H2S service manifolding
• Lift bars
• Protective frame
• Remote Lo Torc® valve operation
• E-line capabilities
Shaftless reels have the following advantage over shaft reels:
• Gear driven (as opposed to chain driven)
• Lighter
• Safer
• Easier to use and change mounting arrangements
• More tubing capacity

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-49

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 8.30—Basic shaftless reel for land and off-

shore

Figure 8.31—Basic shaftless reel for land and offshore applications

(shown with offshore lifting slings)

8-50 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 8.32—Shaftless, embedded-style reel mount-

ed in trailer

Figure 8.33—Shaftless, embedded-style reel

on stand

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-51

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 8.34—Shaftless, embedded-style reel on stand and with bump

guard

Figure 8.35—Shaftless, embedded-style reel in offshore lift frame

8-52 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Reel Swivels
Figures 8.36 and 8.37 show the
shaft-type and shaftless reel-type
swivels. These swivels allow
fluids to be pumped under
pressure through the coiled
tubing while the reel is rotating.
Two-inch swivels have an ID of
1.3 in. and 3-in. swivels have an
ID of 3 in. This should be
considered when calculating the
maximum flow for a particular
application.

Figure 8.36—Shaft-type swivel

Shaft-type Reel Swivel

The shaft-type reel swivel is available in 2-in. only, 10 kpsi or 15 kpsi.

Figure 8.37—3-in., 15-kpsi Shaftless reel swivel

Shaftless-Reel Swivel

The shaftless-reel swivel is available in 2 or 3 in., 10 kpsi or 15 kpsi (Figure 8.37) shows the 3-in.,
15-kpsi version).

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-53

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Halliburton Reel Capacities

Table 8.21—Halliburton Reel Capacities
CT OD, in. (mm) 1.00 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.00 2.375
(25.40) (31.75) (38.10) (44.45) (50.80) (60.33)
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.75 3.00 3.5
Freeboard, in. (mm)
(50.80) (50.80) (50.80) (69.85) (76.20) (88.90)
Reel Measurements,
in. (cm) Reel Capacities,
Flange Core Core ft (m)
OD Diameter Width
104 72 80 25,142 15,198 10,935 7,436 5,489 3,639
(264) (183) (203) (7,663) (4,632) (3,333) (2,266) (1,673) (1,109)
128 80 80 47,533 30,207 20,829 14,546 10,891 7,406
Shaftless (325) (203) (203) (14,488) (9,207) (6,349) (4,434) (3,320) (2,257)
Reels 142 84 65 51,823 32,973 22,764 16,038 12,057 8,262
(361) (213) (165) (15,796) (10,050) (6,938) (4,888) (3,675) (2,518)
148 84 65 59,256 37,722 26,055 18,427 13,875 9,539
(376) (213) (165) (18,061) (11,498) (7,942) (5,617) (4,229) (2,907)
118 72 54 27,880 17,710 12,207 8,499 6,355 4,311
(300) (183) (137) (8,498) (5,398) (3,721) (2,590) (1,937) (1,314)
128 80 54 32,085 20,390 14,059 10,256 7,351 4,999
(325) (203) (137) (9,780) (6,215) (4,285) (3,126) (2,241) (1,524)
104 72 79 24,827 15,719 10,798 7,334 5,420 3,594
(264) (183) (201) (7,567) (4,791) (3,291) (2,235) (1,652) (1,095)
Shaft Reels
138 80 54 41,495 26,400 18,225 12,837 9,649 6,611
(351) (203) (137) (12,648) (8,047) (5,555) (3,913) (2,941) (2,015)
142 84 65 51,823 32,973 22,764 16,038 12,057 8,262
(361) (213) (165) (15,796) (10,050) (6,938) (4,888) (3,675) (2,518)
144 84 76 63,449 40,377 27,880 19,670 14,795 10,151
(366) (213) (193) (19,339) (12,307) (8,498) (5,995) (4,510) (3,094)
Note—Reel capacities calculated using CTES Cerberus Reel Manager version 7.0.000

8-54 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Reel Capacity Calculation

Apply the equations in Figure 8.38 to determine pipe capacities for common reel sizes.

Note N and M in Figure 8.38 must be rounded down to an integer number.

Note L is in the same units as A, B, C, D, and E.

Figure 8.38—Formula for determining pipe capacities for common

reel sizes

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-55

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Shipping Spools

Table 8.22—Standard Shipping Spool Tubing Capacity (English)

D= 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.375 2.875 3.50
Spool Measurements in. (mm) (25.4) (31.75) (38.1) (44.45) (50.8) (60.325) (70.025) (88.9)
in. (m) E= 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.75 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
in. (mm) (50.8) (50.8) (50.8) (69.85) (76.2) (88.9) (101.6) (114.3)
Reel Flange Core Flange
OD Height Dia. Width Reel Capacities,
ft (m)
A B C
90 21.0 48 48 15,997 9,961 6,635
(2.29) (0.533) (1.219) (1.219) (4,876) (3,036) (2,022)
112 20.0 72 60 25,447 15,746 11,310 7,030 5,529 3,387
(2.84) (0.508) (1.829) (1.524) (7,756) (4,799) (3,447) (2,143) (1,685) (1,032)
116 22.0 72 60 28,903 18,498 12,456 8,935 6,362 4,060
(2.95) (0.559) (1.829) (1.524) (8,810) (5,638) (3,797) (2,723) (1,939) (1,238)
120 24.0 72 60 32,484 19,921 13,635 9,934 7,226 4,765
(3.05) (0.610) (1.829) (1.524) (9,901) (6,072) (4,156) (3,028) (2,202) (1,452)
124 26.0 72 60 36,191 22,861 16,085 10,964 8,121 5,500
(3.15) (0.660) (1.829) (1.524) (11,031) (6,968) (4,903) (3,342) (2,475) (1,676)
128 28.0 72 60 40,024 24,379 17,357 12,025 9,048 6,267
(3.25) (0.711) (1.829) (1.524) (12,199) (7,431) (5,291) (3,665) (2,758) (1,910)
135 26.5 82 65 43,291 27,353 19,093 13,191 9,584 6,576
(3.43) (0.673) (2.083) (1.651) (13,195) (8,337) (5,819) (4,021) (2,921) (2,004)
140 29.0 82 65 50,081 30,947 22,087 15,729 11,762 7,475
(3.56) (0.737) (2.083) (1.651) (15,265) (9,433) (6,732) (4,794) (3,585) (2,278)
142 30.0 82 65 52,412 32,795 22,087 15,729 11,762 8,407
(3.61) (0.762) (2.083) (1.651) (15,975) (9,996) (6,732) (4,794) (3,585) (2,563)
154 31.0 92 65 59,713 37,808 25,774 18,598 14,074 9,185 6,110
(3.91) (0.787) (2.337) (1.651) (18,200) (11,524) (7,856) (5,669) (4,290) (2,800) (1,862)
154 28.0 98 65 54,863 33,489 23,635 16,612 12,265 8,606 5,575
(3.91) (0.711) (2.489) (1.651) (16,722) (10,208) (7,204) (5,063) (3,738) (2,623) (1,699)
160 24.0 112 79 60,971 37,362 25,348 18,802 13,477 9,054 5,482 3,729
(4.06) (0.610) (2.845) (2.007) (18,584) (11,388) (7,726) (5,731) (4,108) (2,760) (1,671) (1,137)
180 34.0 112 89 107,367 66,567 46,547 31,544 24,536 16,332 11,054 7,330
(4.57) (0.864) (2.845) (2.261) (32,725) (20,290) (14,188) (9,614) (7,479) (4,978) (3,369) (2,234)
180 25.0 130 89 81,993 51,023 35,333 23,719 19,260 13,197 8,254 4,827
(4.57) (0.635) (3.302) (2.261) (24,992) (15,552) (10,770) (7,230) (5,870) (4,022) (2,516) (1,471)

8-56 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Additional Reel Equipment

Yard Spooling Device
Yard-spooling devices (Part No. 100081867, Figure 8.39) are used to spool tubing on and/or off
coiled tubing.

Figure 8.39—Yard-spooling device

The HES yard-spooling device is transportable and has circulating capability with a 6-in. (152-mm)
spooling shaft. Optional specifications include:

• Transport cradle
• Remote-control stand
• 4-in. Spooling shaft
• Side platform
• Platform for extended levelwind access
• Total weight: (estimated): 6,000 lb (2722 kg)

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-57

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Embedded Reel Stand

The coiled tubing embedded reel stand (Part No. 100082090, Figure 8.40) can be used for temporary
storage of reels or to transport on a limited basis. The reel stand is equipped with drip pans. Table 8.23
lists the CT embedded reel stand specifications.

Figure 8.40—Coiled tubing embedded reel stand

Table 8.23—CT Embedded Reel Stand Specifications

Length 178 in.
Width 93 in.
Height 66 in.
Total Weight 3,100 lb

Bump Guard for Embedded Reel Stand

The bump guard (Part No. 100082113) is designed for use with the embedded reel stand (P/N
100082090). Table 8.24 lists the bump guard specifications.

Figure 8.41—Coiled tubing embedded reel stand

Table 8.24—Bump Guard Specifications

Length 14 ft, 4 in. (4.37 m)
Width 7 ft, 8 in. (2.33 m)
Height 8 ft, 10.6 in. (2.71 m)

8-58 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Spreader/Lifter Bar with Slings and Shackles

The standard split-body, 75,000-lb spreader/lift bar (Part No. 100082609, Figure 8.42) helps maintain
balance and avoids reel damage by allowing equal distribution of reel weight during lifting. The
spreader/lifter bar weight capacity is 75,000 lb (34 019 kg); its spread is 81.75 in. (2.08 m) and 96.75 in.
(2.46 m). Slings are supplied with the spreader/lifter bar.

Figure 8.42—CT spreader/lifter bar with slings and shackles

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-59

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Hydraulic Power Packs

The power pack supplies hydraulic power to the injector, reel, BOPs, and crane (if applicable).

Power packs found in the field may differ due to various customer requirements and upgrades as higher
pressures and larger CT sizes have evolved and improvements have been made.

Standard 30K Hydraulic Coiled Tubing Power Pack

Figure 8.43 shows the standard 30K hydraulic CT power pack. Tables 8.25 and 8.26 list standard 30K
hydraulic CT power pack specifications.

Table 8.25—Standard 30K Hydraulic CT

Power Pack Specifications
Length 7 ft, 6 in. (2.29 m)
Width 4 ft, 4 in. (1.32 m)
Height 7 ft, 2 in. (2.03 m)
Total Weight 7,800 lb (3538 kg)

Figure 8.43—Standard 30K hydraulic CT power

pack

Table 8.26—Standard 30K Hydraulic CT Power Pack Information

Type Skid-mounted, open loop, hydraulic power pack with
protective lift frame
Engine CAT 3116, 210 hp
Hydraulic Pumps Hydreco triple-stack gear and Vickers piston
Displacement in.3/rev
Pump A: 5.23 set at 2,500 psi (17.25 MPa)
Pump B: 4.16 set at 2,300 psi (15.87 MPa)
Pump C: 3.16 set at 1,900 psi (13.11 MPa)
House/reel pump: 3.76 set at 2,500 psi (17.25 MPa)
Hydraulic Tank Capacity 160 gal (606 L)
Fuel Tank Capacity 25 gal (95 L)
Controls Remote engine, remote pump, and air start; standard
alternator, battery, and lights.

8-60 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Universal High-Pressure Coiled Tubing Power Pack

Figure 8.44 shows the universal high-pressure CT power pack. Tables 8.27 and 8.28 list the power
pack specifications.

Table 8.27—Universal High-Pressure

CT Power Pack Specifications
Length 8 ft, 0 in. (2.44 m)
Width 4 ft, 10 in. (1.47 m)
Height 6 ft, 8 in. (2.03 m)
Extended height 6 ft, 6 in. (1.98 m)
Total Weight 8,500 lb (3856 kg)

Figure 8.44—Universal high-pressure CT power

pack

Table 8.28—Universal High-Pressure CT Power Pack Information

Type Skid-mounted, semi-closed loop, hydraulic power
pack with protective frame.
Engine Detroit 6V-92T 425 hp
Hydraulic Circuits Displacement [in.3/rev]
Injector circuit 5,000 psi, 104 gal/min 5.76 each
(Max pressure 5,600 psi)
Reel circuit 2,800 psi, 37 gal/min 2.42
Operator house circuit 2,000 psi, 25 gal/min 2.74
BOP 2,000 psi, 25 gal/min 2.74
Charge 30 psi, 39 gal/min 4.53
Crane
Winch 3,200 psi, 39 gal/min 4.53
Boom 3,500 psi, 24 gal/min 2.53
Swing 1,500 psi, 8 gal/min 0.964
Hydraulic Tank Capacity 200 gal (757 L)
Fuel Tank Capacity 30 gal (114 L)
Controls Remote engine, remote pump and air start; standard
alternator, battery, and lights.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-61

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure Coiled Tubing Power Pack (Detroit Diesel

8V92TA)
Figure 8.45 shows the Zone 2 universal high-pressure CT power pack. Tables 8.29 and 8.30 list the
power pack specifications.

Figure 8.45—Drawing and photo of the Zone 2 universal high-pressure CT

power pack (Detroit Diesel 8V92TA)

8-62 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.29—Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure CT

Power Pack (Detroit Diesel 8V92TA) Information
Type Skid-mounted, open loop, hydraulic power pack
with protective lift frame
Engine Detroit Diesel 8V92TA (490 hp at 2,100 rpm)
Hydraulic Pumps Linde loadsense, RexRoth piston, Parker pres-
sure compensated and Barnes gear pump.
Hydraulic Tank Capacity 210 gal (795 L)
Controls Remote engine, remote pump, and air start.
Hazardous Area Water cooled engine exhaust, intake flame arres-
Equipment tor, crank cast vent, engine airbox drives and
engine shut down system.

Table 8.30—Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure CT

Power Pack (Detroit Diesel 8V92TA) Specifications
Dimensions Power Pack Only With Offshore Lift Frame
Length 156 in. (3.96 m) 252 in. (6.40 m)
Width 95 in. (2.41 m) 108 in. (2.74 m)
Height 96 in. (2.44 m) 132 in. (3.35 m)
Total Weight 17,000 lb (7,711 kg) 26,000 lb (11,800 kg)

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-63

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure Coiled Tubing Power Pack (CAT 3406/CI5)

Figure 8.46 shows the Zone 2 universal high-pressure CT power pack for CAT 3406/CI5 engines.
Tables 8.31 and 8.32 list the power pack specifications.

Figure 8.46—Universal high-pressure CT power

pack

Table 8.31—Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure

CT Power Pack for CAT 3406/CI5 Engines
Type Skid-mounted, semi-closed loop, hydraulic power
pack with exhaust gas cooler and protective frame.
Engine CAT 3406/CI5
Hydraulic Circuits
Injector circuit 5,000 psi, 104 gal/min
Reel circuit 2,750 psi, 37 gal/min
Operator house circuit 2,000 psi, 25 gal/min
BOP 3,000 psi, 25 gal/min
Charge 30 psi, 50 gal/min
Controls Remote engine, remote pump, and air start; stan-
dard alternator, battery, and lights.

Table 8.32—Zone 2 Universal High-Pressure

CT Power Pack (CAT 3406/CI5 Engines) Specifications
Length 16 ft. (4.88 m)
Width 8 ft. (2.44 m)
Height 10 ft. (3.05 m)
Total Weight 20,000 lb (9,072 kg)

8-64 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Operator Houses

The operator house serves as the control center for coiled tubing jobs. It contains a console from which
the power pack, reel, injector, BOP and stripper/packer can be remotely operated. The unit includes a
weight indicator for tubing pull and hang-off weight, and a chart recorder for tubing pressure. The
protective frame includes a skid base with an optional scissor lift to raise the house above reel height.
Other options include air conditioning, heating, lexan bullet-proof glass (for HP operations) and offshore
lift frames.

Three main types of control house exist:

• Standard 30K CT operator house
• Modular (universal) control house
• Zone 2, modular (universal) control house

Standard 30K Coiled Tubing Operator House

Figure 8.47 shows the front, side, and back views of the standard 30K CT operator house and a photo
of the operator house in an offshore lift frame. Table 8.33 lists the operator house specifications.

Figure 8.47—All-around views of the standard 30K CT operator house and a

photo of the house in an offshore lift frame.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-65

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.33—Standard 30K Operator House Specifications

Dimensions House Only With Frame
Length 92 in. (2.34 m) 114 in. (2.90 m)
Width 92 in. (2.34 m) 98 in. (2.49 m)
Height 90 in. (2.29 m) 114 in. (2.90 m)
Extended Height 120 in. (3.05 m) 130 in. (3.30 m)
Total Weight 5,000 lb. (2,268 kg) 6,000 lb. (2,722 kg)

8-66 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Modular (Universal) Control House (60K CTU and Larger)

Figure 8.48 shows various views of the modular control house for 60K CTU and larger. Table 8.34 lists
the control house specifications.

Figure 8.48—Photos show modular (universal) control house (60K CTU and Larger), control house in
offshore lift frame with hose reels, and interior control panel.

Table 8.34—Modular (Universal) Control House Specifications

Dimensions House Only With Frame
Length 112 in. (2.85 m) 168 in. (4.27 m)
Width 88 in. (2.24 m) 96 in. (2.44 m)
Height 90 in. (2.29 m) 107 in. (2.72 m)
Extended Height 128 in. (3.25 m) 134 in. (3.40 m)
Total Weight 4,500 lb (2,041 kg) 10,460 lb (4,745 kg)

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-67

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Certified, Modular (Universal) Control House

The certified, modular (universal) control house includes Zone 2 electrics for operations in hazardous
areas. Figure 8.49 shows the certified, modular (universal) control house in an offshore frame. Table
8.35 lists the control house specifications.

Figure 8.49—The certified, modular (universal) control house shown in an

offshore frame

Table 8.35—Certified Modular (Universal)

Control House Specifications
Dimensions House Only With Frame
Length 108 in. (2.74 m) 252 in. (6.40 m)
Width 83 in. (2.11 m) 108 in. (2.74 m)
Height 83 in. (2.11 m) 132 in. (3.35 m)
Extended Height 130 in. (3.30 m) 134 in. (3.40 m)
Total Weight 6,500 lb. (2,948 kg) 16,000 lb. (7,300 kg)

8-68 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Trucks and Trailers

Large Load Capacity Coiled Tubing Crane Truck
The large load capacity crane truck (Part No. 101207472, Figure 8.50) is equipped with a rear-mounted
hydraulic crane with multi-section telescoping booms, anti-two-block system, and "A" frame outriggers
and/or down-and-out stabilizers. Table 8.36 lists the crane truck specifications.

Figure 8.50—The large load capacity crane truck (Part No. 101207472)

Table 8.36—Large Load Capacity CT Crane Specifications

Dimensions
Maximum Boom Length 71 ft, 0 in. (21.64 m)
Wheelbase 21 ft, 8 in. (6.60 m)
CA* 15 ft, 6 in. (4.72 m)
AF** 9 ft, 4 in. (2.84 m)
Weight Capacity 6,500 lb. (2,948 kg)
Maximum Capacity 58,450 lb (26 512 kg)
at 10 ft (3.05 m)
Front Axle 20,000 lb (9072 kg)
Rear Tandem 40,000 lb (18 141 kg)
*CA—Distance from back of cab to bogie center-line
**AF—Distance from bogie center-line to rear of frame

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-69

Coiled Tubing Handbook

QMC 6070 High-Capacity Crane Trailer

The QMC 6070 crane trailer (Part No. 101333288, Figure 8.51) carries the injector, BOP,
stripper/packer, and crane. The BOP mounts and self-contained hydraulic power pack (on deck)
are standard equipment.

Figure 8.51—QMC 6070 crane trailer (Part No. 101333288)

8-70 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Standard Drop-Deck Coiled Tubing Reel Trailer

The standard drop-deck reel trailer (Part No. 997.08012, Figure 8.52) helps optimize reel capacity for
various tubing sizes, while minimizing overall height. Table 8.37 lists the reel trailer specifications. The
following general information also applies to this reel trailer:

• The trailer will carry a standard skid-mounted 1 1/4- or 1 1/2-in. reel (reel not included).
• The trailer can be used for 30K applications. However, anticipated tubing weight, fluid weight, and
the weights of the control house/power pack/tubing guide should be totaled to ensure that the payload
does not exceed the maximum design capacity.
• Depending on the tubing size and wall thickness, the physical reel capacity may exceed the design
and legal weight capacity.

Figure 8.52—Standard drop-deck CT reel trailer

Table 8.37—Standard Drop-deck CT

Reel Trailer (Estimated) Specifications
Dimensions
Length 41 ft, 0 in. (12.50 m)
Width 8 ft, 0 in. (2.44 m)
Height 2 ft, 8 in. (0.81 m)

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-71

Coiled Tubing Handbook

3-Axle International (Canada) Embedded Reel Trailer

Figure 8.53 is a photo of the 3-axle international (Canada) embedded reel trailer (Part No. 101322946).

Figure 8.53—The 3-Axle international (Canada) embedded reel trailer

4-Axle Embedded Reel Trailer

Figure 8.54 is a photo of the 4-axle embedded reel trailer (Part No. 101307443).

Figure 8.54—The 4-axle embedded reel trailer

8-72 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Offshore Skid Units

Offshore service units have all of the system's components mounted on the following four separate skids:

1. Reel skid
2. Operator house skid
3. Hydraulic power package skid
4. Auxiliary equipment skid.
The reel skid contains the reel assembly and the coiled tubing on the reel. The operator house skid holds
the operator house, hydraulic accumulators, and two hose reels with the house hydraulic hoses. The
hydraulic power package skid holds the hydraulic power package and the hose reel with the injector drive
hoses. The auxiliary skid holds the injector, tubing guide, stripper, BOP, fuel tank, and a toolbox.

The specs shown are for the 60K Standard CTU and the 60K Zone 2 CTU. These figures will be very
similar to the V95HP CTU except the V95HP injector weighs about 1,700 lb more than the 60K injector
and larger strippers and BOPs may be used.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-73

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Standard 60K Offshore Skid Unit

Figures 8.55 through 8.59 show various offshore skid units. Table 8.38 (Page 8-77) lists the standard
60K offshore skid unit specifications.

Figure 8.55—60K Standard offshore skid unit

8-74 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 8.56—Reel skid (Part No.

997.37002)

Figure 8.57—Operator
house skid

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-75

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Figure 8.58—Hydraulic
power package skid (all
units in in.)

Figure 8.59—Auxiliary equipment skid

8-76 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.38—Standard 60K Offshore Skid Unit Specifications

Weight Maximum
Length Width Height
Type of Skid Unit (No Tubing) Weight Rating
ft, in. (m) ft, in. (m) ft, in. (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
*Reel skid 997.37002
17 ft, 8 ft, 13 ft,
with 148-in. diameter (5.21) (2.64) (4.19) 22,000 (10 000) 90,000 (40 800)
1 in. 9 in. 9 in.
reel assembly
Reel stand 997.24086
with 148-in. diameter
14 ft, 7 ft, 13 ft,
reel assembly and (4.39) (2.41) (4.06) 14,900 (6 757) 75,000 (34 014)
5 in. 11 in. 4 in.
997.24114 protective
frame
Reel skid assembly 12 ft, 8 ft, 10 ft,
(3.82) (2.44) (3.29) 8,800 (3 992) 75,000 (34 014)
997.02413 6.5 in 0 in. 9.5 in.
Reel skid assembly 10 ft, 8 ft, 8 ft,
(3.30) (2.44) (2.68) 7,800 (3 538) 75,000 (34 014)
997.02104 10 in. 0 in. 9.6 in.
14 ft, 8 ft, 8 ft,
Operator house skid (4.27) (2.44) (2.72) 10,460 (4 745) — —
0 in. 0 in. 11 in.
Hydraulic power 7 ft, 4 ft, 6 ft,
(2.44) (1.46) (1.99) 9,800 (4 444) — —
package skid 11.9 in. 9.6 in. 6.3 in.
Auxiliary equipment 21 ft, 9 ft, 11 ft,
(6.40) (2.74) (2.74) 25,000 (11 300) — —
skid 0 in. 0 in. 0 in.
*Certified to BS 7072

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-77

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Certified 60K Offshore Skid Unit

Figures 8.60 through 8.63 show various certified 60K offshore skid units. Table 8.39 (Page 8-81) lists
the certified 60K offshore skid unit specifications.

Reel assembly

Lift frame

Figure 8.60—Reel skid

8-78 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Auxiliary lifting
Operator house frame

Hydraulic power BOP hose reel

package hose reel
Figure 8.61—Operator house skid

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-79

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Hydraulic power Auxiliary

package lifting frame

Injector
drive
hose reel

Figure 8.62—Hydraulic power pack skid

8-80 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Auxiliary
Injector Tubing guide lifting frame

Stripper
BOP
Tool
box

Auxiliary fuel tank

Figure 8.63—Auxiliary equipment skid

Table 8.39—Certified 60K Offshore Skid Unit Specifications

Weight Maximum
Length Width Height
Type of Skid Unit (No Tubing) Weight Rating
ft, in. (m) ft, in. (m) ft, in. (m) lb (kg) lb (kg)
Reel skid 17 ft, 1 in. 5.21 8 ft, 9 in. 2.64 13 ft, 9 in. 4.19 22,000 10 000 90,000 40 800
Operator house skid 21 ft, 0 in. 6.4 9 ft, 0 in. 2.74 11 ft, 0 in. 3.35 16,000 7300 — —
Hydraulic power pack-
21 ft, 0 in. 6.4 9 ft, 0 in. 2.74 11 ft, 0 in. 2.74 26,000 11 800 — —
age skid
Auxiliary equipment skid 21 ft, 0 in. 6.4 9 ft, 0 in. 2.74 11 ft, 0 in. 2.74 25,000 11 300 — —

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-81

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Halliburton Fluid Pumps

HT-150 (Coyote)
Figure 8.64 shows the HT-150 (Coyote) pump. Table 8.40 lists the pump specifications.

Figure 8.64—HT-150 (Coyote) pump

Table 8.40—HT-150 (Coyote) Pump Specifications

Basic Information
Stroke 4-in.
Cylinders 3
Fluid end type Y-type, horizontal triplex
Maximum Crankshaft Speed
Nitrogen fluid end 520 rev/min
Standard fluid end 300 rev/min
Horsepower Rating
Continuous 150 hhp at 300 rev/min
Intermittent 400 hhp at 450 rev/min
Discharge Pressures (maximum)
2-in. Fluid end 10,000 psi (68,940 kPa)
3-in. Fluid end 7,000 psi (48,258 kPa)
4-in. Fluid end 4,000 psi (27,576 kPa)
4.5-in. Fluid end 6,000 psi (41,364 kPa)

8-82 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

HT-400
Figure 8.65 shows the HT-400 pump. Table 8.41 lists the pump specifications.

Figure 8.65—HT-400 pump

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-83

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 8.41—HT-400 Pump Specifications

Basic Information
Stroke 8-in.
Cylinders 3
Fluid end type Horizontal triplex
Maximum input torque 7,215 lbf (9,782.227 Nm)
Maximum input horsepower (8.4 Gear) 800 hp (596.560 kW)
(8.6 Gear) 600 hp (447.420 kW)
Input Speed w/8.4:1 or 8.6:1 Gears 2,400 (Maximum rev/min)
Operational Limits (8.6:1 Gear)
Intermittent: fewer than 4 hr 600 bhp (577 hhp), 100% maximum pressure,
275 crank rev/min
Intermediate: between 4 and 8 hr 390 bhp (375 hhp), 75% maximum pressure,
250 crank rev/min
Continuous: more than 8 hr 275 bhp (264 hhp), 50% maximum pressure
(“Optimum” pump life is attained at 25% maxi-
mum pressure), 75 crank rev/min
Operation Limits (8.4:1 gear)
Intermittent: fewer than 4 hr 800 bhp (768 hhp), 100% maximum pressure,
275 crank rev/min
Intermediate: between 4 and 8 hr 520 bhp (500 hhp), 75% maximum pressure,
250 crank rev/min
Continuous: more than 8 hr 367 bhp (352 hhp), 50% maximum pressure
(“Optimum” pump life is attained at 25% maxi-
mum pressure), 75 crank rev/min
Discharge Pressures (maximum)
3 3/8-in. Fluid end 20,000 psi (137.895 MPa)
4-in. Fluid end 14,000 psi (96.527 MPa)*
4 1/2-in. Fluid end 11,200 psi (77.221 MPa)
5-in. Fluid end 9,000 psi (62,053 MPa)
6-in. Fluid end 6,250 psi (43.092 MPa)
*For static pressure testing, such as testing lines, BOP stacks etc., the 4-in. fluid end is rated to
15,000 psi (103.421 MPa) maximum pressure.

8-84 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

HT-1200 (Bearcat)
Figure 8.66 shows the HT-1200 pump. Table 8.42 lists the pump specifications, and Table 8.43
provides the pump pressure ratings.

Figure 8.66—HT-1200 Bearcat pump

Table 8.42—HT-1200 “Bearcat” Pump Basic Information

Stroke 8-in.
Cylinders 3
Fluid End Type Horizontal triplex
Rating 1,200 hhp (895 Hyd. kW)
Maximum Input 2,100 (Maximum rev/min)
Gear Reducer 6.313
Crank Maximum 335 rev/min

Table 8.43—HT-1200 “Bearcat” Pump Pressure Ratings

Maximum Rate at Maximum Pressure at
Fluid-End Size Maximum Rate*
Pressure Pressure* Maximum Rate*
(in.) (mm) (psi) (kPa) (bbl/min) (L/min) (psi) (kPa) (bbl/min) (L/min)
3.375 (85.725) 20,000 (137 895) 2.45 (389.2) 6,604 (45 532) 7.4 (1179)
4.000 (101.600) 14,000 (96 527) 3.50 (556.0) 4,702 (32 415) 10.4 (1656)
4.500 (114.300) 11,200 (77 221) 4.37 (695.0) 3,715 (25 612) 13.2 (2095)
5.000 (127.000) 9,000 (62 053) 5.44 (894.9) 3,009 (20 746) 16.3 (2587)
6.000 (152.400) 6,250 (43 092) 7.83 (1245.4) 2,099 (14 407) 23.4 (3725)
*Theoretical values

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-85

Coiled Tubing Handbook

HT-2000
Figure 8.67 shows the HT-2000 pump. Table 8.44 lists the pump specifications.

Figure 8.67—HT-2000 pump

Table 8.44—HT-2000 Pump Specifications

Basic Information
Stroke 12-in.
Cylinders 3
Fluid End Type Horizontal triplex
Maximum Input Horsepower 2,100 hhp
Maximum Input Speed 2,100 (rev/min)
Maximum Pump Speed 228 rpm
Gear Ratio Reduction 9.21:1

Plunger Size Maximum Pressure Maximum bbl/min

(in.) (psi) (at 2,100 rpm)
5 15,000 16.6
6 11,500 23.9

8-86 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

HQ-2000 (Grizzly)
Figure 8.68 shows the HQ-2000 pump. Table 8.45 lists the pump specifications, and Table 8.46
provides pump pressure ratings.

Figure 8.68—HQ-2000 “Grizzly” pump

Table 8.45—HQ-2000 Pump Basic Information

Stroke 8-in.
Cylinders 5
Fluid End Type Horizontal quintiplex
Rating at Maximum RPM 2,000 hhp
Rating at Peak Torque 1,600 hhp
Gear Reducer 6.313;1

Table 8.46—HQ-2000 Pump Pressure Ratings

Pressure at
Maximum Rate at Maximum
Fluid-End Size Maximum Maximum Rate*
Pressure Pressure*
Rate*
in. (mm) psi (kPa) bbl/min (L/min) psi (kPa) bbl/min (L/min)
3.375 (85.725) 20,000 (137 895) 4.08 (648.9) 7,165 (49,402) 11.39 (1,811)
4.000 (101.600) 14,000 (96 527) 5.83 (927.0) 5,101 (35,170) 16.00 (2,544)
4.500 (114.300) 11,200 (77 221) 7.29 (1158.8) 4,030 (27,789) 20.25 (3,220)
5.000 (127.000) 9,000 (62 053) 9.07 (1442.1) 3,265 (22,509) 25.01 (3,975)
6.000 (152.400) 6,250 (43 092) 13.06 (2076.6) 2,267 (15,631) 36.01 (5,725)
*Theoretical values

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-87

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Complete Pump Units

General Statistics
Trailers

Note The FPR-B is also known as the Twin Panther and the FPS-B is also known as the
Panther pumping skid. The FPR-J is also know as the Grizzly trailer and the FPS-J is
also know as a Grizzly pumping skid.

Table 8.47—Trailers, General Statistics

Load
Unit Type Controls Engine Transmission Pump(s) BHP/HHP
Code
*76TF H065 Twin Manual VT-12 S6600 5-speed HT-400 1400/1190
FPR-I H061 Single ACE CAT 3512 B S9800 7-speed HT-2000 2250/2000
**FPR-A H066 Twin ARC DD12V92 S6600 5-speed HT-400 1600/1300
FPR-J H061 Single ACE CAT 3512 B 9884 7-speed HQ-2000 2250/1999
FPR-B — Twin ACE CAT 3412 E S6600 5-speed HT-400 1600/1300
*Rebuilt equipment
**Information is for reference only; this unit is no longer built as standard production.

Table 8.48—Trailers, Additional Information

KP Wt. Bogie Wt. Full HP Run Time
Unit L/W/H
(lb) (lb) (hr)
76TF 400/96/140 20,000 32,000 5 1/2
FPR-I 432/96/150 26,000 36,500 3 1/2
*FPR-A 400/95/148 20,000 31,500 4 1/2
FPR-J 432/96/149 25,000 30,000 2 1/2
FPR-B 432/96/146 22,000 30,500 4
*Information is for reference only; this unit is no longer built as standard
production.

Skids

Table 8.49—Skids, General Statistics

Load
Unit Type Controls Engine Transmission Pump(s) BHP/HHP
Code
FPS-J One-piece Z523 ARC CAT 3512 B 9885 7-speed HQ-2000 2250/2000
FPS-B One-piece Z525 ARC CAT 3412 6061 5-speed HT-400 760/645

Table 8.50—Skids, Additional Information

Weight
Unit L/W/H Full HP Run Time
(lb)
FPS-J 240/96/102 46,000 N/A
FPS-B 240/60/102 25,000 2 hr

8-88 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Unit Performance
Pumping equipment performance shown is at rated engine speed and horsepower for specific
conditions of atmospheric pressure and temperature established by the engine manufacturers.
Changes in elevation, temperature, and engine speed will affect the actual performance.

Table 8.51—Pumping Equipment Performance

Fluid End At Rated Pressure At Maximum Rate
FPR-I (HT-2000)
4.50 3.25 bbl/min/20,000 psi 6,600 psi/12.3 bbl/min
5.00 5.5 bbl/min/15,000 psi 5,500 psi/15.0 bbl/min
6.00 5.7 bbl/min/11,500 psi 3,800 psi/21.8 bbl/min
76TF (HT-400)
3.37 2.2 bbl/min/20,000 psi 4,500 psi/11.0 bbl/min
4.00 3.2 bbl/min/14,000 psi 3,200 psi/15.4 bbl/min
4.50 3.8 bbl/min/11,200 psi 2,500 psi/20.0 bbl/min
5.00 4.8 bbl/min/9,000 psi 2,000 psi/24.0 bbl/min
6.00 7.2 bbl/min/6,250 psi 1,400 psi/35.0 bbl/min
FPR-A (HT-400)
3.37 2.4 bbl/min/20,000 psi 4,748 psi/11.0 bbl/min
4.00 3.4 bbl/min/14,000 psi 3,391 psi/15.4 bbl/min
4.50 4.3 bbl/min/11,200 psi 2,664 psi/19.6 bbl/min
5.00 5.3 bbl/min/9,000 psi 2,158 psi/24.2 bbl/min
6.00 7.6 bbl/min/6,200 psi 1,500 psi/34.8 bbl/min
FPR-B (HT-400) (Twin Panther)
3.37 2.4 bbl/min/20,000 psi 4,748 psi/11.0 bbl/min
4.00 3.4 bbl/min/14,000 psi 3,391 psi/15.4 bbl/min
4.50 4.3 bbl/min/11,200 psi 2,664 psi/19.6 bbl/min
5.00 5.3 bbl/min/9,000 psi 2,158 psi/24.2 bbl/min
6.00 7.6 bbl/min/6,200 psi 1,500 psi/34.8 bbl/min
FPR-J, FPS-J (HQ-2000)
3.37 4.2 bbl/min/20,000 psi 7,640 psi/11.0 bbl/min
4.00 5.9 bbl/min/14,000 psi 5,300 psi/15.6 bbl/min
4.50 7.5 bbl/min/11,200 psi 4,260 psi/19.7 bbl/min
5.00 9.3 bbl/min/9,000 psi 3,440 psi/24.3 bbl/min
6.00 13.3 bbl/min/6,250 psi 2,375 psi/35.1 bbl/min
FPS-B (HT-400) (Panther Pumping Skid)
3.37 1.2 bbl/min/20,000 psi 4,750 psi/5.5 bbl/min
4.00 1.7 bbl/min/14,000 psi 3,390 psi/7.7 bbl/min
4.50 2.1 bbl/min/11,200 psi 2,571 psi/9.8 bbl/min
5.00 2.6 bbl/min/9,000 psi 2,160 psi/12.1 bbl/min
6.00 3.8 bbl/min/6,250 psi 1,500 psi/17.4 bbl/min

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Equipment 8-89

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Centrifugal Pumps
Halliburton 6 x 5 x 11 (Figure A)
• with mechanical seals and 10-in. impeller (Part No. 350.1241)
• with lip seals and 10-in. impeller (Part No. 350.1242)
• with mechanical seals and 11-in. impeller (Part No. 350.1243)
• with lip seals and 11-in. impeller (Part No. 350.1244)
Halliburton 8 x 6 x 14 (Figure B)
• with packing, 300 BHP power end, and 14-in. impeller (Part No. 350.201)
• with lip seals, 100 BHP power end, and 14-in. impeller (Part No. 350.202)
Halliburton 4 x 4 x 12 (Figure C)
• with lip seals and 12-in. ductile impeller (Part No. 350.205)

Figure 8.69—Centrifugal pumps (A) Halliburton 6 × 5 × 11 (B) Halliburton 8 × 6 × 14

(C) Halliburton 4 × 4 × 12

8-90 Coiled Tubing Equipment September 2005

Section 9 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment

Nitrogen Properties and Uses .................................................................. 9-1

Temperature Characteristics .............................................................. 9-1
Volume Characteristics ...................................................................... 9-1
Conversion Data ................................................................................. 9-2
Nitrogen Characteristics ..................................................................... 9-3
Safety ................................................................................................. 9-3
First Aid .............................................................................................. 9-4
Oilfield Applications ............................................................................ 9-4
Treating Iron ....................................................................................... 9-4
Nitrogen Calculations ............................................................................... 9-5
Nomenclature ..................................................................................... 9-5
Nitrogen Compressibility Factor ......................................................... 9-8
Volume Factor, Low Pressure ............................................................ 9-9
Volume Factor, Medium Pressure ...................................................... 9-10
Volume Factor, High Pressure ........................................................... 9-11
Volume Factor, High Temperature ..................................................... 9-12
Pressure vs. Depth for Well Full of Nitrogen ...................................... 9-13
Commingled Fluids with Nitrogen ............................................................ 9-14
Terminology ........................................................................................ 9-14
Applications of Commingled Fluids .................................................... 9-14
Hydrajetting with Nitrogen .................................................................. 9-14
Nitrogen in Workover Fluids ............................................................... 9-14
Placing Corrosion Inhibitors with Nitrogen ......................................... 9-15
Nitrogen in Drilling Muds Ahead of Cement Jobs ............................... 9-15
Freeing Differentially Stuck Drillpipe .................................................. 9-15
Jetting with Nitrogen ........................................................................... 9-15
Nitrogen-Assisted Unloading .............................................................. 9-15
Nitrogen with Fracturing and Acidizing Services ................................ 9-16
Density Control with Nitrogen ............................................................. 9-16
Nitrogen Foams and Foam Cleanouts ..................................................... 9-17
Introduction ......................................................................................... 9-17
What is foam? .................................................................................... 9-17
When Should Foam Be Used for a Cleanout? ................................... 9-17
Foam Behavior During Circulation ..................................................... 9-18
Temperature ....................................................................................... 9-19
Reservoir Liquid Influxes .................................................................... 9-19
Base Fluid .......................................................................................... 9-20

i
 Foam Generators ............................................................................... 9-20
What Affects the Fluid Loss During a Cleanout? ................................ 9-21
How to Change Velocities and Downhole Circulating Pressures ....... 9-21
Miscellaneous Guidelines ................................................................... 9-22
Nitrogen Equipment ................................................................................. 9-23
Terminology ........................................................................................ 9-23
Nitrogen Converter Performance Summary ....................................... 9-23
MPU-60A Nitrogen-Converter Truck .................................................. 9-24
MPU-90A Nitrogen-Converter Truck .................................................. 9-25
MPU-660A Nitrogen-Converter Truck ................................................ 9-26
TPU-300A Nitrogen-Converter Trailer ................................................ 9-27
TPU-340FA Nitrogen-Converter Trailer .............................................. 9-28
TPU-660 Nitrogen-Converter Trailer .................................................. 9-29
SPU-60B Nitrogen-Converter Skid ..................................................... 9-30
S120-15F Nitrogen-Converter Skid .................................................... 9-31
SPU-180F (Wellnite Design) and NCS-180F (ISO-compatible)
Offshore Nitrogen-Converter Skids .................................................... 9-32
SPU-340F Nitrogen-Converter Skid ................................................... 9-33
BLT-3700 Nitrogen Transport Truck ................................................... 9-34
TLT-2000 Nitrogen "PUP" Trailer ....................................................... 9-35
ST-72-LNSM MVE/LOX Liquid Nitrogen Trailer ................................. 9-36
TRS-74-P-85 CRYENCO Pressure-Off Liquid Nitrogen Trailer ......... 9-37
Offshore Skid Tanks ........................................................................... 9-38
NTS-2150, -3000, and -5000 ISO-Framed Offshore Nitrogen Tanks . 9-39
Nitrogen Purge Tube Trailer ............................................................... 9-40
Nitrogen Losses ................................................................................. 9-41
High-Pressure N2 Tank vs. Low-Pressure N2 Tank and Boost Pump:
Which is best? .................................................................................... 9-44
Membrane and PSA Nitrogen Generating Equipment -
Non-Cryogenic Production of Nitrogen ............................................... 9-46
Tank Contents Gauge Charts ............................................................. 9-47

ii
Section 9

Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment

Nitrogen Properties and Uses
Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen gas is an inert gas that is both
Preface
colorless and odorless with a density of 0.0724 lb/scf (at 14.7psia and 60°F). In 1959, when techniques
for using liquid nitrogen were developed, nitrogen made its introduction into the oilfield. Nitrogen is
converted into a liquid (along with oxygen) through a gas separation and liquification plant. The liquid
nitrogen (LN2) is considered a cryogenic material. Cryogenics is a term used for materials at -150°F or
colder.

Figure 9.1—Various effects of temperature

Temperature Characteristics
At atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia), liquid nitrogen will "boil" at -320.5°F. In other words, it begins to
vaporize to a gas above -320.4°F.

LN2 boiling point = -320.4°F at 14.7 psia

The critical temperature (where all properties of the coexisting vapor and liquid phases become identical)
= -232.8°F

Volume Characteristics
If you had one gallon of liquid nitrogen (at atmospheric pressure) and allowed it to vaporize entirely into
gas, you would then have 93.11 scf (standard cubic feet) of nitrogen gas. Standard conditions are
considered to be at 14.7 psi (1 atmosphere) pressure and 70°F.

Our conversion tables tell us that one gallon is equal to 0.1337 cubic feet. Our one gallon of liquid
nitrogen is also 0.1337 cubic feet of liquid nitrogen. If it is allowed to entirely vaporize to a gas (at 14.7
psi and 70°F), you would still end up with 93.11 scf of gas. This is equivalent to 696.5 gal of gas.
Remember, 93.11 cf / 0.1337 cf/gallon = 696.5 gallon.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-1

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Conversion Data
Table 9.1 lists some conversion data. To use these conversions, select the units from the top row that
you want to convert from and then move down the rows to the unit you want to convert to. This is the
conversion factor you need and should be multiplied by your original number to obtain the new units you
require.
Table 9.1—Conversions*
1 lb 1 kg 1 SCF **1 Nm³ 1 Gal 1L
Liquid Liquid Gas Gas Liquid Liquid
lb Liquid 1.0000 2.205 0.07245 2.757 6.745 1.782
kg Liquid 0.4536 1.0 0.03286 1.2506 3.060 0.8083
scf Gas 13.803 30.42 1.0 38.04 93.11 24.60
**Nm³ gas 0.3627 0.7996 0.02628 1.0 2.447 0.6464
Gal Liquid 0.1481 0.3262 0.01074 0.4080 1.0 0.2642
L Liquid 0.5606 1.2349 0.04065 1.5443 3.785 1.0
*All values rounded to nearest 4/5 significant numbers. SCF (standard cubic foot) gas
measured at 1 atmosphere and 70°F. Liquid measured at 1 atmosphere and boiling
temperature. All values are consistent with standards adopted by the Compressed Gas
Association on June 6, 1962.
**Nm³ (normal cubic meter) gas measured at 1 atmosphere and 0°C.

9-2 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Nitrogen Characteristics
Nitrogen weighs approximately 3% less than air (at atmospheric temperature). It is odorless, colorless,
and tasteless. Nitrogen is also nontoxic and nonflammable. Table 9.2 provides additional nitrogen
characteristics.

Table 9.2—Nitrogen Characteristics

General Information Viscosity/Density
Chemical symbol N2 Coeff viscosity, 117.96
micropoises at 77°F
Molecular weight 28.016 Density of liquid at normal 50.443 lb/ft³
boiling point
Triple point -345.9°F Density of saturated 0.03635 lb/ft3
at 1.82 psig vapor at 14.7 psia
Specific Gravity Density lb/ft³ 70°F, 1 ATM 0.07245
Specific gravity of liquid 0.809 Specific volume ft3/lb, 13.803
nitrogen (water = 1.0) 70°F 1 ATM
Specific gravity of saturated 0.967
vapor at 14.7 psia (air = 1.0)
Temperature Pressure
Critical temperature -232.87°F Critical pressure, psia 492.3
Normal boiling point -320.45°F Critical pressure 33.54
atmospheres, abs.
Ratio of specific heat 1.4014 at 70°F Triple-point pressure, psia 1.819
Specific heat (cv) at 70°F 0.3197 BTU/(lb) (°F) Triple-point pressure 0.1238
atmospheres, abs.
Specific heat (cp) at 77°F 0.4471 BTU/(lb) (°F)
Latent heat of evaporation 85.67 BTU/lb
Thermal conductivity at 60°F 0.01462 BTU/ft²/hr

Safety
Wear protective clothing to cover as much of the body as possible, including:

• Safety goggles
• Thermal or leather gloves
• Long sleeve shirts
• Cuffless trousers (don't stick your pants in your boots)

Warning Avoid skin contact. Liquid nitrogen is hazardous. Contact with human tissue
will destroy the tissue in a manner similar to high temperature burns. Freeze
burns will result from contact with the actual liquid or contact with the cold sur-
faces of piping and equipment containing the liquid.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-3

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Warning Liquid nitrogen causes immediate damage to your eyes. Eye damage is usually
beyond repair.

Warning A well ventilated work environment is essential. Without proper ventilation, ni-
trogen can displace oxygen to cause dizziness, unconsciousness, or even death
when inhaled.

First Aid
Observe the following guidelines if N2 contact occurs.

• Remove any clothing that may restrict blood circulation to the affected body area.
• Do not rub the affected area as this may cause further tissue damage.
• Apply cold compresses if possible.
• Get to a physician for treatment.

Oilfield Applications
The following are some common N2 oilfield applications:

Freeing stuck drillpipe Displace fluids down tubulars

Drill stem testing Set hydraulic packers

Enhance perforating Pipeline purging, cleaning, and testing

Nitrogen fracs Gas lift

Unload fluids from a well Cementing

Inhibit tubulars Nitrogen acid treatments

Pressure testing

Treating Iron
Carbon steel becomes brittle at approximately -40°F (-40ºC).

Warning Do not allow LN2 or nitrogen gas at this temperature into carbon steel treating
iron. It is one of the most dangerous mistakes an operator can make because any
shock could cause treating iron to break like glass.

Carbon steel cannot withstand rapid contraction. Nitrogen can shrink the inside of treating iron faster than
the outside, causing it to separate.

9-4 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Nitrogen Calculations
MP
The density (or volume factor) of nitrogen at a given temperature and pressure is: ρ =
ZRT

V'
Density or volume factor can be expressed as: ρ or
V

Once the constants and unit conversions are included, this equation can be written for
198.6P (psia)
English units as: ρ (scf/bbl) =
Z(460 + °F)

2.8416P (kPa)
In metric units it can be written as: ρ (sm 3/m 3 ) =
Z(273 + °C)

Nomenclature
M = molecular weight of nitrogen = 28.0134

P = absolute pressure (psi for English units, kPa for metric units)

R = gas constant (1,545 ft./lb/lb mole °R - for English units, 0.08206 atm-liters/gm mole °K)

T = absolute temperature (°F + 460 for English units, °C + 273 for metric units)

Z = compressibility factor from the nitrogen compressibility factor curves

ρ = density in weight or standard volume per unit volume

These densities are the "volume factors" in the following tables.

Note Both of these densities express the weight or mass as a "standard" volume. Standard
conditions are defined as atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia or 1 atm) and 60 ºF or 15
ºC. SCF stands for standard cubic feet and scm or sm3 stands for standard cubic
meters.

The “Pressure vs. Depth for a Well Filled with Nitrogen” graphs were based on a surface temperature of
70ºF (21ºC) and a gradient of 1.6ºF per 100 ft. (2.92ºC per 100 m). Variations in the well temperature
from these values make relatively small changes in the pressures.

The following examples show how the graphs in this section can be used to solve nitrogen problems.

Example 1 E

How much nitrogen is required to fill a 12,500-ft reel of 2-in. OD × 0.156-in. wall CT to 3,500 psia at an
average temperature of 75ºF?

1. From the Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements tables (Section 2, Page 2-52), read the
internal volume for the size: 2.768 bbls/1,000 ft.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-5

Coiled Tubing Handbook

2. Multiply this value by 12.5 thousand feet to obtain a total volume of 34.6 bbl.
3. Using the Volume Factor, Medium Pressure graph (Page 9-10), read the volume factor as 1,200
SCF/bbl
4. Multiply the volume of the reel by the volume factor to obtain 41,520 SCF. This is the amount
of nitrogen needed.
Example 1 M

How much nitrogen is required to fill a 3,810-m reel of 50.8-mm OD × 3.962-mm wall CT to 24,100 kPa
at an average temperature of 24ºC?

1. From the Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements tables (Section 2, Page 2-52), read the
internal volume for the size: 1.4438 liters/m, which is the same as 1.4438 m3/1,000 m.
2. Multiply this value by 3.81 thousand meters to obtain a total volume of 5.5m3.
3. Using the Volume Factor, Medium Pressure graph (Page 9-10), read the volume factor as 221
scm/m3.
4. Multiply the volume of the reel by the volume factor to obtain 1,215 scm. This is the amount of
nitrogen needed.
Example 2 E

The same reel of CT as Example 1 E is being used to place nitrogen in a well. The CT will be run to 7,500
ft. Nitrogen will be pumped until the pressure at the end of the CT reaches 3,500 psia, filling both the
well tubular, which is 3.5-in., 12.95 lb/ft EU tubing, and the CT.

1. From the Tubing Sizes, Volumes, and Displacements table (Section 2, Page 2-56), read the inter-
nal volume for this size tubing as 7.35 bbl/1,000 ft.
2. Multiply this value by the depth of 7.5 thousand feet to obtain a well volume of 55.125 bbl.
3. From the Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements table (Section 2, Page 2-52), read the inter-
nal volume for this CT size as 2.768 bbl/1,000 ft and the external displacement as 3.886
bbl/1,000 ft.
4. Multiply these values by 7.5 thousand feet to obtain an internal volume of 20.76 bbl and the
external displacement as 29.145 bbl.
5. The total volume in the well to be filled with nitrogen is 55.125 - 29.145 + 20.76 = 46.74 bbl.
6. From the Pressure vs. Depth for a Well Filled with Nitrogen graph (Page 9-13), find the point
where the pressure is 3,500 psia at a 7,500-ft depth. Follow the curves upward to read an approx-
imate surface pressure of 2,750 psia.
7. The average pressure is (3,500 + 2,750)/2 = 3,125 psia.
8. The estimated bottomhole temperature is 70ºF + 1.6 × 75 hundred feet = 190ºF. The average tem-
perature is (190 + 70)/2 = 130ºF.
9. The volume factor for this average temperature and pressure is approximately 950 scf/bbl.
10. Multiplying this volume factor by the well volume from Step 5 yields a nitrogen requirement of
44,400 scf.

9-6 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

11. For the remaining 5,000 ft of CT on the reel, assume the pressure will be the same as the wellhead
pressure, which is 2,750 psia, and the temperature is 75ºF. Using the Volume Factor, Medium
Pressure graph (Page 9-10), read the volume factor as 990 scf/bbl.
12. The volume of this section of the coiled tubing is 2.768 × 5 thousand feet = 13.84 bbl.
13. Multiply the volume of this section by the volume factor to obtain 13,700 scf.
The total nitrogen required is 13,700 + 44,400 = 58,100 scf
Example 2 M

The same reel of CT as Example 1 M is being used to place nitrogen in a well. The CT will be run to
2,285 m. Nitrogen will be pumped until the pressure at the end of the CT reaches 24,100 kPa, filling both
the well tubular, which is 88.9 mm 19.27 kg/m EU tubing, and the CT.

1. From the Tubing Sizes, Volumes, and Displacements table (Section 2, Page 2-56), read the inter-
nal volume for this size tubing as 3.832 liters/m, which is the same as 3.832 m3 per 1000 m.
2. Multiply this value by the depth of 2.285 thousand meters to obtain a well volume of 8.756 m3.
3. From the Coiled Tubing Volumes and Displacements table (Section 2, Page 2-52), read the inter-
nal volume for this CT size as 1.4438 liters/m and the external displacement as 2.0268 liters/m.
4. Multiply these values by 2.285 thousand meters to obtain an internal volume of 3.3 m3 and the
external displacement as 4.631 m3.
5. The total volume in the well to be filled with nitrogen is 8.756 - 4.631 + 3.3 = 7.425 m3.
6. From the Pressure vs. Depth for a Well Filled with Nitrogen graph (Page 9-13), find the point
where the pressure is 24,100 kPa at a 2,285-m depth. Follow the curves upward to read an
approximate surface pressure of approximately 19,000 kPa.
7. The average pressure is (24,100 + 19,000)/2 = 21,550 kPa.
8. The estimated bottomhole temperature is 21ºC + 2.92 × 2.2.85 hundred meters = 88ºC. The
average temperature is (88 + 21)/2 = 55ºC.
9. The volume factor for this average temperature and pressure is approximately 170 sm3/m3.
10. Multiplying this volume factor by the well volume from Step 5 yields a nitrogen requirement of
1,262 sm3.
11. For the remaining 1,525 m of CT on the reel, assume the pressure will be the same as the well-
head pressure, which is 1,900 kPa, and the temperature is 24ºC. Using the Volume Factor,
Medium Pressure graph (Page 9-10), read the volume factor as 175 sm3/m3. The volume of this
section of the CT is 1.4438 × 1.525 thousand meters = 2.2 sm3/m3.
12. Multiply the volume of this section by the volume factor to obtain 385 sm3.
The total nitrogen required is 385 + 1,262 = 1,647 sm3

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-7

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Nitrogen Compressibility Factor

English

Figure 9.2—Nitrogen compressibility factor (English)

Metric

Figure 9.3—Nitrogen compressibility factor (metric)

9-8 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Volume Factor, Low Pressure

English

Figure 9.4—Volume factor, low pressure (English)

Metric

Figure 9.5—Volume factor, low pressure (metric)

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-9

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Volume Factor, Medium Pressure

English

Figure 9.6—Volume factor, medium pressure (English)

Metric

Figure 9.7—Volume factor, medium pressure (metric)

9-10 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Volume Factor, High Pressure

English

Figure 9.8—Volume factor, high pressure (English)

Metric

Figure 9.9—Volume factor, high pressure (metric)

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-11

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Volume Factor, High Temperature

English

Figure 9.10—Volume factor, high temperature (English)

Metric

Figure 9.11—Volume factor, high temperature (metric)

9-12 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pressure vs. Depth for Well Full of Nitrogen

English

Surface temperature 70°F; temperature gradient = 1.6°F per 100 ft

Figure 9.12—Pressure vs. depth for well full of nitrogen (English)

Metric

Surface temperature 21°C; temperature gradient 2.92°C per 100 m

Figure 9.13—Pressure vs. depth for well full of nitrogen (metric)

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-13

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Commingled Fluids with Nitrogen

Terminology
Volume liquid ratio, VLR—This term is commonly used when commingling nitrogen and fluids. It has
no units due to it is a relationship of how much space is occupied by a mixture of nitrogen and fluid
compared to the fluid by itself. This number will always be larger than one, and if more gas is added to
a known liquid then the number will increase when the temperature and pressures are unchanged. As a
commingled fluid is pumped around a wellbore this number will change due to the varying temperature
and pressure.

Volume of Gas + Volume of Liquid

VLR =
Volume Liquid

Gas liquid ratio, GLR—This term is commonly used in the field when an operator is needing to adjust
the nitrogen rates to correspond with the fluids being pumped by other equipment on location.

Often on a commingled or foam treatment the operator is instructed to pump at a certain scf/bbl (GLR)
and then slows or increases the scf/min of gas depending on the rate the fluids are being pumped.

Applications of Commingled Fluids

Nitrogen is mixed with well treating fluids for various reasons, including:

• Flowbacks of treatment fluids.

• Density control of treatment fluids.
• Hydrajetting with nitrogen.
• Nitrogen to reduce hydrostatic weight of workover fluids.
• Nitrogen in drilling muds ahead of cement jobs and while drilling.
• Jetting to kick off a well.
• Remove differentially stuck pipe.

Hydrajetting with Nitrogen

Tests indicate that you can expect far better cutting rates with hydrajetting services when you include
nitrogen in the sand-laden jetting fluid. Improved rates make the hydrajet service an even better choice
for perforating, cutting slots in casing, cutting pipe for removal, under reaming, washing, and removing
scale and debris from old perforations.

In tests, a nitrogen-gel ratio of approximately 350 SCF/bbl was selected. Fluid was pumped at 2,500 psi.
The fluid with nitrogen penetrated a 1/2-in. thick steel plate, a 3/4-in. thick sheath of Hydromite
(synthetic resin and gypsum) cement and a Berea sandstone core to a depth of 10 in. in just 30 minutes.
Under the same conditions, fluid without nitrogen penetrated only 5-1/2 in. in 30 minutes.

Nitrogen in Workover Fluids

By reducing workover fluid density, nitrogen helps reduce fluid loss to formations, especially helpful in
low pressure wells. Yet, nitrogen-laden workover fluid retains high lifting capabilities at minimum
circulating pressures.

9-14 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Placing Corrosion Inhibitors with Nitrogen

There are two effective methods of placing corrosion inhibitor with nitrogen. In the first, nitrogen is used
to create an inhibitor mist. Tubing fluid is displaced by the mist back into the formation, and the tubing
filled with the mist. Pressure is maintained to allow the mist time to deposit the inhibitor on the tubing
wall, then the nitrogen is bled off, and the well put back on production. Shut-in time is held to a minimum,
and the inhibitor is much more likely to stick on the tubing because swabbing and displacement fluids
are eliminated.

In the second technique, inhibitor is displaced into the formation with a commingled nitrogen fluid. In
low pressure wells, nitrogen gas alone can displace the inhibitor fluid. The nitrogen allows the well to be
placed on production faster, and without swabbing.

Nitrogen in Drilling Muds Ahead of Cement Jobs

Nitrogen is commingled with drilling fluids to reduce mud weight and combat lost circulation. This can
be done while drilling or performing primary cement jobs. Nitrogen quickly dissipates from the drilling
mud on return to the surface, allowing quick return to the heavier weights.

Nitrogen eliminates fluid-loss material usually needed for balanced or under-pressured drilling. It is
chemically compatible with all mud systems and increases cement circulation height.

Freeing Differentially Stuck Drillpipe

Nitrogen, when commingled with drilling mud, temporarily reduces fluid density. This reduces the
hydrostatic pressure against the pipe and allows it to pull free. Another technique is to spot nitrogen gas
over the zone where the pipe is stuck the low viscosity of the gas causes the pressure to equalize around
the pipe, allowing it to pull free.

Jetting with Nitrogen

Jetting with nitrogen can greatly enhance treating fluid recovery and reduce costs. Jetting can be done
either down the tubing and out the annulus or down the annulus and out the tubing. Usually, maximum
recovery results from pumping nitrogen down the tubing at a constant rate while maintaining back
pressure on the annulus. This process causes high fluid velocities by making more efficient use of the
expansion properties of nitrogen.

Advantages of jetting a well include:

• Reduced rig time

• Improved wellbore conductivity
• Reduced danger of sticking swab cups
• Quicker return on investment
• Lower returning fluid cost

Nitrogen-Assisted Unloading
It is common to unload wells with nitrogen circulation through coiled tubing. Although this technique is
commonly called "jetting," it starts flow by reducing hydrostatic pressure and not by "jetting" fluids to
surface.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-15

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Nitrogen with Fracturing and Acidizing Services

In most cases, even in low-pressure reservoirs, you can eliminate the need for time-consuming and
sometimes dangerous swabbing to recover treatment fluid when nitrogen is used in conjunction with
fracturing and acidizing procedures.

The compressed nitrogen gas serves as a source of energy that helps push treatment fluids back out of the
formation when the well is opened up.

When nitrogen is used as the spearhead or in the breakdown fluid in fracturing, it provides a way to help
flow the well clean without having to make a cleanup trip with the tubing.

In acidizing services, nitrogen helps increase the velocity of returning fluids. That helps remove
precipitates, a common acidizing by-product, and insoluble fines, that, unless removed, can cause
formation damage.

During the job itself, nitrogen, by increasing the treatment volume, helps increase penetration. The
nitrogen bubbles, by blocking port spaces temporarily, also reduce fluid loss so the treatment fluid
becomes more efficient.

Density Control with Nitrogen

Nitrogen can be used in density controlled acidizing or fracturing services to reduce the density of the
stimulation fluids. Since the created fracture may extend below the productive zone, commingled
nitrogen in the appropriate liquid phase can effectively lighten the fluid to help assure its placement in
the upper portion of the fracture (productive zone). Use of nitrogen for density control is usually more
convenient and economical than preparing fluid solutions with salt or weighting materials.

9-16 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Nitrogen Foams and Foam Cleanouts

Introduction
Various types of fluids and gases are used to clean particulates out of a wellbore. Some of the more
common are gases, mists, liquids, gelled liquids, nitrified fluids and foams. The most feasible cleaning
medium to use depends on economics, damage to reservoir, availability, and wellbore configurations.

Often nitrogen is used in well-completion fluids because nitrogen can reduce hydrostatic weight of the
fluid, increase fluid velocities, improve rheology characteristics, and separate from the solution readily
at the surface.

Here we will discuss foam cleanouts. Foams are most often used in a cleanout when encountering low
bottomhole pressured reservoirs and water sensitive zones, and where velocities are limited in the bottom
of the well. Foams can hold much more solid material in suspension, and when used in an overbalanced
condition, fewer fluids will be lost to the reservoir because of foam diverting properties.

What is foam?
Foams consist of a base fluid such as water (external phase), a stabilizing surfactant (foaming agent), and
a gas (internal phase). The viscosity of the foam is greater than the liquid or gas components if the latter
are used separately. Foam viscosity depends on a number of variables, including quality, viscosity of the
external phase, and texture. The most important parameter in a foam cleanout is foam quality. Foam
Quality is the percent volume occupied by the internal gas phase. The formula for this is:

N 2 Volume
Quality =
(Liquid Volume + N 2 Volume)

Because of the compressibility of the gas, the quality of the foam will vary throughout the tubulars and
annulus during a cleanout. During pumping, the friction pressure, temperature, and hydrostatics are
changing in various sections in the well, causing changes in quality, velocities, and foam viscosity. In a
foam cleanout, we need to keep the quality of the foam between 60% and 95% in the annulus. To do this
the calculations can become very complex. Software programs are necessary to properly design foam
cleanouts. This can be done in programs such as FoamUp, Cerberus, and Mudlite.

When Should Foam Be Used for a Cleanout?

Low Bottomhole Pressure

Often we can not circulate fluids in a well because the bottomhole pressure is lower than the hydrostatic
weight of a full column of fluid. In this case, gas is commingled or foamed in with the fluid to reduce
hydrostatic weight. If the quality is above 52% gas and a foamer is added, we consider the fluid and gas
to be a foam. In most cleanouts, we are trying to balance the bottomhole circulating pressure with the
bottomhole reservoir pressure.

Limited to Low Annular Velocities

A typical configuration for a producing well is to have a packer set on tubing above a set of perforations
in the production casing. A producer may elect to clean the fill out with coiled tubing rather than kill the
well and trip the producing tubing in and out of the hole. In cases such as this, we will often see high
friction pressures caused by the small ID of the CT string, small annular space between tubing and CT,

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-17

Coiled Tubing Handbook

a deep well, or great reel length. These factors limit the velocities we are able to obtain in a cleanout.
Compounding the problem is the large effective area below the packer between the CT string and the
production casing which limits the obtainable velocities in the annulus below the packer.

Water-Sensitive Reservoirs

Unless a well is cleaned out in an underbalanced condition, we will lose some of the circulating fluids
into the reservoir. Foams will minimize the fluid losses into the reservoirs because: (1) foam is a high
viscosity system; (2) foam bridges at the formation face in low-permeability rock; (3) foam leaks off
slowly in high-permeability rock since losses occur in a two-phase flow regime.

A large portion of the foam that does leak off is nitrogen. Nitrogen is inert and will not react with
reservoir hydrocarbons or matrix rock. For extremely water-sensitive zones, foams can be generated with
a hydrocarbon as the liquid phase. These jobs need preplanning to help ensure safety, specialized foamer
availability and lab testing to assure that the hydrocarbon can be foamed.

Horizontal or Highly Deviated Holes

When a hole is deviated past 30°, the fill material being circulated upward tends to gravitate to the lower
side of the annulus. Continued upward movement of the particulates becomes very difficult once the hole
angle is greater than 60°. Viscosified non-compressible fluids do not work well under these conditions.
Tests in the late 1980s showed that in horizontal wells water worked best if high velocities were
obtainable (170+ feet/minute) and foams to be the best at lower rates. Centralization in the horizontal
section can greatly improve cleanout efficiencies.

Preserve Completion Fluids

Nitrogen is inert and only slightly soluble in water and other liquids. Once nitrogen is recirculated back
to the pits, it dissipates into the air. Because of the sensitive nature of some reservoirs, the necessary
completion fluids can become very expensive. Foam treatments can save completion fluid costs by
reducing the hydrostatic weight of the circulation fluids and replacing a portion of the fluids with a gas.

Foam Behavior During Circulation

To bring the fill material back to the surface the particulates must be moving up the hole at a faster rate
than the downward force (terminal velocity) of gravity on the particles. These pumping velocities with a
foam will be changing in various portions of the hole because of gas-volume effects caused by changing
temperatures and pressures. We are most concerned with the velocities at the bottom of the annulus;
velocity at the bottom of the annulus is critical. Fluid travelling down the tubing will affect the friction
pressures seen at the surface but we are not concerned with velocities since no particulates have been
picked up yet. Once the compressible fluid leaves the bottom of the tubing, it picks up the particulates.
On the backside (the annulus) the foam will start upward and the gas will start expanding. Unless there
is a change in the effective area, the velocities will be their lowest on the backside when the foam starts
its initial assent upward. As the foam gets closer to the surface, it will have less hydrostatic weight and
friction pressure working against it. This will cause the gas to expand and create higher quality foam and
higher velocities.

For foam fluid to carry particulates, it must remain as foam and not break out into its separate constituents
of fluid and gas. It is important to use a foamer designed around conditions such as temperature,
reservoir-liquid influxes, and the base fluid to be used.

9-18 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Temperature
Some foamers cannot be used at higher temperatures. As the temperature increases, the foamers are more
soluble in the base liquid and increased foamer concentrations are necessary to stabilize the foam. Tables
9.3 and 9.4 can assist in the selection of the proper foamer and concentration.

Table 9.3—Foamer Selection

Maximum
Foamer Type Temperature*
ºF
AQF-2 anionic 300
HC-2 amphoteric 300
Howco Suds anionic 250
Pen-5 non-ionic 200
SEM-7 anionic 400
SEM-8 anionic 400
SSO-21M non-ionic 215
ACO-1 (80% Methanol) Anionic 300
* Maximum temperature is based on gel systems mixed from
powdered gel – no oil.

Table 9.4—Foamer Concentration

Foamer Concentration Temperature
Gal/MGal ºF
2 75
3 130
5 200
7 250
10 300
13 350

Reservoir Liquid Influxes

When cleaning out a well in an underbalanced condition, the foam can be contaminated with fluids out
of the reservoir. Oils work as defoamers and can cause degradation of the foam. If the foam becomes
degraded to a point of being only a water/oil/gas emulsion, viscosity is compromised and particulates can
start falling and bridging. When it is necessary to cleanout in an underbalanced condition with an influx
of oil, then lab tests should be conducted with various ratios of the cleanout fluid and reservoir oil. When
oil influx is expected then AQF-2 and HC-2 are the most tolerant of oil with SSO-21MN the least
tolerant. Producing brines high in total hardness, magnesium, and calcium affect the capability of the
foam to work effectively. Take this effect into consideration when brine is the base fluid to be foamed,
or you expect to see formation-brine influxes.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-19

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Base Fluid
In foam cleanouts, we typically do not viscosify our base liquid system because base gel viscosifiers (or
friction reducers) help keep the fluid in a laminar flow regime rather than in a preferred turbulent regime.
If the base fluid is viscosified with a gel, additional foamer and a foam generator may be necessary.

Foam Generators
In foam cementing and many of the foam fracturing applications, a foam generator is necessary to impart
energy into a foam system when the base fluid is high in viscosity or if low shearing energy is expected
while pumping. In cleanout applications, a foam generator is typically not necessary because the base
fluid is low in viscosity and we achieve high shearing while pumping down the tubulars. However to
ensure a stable foam and particularly when high temperatures will be encountered the use of a foam
generator is recommended . A foam generator would be necessary if a hydrocarbon is used as the base
liquid to be foamed.

The foam generator is the point at which the nitrogen is introduced to the stimulation slurry. The
generator consists of a standard high-pressure hammer-union tee with a choke holder nipple and ceramic
choke. The energy generated by the gas jetting through the choke causes an extremely high shear
condition which provides the high energy mixing action needed to form the small bubbles of a stable
foam. No further mixing downstream of the foam generator is required. The foam generator should be
rigged up as shown in Figure 9.14, with the stimulation slurry coming in from the side, and the nitrogen
jetting down the straight section of the pipe. If the nitrogen is injected from the side, perpendicular to the
slurry flow stream, the high-velocity gas jet will quickly erode away the body of the tee. The considerable
energy from the nitrogen jet should be expended on the stimulation slurry, not the steel of the tee. At least
10 ft of straight discharge line should be used immediately downstream of the foam generator to help
prevent undue wear on swings.

Figure 9.14—Foam generator

9-20 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

What Affects the Fluid Loss During a Cleanout?

Usually the cleanout is designed to have the downhole circulating pressure equivalent to the reservoir
pressure; this is not always possible when working in multi-zone completions. When the circulating
pressure is greater than the reservoir pressure, we can have fluid-loss, the severity of which, depending
on (1) the wash fluid we are circulating and (2) reservoir characteristics.

Circulating Fluid

Straight gases have very low viscosities (usually < 0.2 cp). The reservoir will start taking gas very quickly
if the well is in an overbalanced condition. This seldom happens because of the low friction pressure and
minimal hydrostatic weight of gas. Foam systems also have low hydrostatic weights, usually in the range
of one-fourth that of water. Viscosity of foam is excellent; depending on reservoir conditions, a well can
be circulated with minimal fluid losses with a foam. Foam's superior performance is the result of its
excellent viscosity, diverting capability, and its slower two-phase flow with the small volume of foam
leaking off into the matrix. In acidizing, foam is often used as a diverter. In some cases, the foam has
diverted at pressures up to 800 psi over reservoir pressures. We see this same effect in well cleanouts.

Reservoir Characteristics

Zones that are higher in porosity, permeability, and zone height will lose more fluids.

Circulating Fluid Characteristics

The higher the quality of a foam above 52%, the more viscosity the foam will have. Viscosities continue
to increase with quality until the quality is around 96%. At 96% gas, the fluid surfactant layers around
the bubbles are to thin and the bubbles begin to coalesce (join together), causing the foam to break into
a non-viscous mist.

How to Change Velocities and Downhole Circulating Pressures

Improvements can usually be made in a foam cleanout by changing gas rate, liquid rate, or backpressure
on the annulus.

To increase the downhole circulating pressures: Increase the rate of water, decrease the rate of gas,
choke back the annulus, increase the weight of the base cleanout fluid, and increase the foam rate.

To decrease the downhole circulating pressures. Decrease the rate of water, increase the rate of gas,
open up the annulus to a larger choke size, increase the weight of the base cleanout fluid, and decrease
the foam rate.

Regulating the pressure on the backside annulus choke. When regulating the annulus choke with a
foamed system, it is important to determine what is happening to the foam as it expands upward. The
foam will be increasing in quality as it moves upward because of less influence from hydrostatic and
friction effects. The foam may increase to above 96-quality, where it will lose all viscosity and turn to a
mist. In this case, the velocities will need to be above 50 ft/sec to keep the sand from falling or bridging.
With this high velocity and the abrasive nature of the particulates, additional safety and well-control
concerns should be considered.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-21

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Miscellaneous Guidelines
• Do not use rubber hoses with compressible fluids.
• Do not leave tubulars stationary for long periods of time if particluates are only partially circulated
out.
• Do not exceed design pressures.
• Ensure that you have enough fluid, foamer, and nitrogen before doing the job (include losses).
• Ensure that the backside is well secured.
• Ensure that a spare choke is available. If using a positive-displacement choke, have a variety of sizes
available.

Figure 9.15—Foam density vs. pressure, 100°F, 8.4 lb/gal liquid density

9-22 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Nitrogen Equipment
Terminology

Table 9.5 lists some common Nitrogen equipment designations.

Table 9.5—Nitrogen Equipment Acronyms

Acronym Meaning
MPU Mobile pumping unit (truck pumping / converter)
TPU Trailer pumping unit (truck pumping / converter)
SPU Skid pumping unit (truck pumping / converter)
BLT Body load transport (truck transport)
TLT Trailer load transport (trailer transport)
TL Tank – low pressure (vertical storage tank)
HTL Horizontal tank – low pressure (mobile tank)

For nitrogen converters, the numbers following the acronym indicate the maximum rate the unit is
capable of pumping.

Example TPU660 stands for a Trailer Pumping Unit that can pump 660,000 standard cubic feet per hour.

Alphabetic letters that follow the rate indicate a modification, except for "F" which represents Flameless.

For nitrogen transport units and tanks, numbers following the acronym represent the tank capacity in gals.

Nitrogen Converter Performance Summary

Table 9.6—Nitrogen Converter Performance Summary
Maximum Pressure Maximum Pump Rate Minimum Pump Rate
N2 Pump Unit
(psi) (scf/hr) (scf/min) (scf/min)
MPU-60A 10,000 78,000 1,300 175
MPU-90A 10,000 90,000 1,500 100
MPU-540* 7,000 540,000 9,000 200
MPU-660A 10,000 660,000 11,000 800
TPU-230A* 10,000 230,000 3,833 100
TPU-230F* 10,000 230,000 3,833 100
TPU-300* 15,000 300,000 5,000 275
TPU-340F 15,000 340,000 5,667 300
TPU-660A 10,000 660,000 11,000 800
TPU-1200* 15,000 1,200,000 20,000 4,000
SPU-60B* 10,000 60,000 1,000 100
S120-15F 15,000 100,000 1,667 100
SPU-180F 15,000 180,000 3,000 100
NCS-180F 15,000 180,000 3,000 100
SPU-230* 10,000 230,000 3,833 100
SPU-340F 15,000 340,000 5,667 300
* These units are mostly obsolete but have been included for informational use.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-23

Coiled Tubing Handbook

MPU-60A Nitrogen-Converter Truck

The MPU-60A truck (Figure 9.16) is a self-contained nitrogen pumper truck that pumps liquid nitrogen
and then converts it with flameless vaporization to high-pressure nitrogen gas. It is a low-rate unit
typically used for coiled tubing, foamed cement, and small foamed acid work. The unit has a 2,000-gal
medium pressure (86 psi) nitrogen tank that uses a pressure-building system to supply liquid nitrogen to
the triplex pump without a boost pump. The truck is also available with an optional automatic nitrogen
rate control system.

Major components of the MPU-60A nitrogen-converter truck include:

• Chassis engine: 304-hp diesel
• Transmission: Fuller RTF 9509 or 750 DRD
• Liquid nitrogen triplex pump: Linde HP-82
• Liquid nitrogen tank: HTL-2000
Table 9.7 lists the truck’s performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.16—MPU-60A nitrogen-converter truck

Flameless Vaporization

The MPU-60A truck uses waste heat from the engine coolant and engine exhaust gas to vaporize the
nitrogen. Additional waste heat is collected from the hydraulic system, where an engine-loading system
allows for added vaporizing capacity.

Table 9.7—MPU-60A Truck Information

Performance Characteristics
Maximum rate 78,000 scf/hr
Maximum pressure 10,000 psig
Minimum rate 175 scf/min
Dimensions
• 22 ft, 8 in. (bogie of drive axles)
Wheelbase
• 29 ft, 1 in. (center of tag axle)
Weight (approximate) 61,500 lb (wet)
Width 8 ft
Height 12 ft, 4 in.

9-24 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

MPU-90A Nitrogen-Converter Truck

The MPU-90A truck (Figure 9.17) is a self-contained nitrogen pumper truck that pumps liquid nitrogen
and then converts it with flameless vaporization to high-pressure nitrogen gas. It is a low-rate nit typically
used for coiled tubing, foamed cement, and small foamed acid work. The unit has a 3,000-gal medium
pressure (86 psi) nitrogen tank that uses a pressure-building system to supply liquid nitrogen to the triplex
pump without a boost pump. The basic unit has an optional automatic rate control for quality control
during foam cementing and foam-acid diversion.

Major components of the MPU-90A truck include:

• Chassis engine: Cummins M11

• Liquid nitrogen triplex pump: Linde HP-82
• Liquid nitrogen tank: Line HTL-3000
Table 9.8 lists the truck’s performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.17—MPU-90A nitrogen-converter truck

Flameless Vaporization

The MPU-90A uses waste heat from the engine water jacket and engine exhaust gas to vaporize the
nitrogen. Additional waste heat is collected from the hydraulic system, where an engine-loading system
allows for added vaporizing capacity.

Table 9.8—MPU-90A Truck Information

Performance Characteristics
Maximum rate 90,000 scf/hr
Maximum pressure 10,000 psig
Minimum rate 100 scf/min
Dimensions
• 22 ft, 8 in. (bogie of drive axles)
Wheelbase
• 29 ft, 1 in. (center of tag axle)
Weight (approximate) 61,500 lb (wet)
Width 8 ft
Height 12 ft, 4 in.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-25

Coiled Tubing Handbook

MPU-660A Nitrogen-Converter Truck

The MPU-660A truck (Figure 9.18) is a self-contained, high-pressure nitrogen converter that provides
high gas flow using direct-fired vaporization. The system uses a high LN2 pressure tank and no boost
pump. This mobile converter can be used for high rate stimulation and fracturing work, but has a large
turn-down capacity.

This truck also includes a 2,000-gal medium pressure (86 psi) liquid-nitrogen tank and a full set of ground
manifold. All components are mounted on a Kenworth T800W chassis. Major components of the truck
include:

• Chassis/pump engine: CAT 3406E

• Transmission: Allison HT750 DRD
• Liquid-nitrogen pump: HT150/ACD 2-7/8
• Liquid-nitrogen tank: HTL-2000
• Vaporizer: DF600K-10
• Auxiliary engine: CAT 3116T
Table 9.9 lists the truck’s performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.18—MPU-660A nitrogen-converter truck

Table 9.9—MPU-660A Truck Information

Performance Characteristics
Maximum rate 660,000 scf/hr (11,000 scf/min)
Maximum pressure 10,000 psig
Minimum rate* 800 scf/min
Dimensions
Overall length 36 ft, 3 in.
• 19 ft, 6 in. (bogie of drive axles)
Wheelbase
• 21 ft, 8 in. (center of tag axle)
Weight (approximate) 61,500 lb (wet)
Width 8 ft
Height 12 ft, 4 in.
*Smaller minimum rates are possible with unit modifications.

9-26 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

TPU-300A Nitrogen-Converter Trailer

The TPU-340F trailer (Figure 9.19) is a self-contained, cryogenic pumping and direct fired vaporizing
unit designed for converting low pressure liquid nitrogen to high-pressure nitrogen gas. This trailer also
includes a 3,000-gal medium pressure (86 psi) liquid-nitrogen tank and a full set of ground manifold.

Note This unit is being phased out and replaced by the TPU-340FA

Major components of the TPU-300A trailer include:

• Pump engine: Cummins NT855

• Liquid-nitrogen pump: HT150/HP75
• Direct fired vaporizer: ZWICK Energy 5000-DFA-15
• Liquid-nitrogen tank: HTL-3000
Table 9.10 lists the trailer’s performance characteristics.

Figure 9.19—TPU-300A nitrogen-converter trailer

Table 9.10—MPU-300A Trailer Information

Performance Characteristics
Maximum rate 300,000 scf/hr (5,000 scf/min)
Maximum pressure 15,000 psig
Minimum rate 275 scf/min

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-27

Coiled Tubing Handbook

TPU-340FA Nitrogen-Converter Trailer

The TPU-340FA trailer (Figure 9.20) is a self-contained, high-pressure nitrogen converter that provides
flameless vaporization. This mobile converter can be used where fired vaporizer units are prohibited or
unacceptable and has a large turn-down capacity. This trailer also includes a 3,000-gal medium pressure
(86 psi) liquid-nitrogen tank and a full set of ground manifold.

Major components of the trailer include:

• Pump engine: Detroit diesel 6V92T
• Heat engine: Detroit diesel 6V92T
• Transmission: Allison HT 750
• Liquid-nitrogen pump: HT150/HP75
• Liquid-nitrogen tank: HTL-3000
Table 9.11 lists the trailer’s performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.20—TPU-340FA nitrogen-converter trailer

Flameless Vaporization

The TPU-340F nitrogen converter uses waste heat from the engine water jacket and exhaust to provide
flameless vaporization. Additional waste heat is collected from the hydraulic system, where an engine
loading system allows added vaporizing capacity. A second heat engine is also used to produce the
needed vaporization heat energy.

Table 9.11—TPU-340FA Trailer Information

Performance Characteristics
Maximum rate 340,000 scf/hr (5,666 scf/min)
Maximum pressure 15,000 psig
Minimum rate 300 scf/min
Dimensions
Overall length 40 ft, 6 in.
Wheelbase 397 in.
Weight (approximate) 61,500 lb (wet)
Width 8 ft
Height 12 ft, 10 in.

9-28 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

TPU-660 Nitrogen-Converter Trailer

The TPU-660 trailer (Figure 9.21) is a self-contained, high-pressure nitrogen converter that provides high
gas flow using direct-fired vaporization. This mobile converter can be used for high rate stimulation and
fracturing work, but has a large turn-down capacity.

This trailer includes a 3,000-gal medium pressure (86 psi) liquid nitrogen tank and a full set of ground
manifold. All components are mounted on a Halliburton LoBoy trailer.

Major components of the trailer include:

• Pump engine:CAT 3406B
• Transmission: Allison HT750
• Liquid-nitrogen pump: HT150/ACD 2-7/8
• Liquid-nitrogen tank: HTL-3000
• Vaporizer:DF600K-10
• Auxiliary engine: CAT 3116T
Table 9.12 lists the trailer’s performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.21—TPU-660 nitrogen-converter trailer

Table 9.12—TPU-660 Trailer Information

Performance Characteristics
Maximum rate 660,000 scf/hr (11,000 scf/min)
Maximum pressure 10,000 psig
Minimum rate* 800 scf/min
Dimensions
Overall length 40 ft, 6 in.
Wheelbase 397 in.
Width 96 in.
Height 12 ft, 10 in.
*Smaller minimum rates are possible with unit modifications.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-29

Coiled Tubing Handbook

SPU-60B Nitrogen-Converter Skid

The SPU60B skid (Figure 9.22) is a self-contained, high-pressure nitrogen converter that provides
flameless vaporization. This mobile converter can be used where fired vaporizer units are prohibited or
unacceptable and has a large turndown capacity. It can be used both on land and offshore.

Major components of the skid include:

• Engine: CAT 3116TA
• Transmission: hydrostatic
• Liquid-nitrogen pump: Linde HP-82 (optional liquid-nitrogen triplex pump with boost pump)
• Liquid-nitrogen pump: ACD 3-GMPD
• Liquid-nitrogen boost pump: ACD 1 1/2 × 2 1/2 × 6
Table 9.13 lists the skid’s performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.22—SPU-60B nitrogen-converter skid

Flameless Vaporization

The SPU60B nitrogen converter uses waste heat from the engine water jacket and exhaust to provide
flameless vaporization. Additional waste heat is collected from the hydraulic system, where an engine
loading system allows added vaporizing capacity.

Table 9.13—SPU-60B Skid Information

Performance Characteristics
Maximum rate 60,000 scf/hr (1,000 scf/min)
Maximum pressure 10,000 psi
Minimum rate 100 scf/min
Dimensions
Overall length 8 ft
Weight 12,000 lb
Width 8 ft
Height 8 ft, 1 in.

9-30 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

S120-15F Nitrogen-Converter Skid

The S120-15F skid (Figure 9.23) is a self-contained, high-pressure nitrogen converter that provides
flameless vaporization. This mobile converter can be used where fired vaporizer units are prohibited or
unacceptable and has a large turndown capacity. It can be used both on land and offshore.

Major components of the skid include:

• Engine: Detroit diesel 6V-71
• Transmission: hydrostatic
• Liquid-nitrogen pump: ACD 3-GUPD
• Liquid-nitrogen boost pump: ACD 1 1/2 × 2 1/2 × 6
Table 9.14 lists the skid’s performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.23—S120-15F nitrogen-converter skid

Certification

The S120-15F is designed for Zone 2 operation.

The S120-15F is type certified by Lloyd's Table 9.14—S120-15F Skid Information
Register to meet applicable United Kingdom Performance Characteristics
DoE and Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Maximum rate 100,000 scf/hr (1,666 scf/min)
offshore regulations along with DNV frame Maximum pressure 15,000 psi
requirements. Minimum rate 100 scf/min
Flameless Vaporization Dimensions
Overall length 8 ft, 10 in.
The S120-15F nitrogen converter uses waste Weight 18,000 lb
heat from the engine water jacket and exhaust Width 7 ft, 4 in.
to provide flameless vaporization. Additional
Height 8 ft, 6 in.
waste heat is collected from the hydraulic
system, where an engine loading system allows
added vaporizing capacity.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-31

Coiled Tubing Handbook

SPU-180F (Wellnite Design) and NCS-180F (ISO-compatible) Offshore Nitro-

gen-Converter Skids
The SPU-180 and NCS-180 skids (Figure 9.24) are self-contained, high-pressure nitrogen converters that
provide flameless vaporization. These lightweight converters can be used both on land and offshore. The
units’ automatic rate controller provides quality control during cementing processes and foam acid
diversion. The controller adds nitrogen at a constant ratio, or can ramp the ratio up or down.

The SPU-180 in particular has a very large turndown capacity because of its twin triplex pump
arrangement. The twin pumps also provide standby backup on low-rate jobs.

The skids’ major components include:

• Engine: Series 60 Detroit diesel (550bhp)
• Liquid nitrogen pumps:
– SPU-180: two ACD GUPD
– NCS-180: CS&P Model 3ICP-200
Table 9.15 lists the skids’ performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.24—SPU-180F (Wellnite Design)

and NCS-180F (ISO-compatible) offshore
nitrogen-converter skids

Flameless Vaporization
Table 9.15—SPU-180F and NCS-180F Skid Information
To provide flameless vaporization,
the SPU-180 and NCS-180 nitrogen Performance Characteristics
converters use hot water heated from Maximum rate 180,000 scf/hr (3,000 scf/min)
waste heat from the engine water Maximum pressure 15,000 psi
jacket and exhaust. Minimum rate 100 scf/min
Dimensions
Overall length 8.0 ft.
• SPU-180: 20,000 lb (dry)
Weight
• NCS-180: 20,300 lb (dry)
Width 8.0 ft
Height 10.0 ft
Note—ISO frame is available.

9-32 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

SPU-340F Nitrogen-Converter Skid

The SPU-340F skid (Figure 9.25) is a self-contained, high-pressure nitrogen converter that provides
flameless vaporization. This mobile converter can be used where fired vaporizer units are prohibited or
unacceptable and has a large turn-down capacity. It can be used both on land and offshore.

Major components of the skid include:

• Pump engine: Detroit diesel 6V92T
• Heat engine: Detroit diesel 6V92T
• Transmission: Allison HT750
• Liquid-nitrogen pump: HT150/HP75
• Liquid-nitrogen boost pump: (optional) ACD 2 × 3 × 6
Table 9.16 lists the skid’s performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.25—SPU-340F nitrogen-converter skid

Flameless Vaporization

The SPU-340F nitrogen converter uses waste heat from the engine water jacket and exhaust to provide
flameless vaporization. Additional waste heat is collected from the hydraulic system, where an
engine-loading system allows added vaporizing capacity. A second heat engine is also used to produce
the needed vaporization heat energy.

Table 9.16—SPU-340F Skid Information

Performance Characteristics
Maximum rate 340,000 scf/hr (5,666 scf/min)
Maximum pressure 15,000 psi
Minimum rate* 300 scf/min
Dimensions
Overall length 14 ft.
Weight 22,000 lb
Width 7 ft, 11 in.
Height 8 ft, 4 in.
*Smaller rates can be obtained using an optional liquid-nitrogen boost pump and unit modifications.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-33

Coiled Tubing Handbook

BLT-3700 Nitrogen Transport Truck

The BLT-3700 bodyload transport truck (Figure 9.26) is a self-contained liquid nitrogen delivery systems
with a centrifugal transfer pump powered by the chassis engine. The transfer pump is usually capable of
supplying liquid nitrogen to storage tanks, or directly to the nitrogen converter unit during pumping
operations. Transports are available to directly support pumping operations at rates of up to 22000 SCFM
and 100 psi.

Transports have an ASME coded inner tank, an outer tank, and a high vacuum insulated space between
tanks. The transport will also conform to CGA 341 for all USA over the road service, with additional
structures for oil field service. Each transport is complete with all necessary liquid nitrogen piping, pump,
and cryogenic safeties. The transfer pump is hydraulically driven and powered by a PTO mounted on the
chassis transmission. Nominal tank volume is 3,700 gal, but the actual legal volume will depend on local
bridge laws.

Figure 9.26—BLT-3700 nitrogen transport truck

9-34 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

TLT-2000 Nitrogen "PUP" Trailer

The TLT-2000 nitrogen PUP trailer (Figure 9.27) is a 2,000-gal liquid nitrogen tank mounted on a small
four-wheel trailer. This unit can be pulled behind a nitrogen pumper like the MPU-660A pumper to
provide additional liquid nitrogen capacity up to legal limits. The trailer is a complete transport with
pressure off-load capabilities, and it can deliver up to 660,000 scf/h at 75 psig to supply triplex pump
operations directly.

A major component of the trailer is the HTL-2000 liquid nitrogen tank.

Table 9.17 lists the trailer’s performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.27—TLT-2000 nitrogen "PUP" trailer

Remote Operation

The TLT-2000 trailer is available with remote controls that can be operated from the walkway of the
nitrogen pumper. These controls feature valve operators, a tank level gauge, and a tank pressure gauge.
The controls can be powered by any 12-Vdc system.

Table 9.17—TLT-2000 "PUP" Trailer Information

Performance Characteristics
Maximum capacity 2,000 gal liquid nitrogen (may be weight-limited)
Maximum rate 660,000 scf/hr at 75 psig
Dimensions
Overall length 22 ft, 8 in..
Weight (approximate) 26,500 lb (full)
Width 96 in.
Height 11 ft, 9 in.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-35

Coiled Tubing Handbook

ST-72-LNSM MVE/LOX Liquid Nitrogen Trailer

The ST-72-LNSM MVE/LOX trailer is a Halliburton purchase from Lox Equipment Company. It
includes an SAE Type J848A heavy-duty 3 1/2-in. (89-mm) kingpin, a 60-in. (1.52-m) high fifth-wheel
plate, and a standard Halliburton global suspension. Its capacity is 44,000 lb (19 955 kg).

Mounted Equipment
• Engine: Lister Model HR3 diesel
• Starting: electric
• Instrumentation: liquid level gauge, tank and pump discharge gauges, and pressure-building coil
system
• Tank: 7,247-gal (27.43-m3) capacity ASME-coded for 38-psi (262-kPa) working pressure.
• Pump: ACD centrifugal transfer pump 2 × 3 × 6-in. (51 × 76 × 152-mm) hydraulic drive, 200 gal/min
(12.62 L/s)
Table 9.18 lists the trailer’s dimensions and weight.

Figure 9.28—ST-72-LNSM MVE/LOX liquid nitrogen trailer

Table 9.18—ST-72-LNSM MVE/LOX Trailer Information

Dimensions
Overall length 40 ft, 4 in. (12.29 m)
Length, kingpin to bogie 33 ft, 5 in. (10.19 m)
Length, kingpin to front of trailer 2 ft, 3 in. (0.69 m)
Width
(standard suspension) 8 ft, 0 in. (2.44 m)
(heavy-duty 50klbs suspension) 8 ft, 11in. (2.71 m)
Weight (estimated) Filled* Empty
Kingpin 30,000 lb (13 605 kg) 7,000 lb (3175 kg)
Bogie 37,250 lb (16 893 kg) 13,000 lb (5896 kg)
Total 67,250 lb (30 499 kg) 20,000 lb (9070 kg)
* Indicates payload of liquid nitrogen

9-36 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

TRS-74-P-85 CRYENCO Pressure-Off Liquid Nitrogen Trailer

The TRS-74-P-85 CRYENCO trailer (Figure 9.29) is a Halliburton purchase from CRYENCO. It
includes an SAE Type J133 and J700 kingpin, a 51-in. (1294-m) high fifth-wheel plate, and a standard
Halliburton global suspension. Its capacity is 44,000 lb (19 955 kg).
The trailer is designed to transfer its nitrogen without a boost pump. The large regulated pressure
building system is designed to supply two 660 pumpers at full rate. Since there is no boost pump, there
is no hydraulic engine and this eliminates all maintenance associated with the boost pump, its drive
engine, and any hydraulics. The pressure building regulator allows this unit to be operated unattended
during a job which means a pumping operator can monitor the transport and operate it during a job. In
some cases this eliminates additional personnel on location during the job.
This transport's inner tank is ASME certified, and the transport meets all DOT MC338 requirements.
These certifications allow this transport to be used in special off shore (barge) work. Fill and discharge
connections are Compressed Gas Association (CGA) standard for nitrogen. All suspension, axles, brakes,
tires, landing legs, and trailer wiring are Halliburton standard.

Mounted Equipment
• Instrumentation: liquid level gauge, tank pressure gauge
• Tank: 7,500-gal (27.43-m3) capacity ASME-coded for 85-psi (586-kPa) working pressure
• Pressure-off load system: pressure-building system designed to offload 240 gal/min (908.50 L/min)
LN2 regulated to 80 psig
Table lists the trailer’s dimensions and weights.

Figure 9.29—TRS-74-P-85 CRYENCO pressure-off liquid nitrogen trailer

Table 9.19—TRS-74-P-85 CRYENCO Trailer Information

Dimensions
Overall length 44 ft, 0 in. (13.41 m)
Width 8 ft, 0 in. (2.44 m)
Height 12 ft, 6 in. (3.81 m)
Weight
Kingpin 26,000 lb (11 793 kg)
Bogie 34,000 lb (15 422 kg)
Total 60,000 lb (27 216 kg)

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-37

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Offshore Skid Tanks

A variety of skid tanks are available (Figure 9.30) for offshore use. The various sizes and working
pressures tank usage is determined by the particular application. Typical tank capacities are; 1,000-gal,
2,000-gal, and 3,000-gal nominal. Larger tanks are available, but are limited to the offshore weight
restrictions in the natural work areas. Pressure rating of tanks are usually low (43-psig) and medium
(86-psi) maximum working pressures. Higher working pressures are also available, but with similar
weight restrictions as with volumes.

All offshore tanks have these common elements:

• Lift frame designed to provide safe lifting points for a full liquid nitrogen tank. Some frames also
provide additional protection from typical offshore crane operations.
• Pressure building systems provide minimal pressure building capabilities; however, these systems
can be specified with additional capacity if needed.
• Self-regulating pressure building systems are available by special order.
• Typical tanks instrumentation includes operating valves and safeties, tank pressure gauge, and tank
level gauge.
• Tank fill and withdrawal connections are USA standard compressed gas associated fitting, or as
specified by customer.

Figure 9.30—Example of an offshore skid tank

9-38 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

NTS-2150, -3000, and -5000 ISO-Framed Offshore Nitrogen Tanks

A new family of offshore tanks (Figure 9.31) has been developed to provide a lightweight liquid nitrogen
tank mounted in a compact frame. Each tank has a large, regulated pressure building system for
offloading. Since these tanks have 90-psig working pressures, they can supply liquid nitrogen directly to
a triplex pump without the need for a liquid nitrogen boost pump. All tanks have 44%, 66%, and 95%
fill-level trycocks for a variety of overall payload and weight options. All frames use ISO corner fittings.
Table 9.20 lists the tanks’ performance characteristics and dimensions.

Figure 9.31—Example of a NTS-2150, -3000, or -5000 ISO-framed offshore nitrogen tank

Table 9.20—NTS-2150, -3000, and -5000

ISO-Framed Offshore Nitrogen Tank Information
Performance Characteristics
NTS-2150* NTS-3000 NTS-5000**
Tank size 2,150 gal 3,000 gal 5,000 gal
Rate at 85 psig (scf/hr) 340,000 340,000 660,000
Dimensions
Overall length 9 ft, 9.75 in. 13 ft, 1 in. 19 ft, 10.5 in.
Width 8 ft 8 ft 8 ft
Height 8 ft, 9 in. 8 ft, 9 in. 8 ft, 9 in.
Weight (approximate)
95% Full 24,240 lb 31,380 lb 46,200 lb
66% Full 20,000 lb 25,005 lb 36,090 lb
44% Full 16,500 lb 20,091 lb 28,000 lb
Tare weight 9,750 lb 10,500 lb 12,400 lb
*Available with or without IMO 7 certification
**Fully IMO 7-certified and IMO 7-documented.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-39

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Nitrogen Purge Tube Trailer

Function

The tube trailer (Figure 9.32) is a mobile source of compressed nitrogen gas designed for providing a
high-pressure inert gas. This nitrogen gas is typically used to flush and purge coil tubing after a job. The
nitrogen forces the fluid from the tubing, and leaves a residual nitrogen purge.

Design

This system uses high-pressure nitrogen gas cylinders mounted on a gooseneck trailer. This unit is
designed to be pulled by a properly equipped pick-up truck. The trailer is built to existing Halliburton
standards for axles, brakes, wiring, and suspension. The cylinders are DOT 3A 2400 tubes, and are
manifolded together in the piping compartment. The unit also is equipment with discharge IRON, for
attachment to the coil tubing, or other components requiring the inert gas source. When charged, this unit
is capable of holding approximately 10,000 cubic feet of nitrogen gas.

Figure 9.32—Nitrogen purge tube trailer

9-40 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Nitrogen Losses
Nitrogen is lost when it escapes back into the atmosphere before it can be used as a well treatment fluid.
This loss cannot be totally avoided, but it can be minimized. This section attempts to show the sources
of, operations involving, and economics of nitrogen loss.

Throughout most of the oil/gas well servicing industry, nitrogen is stored as a liquid, pumped as a liquid,
and then heated up to a gas. It is as a high-pressure compressed gas that it has value as a well treatment
fluid. The coldest temperature at which the liquid nitrogen is stored is -320ºF (-196ºC), its boiling point
at atmospheric pressure. This boiling liquid is induced to flow without cavitating by being pressurized.
This pressurization occurs inside its tank and, possibly further, by a boost (centrifugal) pump. The
pressurized liquid then flows into a high-pressure (downhole) pump. Downstream of the high-pressure
pump the liquid nitrogen is heated, which causes it to expand into a gas. This high-pressure source of gas
is then available for well service.

Sources

The primary sources of nitrogen loss are heat energy, kinetic energy, and direct loss. Heat energy and
kinetic energy both cause the liquids temperature to rise, while direct loss is any liquid or vapor that
escapes directly into the atmosphere. All of these result in nitrogen that is lost, and therefore is not
available to be pumped downhole.

Heat energy flows into the nitrogen from the atmosphere. This is usually from warmer air surrounding a
colder nitrogen tank or pipe. Heat is always transferred from a warmer object to a colder object, and the
air temperature on earth (record low of about -100ºF/-73ºC) is always warmer than that of liquid nitrogen
(stored at about -320ºF/-196ºC). As heat enters, the nitrogen's temperature and pressure will both
increase.

Kinetic energy is energy contained in the motion of a fluid. This motion causes the nitrogen molecules
to bump into each other more frequently (releasing heat energy), which results in a temperature rise in
the liquid. Examples of causes of this motion are sloshing inside a tank or a boost pumps impeller turning.

All of the energy that has been gained as heat must be removed before the liquid nitrogen can be
effectively pumped. If the heat energy is not removed, bubbles will form as the liquid nitrogen boils.
These bubbles will buildup and cause the high-pressure pump to operate poorly and/or loose prime.

Direct losses of nitrogen are primarily caused by leaks, cooldowns, and trapped liquid or vapor. All of
these result in nitrogen that flows back into the air, such that it cannot be used. A cooldown is where the
temperature of an object, like the high-pressure pump, must be reduced (literally cooled down) to near
that of liquid nitrogen in order for it to work properly. Nitrogen may become trapped, either as liquid or
cold gas, inside some portions of its piping. As these trapped fluids eventually warm up and expand they
are vented into the air.

Operations

Several operations are involved in Halliburton's handling of nitrogen. Many of these result in the loss of
some nitrogen. The following is a list showing many of these operations, the source(s) of their nitrogen
loss, and a brief explanation.

Storing liquid nitrogen inside a tank - heat energy

A new liquid nitrogen storage tank is expected to have a Normal Evaporation Rate (NER) of between 0.5
to 1.0 % (of a full tank) per day. For a 1,000-gal (3.79 m3) tank this is a loss of 466 to 931 scf (13.2 to

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-41

Coiled Tubing Handbook

26.4 scm) of gas per day. This is from heat entering the nitrogen through the walls of this highly insulated
tank. A tank that is not in good condition can lose substantially more than this.

Transporting liquid nitrogen to a jobsite - heat energy/kinetic energy/direct loss

During the transportation of liquid nitrogen to a job site, not only does heat energy enter through walls
of the tank, but kinetic energy also enters as the liquid sloshes around inside the tank. As was stated
earlier, the addition of heat, whether it is from heat energy or kinetic energy, causes the temperature and
pressure in the liquid nitrogen tank to rise. When the pressure exceeds the setting of the road relief valve
(usually 15 psi/103 kPa), vapor will vent into the air.

Pressurizing a tank - heat energy

In order to pressurized a tank, an amount of liquid nitrogen is allowed to flow through an air-to-nitrogen
heat exchanger called a pressure building coil. The heat energy gained by the nitrogen here causes it to
expand. This expanded gas then flows back into the tank, where it pressurizes the gas pocket at the top.

Flowing liquid through a piping system - heat energy/kinetic energy/direct loss

The piping system acts as a heat exchanger to let heat energy flow into the liquid nitrogen as it passes
through. Kinetic energy also enters as the liquid is stirred up during its movement through the piping
system, especially at tees, elbows, and valves. If a boost pump is used to help move the fluid, then
significantly more kinetic energy enters the fluid from the rotating impeller. Also, when using a boost
pump, as liquid is recirculated back into the tank it carries heat with it, causing the tank liquid's
temperature to rise faster than normal. Some liquid and vapor is lost directly into the air from leaks. Other
liquid is lost as it becomes trapped between valves in the piping system, as liquid flow ceases. These
losses apply to flowing liquid from the tank to the high-pressure pump, transferring liquid from one tank
to another, and several other situations.

Blowing down a tank - heat energy/kinetic energy

The physical loss of nitrogen occurs during the blow down operation. The actual loss has already
occurred prior to this, and is due to the heat gained by the liquid in the tank from heat energy and kinetic
energy. As stated before, the addition of heat causes the temperature and pressure in the liquid nitrogen
tank to rise. This heat must be removed before the liquid can be effectively pumped. As the tank pressure
is relieved to atmosphere (literally blown down), the liquid nitrogen boils. This thermodynamic process
carries heat out with the venting vapor and actually cools the liquid back down to its atmospheric boiling
point (-320ºF/-196ºC). In blowing a tank down from 15 psig (103 kPa) to 0 psig (0 kPa) about 6 % of the
tanks contents are lost. For a tank that contains 1,000 gal (3.79 m3) this is a 5590 scf (158 scm) loss of
gas. In blowing a tank down from 75 psig (517 kPa) to 15 psig (103 kPa) about 14 % is lost. For 1,000
gal (3.79 m3), the loss of gas is 13,040 scf (369 scm).

Cooling down - direct loss

In cooling down, cold nitrogen liquid and vapor is flowed through objects in order to reduce their
temperature. The nitrogen used for this vents into the atmosphere and is lost. Objects that are cooled
down are the high-pressure pump, its suction piping, and a "hot" (empty for a time) nitrogen tank. To cool
each pound of stainless steel from 75ºF (24ºC) to -320ºF (-196ºC) requires 2.65 scf of gas (0.166 scm/kg).

9-42 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Pump blowby - kinetic energy

The portion of liquid nitrogen that enters into the high-pressure pump and is used to lubricate the piston
rings is called blowby (what has blown by the rings). In moving by and lubricating the piston rings, this
nitrogen gains a significant amount of kinetic energy. As piston rings become worn, seen as high blowby
pressure, more and more nitrogen is lost as it blows by the rings.

Economics

In the following examples, nitrogen is assumed to cost about $0.34 per 100 scf ($0.12/scm). The cost is
what it costs to replace the product, not the lost revenue.

1. A 2,000-gal (7.57 m3) tank has an NER of 1 %. The tank loses 1862 scf (52.7 scm) of gas per
day. This is $6.33/day in lost product.
2. A tank containing 2,000 gal (7.57 m3) is blown down before a job from 15 psig (103 kPa) to 0
psig (0 kPa). The gas lost is 11,170 scf (316 scm). This is $37.98 in lost product.
3. A nitrogen pumping unit, containing 1,000 lb (454 kg) of stainless steel in its high-pressure pump
cold ends and suction piping, is cooled down before a job. The gas lost is 2,650 scf (75 scm).
This is $9.01 in lost product.
4. A tank containing 1,000 gal (3.79 m3) is blown down after a long job from 75 psig (517 kPa) to
15 psig (103 kPa). The gas lost is 13,040 scf (369 scm). This is $44.34 in lost product. If the
above four examples all occured to the same pumping unit in the same day, the total loss of gas
would be 28,722 scf (812.7 scm). This is $97.66 in lost product.

Table 9.21—Anticipated Nitrogen Losses by Equipment Type

Nitrogen Normal Daily Nitrogen Saturation Pressure
Type of
Evaporation Rate (NER) Rise with No Evaporation
Equipment
(scf/mo) (psi/day)
TL-1100 116,000 1.0
TL-13000 126,000 0.9
HTL-1000 42,000 3.9
HTL-2000 44,000 2.0
HTL-2000 (Pumpers) 44,000 2.0
HTL-3000 (Pumpers) 61,000 1.8
Transport (7200) 146,000 2.9
Transport (BLT-3000) 61,000 1.8
Transport (BLT-3700) 103,000 2.5
Note—Based on tanks filled to full trycock.

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-43

Coiled Tubing Handbook

High-Pressure N2 Tank vs. Low-Pressure N2 Tank and Boost Pump: Which is

best?
Background

Liquid nitrogen, used in oil field service work, must be transferred from its storage tank to the
high-pressure triplex pump. Since liquid nitrogen is stored at its boiling point of -320 Deg F, it can not
be placed under a "suction", but must be "pushed". Nitrogen that is drawn into a pipe or pump at less than
atmospheric pressure will boil and cause the pump to loose prime. This pump characteristic is call net
positive suction pressure (NPSH), and is true for all pumps, positive displacement or centrifugal.
Generally, two different approaches have been developed to supply liquid nitrogen to the triplex pump.
These are a high-pressure tank, and a boost pump.

Halliburton USA (run by Wellnite in a joint venture) and Halliburton international generally use different
operating systems for their liquid nitrogen converters. These differences have come about mainly due to
the random development of nitrogen operations internationally. Many areas outside the US have
developed their nitrogen business using European cryogenic practices, rather than methods developed by
Wellnite for Halliburton a few years ago.

This has developed into two distinct operating systems:

• Halliburton International (outside the USA) normally use a boost pump to raise suction pressure
to the triplex pump. Normal tank pressure is 25 psi / 1.5 bar, with a boost pump output of about
90-100 psi / 6.2-6.9 bar.
• The Halliburton-Wellnite system does not use a boost pump. The required suction pressure for the
triplex pump is supplied entirely by the tank vapor pressure. Normal tank pressure is greater than 65
psi / 4.5 bar.

Detailed Description

The high-pressure tank system uses a properly sized pressure building system to produce and maintain
tank pressure. This pressure is used to push the liquid nitrogen out of the tank, through the piping, and
into the triplex pump. The pressure building coil or heat exchanger is sized to maintain the desired flow
at a pressure compatible with the triplex pump's NPSH requirements. This system frequently used a
pressure regulator to control the tank pressure to a specific set point regardless of pumping rates, which
provides an automatic liquid nitrogen flow and pressured to the triplex pump, with virtually no moving
parts.

The low-pressure tank and boost pump system also uses a tank pressure building system to supply liquid
nitrogen to the centrifugal boost pump. The boost pump then provides increased pressure to the flow to
the triplex pump. The pressure building system in this application is necessary, since the boost pump has
its own NPSH requirement. The boost pump system usually requires a means for returning excess
nitrogen flow back to the tank. This is necessary since the centrifugal pump operates best at a specific
flow and pressure. If the flow needed by the triplex is less than the optimum flow for the centrifugal, the
excess flow is re-circulated back to tank.

Which is Best?

Each system has its pros and cons, usually the losses during a job are very similar between both systems.
In some specific cases though one system can be better than the other. Some triplex pumps are designed
to operate best with fairly high suction pressures. This higher pressure is easier provided with the boost

9-44 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

pump system. However for triplex pumps designed for no recirculation and little venting, the boost pump
system would not operate. Table 9.22 lists some of the general pros and cons.

Table 9.22—Pros and Cons of Boost Pump System and High-Pressure Tank
Boost Pump System High-Pressure Tank
System complexity Requires low-pressure tank hydraulic Requires high-pressure tank
pump drive and recirculation piping and larger pressure building
system
Operating efficiency Centrifugals best volumetric effi- 100% flow to the triplex
ciency is 65% plus recirculation
losses
Tank operating pressure 25 psig 70–90 psig
“Ht” nitrogen flow returned to Varies, can be as high as 90% of unit 0%
tank rated capacity. Adds excess heat,
which can cause additional losses.
Percent of unused nitrogen left 0.3% 1%
in empty tank (due to operating Example: 2,000-gal tank waste is 6 Example: 2,000-gal tank waste
pressure) gal of product. is 20 gal of product
Effectiveness on offshore work Fair, but affected by rough sea condi- Poor, in rough sea conditions
vessel tions.
Tank relative weight Low Medium to high
Reliability/maintenance Good/moderate maintenance Very good/no maintenance
Components to be cooled down Centrifugal pump, pump isolation flex None
(excluding triplex pump, suction hoses, centrifugal prime piping, recir-
piping, and prime piping) culation valve and recirculation piping

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-45

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Membrane and PSA Nitrogen Generating Equipment - Non-Cryogenic Produc-

tion of Nitrogen
Generating nitrogen using non-cryogenic methods can often be more convenient and less expensive but
generally results in a higher percentage of oxygen being left in the nitrogen gas ready for pumping. When
using non-cryogenic produced nitrogen for pumping through coiled tubing severe corrosion can occur
due to this increased oxygen content. The use of this process for producing nitrogen should be avoided
when pumping through or around coiled tubing, if it can't be avoided then very rapid corrosion can be
expected on the walls of the coiled tubing and should be prepared for.

Membranes

Nitrogen can be produced from air in essentially a filtering process. Atmospheric air is compressed and
then cooled. The air then enters a series of filters designed to remove particulates, hydrocarbons, and
water vapor from the flow stream. The dried and particulate-free air proceeds to an oxygen filter
membrane that separates the nitrogen from the flow stream and vents the oxygen to the atmosphere. The
membrane functions as a filter allowing the "faster" or lighter molecular weight nitrogen to pass while
rejecting the heavier oxygen molecules by selective permeability. The approximately pure nitrogen gas
then enters a gas booster where the pressure is increased to working pressure. Typical nitrogen purity is
95% nitrogen at flow rates up to 40,000 scf/hr. Units can be coupled to increase purity and flow rates.

Pressure Swing Absorption

Pressure swing absorption (PSA) is another type of air-filtering process. Molecular sieve material is used
as the filter media.

Air enters a vessel containing a bed of molecular sieve material that captures oxygen molecules and
allows nitrogen to pass. Certain pressure characteristics are required to capture the oxygen. When the bed
of molecular sieve material has absorbed all the oxygen it can, the flow of air swings to another vessel.
At that point, some of the nitrogen stream from this bed flows through the first vessel to remove the
absorbed oxygen. Different pressure characteristics allow the absorbed oxygen to be released by the
molecular sieve materials and be swept away by the nitrogen. This cycle repeats itself continuously to
produce a nitrogen stream of about 95% purity. Various sizes of vessels can be made to give various flow
rates of nitrogen.

9-46 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Tank Contents Gauge Charts

Table 9.23—Offshore HTL-1000 Tank Contents Gauge Chart

Gauge Reading Liquid Nitrogen Volume Equivalent Volume Nitrogen
(In. of H2O) (gal) (scf at NTP)
5 48 4,469
10 143 13,315
15 265 24,674
20 403 37,523
25 547 50,931
30 691 64,339
35 826 76,909
40 943 87,803
43* 1,000* 93,110*
NTP = 70°F, 14.7 psia , * Full trycock value

Table 9.24—Offshore HTL-2000 Tank Contents Gauge Chart

Gauge Reading Liquid Nitrogen Volume Equivalent Volume Nitrogen
(In. of H2O) (gal) (scf at NTP)
5 116 10,801
10 325 30,261
15 585 54,469
20 874 81,378
25 1,175 109,404
30 1,482 137,989
35 1,756 163,501
40 2,002 186,406
41* 2,046* 190,503*
NTP = 70°F, 14.7 psia , * Full trycock value

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-47

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 9.25—Truck-Mounted Tank HTL-2000 Contents Gauge Chart

Gauge Reading Liquid Nitrogen Volume Equivalent Volume Nitrogen
(In. of H2O) (gal) (scf at NTP)
5 58 5,420
10 171 15,960
15 320 29,820
20 495 46,090
25 688 64,030
30 892 83,020
35 1,101 102,490
40 1,308 121,810
45 1,508 140,430
50 1,694 157,750
55 1,859 173,100
60 1,995 185,710
61* 2,017* 187,810
NTP = 70°F, 17.7 psia,, * Full trycock value

Table 9.26—Truck and Trailer or Hand Mobile

Tanks HTL-3000 Contents Gauge Chart
Gauge Reading Liquid Nitrogen Volume Equivalent Volume Nitrogen
(In. of H2O) (gal) (scf at NTP)
5 91 8,480
10 262 24,430
15 483 45,000
20 739 68,840
25 1,020 94,930
30 1,315 122,410
35 1,617 150,530
40 1,917 178,470
45 2,207 205,480
50 2,478 230,740
55 2,721 253,330
60 2,923 272,170
63* 3,018 281,020
NTP = 70°F, 14.7 psia , * Full trycock value

9-48 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 9.27—Offshore TVAC-2150 Gal Contents Gauge Chart

H VOL WT CF H VOL WT CF
1 4 24 334 35 1145 7719 106055
2 14 94 1289 36 1187 8003 109957
3 28 190 2604 37 1230 8287 113855
4 45 305 4195 38 1272 8570 117745
5 65 438 6018 39 1313 8853 121623
6 87 585 8039 40 1355 9134 125487
7 111 745 10237 41 1397 9414 129332
8 136 917 12593 42 1438 9692 133155
9 163 1098 15092 43 1479 9968 136953
10 191 1290 17722 44 1520 10243 140721
11 221 1490 20471 45 1560 10514 144457
12 252 1698 23332 46 1600 10784 148155
13 284 1914 26294 47 1639 11050 151813
14 317 2136 29350 48 1678 11313 155426
15 351 2365 32495 49 1717 11572 158990
16 386 2600 35720 50 1755 11828 162500
17 421 2840 39021 51 1792 12079 165952
18 458 3085 42391 52 1829 12326 169341
19 495 3335 45826 53 1865 12567 172662
20 533 3590 49320 54 1900 12804 175909
21 571 3848 52869 55 1934 13034 179076
22 610 4110 56469 56 1967 13259 182158
23 649 4376 60115 57 1999 13476 185147
24 689 4644 63802 58 2031 13686 188037
25 729 4915 67528 59 2061 13889 190818
26 770 5189 71288 60 2089 14083 193483
27 811 5465 75077 61 2117 14267 196019
28 852 5742 78894 62 2143 14442 198416
29 893 6022 82733 63 2167 14605 200660
30 935 6303 86592 64 2189 14756 202733
31 977 6585 90466 65 2210 14893 204614
32 1019 6868 94353 66 2228 15014 206274
33 1061 7151 98249 67 2243 15116 207672
34 1103 7435 102151 68 2254 15193 208740
H =in. of water displayed on gauge
VOL = volume of liquid nitrogen, US gal at 0 psi
WT = weight of liquid nitrogen, lb
CF = volume of nitrogen gas produced if liquid is vaporized at 1 atm and
68°F, cubic feet

September 2005 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment 9-49

Coiled Tubing Handbook

9-50 Nitrogen and Nitrogen Equipment September 2005

Section 10 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System

CTWin ...................................................................................................... 10-1

HalWin Directory Structure and File Types .............................................. 10-4
Directory Structure ............................................................................. 10-4
File Types ........................................................................................... 10-4
RTD File Names ................................................................................. 10-4
Setting Up CTWin to Run Real-Time Fatigue Calculations and
Stress Calculations .................................................................................. 10-5
Updating Coiled Tubing Fatigue After a Job ............................................ 10-9
Cerberus Data and Terminology ..............................................................10-10
De-Rating Factors ..............................................................................10-10
Application Factors .............................................................................10-10
Coiled Tubing Welds ..........................................................................10-11
Safety Factor/Allowable Stress Factor ...............................................10-11
Coiled Tubing Bend Radius ................................................................10-12
Tubing Guide Arch Dimensions ..........................................................10-13
Zero Depth .........................................................................................10-14
Fatigue Theory, Corrosive De-rating Factor .......................................10-15
Fatigue Simulator Pressure Calculations ...........................................10-16
Fatigue due to Heave of Floating Vessels ..........................................10-16
Manual Job Log Recording ......................................................................10-17
Example Job Log Sheets ....................................................................10-18

i
ii
Section 10

Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System

CTWin
Use the CTWin subpackage of HalWin to calculate fatigue and monitor combined stress limits on the
Preface
coiled tubing in real time during the operation. If you do not want to calculate fatigue while running the
job, it is also possible to create a fatigue database file (fatigue.mdb) that can be applied to the CT string
after running the job. This is preferable to updating CT string fatigue life by inputting data from
handwritten job logs.

The following tables show the components of CTWin that would normally be used while carrying out a
coiled tubing operation.

One or more of the following communications modules are required to bring data into (or out of) CTWin.

Table 10.1—Communications Modules to Bring Data into/out of CTWin

Object Function and Use
UniCom • Collect data from a serial UniPro-II™ controller through a serial port
(UNIPRO II Serial Communication) • Create a customized variable template for UniPro-II™ nonstandard
script jobs
• Process downloaded data for use with other HalWin software
applications
CompuCom • Collect data from a Compupac™ signal processing board through a
(Compupac Serial Communication) serial port
• Save your setup information for use with later jobs
GenCom • Receive data from a generic serial input device or from a modem
(Generic Serial Communication) • Send data from a generic serial device or from a modem
• Send and receive data in WITS (Wellsite Information Transfer
Specification) format (WITS is the data format recommended for
operating and service companies to transfer wellsite data either
online or in batch transfer mode from one computer system to
another)
• When using GenCom, when setting up serial port communications,
ensure Flow Control is set at None

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System 10-1

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

The following modules are required to process the data taken in from the communications modules and
make it look presentable.

Table 10.2—Basic CTWin Modules

Object Function and Use
NumerWin • View real-time job data in a numeric format
(Numeric Display) • Customize the on-screen appearance of the numeric display
• Create a NumerWin (*.num) file for use as a template with future jobs
HTG • Graph data from an *.rtd file
(Halliburton Technical • Customize the appearance of the graph
Graph) • Adjust the display options for real-time data
• Create and apply graph templates
• Print a graph
• Create electronic copies of a graph
Info • Enter and view customer and job information
(Customer Information) • Save customer and job information to an .rtd file
• Create and print a cover page for reports
DataConv • Import or export files to HalWin software
(Data Converter) • Convert files to different formats for use with various applications
• Change the variable names for data
• Change the storage unit for a variable
• Combine multiple data files into one file
• Limit the amount of data to export
DAC • Create new variable datasets with the DAC object
(Data Assignment Center) • Perform mathematical calculations on real-time data
• Override real-time data variables with manually entered data
• Map logical assignments to an .rtd file for use in calculation modules
• Save the new variable datasets to an .rtd file
CT • Open the Cerberus Fatigue Simulator and run fatigue calculations on a previously
(Coiled Tubing Calculations) configured Cerberus coiled tubing string
• Calculate and display a coiled tubing stress limits plot
• Open a previously configured Cerberus forces plot to compare actual RIH and
POOH weight data with predicted values
• Generate a coiled tubing fatigue database file (fatigue.mdb)
• Note—To run the CT object with all of its features, you must have Cerberus
software installed on your computer. If you have not installed this software, the CT
object can only be used as a data acquisition system with limited capabilities.

10-2 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

The following additional modules of CTWin are generally not required for normal operations but their
function is described below.

Table 10.3—Additional CTWin Modules

Object Function and Use
EDGE Merges two or more datasets (.rtd files) into one file and displays them
(Enhanced Data Graphical Editor) graphically
Friction Calculates fluid friction pressures generated when a specific fluid is
(Fluid Friction) pumped through a length of tubing or annulus
Lnch Launches other programs that cannot be inserted into the HalWin soft-
(Launch Pad) ware package
C02Calcs Calculates carbon dioxide properties
(Carbon Dioxide Calculations)
N2Calcs Calculates nitrogen properties
(Nitrogen Calculations)
Redbook Contains dimensions, strengths, and volumes of tubulars
(Redbook Dimensions/Strengths)
RockProp Provides a rock properties database
(Rock Properties)
SimMan Simulates job data for use in testing HalWin output objects
(Data Simulator)

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System 10-3

Coiled Tubing Handbook

HalWin Directory Structure and File Types

Directory Structure
• HalWin\bin - executable files.
• HalWin\help - help files.
• HalWin\template - job, graph, and variable templates separated by sub-package.
• HalWin_Data - data directories separated by sub-package.

File Types
• .rtd - Real Time Data, raw data files.
• .wda - Job File, what your job looked like.
• .wdt - Windows Data Template, job templates.
• .ssd - Serial Setup Data, matching Unipro scripts.
• .gtm - Graph Template, template layout for HTG.
• .hgw - Graph File, needs .rtd file also.
• .csv - Comma Separated Variable, Excel data listing.
• .udl - Unipro DownLoad, data before it is processed.
• .emf - Windows Enhanced Metafile, picture file.
• .wmf - Windows Metafile, picture file.

RTD File Names

• unicom#.rtd - (the # sign designates the COM port that was used).
• compucom#.rtd
• gencom#.rtd
• assign.rtd - (created when 'start recording' is selected in the DAC)
• calcs.rtd and design.rtd
• ctcalcs.rtd

10-4 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Setting Up CTWin to Run Real-Time Fatigue Calculations and Stress

Calculations
This section is included as a reminder to those already familiar with the CTWin and Cerberus software.
It is not a substitute for proper training. For further information on the terminology consult the end of this
section.

Create or Check an Existing CT String in Cerberus using the String Manager

1. Ensure all welds are in the correct position and the appropriate de-rating factor for the weld is
assigned. (See table for weld de-rating factors)
2. Ensure the correct Application Factor has been applied to the CT String. The default is 4 but this
is high. Each location uses different application factors depending on many circumstances. If
unsure what factor to use, consult the location’s Coiled Tubing Engineer [Configuration >
Fatigue Model]
3. Ensure the Fatigue Reliability is 0.95 [Configuration > Fatigue Model]

Note High-level access is required to change the Application Factor and the Fatigue
Reliability.

4. For Corrosion, neither Wall Reduction Method or String Life Reduction Method need to be
checked. The Halliburton version of Cerberus takes this into account based on information put
into the job manager.
5. Check the String History Log for correct information. This contains details of all the jobs previ-
ously run on the string and also information on any cuts that have been made. Note: Cuts can
only be done in multiples of the String Segment Length (usually 10ft / 3m). If cuts are done
shorter than the segment length they should be manually recorded and then cut from the string
records once the length of cuts reach or exceed the segment length.
6. Check the chart of the Strings Fatigue Life to ensure that the string has enough life left to handle
any planned operation.
7. Lock the String [use the padlock icon]

Create or Check an Existing Reel in Cerberus using the Reel Manager

Ensure the dimensions are correct. There are only three important dimensions for a reel, these are Core
Width, Core Diameter and Flange Diameter. Lock the Reel [use the padlock icon]

Create a job in Cerberus using the Job Manager.

1. To allow real-time fatigue and stress limits plots, a valid String and Reel must be selected for that
job. It is not necessary to select a Well and a Tool.
2. Setup the correct Wellsite Geometry to include the Reel to Gooseneck, Gooseneck Radius,
Gooseneck Length and Top of Injector to Zero Depth Datum. These sizes should be accurate to
within 10ft / 3m if possible. More information is included later in this section regarding the Top
of Injector to Zero Depth Datum length. Guidance is also given regarding what radius of goose-
neck should be chose when using a progressive radius gooseneck.
3. Any H2S or CO2 present in the well needs to be highlighted to allow more accurate corrosion
tracking. This is done by checking the boxes under Configuration > Well Physical Data. There

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System 10-5

Coiled Tubing Handbook

is no need to specify a concentration of these gases as it will make no difference to the calcula-
tions.
4. If any acid is to be pumped through the CT it is important to specify that the job type is Matrix
Stimulation. This allows for more accurate corrosion tracking. The selection of any other job
type than matrix stimulation has no effect on corrosion and will be used for information only.
More information is included later in this section about how H2S, CO2 and acid affect the corro-
sion rates of Coiled Tubing.
5. Lock the Job [use the padlock icon]

Open CTWin
1. Select Mode of Operation: Real-Time
2. If a suitable template is known for the equipment and job type then 'New Job from Template'
should be selected here, if not select 'New Job (Blank)'. These procedures will assume that no
suitable template exists.
3. Select a suitable name such as the ticket number for the Data Storage Directory then select OK.
4. Confirm the name and select OK.

Setup Communications
1. Insert a New Halliburton Object based on where the information is coming from, ie select
UniCom for Data coming from a UNIPRO II, CompuCom for Data coming from a Compupac
or GenCom for some other Generic Serial Communications. Any number of these can be set up
if multiple data sources are present and the computer can handle the number of inputs through
the COM ports.
2. Once the communications module is selected the Serial Port Communications Setup screen
appears. From this screen a port needs to be selected that corresponds with the port that the com-
munications device is linked to. All the other setting should remain the same (except when using
GenCom, the Flow Control option should read 'None'.) Select OK
3. A message should appear stating the Port is SUCCESSFULLY opened, select OK.
4. If the communication device is setup correctly data should appear to stream in which will be fol-
lowed by an option to Load Variables Setup.
5. Load Var. Setup should be selected and the correct Variable Setup File should be selected. (This
setup file is normally stored in the C:\HalWin\Template directory). For normal coiled tubing
operations select coil_tub.ssd, if using HydraRig equipment with Pipe Light / Pipe Heavy weight
indicator equipment use Hydratub.ssd and if using the Compupac select the Compupac.ssd file.
The Display Name for the variables and the Storage Units are now shown. The Display Name
can be changed using this screen but Storage Units should NOT be changed at this point. Select
OK
6. The option now appears for setting up Stage Advance Sources, this can normally be left alone
and is only required to be changed if for instance stages are being inputted on a UNIPRO II on a
remote cement unit. Changing this option will not affect anything to do with Coiled Tubing Cal-
culations.

10-6 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Setup Screen Display

The most common method of monitoring the job is by using a NumerWin (Numeric Display) and HTG
(Halliburton Technical Graph) display on the computer screen. When selecting the variables to display
this is the point at which the Units can be changed to suit either metric, English or a combination of units
as required.

Set Up the DAC (Data Assignment Centre) Module

1. Insert a New DAC module.
2. The variables that must be selected are Event No., Speed, Depth, Tubing Pressure, Flow Rate,
Wellhead Pressure & Measured Weight. Once these have been added to the selected variables
select OK. DO NOT Start Recording.

Open the CT (Coiled Tubing Calculations) Module

1. Insert a New CT Module.
2. Upon opening this module, a list of required assignments should appear automatically. The
required variables need to be assigned individually to the variables already selected in the DAC.
Table 10.4 lists the required assignments.

Table 10.4—Required Assignments

Variable Logical Assignment
Event No. Event Number
Speed Speed of Coiled Tubing
Depth Depth of Coiled Tubing
Tubing Pressure Tubing Pressure
Flow Rate Slurry Rate
Wellhead Pressure Wellhead Pressure
Measured Weight Weight (pipe heavy)
3. Once these have all been assigned select OK.and return to the DAC screen. Now select 'Start
Recording'. Once recording has started, this begins to produce an 'assign.rtd' file in the job ticket
directory.
4. From the CT module a screen titled 'Fatigue and Forces Monitor Setup' should automatically
appear. From the Available Jobs pull down menu select the job that was previously set up in the
Cerberus Job Manager.
5. Under the Pressure Calculation options select Circulating Pressure.
6. Now click on the 'OK' button. Once this has been done the 'ctcalcs.rtd' and 'fatigue.mdb' start
being produced in the job ticket directory. The 'fatigue.mdb' file can be used later to import into
'Job manager' allowing accurate fatigue calculations to be done.

Start a Real-Time Fatigue Plot

1. Click on the Fatigue Plot button, a window should now open showing the real time fatigue being
added to the CT string as it is run into the well. New fatigue for this job will be added in a blue
color above the existing fatigue in grey. If the data is not being updated on this screen, ensure

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System 10-7

Coiled Tubing Handbook

that 'Start Recording' was selected in the DAC. If it wasn't, close down the CT Module, go back
into the DAC and 'Start Recording' before re-starting the CT Module.
2. From the fatigue plot, go to the 'Options' pulldown menu and select 'Model Preferences'. Ensure
that the option to 'Use Estimated Reel/Gooseneck Pressure' is not checked. If it is checked,
un-check it then 'Save as Defaults' before closing then re-starting the CT Module.

Important Check the version of HalWin being used to record the CT job data. HalWin version
2.8.1 and newer differs from earlier versions. These newer versions automatically
calculate the gooseneck pressure based on the inlet and wellhead pressures and uses
this for the fatigue calculations. For earlier versions of HalWin, the option 'Use
Estimated Reel/Gooseneck Pressure' should be checked.

Start a Real-Time Stress Limits Plot

1. From the CT Module screen 'Fatigue and Forces Monitor Setup' the Runtime Options can be
changed if required for factors such as pipe ovality. Then select OK.
2. From the main Coil Tubing Calculations screen select the Limits Plot icon.
3. This shows a real-time plot of actual stress factor for various parts of the coiled tubing against
the maximum allowable stress factor. Stress factor describes how much combined stress from
load and pressure is present and is described as a percentage. The maximum allowable stress
factor is dependant on the amount of fatigue present whereby an increase in fatigue means a
decrease in allowable stress factor. For instance, new pipe has an allowable stress factor of 0.8
to reflect a safety factor of 80%. As the fatigue increases on the pipe the allowable stress factor
decreases to the worst case where when the pipe has 100% fatigue life the allowable stress factor
is decreased down to 0.64. Basically when reading the Limits Plot, do not allow any of the lines
to go above the Allowable Limits Line.
4. Unfortunately, for HalWin versions 2.8.0 and earlier, the allowable limits line does not change
throughout a job to reflect an increase in fatigue added during this job. It only shows an allowable
limits line based on the fatigue present on the pipe at the beginning of the job. However HalWin
Version 2.8.1 and newer has an 'Update' button which allows you to select how often you wish
the graph to be updated.

Completion of the Job

When closing down the Limits Plot nothing is needed to be saved. When you close the Fatigue Plot you
will be asked if you want to save the fatigue data. Saving the fatigue data adds a permanent record to the
string file updating the fatigue life. The way this is handled differs between older and newer versions of
HalWin so follow the guidelines set out below.

• HalWin Verion 2.8.0 and older. Unfortunately, the way that fatigue is calculated in real-time, no
account is taken for the Wellhead Pressure throughout the job. If the wellhead pressure has been very
low throughout the job (below 500 psi), then saving the fatigue data to the string at this point is
acceptable. If there has been any wellhead pressure during the job then do not save the fatigue data
at this point but re-run the job later by following the instructions for 'Updating CT Fatigue After a

10-8 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Job' found later in this section making sure to add the average wellhead pressure for the job in the
Job Log in Job Manager.
• HalWin Version 2.8.1 and newer. These newer versions more accurately calculate the gooseneck
pressure from the actual measured wellhead and reel inlet pressures during every step of the job.
Because of this it is safe to save the fatigue data to the CT string on completion of the job when
calculating the fatigue in real time.

Updating Coiled Tubing Fatigue After a Job

In order to calculate fatigue after a job it is still necessary to run CTWin to record the real time data during
the job. Steps 4 through 8 from above are required as a minimum to record the necessary data. During
and following the job a file called 'fatigue.mdb' is created and stored in the Job Ticket Directory under
HalWin Data.

1. Once this file has been retrieved it is necessary to follow Steps 1–3 from above but stop at Step
3 just before locking the job.
2. Open up the Job Log page by selecting the icon. Go to File from the pull down menus and select
'Import Orion File'.
3. Choose the fatigue.mdb file created for this job and import it. All the data now appears on the
Job Data Page. (If no fatigue.mdb file has been made then all the job data from the manual
records should be inputted into the job log screen) It is then necessary to go back to the main
screen in Job Manager, select wellsite geometry, check this is correct and close it again. Now
look at the job log again and you will notice that the start and end depths have been adjusted to
account for the wellsite geometry.
4. In the top right hand corner of the Job Log screen is a box to input the 'Wellhead Treating Pres-
sure'. The value to enter here depends on the version of HalWin that was used to record the CT
Job data.
• HalWin Version 2.8.0 and earlier. An estimate of the average WHP for the entire job is
required. This is used to calculate the gooseneck pressure for each step of the job based on
the actual reel inlet pressure.
• HalWin Version 2.8.1 and newer. These versions calculate the gooseneck pressure from the
reel inlet and wellhead pressure for each step of the job and it is this calculated gooseneck
pressure that is recorded as the pressure in the fatigue.mdb file. 'Wellhead Treating Pressure'
in the Job Log should be kept as 0 when using these versions.
5. From the main screen in Job Manager, lock, save and exit the job.
6. Open up the Fatigue Simulator from the Cerberus Main Screen.
7. Load the Job and check the box 'open in execute mode' if you require the fatigue data on the string
to be updated now.
8. From the pull down 'Options' menu select 'Model Preferences'. Ensure the option to 'Use esti-
mated reel/gooseneck pressures' is either checked or un-checked depending on the version of
HalWin used to create the fatigue.mdb file. See important note below.

Important Check the version of HalWin used to record the CT job data and create the fatigue.mdb
file. HalWin Version 2.8.1 and newer differs from earlier versions. These newer
versions automatically calculate the gooseneck pressure based on the inlet and
wellhead pressures and uses this for the fatigue calculations. Therefore if HalWin

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System 10-9

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Version 2.8.1 or newer is used the option 'Use Estimated Reel/Gooseneck Pressure'
should NOT be checked. For earlier versions of HalWin (2.8.0 and earlier) the option
'Use Estimated Reel/Gooseneck Pressure' SHOULD be checked.

9. Select the 'String Viewer' icon to view the string with it's existing fatigue.
10. Select the VCR control button 'Run All' and watch the fatigue for this job being added to the
string. New fatigue for this job will be added in a blue colour above the existing fatigue in grey.
11. Once the job has finished running, save the job which will add the permanent record of this job
on to the history log and exit.

Cerberus Data and Terminology

De-Rating Factors
Used in the String Manager, it is applied to Welds or De-Rated Zones. This factor is expressed as a
decimal number between 0 and 1 and affects the rate at which fatigue is accumulated at that part of the
string. A de-rating factor is not used for any stress calculations.

To calculate the rate at which the fatigue will accumulate for a de-rated section, simply divide 1 by the
de-rating factor.

Eg. A De-rating factor of 0.5 means that fatigue will accumulate 1/0.5 = 2 times faster than a section with
no de-rating. Basically the lower the de-rating factor the quicker fatigue will accumulate.

Application Factors
The application factor is simply a safety factor applied to fatigue calculations only.

Eg. A coiled tubing string with an AF = 2 will show twice as much fatigue as one with an AF = 1. The
Cerberus default is 4 but this is considered very conservative and usually an AF between 2 and 3 is
considered normal but depends on such factors as tubing management practices, typical string life,
fatigue calculation methods etc.

Based on tests that have been done to gather fatigue information, 5% of strings will fail once they reach
100% with an AF = 1.

The lowest recommended application factor for field operations where there are any consequences
associated with a possible failure is 1.6. This number is based on the coiled tubing being run under ideal
conditions where all parameters are monitored and the life of the string will be used up in under 1 month's
time. Most coiled tubing operations do not run under these conditions. The average application factor in
use ranges between 2.0 and 2.5 for coiled tubing strings that are fully utilized in 6-9 months. Application
factors below 1.6 should not be used unless the risk of failure to personnel, the environment or equipment
is 0.

10-10 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Welds

Three main types of welds exist for coiled tubing.

• Factory bias weld: This is done when the tubing is still in flat strips in the factory with a 45º angle
cut between the strips. This ensures that when the tubing is rolled the weld is distributed slightly
along the length of the tubing.
• Orbital butt weld: This method is done with a machine and is used to join two sections of pipe
together.
• Manual butt weld: When two sections of pipe are welded by hand. Most often done in the field.
Table 10.5 shows the de-rating factor associated with different weld types.

Table 10.5—De-rating Factor for Various Weld Types

Weld Type De-rating Factor
Factory bias weld – no wall change 0.80
Factory bias weld – step wall change 0.50
Orbital butt weld – no wall change 0.45
Orbital butt weld – step wall change 0.20
Manual butt weld – no wall change 0.35
Manual butt weld – step wall change 0.15

Safety Factor/Allowable Stress Factor

The maximum safety factor is also called the allowable stress factor. The stress factor is calculated using
all the forces and pressures on the coiled tubing and can be shown in real time on the Limits Plot in
CTWin.

The allowable stress factor decreases as more fatigue is added to the coiled tubing through increased use.
Table 10.6 shows the Halliburton recommended maximum stress factor based on the fatigue life of the
coiled tubing.

Table 10.6—Halliburton Recommended

Maximum Stress Factor
Tubing Utilization Max SF
0 - 15% 0.80
15 – 30% 0.78
30 – 40% 0.76
40 – 50% 0.74
50 – 60% 0.72
60 – 70% 0.70
70 – 80% 0.68
80 – 90% 0.66
90 – 100% 0.64

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System 10-11

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Coiled Tubing Bend Radius

For coiled tubing used repeatedly in service applications, the tubing guide arch radius and reel core
diameter should be at least 30 times the coiled tubing diameter.

Note Halliburton generally uses a minimum of 48 times the diameter.

This factor may be less for coiled tubing that will only be run a few times (eg. permanent installations)

Table 10.7 shows the minimum radius that coiled tubing can be bent round before fatigue starts to
become significant. This is the limit for elastic bending.

Table 10.7—Elastic Bend Limits

Minimum Bend Radius
CT OD
70k psi 80k psi 90k psi 100k psi 120k psi
(in.)
ft EQB* ft EQB* ft EQB* ft EQB* ft EQB*
1.000 17.9 321 15.6 367 13.9 413 12.5 458 10.4 550
1.250 22.3 257 19.5 293 17.4 330 15.6 367 13.0 440
1.500 26.8 214 23.4 244 20.8 275 18.8 306 15.6 367
1.750 31.3 183 27.3 210 24.3 236 21.9 262 18.2 314
2.000 35.7 160 31.3 183 27.8 206 25.0 229 20.8 275
2.375 42.4 135 37.1 154 33.0 174 29.7 193 24.7 232
2.875 51.3 112 44.9 128 39.9 143 35.9 159 29.9 191
3.500 62.5 92 54.7 105 48.6 118 43.8 131 36.5 157
4.500 80.4 71 70.3 81 62.5 92 56.3 102 46.9 122
*EQB = Equivalent Build Rate in °/100ft

10-12 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Tubing Guide Arch Dimensions

For the Wellsite Geometry in the Job Manager it is necessary to give the radius of the tubing guide arch
in order to calculate the fatigue.

This is straightforward for a fixed radius tubing guide arch, but Halliburton uses a variety of tubing guide
arches including some with a progressive radius. Different sized coiled tubing starts contacting the guide
arch at different points, and the smallest radius dominates the fatigue calculations. The radius to use
should be based on the data in Table 10.8. This data is based on the tubing leaving the reel at a 45º angle.
If this is not the case, the figure should be adjusted accordingly.

Table 10.8—Progressive Radius Guide Arch Data

52–96-in. Progressive
Radius Guide Arch
(standard on the
30/38K injector)

CT Size, in. Radius, in.

1.0–1.25 52
1.5–1.75 72

72–120-in. Progressive
Radius Guide Arch
(standard on the 60K injector,
also same radius profile used
on 95K segmented guide arch)

CT Size, in. Radius, in.

1.0–1.5 72
1.75–2.0 96
Larger than
120
2.0

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System 10-13

Coiled Tubing Handbook

The distance across the guide arch is also required for the wellsite geometry, Table 10.9 shows the typical
contact length for each guide arch, but again, this will vary depending on the tubing stiffness due to
tubing OD and wall thickness.

Table 10.9—Typical Contact Length for Each Guide Arch

Guide Arch Style Typical Contacted Length
72-in. to 120-in. Progressive 13 feet / 4.0 meters
52-in. to 94-in. Progressive 13 feet / 4.0 meters
54-in. Fixed 9 feet / 2.9 meters
60-in. Fixed 11 feet / 3.2 meters
72-in. Fixed 13 feet / 3.8 meters
94-in. Fixed 16 feet / 5.0 meters
96-in. Fixed 17 feet / 5.1 meters
100-in. Fixed 18 feet / 5.3 meters

Zero Depth
For most operations it is desirable to have HalWin reporting the depth at the bottom of the tool, however,
for fatigue calculations Cerberus is only interested in where the end of the Coiled Tubing is. It is
important to tell Cerberus where the end of the CT is in relation to the end of the tool which is the depth
that HalWin is bringing into Cerberus.

To further complicate matters, it is usually desirable for the depth indicator in HalWin to match the depth
on the wellbore schematic. Zero depth on the wellbore schematic will often be based on the rig floor level
of the rig that drilled it, which may not be in position any more. The well zero depth can be anywhere
above or below the CT equipment rig-up.

To set up the correct zero depth adjustment, we need to go to the Wellsite Geometry setup in the Job
Manager of Cerberus. There is a box labeled 'Top of Injector to Zero Depth Datum'. The method of
calculating this number is outlined in the table below and shows five scenarios that cover the majority of
situations we are likely to encounter.

For the calculations in the table we need to make a CT Zero depth, this is a depth where it is easiest to
set the depths from, eg. the quick union connection just above the BOP where the tools are deployed into
the well. For zero depth setup, the top of the toolstring (end of the CT) must be at the CT Zero depth.

For the five scenarios below, the following has been assumed for all cases:

• Toolstring length is 200 ft, and the top of the toolstring is located at the CT Zero depth (QU above
the BOP).
• Distance from CT Zero (QU) to the top of the injector is 20 ft.
• The Well Zero Distance height varies and is shown on each picture.

10-14 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Table 10.10
Distance from CT Zero to Well Zero (Z) 0 (same) +10 +20 +50 -15
Toolstring Length (T/S) 200 200 200 200 200
Counter Depth CD = Z + T/S 200 210 220 250 185
Top of Injector to Well Zero (TI) 20 10 0 (same) -30 35
Cerberus Zero* CZ = TI – T/S -180 -190 -200 -230 -165
* - Number required in Cerberus Job Manager, Wellsite Geometry box labeled 'Top of Injector to Zero
Depth Datum' (With short toolstrings this will be a +'ve number and longer toolstrings -'ve)

Fatigue Theory, Corrosive De-rating Factor

Corrosion is applied to the coiled tubing if the well properties include H2S or CO2 or the job type 'Matrix
Stimulation' is selected. The following are notes on the way this is calculated.

• The whole string is affected, not just the exposed parts.

• H2S and CO2 de-rate one job only.
• The concentration of H2S, CO2 or acid has no effect on the calculations.
• The assumption is made that all acid is properly inhibited during pumping
• De-rating is applied after acid is pumped ie. At the start of the next job.
• Acid de-rating is permanent and cumulative and ignores any external corrosion.
• For acid de-rating the equation is: Cn = .5 + .5 (.8)n where n is the number of jobs.
Examples:

If 1 job has used acid, then for Job 2, C1 = .90

If 5 jobs have used acid, then for Job 6, C5 = .66

If 10 jobs have used acid, then for Job 11, C10 = .55

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System 10-15

Coiled Tubing Handbook

Fatigue Simulator Pressure Calculations

• Access from Fatigue Simulator Options>Model Preferences
• The option exists to select estimated reel/gooseneck pressure for fatigue calculations. This can have
a major effect on the fatigue and should always be selected when using HalWin version 2.8.0 and
earlier.
• If this option is not selected all calculations are done based on the pressure at the gooseneck being
the same as the pump inlet pressure.
• The gooseneck pressure is estimated based on the following equation where PP=Pump Pressure and
WHP=Wellhead Pressure
• Gooseneck Pressure = PP - (2/3 (PP-WHP) × % pipe left on reel)
• This option should not be selected when using HalWin Version 2.8.1 or newer. For these versions
the Gooseneck Pressure is calculated for every step using the same equation as above but using the
actual pump pressure and WHP throughout the job.

Fatigue due to Heave of Floating Vessels

When working with coiled tubing on a floating vessel, the heave can add additional fatigue to the coiled
tubing string. The problem can be summarized like this: the wellhead rig-up including the CT injector
and BOP's do not move but the reel goes up and down with the wave action. During RIH and POOH when
the speed is faster than the wave motion, no additional fatigue will be added to the CT string. If however
for example the downhole tool is kept stationary for some time while fluids are pumped at high pressure
through the CT then additional fatigue will be added to the string if the size of the heave is sufficient to
cause the coiled tubing to be continually spooled on and off the reel.

Cerberus can add additional fatigue due to Heave but it must be set up to do so. From the main Cerberus
screen select Options > Cerberus Setup and check the box to Enable Heave Calculations. This adds a tab
to the Job Log screen in Job manager allowing details of the wave size and frequency to be included in
the fatigue calculations.

10-16 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System September 2005

 Coiled Tubing Handbook

Manual Job Log Recording

Job logs can be generated electronically using the data acquisition system (DAS) and are usually more
accurate when done this way. To be safe, manual job records should also be taken for each job.

The primary purpose of this job log is to document all tubing movements and pressure changes to track
the fatigue life of the coiled tubing string. The secondary purpose is to document the job activities and
fluid stages.

The sample job logs in this section allow the accurate reporting of the job details. A job log entry should
be made whenever the any of the following items occur:
• Tubing direction changes, even slightly (.3 ft / .1 m)
• Depth changes by about 1,000 ft (300 m)
• Tubing or wellhead pressure changes by 500 psi (30 bar)
• Fluid changes
• Pump rate changes
• Perform job actions
• Unusual events

The purpose of the first three items is to provide the minimum information to do bending fatigue
calculations. The last four items are used to document the job, to help in the interpretation of pressure
readings, and to help determine fluid friction through the reel.

The following pages show examples of coiled tubing job logs that can be used to record data throughout
a job. They include spaces for all the important information required to accurately calculate coiled tubing
fatigue. Electronic versions of these can be obtained by emailing the contact email address at the start of
this manual.

September 2005 Coiled Tubing Data Acquisition System 10-17

 COILED TUBING WORKSHEET

WELLSITE GEOMETRY CT Supervisor:

DATE RIG/LOCATION TICKET/RUN #

CLIENT WELL DATA SET NAME

Item Distance ft / m
Reel to Gooseneck

Length Across Gooseneck

Gooseneck Radius inches

Zero Depth Calculations Distance ft / m

Distance from CT Zero to Well Zero (Z)

Toolstring Length (T/S)

Counter Depth, CD when top of T/S is
at CT Zero, CD = Z + T/S
Top of Injector to Well Zero, (TI)
Description Top of Injector to Zero Depth Datum
(required by Cerberus), CZ
Choose a CT Zero Depth (eg. QU CZ = TI – T/S
above BOP)
Well Zero Depth (eg. previous rig Tubing Cut Details
floor elevation)
Before Run # Length ft / m
Reel Dimensions Length ft / m
Reel Core Diameter

Reel Core Width

Reel Flange Diameter

 COILED TUBING WORKSHEET

JOB SUMMARY CT Supervisor:

DATE RIG/LOCATION TICKET/RUN #

CLIENT WELL DATA SET NAME

FIELD UWI NUMBER

COUNTY WELL CATEGORY

STATE /PROVINCE MAX DEVIATION

COUNTRY

START DATE & TIME PRESSURE CATEGORY

END DATE & TIME ACID CONCENTRATION

JOB TYPE ACID VOLUME

STRING NUMBER H2S / CO2 CONC.

REEL NUMBER AVE. W.H. PRESSURE.

COMMENTS
 COILED TUBING WORKSHEET

COILED TUBING JOB LOG CT Supervisor:

DATE RIG/LOCATION TICKET/RUN #

CLIENT WELL DATA SET NAME

CTU OPERATOR PAGE OF

Date: Depth Pressure Flow

Event Start Event End Tubing Wellhead Tubing Liquid Fluid Gas Flow
Time Event Description
Depth Depth Pressure Pressure Weight Flow Rate Pumped Rate
HH:MM ft/m ft/m psi / bar psi / bar lbs / kgs gpm / lpm scfm/scmm