La ola ol DSCIENCE PRINCIPAL THRUSTS | Sytmatcatenettoundentantratalstanamens || Unteation nas much cetat and dpi as posse, and use the | | Toenplain vase phy phenomenn nla ten concepts andiows. namledpe 80 gained te prec, mexy and cont | | Radution phenomena “ocarve the propertes of» ager and amore complex problem ota Iriosmolerconsiteis “The sent matndinvives several interconnected | | Macroacopic domain | steps Phenomena iaberaton, eesti and caleetl sale May dea by | > Systematcobseratons | essa! pysice moucing mechariee, slecrodynemes, oe td trermodynemics Contoesexserment, ee uatave and quite reasoning Conshaion and scr of mai a be mine sales of tom and mh Matheratcal modeling, prediction and vertton| | Mainly datby quantum py Conservation of eneray nan lated syst tal energy remains | |. Yay shar rnge 1m) DVPOTHESIS AND OMS i —— > Relative strangin = 10° 2 Anpahadelsangoctinwenteenminghat| |, Soncrvtno ets meneram Mo sed em Sal tone ial |e eer eereseeeed | surpass reine sg asotadtet uh atte aoa na||* Consors tnguar nomen: on mtd oem || Grain Fern > Bes ides eens ross cass ty We ema eornosensierpaineeeressrennens_)|. Syma inure winreecs vost ninatenanieto | | 5 Aen seca = wot conservation of enrgy © le weakest coment fe 5 Fear ein tee wah pet bande apa Opavees freee eee om | |S peas sucyottebmcinacinaue nimi ||> SESS Sites teed ance aeee | (ee ‘itoronnatral >renemenon thelowelconceraton cfanguarmomenten | Mang sarc ae gavinUnits and Measurements a Gass +)(_ G MEASUREMENT OF TE )( QmEasunewenr (MEASUREMENT OF MASS » Atomic standard of ime: This Based on Pee DUNT Cee stunt O90) une ae ae eet © Large distance 8 measured || United atomic mass unit cmvoaraon wih Gran aac abe chen brporatax memos (Fs pecdaeetotoeeacs 2 Paral eng = * Glance te eo reserve an as aoe |> So meme ect non Soe te messed ve ” ‘des Uso whet esouton tne quai measured tyeoe6 «10m Precvon ats luton te cred 2 Old system afunts C&S. FPS ona KS yaar, © ROS Karri nt rca rom ond |” 1/7948 10", || Pracon tte vs uhe a more InP nectar foot, pound ant Seestpmen 1" | D ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT InN fundamental nts ae mete, ogra and Errore — ae EE te syefnate fantom @)s1sveTeM oF Uns gwTeRwaTiona. SrSrEM OF UNTS) — » Prenat rato ey mesons lar ed InerimertalEspervenial Perna! {n2018. Conan res tofchon win sana ye | my masewemanticappronnate cv or. + Ritacina ae conrerucn sheso abya coment | pieerymeronen ores 3 Nun ows ata panty ee fandom area cons repr ‘86 Unite ‘Supplementary Une [Sx] Gusrary | une oh [rine gw | Tada awe 2. [sets eng | tera cre= (© SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 5 Ralaie gts plu tat uncenan gt are known as ‘sontcan Renal of change ef diferent units does not change ‘umber af worscani ot, »‘inonsercipt ar spreat. ‘Rounding of or preceting gts raed by 1 Hien digo be ‘ropgadie more than 5 anit unchanged ae aes | mans. || > Winsigniant dit Is 5 then preceding agit le § + Dimensions |_—_ Dimensional » Nature of on.) avai ‘qanty i cntermined | "776 eration wich | For exami (A= BELT |Motion in a Straight Grane oF erenence Green ‘seman ca ren craig tet, araclourgotaetantastowndsotensehngranininesnin aa eon ee eras ns cs oa sag | Md aan tonto ene pase ran | | mettle an meter ma mete > Dlaplacement: The stones pat between ial ns fra pono ual ocnange penton Mey toy fost aust pam inghn vavelea canbe postive rogue orzo tie eclrton Bl af a Exenye nvr eit | Wor-Unitorm Acceleration teoeere 5 13) Asawa change were ig busomy sti Ot ten en 2 Thrall itance covereth tre cad sped> Thevelociy win whic an object moves watrespect Seance object cal eave vty vervenm) van(ver(-ra) Eros a foton tn rao Seatac ages eredeee eM} RESOLUTION OF VECTORS, 4-08-00 .0P ~_ @RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS cquaty of vector: Two vectors A and 8 or sade De eau. a ont fey ave same magni ms 2 Aehek utipieaton of vector by ral number: Havecior [A tempos yreai numer. ten x =a 10, magnate wi change and rection remains (0.0, mageuse changes tesa acon ots | =| (raat veces recresented by ho cc ces Derateiogram, Ow clogenal of @ peraieog’am od) ano A-Aloal Ae Aeoatl» Aveo ie ow Bates) food +64] e4 STON WA PLANE WITH CONSTANT ACCEL neosetad, rane onda ranted Pg ar svat hat RELATIVE VELOCITY TWO DIMENSIONS he wlchy object A rte to B Sentary Van =V0-Va Vaa =n and Waa] =a) 7 PROJECTILE MOTION austin frajecton y= stn 37 Sarg Tis secur of prsbol. Tie of a T= 268 ‘2d Vn re velctis inthe sare rae,)| || Azoey conmnoesm stn fest atmaton || To arc acon there i abrays an ean an || onalon For ||GiStmeecenenemattrceinncesent "|| oppostameacton » Fores abvays occur pas, Free OF aay Aby os equal and epponte 0 eno) BOY, s ‘Some exams of Newton's 3° Law 2 Recatngt Gun 2 Rowing tbo ae 2 eats PROBE ECRANIES Type of Friction iin on ° DieStnge o momenu to erent mosis Riorge toe ace fo ery srt arabon of froma tien Cogereomarn sero ie pier roae=a0 Egulorum of «partite BF=0-20F 0,24, =0and2F =O » deity th usnow foces and | ‘nies » Drow FD ovoieninaystom * Resch ros coments 2 Aepiy iF =n recon ceslan Apply 2P = Main the ditecton of ears Fine ecoegeenenetect ecnames || ‘nebo | boxy mong na Baty Greser movin FeindiRa cles conoaa aca, Uniform circular motionWork, Energy and Power © Capaby of antec prom wis nergy. Tfehk-ki-0 ews (avis nb AeA, } it Eneray 2 Energyaboty posessesby rue is mcton. 2)29:)-A0, ‘Sea pdcotere ond eplcemertis wrk kes dew! fecietyioceconpenr a 00 | tna Met rabies Seales maaan = Wor: dae by sping eat force dng sting || She 7a been HE haya eed (+) 84= AK. whentanrcs are preset Ecce frre | Wee sSpaconantcure ges werSonely ator. . When lrca-dplacment graph is given, Are under ° Ke 2 Neson opti energy appa to ie Sloane trees Wort doe agai eas go ‘Sore op a pom energy, When conan re rowed, eng ay ogo ore ‘Change ptertaleneray or a consent | ‘squat negate won one yee au fee A tere connate #8 der tom 2 sal gamer Udy aon ‘sal and tnt pores. Za of poletal ener Seen ‘Wort Sone by arty dope on ial potion ony Us mgh (Gravtatona poe eneray aboot) | Potential energy fasted sg bal ‘ss sping constant Spon i sao be so ON, = entesionet peng.Ee Jd zat conan, ‘whan ing wachona me Socom neem eo Se alton) even when ete! Rate atwhich werkt done power Mee BURG oceanside pt Average power i ato of total work 1 ot me ‘ake Sluntofpoweriswat inp=74604 [Amachine which perorms same amount of work ‘vara shore pred fa has more pow[> Seay nak by 8 Body wi 8 perecty dete and ‘Rhape The Gatonces between apt ot parse auch ates do Mot > pe a ote a partes of ne ‘e.pur wanaisons! moto a ary instant of treo partises fhe body > Bhemotonct gc boty which proted or fed atten, Everyparc bebas mers ne oe > Tramaton ct gd booy which not prot fxedin some way in oter shure vanantonorn commanatn eh cues | hi concept weed to sy indepedentyaneiiry and oaory {Rotem unser eects esternalrces, = eee SSS SE Ren i> aaa = a eae ee aaa le bouton of mass (RING, DISC. ROD) = Kent =m 2 =i | Mtwe choose cenive of masse st origin {78m = 0,Sxdm = {yam = fzdm= 0 | | For nemogeneous bodies of regular thape, cant of ma geome conve Mit = Sa MO Dit, » Voloctyot COM otaystom Kee, | Tal mass of system of paces times the | ‘iforene acing on system ofpartces, MARR Beo hy ‘lowed routerton Heals, Exstsion Vetecty of COM fra sytem of paces Bape Beene At mt at ia) ae sre vlocty ofcarire mass seroar momentum of system of noe proc f tl ase Vion total external force acting on @ reese zaro ttl neat moment Faron The vlooty of corre of mass ap 3) EROSS PRODUCT«hel foe nat tao nto a, Yumngeb a bree 19 CaP awa trey nt on pre wwe poston Sawervonmn? Thee qv ing Sst in © Magis so rin = perperdcuo Stane feof acon fore For gg (ais of eaten) and Ee ‘component ot P Perpandicuar io Narectn of Zand Fare rovers, racton of ‘moment orcs remars sama mp Apr eit nedepontacen a at | Boorse soon Arcane Peiigecvoccionmonps cng ooo ‘Aid snd toba nmachaniaequtbrum #bOe Gang wer wine etary boa et Vector sum ercason resto 200 "0 Vector sumottarqes niga 200. =O Rotational equim conion is tependet of Ireaton forge abc rqvs einen ‘Atody ray be in patil equ Le. rotational testrumbsrestaneatona LeraPanm=rP, Lenina ae 1 srs = perpen dare of dracbnating 17 tom gn and = component of Pi We drecton perpen © 7 ‘hoster momentum iba arr P= Oo pare ‘gn ro tet passes rou ern #(% toot chango of zs) cee (Seamer ae » Wt xtma tre on a spt f pare a 26 [tangas mmoruremoreonaanterte yamNETIC ENERGY OF TRANSLATING AND ROTATING BODIES: 4 KEotansaion 1 rttortmeton Ke =e foo? where /= MI”, Kis conesponding radius of gyration Fad of Groton Dstoce om ase ean ot pl mass whose mess aque mass teciwhsamnent clita equate siera fb abet «ma Enegy Case OF Pore Roling Motion —— wns-te) “Tatormas canbe used st roting bees he ng. de, cfd sphere. WA * Va? # 2p Vn cos” > pre reing wen ct skopeg =v Rs “Topctaresing tyres magne ety sa *Van* Von 2 Ven Botmie test src @ KINEMATICS OF ROLLING BODIES DOWN ROUGH INCLINE PLANE We opty conservation of mechanical ers to reting bade as Roling fon performs no wor. APE =aKE. me tncli | ‘Aecelerabon of CoM = 28 T+ 0c nina cote ton eqs pre ting 9 = Terme am =sbge (EH)Gravitation My ci (Gp eertme Ders oF puverover moron )( = ; a= 2) NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITATION |[ (3) ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY ©) eAmTWs SATELLITE aw ot | Loree soneennnarsncs||” nae Pitan» ey ar tn ae ra | uadteenmoneeedonsinta ftoty weaned costa | Soa | Tha soned reared 0 put sate to | en crear ot - canon “es rae orapdi nent Ze [ae ue to Altace 0) ou,‘An Astronaut experiences weightlessness in 8 space satelite. Thi ot bacause the gravitational force is sma at that location in space, tis because Both th ‘nd every part of satelite has an aceleraton towards the center fhe earth which is exactly the value of ears acceleration due to Gravy at that postion"awo PASTICNY mmf = /teewtcty : Popa ct «te gn erga shape ond Peete Seo eerste Sercenmerenetesedarnnyten GnooKes Ow es sain ‘Srvee = kan [c= moi of latiy )POISSON'S RATIO son [P=ronpeeat stan Bie} @)STRESS - STRAIN CURVE lesa (/vamous oF wooucus oF | (DeLAsTc POTENTIAL ‘wa‘srmercneo wae. Young oie longa wees FL Y= orginal aver” Aa () Buk Modulus 8 ane stor (6) Shear modulus or modus ot rigity 8: Yak pon(lasictinit) + Conesponding sess svi strength) | : ory ews og, een ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Otfice « Aakash Tow Naw Delhinical Properties of Fluids @ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE ] fi » Lose of weigh of body submerged (patay 0 ‘cone 8 ud al 0 two fhe hd | | axe | | Woontornaddenteced =o. V0°F | | tay 90" Surtace wb conve, gd oes nt awdaencey 90° + Surtace wi be plane, qui oes nats | Saicnemerncc eta copmary | te toms ropes ver 2 os Seal whe space ) \ eweraciean paste plate.BO eel Lat cMey a elcid tem henry aera oo (Ded soreunding machan nt tay are at “Twee ype of expansion eat ot by «putt her tamper is ‘ca heat gun yt fat at wet Serene Carer) maar mamma teat Aone a at mena can | | Srorcncedtyaquareycated heat capeey ‘3282 | Specie heat apecty | ct charge it macs ot by one at Mote specie neat “tre ovanttsutsarcess pected ma | Change of tat tom sk a ‘The change nterowanse ofa substance, whan ven qry cheats abated rca (D\eHANGE OF STATE ‘cuecrenegsr oem.529107mK. Tie tw is used to measure sure temperature of xsl odin be stars moon andi tec The abcrpin of tered waves by geenhowae gas sich as CO, methane (CH) nts de (0) cereerocarbon(CF,Ch) and axa (O3. | sevowchare Mere energylo ear + Warmer suoca Witus Grvarteofect epratire fear wou maven 18°C(see FR oman nee! (nn ieeriatecet ||ISOCHORIC PROCESS Fx mochorc process vie duty hi process shox! be | iene S AQ=Au+ aN 0-50) > Meat sterted by gas goes entry to change i itera Seared Gerona | © Goange in eterat energy deterred by speci heat t ‘corinne andiomperstre hare ( GB cvcuic process ) |> many oye proces system retusa tate, U0 > Wor done n notre procees SW=PAV=0 {) REFRIGERATOR 2 A fearaor 6 the revere of heat cine. Working | aap eo Sse ee SE SS ie ne ee es eae = em eee <9) cannot © a come Oy a vets cece teal) |? ou mttperomancectroertcr ="SESEESTS || Canot engi iaeverate eng operating = {eo tergeratves Tana 7. Comes Gee con Foe curoetom PVT.) 0-G-4% ata Iie “ote ane two aban, Presses ar 3) OHO), a WER, V=0R7-T) estoy ssid gospel our mtimecioncaar Sorau> aw BU = pCAT. 40" AT ond a= yr ae ed ey MaeS)KINETIC INTERPRETATION OOF TEMPERATURE » Spectc heat capac free «3 2 Speci heat capacty of water=9R FeO runtonal Segre of Feedom and a ‘omer {Pot ubratonalmodes Then fo one mci of gaa tn mature of gares at 2 given temperate, ee heavier molec ower average seed. a maT 3 KT + Tranaiatonalnete era of 925 c= 0+9R an | eeserslr= Sd S-Bahn 2 eeaecnperoiotee, ate enya s Ruseesdonnon = pete Se in scent mb ree ——— Polyatomic molecue has 3 vansitonal, 3 rotational andl ee s have rater large speeds of the orl fort and thr pata This concept of maxwell energy detrbution preci epecichest of gases theoretical rer rmolsce can ravel wihout coi eo ean tree path of p28 molecule & related 0 anil Fora pseminequltrum a abeckts temperate 7 KT Total energy is detuted equal n diferent S modes of absorptions. Energy of each mode i aval 2,7. Idean fee patnn gases of order of hovsands Esch vensiatonal end rotational degree of teedom| ” Pressure olges, TAbsokie tampons ‘earespondato one energy mode atzorption ‘K:Botamans ConstantOscillations 2 Periodic Motion Amotion whch repeat al aes reu rer fe (18 ‘perode Exam “Monon erm crew costa oe? a [Somme to pion ‘Senge parton + Maton Ear ae + Mononct need tems machine “+ Aboationaing wan sown tae Pato of engine gang nck ance cant pee Ovettatory Motion ‘Special ype of pose moton n hic a pari moves oan Ho (ont tned port. The tre acon oP parte maroon Grecia tara estou pono cate estoring tree 1+ ery onctory maton pero but every peree maton ‘meynatteoocanoy ‘+ ack and Fort maton canbe oscar o vvatry When ‘cconetona Feguency nal we cal # xc ot Dh ecuency wecata erat, ‘oseaens cane 1A Free oncnations + When a syst onctes wh ts natal Foavency De ‘eomaon re cates re oem 18 Damped excitations “+ Hf some extemal essing ce appear cooosng restos force escaacry amp str ecreasn wi ee (© Forced onctatons + Feved oxctatons are hose atic dann ot wes Dy oppiying an erlarnal me varying force, which ‘mpencate the aco damon te ‘Simple harmonic motion an examyie of erode ‘wotatry moton. : Speci! Woe of ocatary moton which ston fetowngconnons 8: Berg sett, scnerason ones mean pals, ue fo et eon fre, recs) raprsont placement ror mean poston ore pacomartraabonn 1, Fri tinere Ks tere conan (Force law 0 Sil} /ieacmerttonrmean ton CGeneratequationfordapiacomentin HM Pidan(tessny=Aconots) ree ees gem. Here cated epoch ont or : 1, t peril a= Oat extreme right postion ona elect of part in SH vp whconat oft? ‘ccetaation of pare 0 SHA ayaa Asin t=O parte neAcos (ot 44) 14 Chapter Volocty daplacoment graph wl be an (ee Noracrae(o= trade Te maser vy of parle Deron graph for aparece executing Ste (A) Displacement time graph itat=Oparicie ie atmean postion (©) Velocity «time graph tut ede Stace bya ‘Aceleraon lands veloc a phase at@ SPECIAL PARAMETERS IN SHI ‘Sece prices speed isnot constant rm mean poston ohai of amplitude takes hatte an | {Dmovefomnattf ampltudetoeatreme positon. | ei vlocty SM. v= Oat exremes | fend maximum velocty at equim postion ay Maximum accateraton of parietal extreme posione aaa = °A and minimum (zero) at wate Maxmien fos on parce a! extreme postions fd zero at ean, in between 8 vas nearly Seay recess egnom A 2 Fay = 20 Kinebe enerny of paris in SM. varies decty 28 sar ote velaty oan oration. KE = S(rm?(A2— 9) Sno A con ot +6) ‘inate onary can not be negate, Potrtl energy crease atexpense ot KE and ven vera Kinetic energy wil be maxirur at mean postion and ze at ‘wxreme poston “Wal mechanical energy independent fe. Potential eneray and ket eneroy peaks twice ting every ered. Element of sonngiess stores potential energy and ‘ementofnerta sores sine energy Gra of Kinete energy verse postion of parte wil be aninvonecparaols In absence of damping tal mechanical energy of amen Fake edt Peter evry ane ery iets pt Tregaphtrerey verse soaton re{© DAMPED SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION “5 Avacous surroundings wil apply force on simple pendum or 8 spAng nd oyster wt ulimatay come torest “Tha damping force depends on nature of surrounding medium. When darting ion. energy t2 qucky @ssipated. This fore is generally proporton to ofoeiltor. Peed? > Natlorce F=-ry-bv(b-» damping actor) ma=-hy-bv nd Port. “eta” =e cost 4) for dlsplacement of ositator. a damped equation, whose soliton is given by (@ FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE 12 ‘An external agency can maintain motion by resisting damping forces, “These are called crven oF forced osciiatons. An extemal force which is periodic 1s applied to damped oscilet. Equation of oscilations of mass Dnt cnn actin te to Ye Acasa; +#) 206A cependson 206.0. totren A= Fe Hapacomroonen a- 5, “Tha phenamenen of crease of amplitude when ving tequency is ose to natural Irequency oft cians i called resonance,oe ~ (GY BRPLACEMENT RELATION WA) Sse ras ht ry moonesswe nares Lremeramesne eaineee. -_ Ax) a inihor— eat + 4) Ores oF waves | Ss =eeplesetee } [Biectromagnetic Wave — wave propagates in the form of || near combinaton of sine and cosine function \| Srewnta decreondimeortctoas Neuen || ye eaangenan socamie ad omy > Matter waves — wave associated with the particles having ee ee ne ae a oun (2) eee Speed ot wave v= =v ice Ine grencrnenct ntererenee fh waves Trecetepacement lo rection of propagation ws. =2acoe$ snfer-at»-$) ect Twn Arete] rary ae ial atoler} porn 0.1.2.3 Possbiewaveunghs = fern-0.3.2.3 > Retin — The panes a whic sot maser aes noses Distance Bement eo Consent ares | Mocma moses of sretcned ering Fund Ai Both EndsElectric Charges and Fields Dance curse al 3) CONDUCTORS ANO INSULATORS. » Some substances which ready alow passage of between bo pont charges Ponce varios ivory a square of Stance between (he charges and rectly proportionate product of ‘magni to wo charges and acts song the ine Wen 55 rod i rubbed wt i, the rd aque ane type | » lw prin se. notcaenadts. | | orig Wo chrome af cherge and ik acquires cher ype of charge, — ciaee ‘eo cargos an separated by tans 8 { 2) PROPERTIES OF CHARGES Arocess ofsbaring charges wih earmiacatedgrowdng || ” yecuu to magne of oce (F) ban tam fo eveteeme nae creating rani 2 Uke charges pe uni tract. © Abody is charged by loss organo lectons. | > mantecets systems, ota charge remains conserved caper on system of nts and median. St 2 Acaraing chores emt actos fpvecum k= 12 Unt of charges codemB(e) att et elecsoncope detect charge on 8B. epee aera ease 2 Charge salar and ave nature || p-t, GS) =assen 10 Cw [6 Moma charge has magne fects log wih leche ects )\_ fee OD roncE aTWEEN WLTwLE CHARGES ) SeacTR PELDOF AROSE Force on any charge du to numberof other ch tay || > Acharge placed ata point protuesan elect fl everywhere inthe suroundng. Wien ster Saras| ee ae “brought infield, eld there acts on tt and produces a force Faraday introduced field concept _ Domctanure/peedlyachage Gus antanars aghey ras wean toner Paver |” a oe 2 — ounayanionfetstoatetes rocsemncheoeastane | |» Sun cn tl Nc Fi ment ta ot aus chap in sci id = a Sahin Sie . DELECTRIC DIPOLE ‘ @) 2 An eectric dipole san srangement of pa fea and oppose point charges seperated by Brecon fom 9 +a drecton of dpae mo | » Fie vary trom pot to point and i a vector quantty. Fak can transport enero Fld Due to System of Charges ect ald ata point Pn space due system of charges is dined a free ‘expenenced by aunt est charge laced at that pont {Berrie ttt aon toate] ‘On Axis of Dipoie ff 2 A Bree | 2 bjs pm im@erecraic evo unes (Unes otc by Faraday) ‘Pied tines cary information about direction of ‘stecirc eld at cierent points in space. Relative 27st ff res cere ports nates ‘elative strength of electric eds at hese points, Feraay ntrosuced ron maton! wey of JELECTRIC FIELD LINES PROPERTIES © Mis away of pitonaty mapping the elcid around a coniguntonct charges © Alineisa curve drawnin such away hattangenttoateach omtisinthedeectonof etfetd at hatpont ‘Afelineisa space curve (Acurve nttves dimension) Fieines ofa single postive charge are aly outward Flea tines str rom postive charges and ond at negative charges, © From a singe charge, tne can start om or en tiny, © Ina charge tee region, electric fed ines can be taken tobe continuous curves wanout any breaks Two field nes can never cross each other, Electrostatic fd lines don't form any dosed loop. This follows fom her conservative nature, ee oe eee wns rn ma Poe, | > Tamim pacouse elec than ‘pronto sign ease norm nas -+onen.6=fE05 GDGAUSS'S LAW otal eecine fux trough closed surface $=, , where @= Toa ‘ott huxis zero if closed srtace encloses no charge. “Gouss aw is tue for any surface, no matter what ts shape oF sas ig ‘is otal charge enclosed by surface, located anywhere inside. CGovssian surface should no! pass through discrete charges » Any volaon of Gauss law wil indicate departure of inverse squaring | Arete ot cm > lect eld due to infil long wie ‘E=<2 , at dancer rom linearly charged ro. Ber > Field of Unlxmly Charged Shell > Electric ld du oni Sore al Directed out for g > 0 rected inwards for q-< 0 E=0 (r< Red i 200 ini sho,|[/ Qmecrnosrancrorennatenenay | { DELECTRIC POTENTIAL > Wert one byes ct nnoveaaca pat | | Mat dow by a cara ce gt evn (SUPERPOSITION LAW)ce suscepti of 2 Mas a cto et ci | Ieimaaaig pope) = cla te one | @DeiecrnostaTce OFA CONDUCTOR | emcees teor som mts Tre mimo . P Ba | tte arc et con bo ated ono en = | copacterwioutsinteanenekage ‘CAPACITANCE OF CAPACITORS ts independent of @ and V but depen on [2 Newetenatsdowinmowegacrageonacontucng|| conor 8 aso on ve. sepeen sertce. cenductors. Evry capactor ha ited eect covey, [> Wen conductor paced in extemal elect fs, fas Ses arabs neal ocondictng sace ‘Charges on lates # Oar same [oneach capaci veweyeys Plow chores rot ‘neces same are” a HHee o-2-0+0, eee Equivalent capacity seannr cnc dolce pS Tm {@ ENERGY STOREDINACAPAGITOR 2 Uveun feet (een rst) (9 CHARGE SHARINGIN CAPACITORS. © nen two capactos of ferent potent ar jing with pose > Final energy ses than nil ane oe heat ae.a eps aon ote —— pepo crore cor cc at ar toe mre eran nam ete ge 3. Cngeoteonarc 10 ome10"om Presale srl enon ho ty Pee saree monte nae peel Ta Sreaanetyatere 7 Poste sharpensnea. Re hapton chaning i 9 snecton The badge 1s ten blonced and om balance canon Rte krown. |, ane va of one ressiance Ie deterined knowing other Inmeteopisauato zero —— Note: Binding or reoreraton of wre dows @ werersRoce notehangethe alt ounctoniow 2 Msbesedonaneatstne doe. @comsinarion oF cets bidge ris Used Yo calvate unknown > Call can be grouped in saris or paral | _reattace, Ruder balance conden ependingupencurentaniremers Reset > Im sanes: Two colt of em cand wit |» Percentage ener nF 6 minimised by Internal resistances 1, andr; thq| ssa balance pol ner ne mice of ‘combination can be considered as one col __°"07® @ Electrical Eneray ana Power C = TE Under a potential sitference in 9 conductor charges are mowing. 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Fremanyermesonat ove seaons hoepntetGrasp te wire wy your night an wi a (@ TORGUE ON CURRENT LOOPS “Torque on magrete pte mde prow) ‘oy planer caret oop is equivalent 2 magnet Se Letnnve moment peers @wAGNETIC MOMENT OF REVOLVING (CHARGED PARTICLES 2 Nagrie moment wesooate wih revoung eacron wih spendvinarasuactorciey (GMECHANICAL FORCE ON A CURRENT (CARRYING CONDUCTOR “Ourrert carrying conauctos | 2 tn generat for any cuunge @ angular momentum snd iC ot straight engin camying, “magnets moment are in same director —— ee Fa-® » Bante eo tray nape Fa Dade) {nena cmagrnc moments cated Oot magneton ‘Summation canoe converted ino tegration in mest cases | |o"8.27*¥O~Magnetism and Matter amagnetiniomt tar 2 tien heey seserded porto NS Secon > Laan eon acne riage rt | fp Megescmercpto donot ont | Magnese tis ns of magna rm condos Sees oope Secon inemaghe tes 8a aise" Magne tidines onctitenecteechoter | stitute " > Rept mionnts tien b--mocone 2B, Fl conte by mata cone | ont sti potion) mica ana 2 @ =180" (Mostunsate poston) Bow (iehl) Moh oo Scopes Bevaiend water ale mw 0-22 Bava w= =nattond Sn aad fe Magnetic poe oxcnangepouon wih ie, sagt te ves tom pont po on eam wae, a ani of grt ay tg rare at 4 esol magnate soe The york pone whch pases tough he imaginary in oning he magnate ‘mand soups clos magna mana {ne weal plane cotanng npavana cre and ais tabon of arn aerogenes Inetnation or magnetic it ‘gia made by tant agate aso arm win hoot Hertontl component i) Horo Compenat otra magni of arth Magnet dectinaton(o) ‘ogi batweon magna mendan sod grogrepc marian Dectnatoninindals sma is 04 Eat Da Cectnatoni roster ase an rine tr Bld» Zp Boel = Han! = FiteSo a = tH Sree [ere ee iy [AL Na, 0,(STP) PLW Fe, Co, M. FeO, and Gd = These seporonal > ——— Retentvity: The vaueof at = ‘Goerelity: The value oH fr which net magnate Energy i lst in the form of heat dung eet eee een re eee Hysteresis curve of soft iron is tall and narrow, a, epee ee amessial pecans Serene. ||(—on ers mea aRaANEWT wAGRETS ANS Sees ee Curie-Weiss law | Permanent Magnets 1 wer peet oT) = ‘Where Cis cuie constant | Tor iron 1043 K a Te for nickel is 631 K ——— ‘ its coaey 2 High permeability | Beli mttrrming tn a (estes o/-————> a ‘Steel, Ticonal - oe Sor ‘Domain oman i special characorsic of evoragnaic material Typical domain azale Tmmecd domain contain about 10" atoms. > These materiale retain tne teromegnet propery foriang| po om(@) FARADAY'S EXPERIMENTS () First experiment : Relative motion between a bar magnet and wie loop ‘produces asmallamountof current = () Second experiment : i one col is Connected toa battery and another colts ‘moved towards or away tom, lect eurentis producedin neighbouring col Fig. : Current induced n cod, due to motion of the current carying col C, shows a momeriarly defection when tapping key K ispressea (0) ted experiment: Catvanoneter . 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