Verification of Thevenin Theorem

Aim -To Verify Thevenin's Theorem.

Theory
Its provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given network, as viewed
from two terminals, by a single voltage source with a series resistance. It makes
the solution of complicated networks quite quick and easy. The application of
this extremly useful theorem will be explained with the help of following simple
example.

Fig.1 : Circuit with source E and Load RL

Suppose, it is required to find current flowing through load resistance RL, as

shown in figure 1.

This expression proceed as under:

1) Remove RL from the circuit terminals A and B and redraw the circuit as
shown in figure 2. Obviously, the terminal have become open circuited.

Fig.2 : Circuit with RL removed

2) Calculate the open circuit Voltages VO.C. which appears across terminals A and
B when they are open .ie. when RL is removed.

As seen, V.O.C.= drop across R2= IR2 where I is the circuit current when A and B is
open.

It is also called Thevenin voltage(Vth).

3) Now, imagine the battery to be removed from the circuit, leaving its internal
resistance r behind and redraw the circuit as shown in figure 3.

Fig.3 : Circuit with RL and E removed

When viewed inwards from the terminals A and B, the circuit consists of two
parallel paths: one containing R2 and another containing (R1+r). The equivalent
resistance of the network as viewed from these terminals is given as,

The resistance "Rth" is also called Thevenin equivalent resistance.

Consequently , as viewed from terminals A and B, the whole network (excluding
R1) can be reduced to single source (called thevenin's source) whose e.m.f equal
to VO.C. and whose internal reistance equal to Rth as shown in figure 4.

4) RL is now connected back across terminals A and B from where it was

temporaily removed earlier. Current flowing through RL is given by,

Fig.4 : Thevenin's equivalent circuit

Electrical Engineering  Analog Signals, Network and Measurement Virtual Laboratory
 Experiments

Verification of Norton Theorem

The Norton current is the_______

a: Short circuit current Explanation

b: Open circuit current Explanation

c: Open circuit and short circuit current Explanation

d: Neither open circuit nor short circuit current Explanation

Norton resistance is found by?

a: Shorting all voltage sources Explanation

b: Opening all current sources Explanation

c: Shorting all voltage sources and opening all current sources Explanation

d: Opening all voltage sources and shorting all current sources Explanation

Norton’s theorem is true for __________

a: Linear networks Explanation
b: Non-Linear networks Explanation

c: Both linear networks and nonlinear networks Explanation

d: Neither linear networks nor non-linear networks Explanation

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Electrical Engineering  Analog Signals, Network and Measurement Virtual Laboratory
 Experiments

Verification of Thevenin Theorem

Thevenin's resistance Rth is found

a: By removing voltage sources along with their internal resistances Explanation

b: By short-circuiting the given two terminals Explanation

c: Between any two open terminals Explanation

d: Between same open terminals as for Eth Explanation

While Thevenizing a circuit between two terminals, Vth is equal to

a: Short-circuit terminal voltage Explanation

b: Open-circuit terminal voltage Explanation

c: Net voltage available in the circuit Explanation

d: E.M.F. of the battery nearest to the terminal Explanation

A closed path made by several branches of the network is known as

a: Branch Explanation
b: Loop Explanation

c: Circuit Explanation
d: Junction Explanation

A network consists of linear resistors and ideal voltage source. If the value of the resistors are doubled then
voltage across each resistor is
a: Halved Explanation
b: Doubled Explanation

c: Increased four lines Explanation

d: Not changed Explanation

Pole of a network is a frequency at which

a: Network function becomes zero Explanation

b: Network function becomes infinity Explanation

c: Network function becomes unity Explanation

d: None of these Explanation

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FAQ: Virtual Labs

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 Verification of Norton Theorem

Aim - To Verify Norton Theorem.

Theory
A linear active network consisting of independent and(or) dependent voltage and
current sources and linear bilateral network elements can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of current sources in parallel with the resistance, the
current source being the short circuited current across the load terminal and
resistance being the internal resistance of the source network looking through
the open circuited load terminals. In order to find the current through RL, the load
resistance of the figure 1 by Norton's theorem, let, replace RL by short circuit as
shown in figure 2.

[Fig 1: Circuit with source VS and Load RL] [Fig 2: Circuit with RL shorted]

Obviously in Fig2.

Next, the short circuit is removed and the independent source is deactivated as
shown in figure 3.
[Fig 3: Circuit with source Vs deactivated and Load RL open]

From fig3.

As per Norton's theorem , the equivalent circuit as shown in figure 4, would

contain a current source in parallel to the internal resistance, the current source
being the short circuited current across the shorted terminals of the load resistor.

[Fig 4: Norton equivalent circuit]

Posttest-
 1. Find Norton’s equivalent circuit for the network at the left end of the
terminals 1-2 . Assume I = I=5<0º A.

a: Isc=3.45<28.39ºA , Zin=2.33<-76.75ºΩ
b: Isc=6.45<28.39ºA , Zin=7.33<-76.75ºΩ
c: Isc=3.45<28.39ºA , Zin=7.33<-76.75ºΩ

2. Find the current through the 5Ω resistor in the circuit.

a: 515.6 mA
b: 513.6 mA.
c: 509.6 mA.

3. Find the Norton’s equivalent circuit across a-b for the network .

a: Is.c.= -4.6 A Rint =3.43Ω

b: Is.c.= -4.6 A Rint = 1.43Ω
c: Is.c.=4.6 A Rint =3.43Ω
Ohms Law

Aim of the experiment

At the end of the experiment, the student would be able to

• Explain Ohm's Law

• Explain Ohm's Law for Resistance in series
• Explain Ohm's Law for Resistance in parallel
• Explain Non Ohmic Device
• Measure and confirm Ohms Law

Theory

Ohm's Law

The law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points. Such a conductor is characterized by
its ‘Resistance’ – R measured in Ohms. V=I×R V is the Voltage in Volts across the
conductor. I is the current in Amperes through the conductor. Voltage(V) is directly
proportional to current i.e V=I×R. Resistance(R) in inversely proportional to current(I) i.e
I=V/R.

Figure 1: Ohm's Law triangle

NOTE:

From the above figure, the equation may be represented by a triangle known as Ohm's
Law triangle, where V (voltage) is placed on the top section, the I (current) is placed to
the left section, and the R (resistance) is placed to the right. The line that divides the left
and right sections indicates multiplication, and the divider between the top and bottom
sections indicates division.
Therefore equations derived from Ohm's law triangle are-
V=I×R
I=V/R

R=V/I

Explaination of Ohm's Law

Figure 2: Current through resistor

From the circuit:
The voltage across resistor is equal to source voltage:

Vr=Vs
The current through the resistance is given by:

I=Vr/R

Explaination of Ohm's Law for Resistance in series

Series circuits are sometimes called current-coupled or daisy chain-coupled. The

current in a series circuit goes through every component in the circuit. Therefore, all of
the components in a series connection carry the same current. There is only one path in
a series circuit in which the current can flow.
Current:

I=I1=I2=I3
Resistance:

Req=R−1+R2+R3
Voltage:

Vs=Vr1+Vr2+Vr3
 Figure 3: Series resistor
From the circuit:
The equivalent resistance,

Req=R1+R2
The total current of the circuit,

I=Vs/Req (I= Total current)

Voltage across each resistance are,
For resistance R1,

Vr1=R1×I
For resistance R2,

Vr2=R2×I
In a series circuit, the current through each of the resistors is the same, and the voltage
across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each resistor.

Explaination of Ohm's Law for Resistance in parallel

If two or more components are connected in parallel they have the same potential
difference (voltage) across their ends. The potential differences across the components
are the same in magnitude, and they also have identical polarities. The same voltage is
applicable to all circuit components connected in parallel. The total current is the sum of
the currents through the individual components, in accordance with Kirchhoff’s current
law.
Voltage:

V=V1=V2=V3
Resistance:
1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3
Current:

I=I1+I2+I3

Figure 4: Parallel resistor

From the circuit:
The equivalent resistance,

Req=(R1×R2)/(R1+R2)
The total current of the circuit,

I=Vs/Req
Current across each resistance are,
For resistance R1,

I1=Vs/R1
For resistance R2,

I2=Vs/R2
In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the resistors is the same, and the total
current is the sum of the currents through each resistor.

Explaination of Non Ohmic Device

A Non ohmic device is a device that does not obey Ohm's Law i.e. the resistance is not
constant, but changes in a way that depends on the voltage across it.The device is said
to be non-Ohmic. In this case V versus I graph is not a straight line, but has some curvy
shape. Such devices do not have a constant value of resistance and the resistance is
called dynamic resistance because it is constantly changing.Examples of such devices
are tungsten filament (bulb), diode,thermistor etc.

Figure 5: Non Ohmic Device

Note

• Ohms Law is a very useful law but it only applies to devices that behave like
resistors – ie – I is simply proportional to V.
• Ohms Law describes one possible relationship between V and I in a component,
but there are others, like
o Capacitors ( I proportional to rate of change of V )
o Diodes ( I flows in only 1 direction )
o Thermistors ( Temperature dependent resistors )

Assignments

1. A 3 volt battery sends a current of 1 ampere through a light bulb. What is the
resistance of the filament of the bulb? [Ans:3Ω]

2. Determine the value of R5 and current through it (IR5), if current through branch
AB is zero and R1=1Ω,R2=1.5 Ω,R3=2Ω,R4=4Ω,VS=10 V. [Ans:R5=6Ω and
IR5=0.5 A]

Figure 1
3. A 50Ω resistor is in parallel with 100Ω resistor. Current in 50Ω resistor is 7.2 A.
How will you add a third resistor and what will be its value of the line-current is to
 be its value if the line-current is to be 12.1 amp ? [Ans:Third resistance must be
connected in parallel with 277Ω]
4. A resistor of 12 Ω is connected in series with a combination of 15 Ω and 20 Ω
resistor in parallel. When a voltage of 120 V is applied across the whole circuit
find the current taken from the supply. [Ans:5 A ]
5. Three parallel connected resistors when connected across a d.c. voltage source
dissipate a total power of 72 W. The total current drawn is 6 A, the current
flowing through the first resistor is 3 A and the second and third resistors have
equal value. What are the resistances of the three resistors ? [Ans:4Ω, 8Ω, 8Ω ]
6. Calculate the voltage drop across the following electrical loads:
i. The bulb that has 2.4 amperes flowing through it. The resistance of the
bulb is 16 ohms. [Ans:38.4V]
ii. A coffee grinder that has a resistance of 85 ohms and a current of 1.41
amperes flowing through it. [Ans:119.85V]
iii. A current of 0.024 amperes flowing through a resistance of 750 ohms.
[Ans:18V]
7. A resistance of 10 Ω(R1) is connected in series with two resistances each of 15
Ω(R2 and R3) arranged in parallel. What resistance(R4) must be shunted across
this parallel combination so that the total current taken shall be 1.5 A with 20 V
applied ? [Ans:R4=6Ω]

Figure 2

8. Compute the relative potentials of points A, B, C, D and E which point A is

grounded. Calculate the voltage drop across resistance R1? Does it affect the
circuit operation or potential difference between any pair of points ?[where,
R1=6Ω,R2=2 Ω,R3=4Ω,VS1=34 V,VS2=10 V,I=2 A]. [Ans:V=12 V]
 Figure 3

Pretest:

1. What is the value of this resistor, in ohms

a: 270 Ohm
b: 27 KOhm
c: 2.7 KOhm
d: 2700 kOhm

2. Resistance and current are _________

a: similar to voltage
b: not related
c: directly proportional
d: inversely proportional

3. If the voltage in the given circuit was cut in half, what would the current equal?

a: 30 mA
 b: 60 mA
c: 10 mA
d: 90 mA

Posttest:
If doubling the voltage across a resistor doubles the current through the resistor then
a: the resistor value decreased
b: the resistor value did not change
c: the resistor value increased
d: it is impossible to determine the change in the resistor
If the voltage across a fixed value of resistance is increased five times, what does the
current do?
a: Not enough information
b: It decreases by a factor of five
c: It stays the same
d: It increases by a factor of five
What is the power in the given circuit?

a: 3.6 W
b: 245 W
c: 175 W
d: 35 W
Shunt resistance is labeled with the following rating: 150 A , 50 mV. What is the
resistance of this shunt, in ohms?
Shunt resistors are often used as current-measuring devices, in that they are designed
to drop very precise amounts of voltage as large electric currents pass through them. By
measuring the amount of voltage dropped by a shunt resistor, you will be able to
determine the amount of current going through it:
a: 333.3 uOhm
b: 33.33 mOhm
c: 3.333 Ohm
d: 3.333 mOhm