Physics Activity File
Physics Activity File
Physics Activity File
External Examiner
Apparatus Required
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen a source of monochromatic light (laser pencil)
black paper and a glass plate.
Theory
Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the comers or edges of a fine
opening or aperture. Diffraction takes place when order of wavelength is comparable or
small to the size of slit or aperture. The diffraction effect is more pronounced if the size of
the aperture or the obstacle is of the order of wavelength of the waves. The diffraction
pattern arises due to interference of light waves from different symmetrical point of the
same wavefront. The diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a central bright band
having alternate dark and weak bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides.
Procedure
Conclusion
When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at the
comers of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light.
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a
beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards the normal
since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travel along
straight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the normal since refraction
takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through face DC is called emergent
ray.
From the following diagram
Diagram
Procedure
Conclusions
Theory
For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered.
1. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does
not glow.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting. Hence, it glow.
3. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B)
and collector (C).
4. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See figure
(UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)]
5. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or reverse
biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts even
when operated with A.C. voltage.
6. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward
biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then
multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay to zero quickly. It is because
that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.
7. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does
not glow.
8. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting. Hence, it glow.
9. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B)
and collector (C).
10. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See figure
(UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)]
11. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or
reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts
even when operated with A.C. voltage.
12. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward
biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then
multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay to zero quickly. It is
because that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.
Procedure
1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC (integrated
circuit).
2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.
3. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.
4. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the continuity. The probe
metal ends are inserted in terminal marked on the multimeter as common and P (or
+ ve).
If such that the black one is in common and red probe is in P (or + ve). On touching
the two ends of the device to the two other metal ends of probes.
1. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when
reversed and there is no light emission, the item is a diode.
2. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when re-
versed and there is light emission, the item is a LED.
3. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item
is a resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed,
the item is a capacitor.
Observations
To Assemble The Components of a Given
Electrical Circuit
Aim
Diagram
Procedure
1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as
shown in diagram and then in series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential
difference.
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.
Utility
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance