Physics Activity File

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PHYSICS ACTIVITY FILE

GUIDED BY: - SUBMITTED BY:-


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ________________________________of


class 12th “science" has successfully completed their physics
activity file under the guidance of
"________________________________________"

The approach towards the subject has been sincere and


scientific.
I certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the
guidelines issued by the CBSE.

External Examiner

Internal Examiner Principal


Signature
Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my


teacher _________________________________ as well as our
principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful Activity which also helped me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so many new things. I am
really thankful to them. Secondly, I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this activity
within the limited time. I am making this activity file not only
for marks but to also increase my knowledge.

THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME..............


CONTENTS
1. Observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

2. Observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident


obliquely on a glass slab

3. Identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor


from a mixed collection of such items.
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
To Observe Diffraction of Light Due To a Thin Slit

Aim Of The Experiment


To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

Apparatus Required
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen a source of monochromatic light (laser pencil)
black paper and a glass plate.

Theory
Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the comers or edges of a fine
opening or aperture. Diffraction takes place when order of wavelength is comparable or
small to the size of slit or aperture. The diffraction effect is more pronounced if the size of
the aperture or the obstacle is of the order of wavelength of the waves. The diffraction
pattern arises due to interference of light waves from different symmetrical point of the
same wavefront. The diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a central bright band
having alternate dark and weak bright bands of decreasing intensity on both sides.

Procedure

1. Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using adhesive.


2. Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges are parallel and extremely close to
each other to form a narrow slit in between.
3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of blades and place at a suitable
distance from a wall or screen of a dark room.
4. Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser pencil.
5. A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands is seen on the wall.

Conclusion
When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at the
comers of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light.
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a
beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab

Aim Of The Experiment


To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
Apparatus Required
Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office pins, protractor
Theory

When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards the normal
since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travel along
straight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the normal since refraction
takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through face DC is called emergent
ray.
From the following diagram

1. The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i = e.


2. The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path (incident ray) by a distance d
= t sec r sin (i – r).

Diagram
Procedure

Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board.


Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark its boundary
ABCD.
Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an angle i with the normal. PQ
will represent an incident ray.
Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distances 1 cm or more between themselves.
See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at points 3 and 4 (1 cm or more
apart) such that these two pins cover the images of first two pins, all being along a straight line.
Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points 3 and 4 to represent emergent ray.
Join QR to represent refracted ray.
Draw normal at point R on face DC and measure angle e. It comes to be equal to angle i. Produce
PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular to RS. TU measures lateral displacement d.
Now take another set for different angle of incident and measure the lateral displacement.

Conclusions

1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e).


2. The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of the slab.
3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i).
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC,
a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items

Aim Of The Experiment


To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed
collection of such items.

Apparatus Required and material


Apparatus Required: Multimeter.
Material: Above mixed collection of items.

Theory
For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered.

1. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does
not glow.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting. Hence, it glow.
3. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B)
and collector (C).
4. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See figure
(UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)]
5. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or reverse
biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts even
when operated with A.C. voltage.
6. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward
biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then
multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay to zero quickly. It is because
that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.
7. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while conducting. Hence, it does
not glow.
8. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts when
forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while
conducting. Hence, it glow.
9. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B)
and collector (C).
10. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See figure
(UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)]
11. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased or
reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a resistor). It conducts
even when operated with A.C. voltage.
12. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either forward
biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a D.C. source, then
multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay to zero quickly. It is
because that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure.
Procedure

1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC (integrated
circuit).
2. If the item has three terminals, it is a transistor.
3. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.
4. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the continuity. The probe
metal ends are inserted in terminal marked on the multimeter as common and P (or
+ ve).

If such that the black one is in common and red probe is in P (or + ve). On touching
the two ends of the device to the two other metal ends of probes.

1. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when
reversed and there is no light emission, the item is a diode.
2. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when re-
versed and there is light emission, the item is a LED.
3. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item
is a resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed,
the item is a capacitor.

Observations
To Assemble The Components of a Given
Electrical Circuit
Aim

To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

Apparatus and material

Apparatus: A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat,


one way key.
Material: An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand
paper.

Diagram

Procedure

1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as
shown in diagram and then in series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential
difference.
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.

Utility
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance

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