ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES [NEP-51075]

Yuvaraju. V.C
B.com

SYLLABUS

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:

Parts/levels/components of environment
Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental
studies Scope and importance of
environment
Sustainable development and their concepts.

UNIT 2: ECOSYSTEM:
 What is Ecosystem? Structure and functions of ecosystem.
A) Forest ecosystem
B) Grassland ecosystem
C) Desert ecosystem
D) Aquatic ecosystem [Pond/lake; Rivers/Streams;
Marine/Ocean] Energy flow in an ecosystem
Food chain; Types of food chain; Food web and Ecological succession. (6 Lectures)

UNIT 3: NATURAL RESOURCES:

What is Resource? Types of resources

Land Resource: land use pattern or change in India, Land degradation, Soil
erosion and Deforestation.
Causes and impacts due to mining, Dams and their effects to tribal people.
Water Resource: Use and over exploitation of surface and ground water,
Floods, Droughts.
Conflicts over water [ Inter-state and International].
Energy Resource: Sources of energy, Renewable and Non-renewable
source of energy.
Alternative source of energy. (8 Lectures)

UNIT 4: CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY:

Definition? Types or levels of Biodiversity: Genetic, Species and

Ecosystem diversity.
Bio-geographical classifications of Biodiversity in
India. Hot spots of Biodiversity.
India as a Mega diversity nation.
Endangered and Endemic flora and fauna in
India. Man wildlife conflicts.
Bio-diversity conservation methods: In-situ and Ex-situ
conservation. Values or service of Biodiversity.
(8 Lectures)

UNIT 5: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION:

Definition? Types of pollution.

Causes, effects and controlling measures of Air, Noise/Sound, Water,
Land/Soil, Radioactive pollution.
Nuclear hazards and health risks: Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl
disaster, Fukushima daiichi.
Solid waste management: Classifications, effects of solid
waste. Solid waste management process, Disposal method.
(8 Lectures)

UNIT 6: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES:

Climate change, Global warming, Ozone layer depletion, Acid

rain. Environmental Laws:
Environment protection Act
 Air(prevention and control of pollution) Act
Water(prevention and control of pollution)
Act Wildlife protection Act
Forest conservation Act
International agreements: Montreal and Kyoto
protocol Tribal population and their rights.
(7 Lectures)

UNIT 7: HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT:

Human population growth: Impacts on environment, Human health and welfare

Resettlement and Rehabilitation of project affected persons; case studies
Disaster management: Floods, Earthquake, Cyclones and Landslides.
Environmental movements: Chipko, Silent valley and Bishnois of Rajasthan.
Environmental ethics: Role of Indian and other religions and
cultures in environmental conservation.
Environmental communication and Public awareness, case studies (CNG
Vehicles in Delhi).
(6 Lectures)

UNIT 8: FIELD WORK:

Visit to an area to document environmental

assets: River/Forest/Flora/Fauna etc.
Visit to local polluted site-
Urban/Agricultural/Industries.
Study of common plants, insects, birds and basic principles of
identification. Study of simple ecosystem: Pond/River/Delhi ridge etc.
(Equal to 5
Table of Contents:

Sl. No. Topic Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 7-8

2. ECO-SYSTEM 9-18

3. NATURAL RESOURCES 19-29

4. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY 30-39

5. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 40-48

6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES: 49-66

7. HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE 67-78
ENVIRONMENT

8. FIELD WORK -----

"COURSE OUTCOME"
 SUBJECT: 'ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES' [CBCS]

CO1 Analyze critical thinking skills in relation to environmental affairs and an integrative L4
approach to some environmental issues.
CO2 Describe the natural resource their pattern and also distinguish the various types of L2
resource and explain the structure and functions of an Eco-system.
CO3 Classify the term Bio-diversity and their characteristic features. L4
CO4 Defend to control the various types of pollution and segregation of waste and L5
criticize the merits and demerits of socio and religious factors, climate change and
current issues.
CO5 Categorized into few Environmental Act’s and justify the Human rights and their L4,L5
sections.
 Value of a Tree: 50 years

It generates about 53 laksh worth of oxygen to environment.

It facilitates about 6.4 lakhs worth soil erosion control.
It is helpful to control about 10.5 lakhs worth of Air Pollution.
Besides it provide about 5.3 lakhs worth of shelter to birds
and animals.
Finally it recycles about 6.4 lakhs worth of nutrients in soil.

TOTAL = 33.9 Lakhs

 UNIT –I

Introduction to Environmental Studies

Definition :

Environmental is defined as “An immediate Surrounding of an organism or

species”

The term “Environmental Science” was coined by “Dr. Rex. N. Olinaires”

Components / Levels of Environment :

There are four components or levels of environment.

1. Lithosphere:
The lithosphere consists of excess of silica, manganese,
phosphate and other minerals. In this lithosphere the formation
of desert and ocean by all minerals.
The outer layer of earth is called ‘crust’, The mid part of
earth is called ‘Mantle’,
The lower region of earth is called ‘core’ core again divided
into inner core and outer core’.
Inner core lies behind the mantle and outer core lies behind inner core.

2. Atmosphere:
In Greek ‘Atmos’ means Air it raises up to 1000 km from the
earth surface. It contains ozone layer and it protest all from
harmful ultraviolet radiations.
3. Hydrosphere:
Hydro = water.
Our earth consists of 71% of water out of this 97% of water are
sea water or estuaries. Remaining 3% of water are fresh water.
All life is depending upon fresh water sources like Rivers,
Streams, Lakes, wells, Ponds etc.
4. Biosphere:
The term of Biosphere was named by the Geologist Sir Edward
Suess in the year 1857.
Bio means life, it includes all kinds of life.
35000 varieties of plants and 1,10,000,000 varieties of animals are
present.
Multi- disciplinary nature of Environmental Studies / Environmental studies related to
other subject:

1. Environment Studies related to Geography:

Here we study about earth, soil, water, minerals, Rocks, Types
of Rocks etc.. There are three types of Rocks
a) Igneous Rocks
Ex: Granite's, Agate, Augenite etc

b) Sedimentary rocks
Ex: Pebbles, Marbles, Sediments etc
c) Metamorphic Rocks
Ex: Limestone, Talcum Powder, Chalk piece etc..
2. Environment Studies related to Chemistry:
Here we studied about the Chemical reactions, Chemical
composition the PH level of water soil etc.. the pH level of
Drinking water is 6.5 to 7.5.
3. Environment Studies related to Botany:
Here we studied about plants, their age,
growth, Development, their Photosynthesis
process etc.
4. Environment Studies related to Zoology:
Here we studied about Animals, including Birds,
organizations etc. it represents the life style, Natural Habitat
their behavior, hunting method, migration etc..
5. Environmental studies related to Biotechnology:
Here we studied about, DNA, RNA, Gene technology, Seed
Bank, germination of seeds, Gigantism of all species, dwarfism
of all species etc..

6. Environment Studies related to Political Science:

It includes, Indian Constitution Foundation laws and duties,
Human rights woman and child welfare programmers.
7. Environment Studies related to History:
Here we study about Ancient Civilization, Their struggles,
sculpture in the environment etc.
8. Environment Studies related to Micro- Biology:
Here we study about micro-organisms present in the environment.
 Sustainable Development:
“Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”.
Three pillars of sustainable development:
Economic, Environmental, and social sustainability.

Concepts:

1. To make Afforestation.
2. To control plastics and other hard substance.
3. To avoid all kinds of pollution.
4. To implement ecofriendly vehicles like, solar vehicles, Bicycles etc…
5. To grow more medicinal plants.
6. To control garbage and debris in water resources.
7. Reduce the use of vehicles
8. To control modern urbanization.

GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Ensure quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities
5. Achieve gender equality
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable economic growth
8. Build proper infrastructure and sustainable industrialization
9. Reduce inequality within the country
10. Promote sustainable economic growth, productivity and decent work for all

11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive and safe

12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

13. Take urgent action to combat climate change

14. Conserve and sustainably use resources from sea (marine resources)

15. 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystem (forests,

combat desertification)
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for all

17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for

sustainable development
 UNIT –II

ECO SYSTEM

Definition:

It deals with the study of interrelationship between biotic and

Abiotic factors.
The term Eco- System was coined by the botanist A.G Tansley in
the year 1935.
Structure and functions of Eco System:

1. Biotic factors:
All living beings. there are three categories,
a) Producers:
Produces are those, which prepare their own food and
except sunlight they do not depends on others.
Ex: Plants / Herbs / Medicinal plants etc.
b) Consumers:
Consumers are those, which directly or indirectly
depends upon producers for their food.
There are three types of consumers.
i) Primary consumers:
Primary consumes are those, which only
depends on producers for their food
(Herbivores)
Ex: Deer/Rabbit/ Hare/Bison etc.
ii) Secondary Consumers:
Secondary consumers are those which depends on
primary consumers for their food (Middle carnivores)
Ex: Fox/ wolf / Hyena etc.
iii) Tertiary Consumers:
Tertiary consumers are those, it depends either
secondary consumers or primary consumers
for their food. (Top carnivores)
Ex: Lion/Tiger/Leopard/Bear
c) Decomposer:
Decomposers are those, which converts organic
substance in to in-organic substance in soil through
micro-organisms.
Ex: Termites / Bacteria / Earthworm etc..

2. Abiotic factors:
Non- living beings. It includes,
a) Water:
Water is a universal solvent because most of
the substance dissolved in water. Life cannot
exist without water.
b) Air:
Air is a mixture of gas. It is helpful for respiration to all kinds of
life.
c) Light:
Sun is the major source of light; it is helpful for the
development of plants by photosynthesis process.
d) Temperature:

i) Minimum Temperature: if the weather is too cold.

ii) Optimum Temperature: if the weather is in normal
condition.
iii) Maximum temperature: if the weather is too hot.
 Soil:
Soil is earth or dirt. It includes all minerals
and fertility with nutrients. It is essential for
decomposing process.
a. Climate:
There are four seasons
i. Spring season
ii. Summer season
iii. Autumn season
iv. Winter season
Characteristic features of Forest eco-system:
 Seasonality
 Deciduous or Evergreen
 Different levels
 Attractive to Birds
 Attractive to Insects
Importance of Forest Ecosystem:
 The lungs of the world
 Ancient
 Biodiversity
 Homes for Humans
Protecting the Earth
Grassland Eco-System:

There are 5 types of grasslands regions in India.

1. Terai Grassland:

It is in River Ganges and Brahmaputra Valley region.

2. Bhugyal Grassland:
It is high attitude alpine grassland in
Uttarakhand. It is also known as nature’s own
garden.
3. Khazziar Grassland:
It is in Himalayan region, Himachal Pradesh and in dense
forests.
4. Bunny Grassland:
It is in edges of dessert ran of Kutch, Gujarat. It
is also known as rich wildlife Biodiversity.
5. Shola Grassland:
It is in south Indian regions specially found in
 higher altitude hill regions of the Nilgiris,
Kanyakumari, Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala
and Tamil Nādu.
Importance of Grassland Ecosystem:
 Habitat
 Soil quality
 Beauty
 Large area
 Useful to humans

Aquatic Eco-System:

1. Lake / Pond Eco – System:

Biotic factors:
A.
There are three biotic factors.
a) Producers:
Produces are those, which prepare their own food
and except sunlight, they do not depend on others.
Ex: Algae / Phytoplankton’s etc.
b) Consumers:
Consumers are those, which directly or indirectly
depends upon producers for their food. Consumer
in off three types:
i) Primary consumers:
Primary consumes are those, which only depends on
producers for their food. (Herbivores)
Ex: Frog/ Snail/ Crab etc.
 ii) Secondary Consumers:
Secondary consumers are those, which depends on primary
consumers for
their food (Middle
carnivores) Ex: Small
fishes.
iii) Tertiary Consumers:
Tertiary consumers are those, it depends either
secondary consumers or primary consumers for
their food. (Top carnivores) Ex: Large fishes.
c) Decomposer:
Decomposers are those, which converts organic
substance into inorganic substances in water
through Microorganisms.
Ex: Bacteria / Fungus etc.
B. Abiotic factors:
a) Water
b) Air
c) Light
d) Temperature
e) Climate

Types of Pond Ecosystem:

 Salt ponds
 Garden ponds
 Fresh water pools
 Vernal pools
 Underground ponds
Characteristics of Pond Ecosystem:
 Still waters
 Surrounded by banks
 Wet
 Different levels
 Variable in size
Importance of Pond Ecosystem:
 Biodiversity
 Ubiquity
 Abundance
  Source of hydration
 Beauty
Lake Ecosystem
3 zones:
i. littoral zone
ii. open water zone(photic) – where light penetrates
iii. deep water zone(aphotic) – where light do not
penetrate.

2. River / Stream Eco- System:

1. Flow is unidirectional
2. There is a state of continuous physical change
3. There is a high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity
at all scales
4. Variability between lotic systems is quite high
5. The biota is specialized to live with flow conditions
MARINE ECOSYSTEM
It occurs in or near salt water, which means that marine ecosystems can
be found all over the world, from a sandy beach to the deepest parts of
the ocean.
Eg: coral reef, estuary, wetland mangroove

Energy flow in an Eco-System:

Sun is the major source of energy.

1. The energy flow in an eco-system is always unidirectional.
2. Amount of energy at each tropic level in an eco-
system, goes on decreasing form.
st
3. According to 1 law of Thermo dynamic –
“Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed”.
4. The organism that can take energy from inorganic
sources and fix it into energy such molecules are called
as autotrophs and the process in known as
 photosynthesis.
The energy gets transformed from lower tropic level to upper
tropic level.
5. Convention of organic form into inorganic form in
soil / water is called decomposing process.
6. About 57% of energy is striking towards the atmosphere.
7. About 35% of energy is striking towards the earth surface.
8. Remaining 8% of energy striking towards plant
surface in the form of photosynthesis.
Ecological Pyramids:
The relationships between numbers, biomass, and energy
contents of the biotic components of different orders in an
ecosystem when represented in diagrammatic ways are said to
be ecological pyramids.
Types:
1. Pyramid of number: It shows the relationship
between the numbers of producers and consumers.
It can be upright or inverted.
2. Pyramid of Biomass: It represents the relationships
of the biotic components in an ecosystem.
3. Pyramid of Energy: deals with the relationship of
energy accumulation pattern at different trophic
levels in food chain.
Food Chain:

The flow of energy transfer from producer to primary, secondary and

tertiary consumers and to decomposers at different tropic level is
called food chain.
Ex:
a) Forest Ecosystem:
Plants – Rabbit – Fox -Lion– Termites
b) Grass land Ecosystem:
Grass – Grasshopper – Snake – Hawk- Earthworm
c) Lake / pond Ecosystem:
Algae – Crab – Small fishes – Large fishes – Bacteria
d) Ocean Ecosystem:
Zoo planktons – Turtle – Large Fishes – Shark / Whale –
 Bacteria / Fungus.

e) River eco –system

Phyto planktons – Frog – Large fishes – Crocodile –
Fungus.
Types of Food Chain:

There are three types:

1. Grazing food chain or predator food chain:

This good chain commences with green plants
(producers) and proceeds to herbivores to carnivores.

Ex: – Grass / plants – Grasshopper or

deerSnake  Fox hawk Lion
2. Detritus food chain:

It is also called as saprophytic good chain. It

commences from dead and decaying organic matter of
plants and animals.
Ex: Dead Animal / Birds – Termites / Bacteria
3. Parasitic food chain:
Ex:Treesfruit eating birdsbugs

Food Web:

The inter linking or inter connection of different food chains or

different eco system present in a particular region is called food
web. Every kind of food is eaten by different kinds of organisms.
Ecological Succession:

It is the process of change in the structure of an ecological community over

time. The time scale can be decades or even millions of years after a mass
extinction.
Hult (1885) Coined the term Ecological Succession.

Causes of Ecological succession:

There are three causes:

1. Initial cause - Forest fire, soil erosion.

2. Continuous cause – competition / migration / war / struggle / hunting.
3. Stability causes – rocks, soil.

Types of Ecological Successions:

1. Primary Succession – An ecological succession where a newly formed

area is colonized for the first time by a group of species or a community.

Barren rocks  pioneer species(lichen)  providing soil and nutrients  small

plants  large trees  climax community.

2. Secondary Succession – pattern of change in areas where biological

activity has previously existed; already has soil and once had organisms.

Forest fire  pioneer species (grasses and perennials)  shrubs, pines 

mature oaks and forests (climax community).
Kinds of Succession:
 Hydrosere
 Mesarch
 Halosere
 Xerosere
 Serule
 Oxylosere
 UNIT – III
NATURAL RESOURCES

The necessities that are required for the service of mankind / life is known as
natural resource.

The term resource was named by Prof. Zimmermann.

Types of Resource:

1. Land resource
2. Forest resource
3. Water resource
4. Energy resource
5. Food resource

1. Land Resource:

Land resource is another important vital resource as it is used for

many purposes.
Our country covers 2.5% of the total available land resource.

Uses of Land Resource:

1. It is mainly used for cultivation purpose.

2. It is used for Mines.
3. For industries and factories.
4. For residential purpose
5. For all the construction
6. For School and colleges
7. For Hospitality.
8. For Research station etc.
Land use change / land use pattern in India:

India consists of about 329 million hectares of land. Out of

these only 306 million hectares of land were surveyed and
researched. Remaining 23 million hectares of land could not or

unable to research, because such places are very thick

forests, few hot deserts and bushy areas etc.

In India (2011 Census)

a. About 68 million hectare of land was forest resource.

b. About 43 million hectares of land were bifurcated as cities, towns,
villages etc.
c. About 25 million hectares of land were yellow soil, means no
fertility.
d. About 11 million hectare of land was grass land.
e. About 18 million hectare of land was considered as waste land.
f. Finally, about 141 million hectares of land were utilizing as
agricultural lands.

Land degradation:

Loss of Minerals fertility and loss of potential and physical

strengths leads to land degradation.
Causes / Reasons:

1. By excess of Mining
2. By rapid urbanization
3. By over digging of land
4. By landslides, earthquakes etc.
5. By using high amount of pesticides
6. By dumping buildings wastes on earth.
7. By harming underground level.
8. By the settlement of plastics inside the earth.
9. By deforestation.
10. By making homes and buildings on hilly region.

Effects:

1. It reduces the minerals.

2. It decreases the nutrients in soil.
3. It reduces the potential strengths of soil.
4. It collapses the natural resources.
5. Lands become barren.
6. It decreases the yield of crops.
7. Few diseases may occur like cholera skin allergy etc.
 8. Increase in temperature.
Controlling measures:

1. To control rapid urbanization.

2. Avoid the excess construction of buildings.
3. To control plastics.
4. To make afforestation.
5. To control excess of mines.
6. To avoid digging of land.
7. To improve the fertility of soil.

Soil Erosion:

Removal of topmost or upper most layer of soil by

man-made activities or by few natural disasters leads to soil
erosion.
There are three types of soil erosion.

1. Sheet Erosion:
Eroding of soil only on upper surface of soil like sheet or
slope like structure.

Ex: By heavy winds or by rainfall.

2. Rill Erosion:

Eroding of soil on both upper and lower surface region

of soil by ring, curvy or stream like structure.
Ex: By Hurricanes, Rain on Hills.

3. Gully Erosion:
Eroding of soil both on upper and lower surface
region of soil like tiny channels in all surfaces.
Ex: By landslides, Earthquake, volcanoes etc.

Causes of Soil Erosion:

 1. By growing same crops in Agriculture fields.
2. By using high number of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture
fields.
3. During floods and Hurricanes.
4. By destroying forests.
5. By blasting crackers and explosives.
6. Due to urbanization.
7. By tar road and cements.
8. Due to excess of mining.
9. By plastic brings and settlement of plastics inside the soil.
10. By over garaging of animals.

Effects:

1. It reduces the fertility of Soil.

2. It damages the vegetation.
3. It affects the crops.
4. Reduction in nutrients.
5. Loss of minerals.
6. Increase in temperature.
7. By acquiring few diseases like soil pollution allergies.
8. It affects water resource.

Controlling Measures:

1. To implement crop rotation method in agricultural fields.

2. To control rapid urbanization.
3. To control excess of mines.
4. To clear al debris on soil.
5. To control over digging of land.
6. To control plastic burning.
7. Avoid the high number of pesticides and fertilizers used in
agricultural areas.
8. To control explosives and firecrackers.

Deforestation:

Reckless cutting of trees and destroying of forests by humans is

called deforestation.
Causes / Reasons:

1. Due to rapid urbanization.

2. By excess of population growth.
3. By expansion of agricultural field along with forest.
4. Due to expansion of Highways and Roadway in forest.
5. By hunting and poaching of animals.
6. By industrial development.
7. By timber extraction.
8. By rubber industries.
9. By acquiring forest lands by rural peoples.
10. By making resort and cottages inside forest.
11. By forest fire.
12. Also, by bush fire.

Effects:

1. Decrease in Rain.
2. It collapses vegetation.
3. Lands become barren.
4. I affect the nutrients in soil
5. Leads to soil erosion
6. It affects birds and animals by loss of shelter.
7. It also affects the lifestyles of tribal people.
8. It collapses natural eco system.
9. Increase in temperature.
10. Leads to global warming.

11. It
promotes less fertility by in soil
12. Depletion of ground water.

Controlling Measures:

1. To avoid forest fire and bush fire.

2. To control resorts and cottages in forests.
3. To control hunting and poaching of animals.
4. To avoid the cutting of trees in forest.
5. To control the extraction of timber.
6. To control the rapid urbanization.
7. To avoid strictly the expansion of Roads and highways.
8. To control the vehicles entering during nighttime.
Desertification:

The place having the rainfall of below 25 cm and ultimately

the land converted into a desert like condition due to loss of
fertility in soil is called desertification.
Causes / Reasons

1. By deforestation.
2. By land degradation.
3. By overgrazing of domestic animals.
4. Due to less rainfall.
5. Due to increase in temperature.
6. By drought and volcanoes.
7. By excess of mining.
8. Improper cultivation practices in agricultural fields.

Effects:

1. It affects vegetation.
2. Global warming may occur.
3. Decreases rainfall.
4. Disease may occur like skin disease, skin rashes etc.
5. Psoriasis may occur.
6. Destruction of species in an ecosystem.
7. It collapses the minerals.
8. It affects nutrients in soil.

Controlling Measures:

1. To make afforestation.
2. Avoid over grazing.
3. To contest global warming.
4. Reclamation of soil.
5. Following scientific cultivation technique.
6. Restoring the soil moisture.
7. To control excess of mines.
8. To grow more plants and trees.
Dams and their effects to Tribal people:

Uses of Dams:
1. It is essential for modern lifestyle areas.
2. It helps to store the water in huge content.
3. It helps to supply water for all residential areas.
4. It also helpful to factories and industries.
5. It helps to generate Hydro Electricity.
6. It also helpful to secrete water during drought conditions.
7. It improves water canals and rivers.
8. It also helps to give water to neighboring states / countries.
9. It controls excess of floods.
10. It improves water holding capacity in ground water.

Dams’ effects to Tribal people:

1. It collapses the forest resource.

2. Tribal people may lose their shelter.
3. Tribal people may suffer from their natural lifestyle.
4. Tribal people may be eager to change their places.
5. Tribal people may suffer from food.
6. They severely suffer from mental sickness.

Use and Over – Exploitation of Surface and

Ground Water Uses of Water:
1. For agricultural practices.
2. For industrial purpose.
3. For domestic use.
4. Recreation purpose (water, parks, water fountains etc.)
5. For mining.
6. For farmers and poultry.
7. For other purpose like garage, hospitality, school and colleges
etc.
Per capita Natural water resources:

The present capita availability of natural water in India per

annum is 1820 cubic meter

Sl. Purpose of using Water used by person

No water per day
in liter.
1. For drinking 2.5 ltr / day
2. For cooking 4.5 ltr / day
3. For washing 13.6 ltr / day
utensils
4. For bathing 27.3 ltr / day

5. For washing 13.6 ltr / day

clothes
6. For toilet 27.3 ltr / day
7. For others 18.5 ltr / day

Over Utilization of Surface and ground water resource:

1. By population explosion
2. By extensive modern agricultural practice.
3. Due to rapid industrialization.
4. By modern urbanization.
5. By tourism and recreation.
6. By wasting water in gardening and parks.
7. Due to construction of excess of buildings.
8. By polling water in curing the buildings.
9. By wasting water in poultry and in farming.
10. By washing vehicles.
11. By over digging of ground water.
12. By wasting water in toilets, cinema halls, street taps, water tanks
etc.
 Usage of water in main cities in India

Sl. Main Person using water per

No Cities day in liter
1. Bengalu 190 ltr / day
ru
2. Delhi 160 ltr / day
3. Chennai 160 ltr / day
4. Hyderab 205 ltr / day
ad
5. Lucknow 190 ltr / day
6. Mumbai 320 ltr / day
7. Kolkata 190 ltr / day
8. Pune 275 ltr / day

Flood:

Overflow of run-off water or rainwater in large areas

due to sudden increase in the water level is called flood.
Causes / Reasons:

1. Due to Heavy Rainfall.

2. By melting of Ice.
3. Due to deforestation.
4. By acquiring empty lake areas for buildings.
5. By collapsing water canals and lakes.
6. Due to a smaller number of dams.

7. By rapid urbanization.
8. By damaging rive and wells.
9. Due to unscientific drainage facilities.
10. By excess of debris segregate in dams, water canals etc.

Effects:

1. It collapses the villages.

2. It may cause natural vegetation.
3. Loss of agricultural crops.
4. It affects pure water.
5. It may cause few diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya
etc.
6. It collapses huts and small homes.
7. It kills few humans.
 8. It also effects to birds and animals.

Controlling measures:

1. By construction heavy dams.

2. Increases the height of dams.
3. To clean water canals and lakes.
4. By scientific method of drainage.
5. Floods detect by RADAR technology.
6. To open temporary medical units in flood affected area.
7. To avoiding pushing and standing water.
8. To give Foods, medicines to affected properly.

Drought:

Any Biographical area leads to prolonged condition

of very less rainfall or continuous absence of rain leads
to drought.
Causes / Reasons:

1. Due to absence of Rain

2. By deforestation.
3. By overgrazing of animals
4. By modern urbanization.
5. By ozone layer depletion.
6. Due to increase in temperature.
7. By over utilization of water.
8. By poor soil management.
9. Due to more humidity.
10. Also, by excess of human population.

Effects:

1. It collapses the vegetation.

2. It decreases the water holding capacity.
 3. Reduction in ground water level.
4. Death of humans and animals or birds due to scarcity of water.
5. It may cause disease like plague, malnutrition etc.
6. Spread of infectious disease.
7. Crops may fail to yield.
8. Lands become barren
9. Destruction of eco system stability.
10. Soil loss its fertility.

Controlling measures:

1. To make afforestation.
2. To control population
3. Limit usage of water
4. Proper utilization of surface and ground water.
5. To grow more plants, tress and medical plants.
6. By adopting rainwater, harvesting and ground water recharge
technique.

Conflicts Over water:

The conflict over water happens during the distribution of
water to relevant states or countries.
TMC: Thousand Million Cubic Centimeters

Cusec: Cubic Feet per second (28.317 liters per second)

a. Inter states water conflicts

1. River Cauvery:
Karnataka > Tamil Nādu >
Kerala and Pondicherry 2. River
Krishna
Maharashtra > Karnataka > Andhra Pradesh.
3. River sutlez –
Yamuna
Punjab and
Haryana
4. River Yamuna
East Rajasthan to Uttar Pradesh and Delhi.
5. River Godawari
 Andhra Pradesh > Karnataka
6. River Mahadayi
Maharashtra > Goa and Karnataka
b. International water conflicts:

i. River Indus – Sutlej India and Pakistan

ii. River Nile - Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan

iii. River Brahmaputra - China and India

iv. Middle East – disputes for Euphrates and Tigris rivers among
Turkey, Syria and Iraq
v. Jordan River Conflict among Israel, Jordan
vi. River Sindhu - India and Pakistan and Afghanistan
vii. The Indus water Treaty (IWT) is a treaty between India and
Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank to use the water
available in the Indus System of Rivers located in India.
IWT was signed in Karachi on September 19th, 1960, by the first Prime
Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and President of Pakistan Ayub
Khan.
Energy Resources:

Energy is a capacity to do work. Energy used in various

sources like industry, factory, domestic purpose science and
technology etc.
Source of Energy:

There are two main sources.

1. Commercial source of Energy:

The energy slapped by commercially is known as commercial

source of
energy.

Ex:

a) Coal: The annual production of coal in India is 2,40,748 million

tones / year.
b) Oil and petroleum:
The annual production of oil and petroleum in India is
1700 million tones / year.
c) Natural Gas:
The annual production is 500 billion cubic meter / year.
2. Non – Commercial source of energy:

The energy shaped with non – commercially is

known as non-commercial source of energy.
Ex:
a) Fuel wood:
The annual production of fuel wood in India is 223 million tones /
year.
b) Agricultural waste:
The annual production of agriculture waste in India is 65
million tones / year.
c) Dried Dung:
The annual production of dried dung in India is 73 million tones /
year.

Sl. No Energy Unit in Percentage

Resources (%)
 1. Petroleum 39.5%
2. Coal 30.3%
3. Natural gas 19.6%
4. Hydro energy 6.7%
5. Atomic energy 3.9%

Renewable and Non-Renewable Source of Energy

1. Renewable source of energy:

a) Solar Energy:
i) It is used to generate electricity.
ii) It is used in few vehicles like solar bus, solar car etc.
iii) It is used in Boiling water

b) Hydro Energy:
i) Used to generate Hydro Electricity.
ii) Used to produce power supply.
iii) Used mainly in domestic purpose.

c) Wind Energy:
i) Used to measure the speed and the direction of winds.
ii) Used to generate electricity
iii) Used to fetch water in agricultural fields.
d) Tidal waves energy:
i) By using waves of sea to generate electricity.
ii) It requires low maintenance.
iii) It does not produce greenhouse gas.
e) Geo- thermal Energy:
i) The Energy harvested from the earth internal heat.
ii) The energy is free of cost.

2. Non – Renewable source of Energy:

The energy which cannot be used or generate once its use.

Ex:

a. Fuels:
i. Petrol: it doesn’t easily evaporate, it is brown, red colors.
ii. Diesel: it easily evaporates, it is algal green color.
iii. Kerosene: used in kitchen, used in boiling, used in lamps.
iv. White kerosene: used as a fuel in
Aeroplan, Jets, Helicopters etc. Also
 used in watch repairs.
b. Few minerals like
i. Coal
ii. Platinum etc.

Alternative source of Energy:

1. Ethanol:
a. It is used as an additional source in petrol.
b. It is easily dissolved in water.

2. Ethyl Alcohol:
a. Used in Beverages, Hot drinks and in phenyl’s
b. Also used in Forensic laboratories.
3. L.P.G:
“Liquefied petroleum Gas”
a. Used in Kitchen to cook.
b. Also used in few vehicles as fuel.
c. Mainly used in Laboratories, Factories and in industry.

4. Hydrogen:
It is used as a fuel in Rocket.

a. To provide electric energy.

5. Nitrogen:
a. Used in all instant food pockets milk and milk
products, coffee or tea powder to maintain the quality
of the food.
b. Used as an Air in few vehicle tyres.

Circulation of Air:

Atmosphere circulation is the large – scale

movement of air by which heat is distributed on the
surface of earth.
The earth’s atmospheric circulation varies from year to
year, but the large-scale structure of its circulation remains
constant.
The wind belts and the jet streams girdling the planet are steered
by three connections cells.

a. The Hadley cells (Trade winds)

b. The Ferrell cells (Prevailing westerlies)
c. The polar cells (Polar easterlies)
 UNIT – IV

CONSERVATION OF
Definition: BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity is defined as “Variety and Variability among

living entities and which the ecological complexes they occur”.
The term biodiversity was named by E.O Wilson in 1985.

Importance of Biodiversity:

1. Biodiversity improves all the natural resource.

2. It balances all the eco – system.
3. It develops the plants and grass land.
4. It maintains the pollution by various hazardous things.
5. It improves bio-geo chemical cycle like ‘water cycle’,
‘carbon cycle’, ‘nutrient cycle’, ‘oxygen cycle’ etc.
6. It gives a good nature and environment.
7. It gives a good shelter to all birds and animals.
8. It helps for our sustainable lifestyle.
9. It improves ground water level.
10. It also improves nutrients and fertility in soil.

Levels or types of Biodiversity:

There are three levels or types of Biodiversity.

1. Genetic diversity:

The variation that exists among different individuals by

a gene or genetic diversity is Biodiversity.
Ex: Paddy (Oryza Sativa)
There are 40,000 paddy varieties in India.
1. Mango
There are 1500 mango varieties in India.
 2. Species diversity:

The variation that exists among different species by

different individuals in a biodiversity.
Ex:
a. Felis Cat:
Panther Leo –
Lion Panther
Tiger – Tiger
Panthera Leopard - This entire species is cat family.

b. Aves / Birds:

Ostrich, Great Indian Bustard, kiwi, Indian, Roller, Hen etc.

3. Eco- System diversity:

The variation that exists among different eco – system in

biodiversity.

Ex: Food Chain, Water Cycle, Ecological Pyramid etc.

Bio Geographical Classification / Zones of Biodiversity in India:

There are 10 classification / zones of Biodiversity

1. Trans – Himalayan region:

Places: it comprises
a. Ladakh Mountains in Jammu & Kashmir.
b. Lahoule spithi in Himachal Pradesh.

Flora [Plants]: Pine, Tree, Deodar Tree, Babob Tree etc.

Fauna [Animals/Birds]: Snow leopard, Musk

deer, Kingfisher, Albatrus, Flemingo, Sambar etc.
2. The Himalayan region:
Places: It comprises eastern, western and central Himalayas.

Flora [Plants]: Deodar tree, Camphor Tree, Caster Tree, Acacia

etc.
 3. The Gangetic plains:
Places: It Comprises, eastern Rajasthan to Uttara Pradesh, Bihar
and west Bengal.
Flora: Banyan Tree, Acacia, Peepal tree, Terai grass land,
Tamarind tree etc.

Fauna: Crocodile, Hippopotamus, Swan, Duck, crane, fishes etc.

4. The North –Eastern region:

Places: Brahmaputra Valley, Assam Hills, Meghalaya etc.
Flora: Bamboo, tea plants, jock fruits, KhajJiyar grassland,
Peepal tree etc. Fauna: Elephants, sloth bear, wild boar,
Fox, wolf, Rhinoceros, Crane, Egyptian Plower bird, cattle
egrets.

5. The Desert
Zone:
Places:
a. Thar Desert in Rajasthan.
b. Gulf / Runn of Kutch in Gujarat.
Flora: Dates, Cactus, Bunny Grasslands, Thorns, Shorea
trees etc.

Fauna: Desert cats, Camel, Side winder snakes etc.

6. The Semi – Arid Zone:

The area contributes between desert and Deccan plate.
Places: Punjab plains and Gujarat Gir Forest.
Flora: Orange, Lemon, Gooseberry, Shorea, Gulmohar tree,
thorn, trees etc.
Fauna: Lion, Leopard, Varanus, Woodpecker, Vultures, Hawks,
Deer, Bison etc.

7. The Deccan Plateau:

The area contributes between desert and Deccan plateau.

Places: Nagpur in Madhya Pradesh. Odissa, Central Highlands

etc.

Flora: Banana, Banyan Tree, Teak wood, Tamarind,

 Avenue Tree Fauna: Elephants, Wolf, Hyena, Eagle,
Pigeon, Leopard, Wild cats, Wild buffalo etc.

8. The Western Ghats:

Places: It starts from River Tapti from Gujarat – Maharashtra
– Goa-Karnataka
Kerala and ends at Kanyakumari, Tamil Nādu.
Flora: Nilgiris’s, Neem, Mango, Guava, Gooseberry,
Jamun, Avenues, Banyan etc.
Fauna: Tiger, Elephant, Deer, peacocks, Leopard,
Monkey’s, Fox, Wild boar, Porcupine, Hawk,
Nightingale, Indian roller etc.

9. The Costal Zones:

Places: 1) Arabian Sea
2) Bay of Bengal

Flora: Palm Tree, Coconut Tree, Papaya, Arecanut etc.

Fauna: Fishes, Turtle, Whales, Shark, Molluscan etc.

10. The Islands:

Places: 1. Andaman & Nicobar Island

2. Lakshadweep Islands

Flora: Mangroves, Pepper, Cloves, Cinnamon, Cardamom, gingerly

Seeds etc.

Fauna: Viper Snake, Anaconda, Lion – tailed Macaque,

Spoon billed birds, Golden Langur etc.
 Endangered and Endemic Species in India:

A species is said to endangered when its number are

reduced severely that it faces the danger of becoming extinct.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

– Red Data Book Flora – Plants

Fauna – Animals and Birds

a) Endangered Flora (plants)

1. Indian Snake root -
(Rauwolfia Serpentina)
2. Fly catcher

- (Drosera Indica)
3. Demon flower or pitcher plant -
(Nepenthes khasiana)
4. Holy bead Tree -
(Elaecorpus Gatritus
/ Munronii)
5. White Meranti Tree -
(Shorea Roxburghi)
6. Rain / Umbrella Tree -
(Samania Saman)

b) Endangered Fauna (Animals/Birds):

i) Birds:
1.
Sarus Crane
2.
Owl
3.
Whooping crane
4. Great Indian Bustard
5. Peacock
 ii) Animals:
1. Tiger

2. Asiatic Lion

3.
Pangolin
4. Orangutan

5.
Malabar Tree Toad
6.
Gharial
7.
Sea horse
8. Grizzly bear

9. Slender Loris

10. Red crown roofed turtle

11. Indian Rhinoceros -
12. King cobra

India as a mega diversity Nation:

India is one of the 12 th Mega Biodiversity nations across the

world. 70% of total area of the country surveyed by biodiversity.
Over all 6% of Global species are found in India. The total number of
lining species identified in our country is more than 12,28,000 and
above.
Some of the distribution of species in some major groups of Flora
and fauna in India.

1. There are nearly 5,10,000 varieties of

inspects found in India. Ex: Bed bug,
Grasshopper, Cricket, spider etc.

2. More than 2,500 varieties of fishes

found in India. Ex: Catla, Goldfish,
Bangadi, Salmon fishes etc.

3. Nearly 1,225 varieties of birds in India.

Ex: Indian roller, Crocodile bird, Pigeon, Nightingale etc.

4. There are 19,400 varieties of flowering

plants found in India. Ex: Gulmohar,
Marigold, Jasmine, Hibiscus, Rose, Tulip
 etc.

5. Nearly 1,135 varieties of non-flowering plants found in India.

Ex: Bamboo, Grass, King ferns, Horse tail, touch me not plant etc.

6. There are 6,500 varieties of algae

found in India. Ex: Blue green algae,
red algae, Brown algae etc.

7. Nearly 14,500 varieties of fungus

found in India. Ex: Mushroom,
Yeast, Moulds etc.

8. There are 2,021 varieties of

lichens found in India. Ex: Usnea,
Permalia etc.

9. There are 456 varieties of reptiles found in India.

Ex: Varanus, Monitor Lizard, Crocodiles, Chameleon,
Salamander etc.

10. Nearly 210 varieties of amphibians found in India. Ex:

Frog, Turtle, Snail, Water snakes etc.

11. There are 45,000 varieties of wild plants found in India.

Ex: Banyan, Tamarind, Mango, Peepal, Sandalwood, Avenue
tree etc.

12. Nearly 390 varieties of Mammals found in India. Ex: Elephant,

Lion, Bat, Fox, Cow etc.

13. More than 390 varieties of Sharks and

Whales found in India. Ex:
a) Shark : Basking Shark
Killer shark

Hunter shark
Tiger shark
etc.…
b) Whales : Blue whale
 Sperm whale
Melon – Headed
whale
Humpback
whale
Fin whale
14. There are 300 varieties of medicinal plants found in India.
Ex: Neem, Peepal, Holy basil, Tinospora Cordifolia, Indian Snake
root etc.

15. Nearly 3000 varieties of crustaceans found in India. Ex:

Scorpions, Crabs, Shrimps, Seashells, Xancus etc.

16. More than 3000 different species varieties used as.

a) Edible oil- Sunflower, Groundnut, Gingelly seeds etc.…
b) Coloring reagent - Saffron, Turmeric etc.…
c) For Soaps and Powders – Sandal, Jasmine, Neem etc.

HOT SPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY:

Any Bio Geographical area having 0.5% of world plant

species such places are called Hot Spots.
British Ecologist “Norman Myer” named the term Hot

Spot in 1988. There are 35 Hot Spots in the World.

a) World Hot Spots region:

1. Mediterranean Pine oak woodland North America.
2. California Floristic: Pacific coasts of North America.
3. Caribbean Islands: Gulf of Mexico.
4. Europe: Mediterranean Basin.
5. Central Asia: Mountains of Central Asia.
6. Atlantic forest.
7. Tropical indies
8. Valdivia forests
9. Cerrado
10. Guinea forest
11. Madagascar Islands
12. Cape town
13. Part of Indian Ocean Islands.
14. Succulent Karoo
 15. Coastal forests
16. Horn of Africa

South Africa

17. India
18. Nepal
19. Myanmar
20. Sir Lanka

21. Bhutan

East Asia

22. Japan
23. China- Mountains

South – East Asia

24. East Melanesian Islands.

25. Philippines
26. Eastern Australian Temperate forests.
27. New Zealand
28. New Caledonia

Asia Pacific

29. Wallace
30. Southwest Australia
31. Polynesia – Micronesia

West Asia

32. Irano – anotolian

33. Caucasus
34. Iraq
35. Qatar
 b) India’s Hot Spots region:
There are four (4) Hot Spots region in India.
1. The Eastern Himalayas
2. The Western Ghats
3. Indo – Burma
4. Sunderland.

Man, Wildlife Conflicts:

The resultant of negative impacts and inter nations
between wild animals and human is a Biodiversity leads
to man wildlife conflicts.
Reasons:

1. Due to implementation of electric fence around the agricultural

field.
2. By over utilization of forest resources.
3. By acquiring forest lands.
4. Due to illegal entry of humans into forests.
5. The female tiger attacks on humans to protect their cubs.
6. By rapid urbanization.
7. Due to hunting and poaching of animals.
8. To arrange entertaining programmers inside the forest.
9. To tease wildlife is their territories.
10. Due to over speed of vehicles inside national parks and in wild
sanctuaries.

Conflicts:

1. In Sambalpur - Orissa-
More than 195 people killed by wild elephants.
For its retaliation the villagers killed 98
elephants and badly injured 30 wile elephants.
2. In Sunder ban forest West Bengal around 100 people
killed by Bengal Tigers. For its retaliation people killed
merely 30 tigers.
3. During 1978-1991 in Gujarat 28 people killed by Asiatic lions.
4. During 1989-1994 is Bihar and U.P 48 people killed by
cloth bear, for its retaliation, people killed 13-15 cloth
bears.
 5. During 1989-1994 in south Indian states, more than 242
peoples killed & injured by temple elephants.
6. In western Ghats region so many people killed and affected by
snake bites

Biodiversity Conservation methods of types:

To conserve all kinds of species in biodiversity area.

a. The entire economically important organism in protected

area should be identified and conserved.
b. There should be sustainable utilization of resources.
c. To control hunting and poaching of wild species.
d. The over exploitation of useful products of wildlife should be
prevented.
e. To give public awareness regarding the biodiversity and eco
system.
f. Environmental laws should be strictly followed.

Conservation Methods or Types:

There are two types of methods of Biodiversity conservation.

1. In - Situ Conservation.
2. Ex – Situ Conservation.

1.In - Situ Conservation (within Habitat):

Conservation of wild species, nature resource etc. in their
natural Surroundings without destruction in a biodiversity is
called In Situ conservation.

Ex: a. National parks

b. Wildlife sanctuaries.
c. Bird sanctuaries

Advantages of In Situ Conservation

a. The Flora (Plants) and Fauna (Birds and animals)
live in natural habitat without human interference.
b. The life cycle of the organism and their evolution progress
in a natural way.
c. In- Situ conservation provides the required green
 cover and its associated benefits to our
environment.
d. It balances the eco system
e. Also helpful to tribal people.

2. Ex – Situ Conservation (Above Habitat):

Conservation of wild species, resource in outer areas

without destruction is called Ex – Situ Conservation.
Ex: a. Zoological Gardens
b. Botanical Gardens
c. Aquariums
d. Gene bank
Advantages of Ex-Situ Conservation:

a. It is useful for declining population of species.

b. It helps to protect all kinds of wild animals from threat.
c. Threatened species are breeded in captivity and then released in
natural habitat.
d. Also useful for conduction research and scientific on different
species.
Values of Services of Biodiversity:

Values or service can be defined as the worth / Price /

wealth with respect to human beings.
There are 9 values or service in Biodiversity,

1. Consumptive use value /services:

The value used for our daily consumption or for service in a

Biodiversity

Ex: a) Food b) Water c) Fuels d) Drugs and Medicines

2. Productive use values / services:

The value made by species and their products to production

service.
Ex: a. Silk from silkworm
b. Wool from sheep
c. wax from honeybee
3. Social Value / Service:

The Value associated with few religious and social beliefs in

biodiversity.

Ex: Holy Basil, Neem Tree, Peepal Tree

4. Ethical Values / Services:

The value or service with few ethics and morality in a

biodiversity.

Ex: a) To Conserve nature

b) Do not hunt animals

5. Aesthetical Value / service:

The value associated with beautiful nature and environment is a

biodiversity.
Ex: a) Amazon Forest

b) Macel Picchu etc.

6. Optional Value / Service:

The value or service only with few options in a biodiversity.

Ex: a) To protect Endangered and Endemic species.

b) To Control Pollution.

7. LegalValues / Service:
The value associated with few legal acts and rules to save
biodiversity and species

Ex:
a) Wildlife protection Act (1972)
b) Forest Conservation Act (1980)
c) Environment Protection Act (1986)

8. Economic Value / Service:

Biodiversity forms the major resource for industries, which
 govern the world economy. Eg: food, fodder, medicine, etc.

The value mode with species for economic concern and services in the biodiversity
Ex: a) Sandalwood

comb, pistol, Guns made by Elephant Tusk

Window curtains, clothes made by Tiger, 1 Giraffe’s Skin.

Eco- System Value / Services.

The Value concern with eco system to bio diversity service. Ex: a)Nutrient Cycles
Water cycle
Oxygen cycle etc.
 UNIT - V

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
According to E.P Odum pollution can be defined as any undesirable
change occur through physically, chemically and biologically in the environment.
Pollutants:

Any Substance which causes pollution are called pollutant.

Ex: SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide

NO2- Nitrous Oxide

Dust, Saw Dust, Carbon, Plastic etc..

Source of Pollution :

There are two sources of pollution

Natural pollution

Earthquake
Flood
Cyclones
Tsunami

Man Made Pollution

Air Pollution
Water pollution
Noise Pollution
Sound pollution
Soil pollution
Thermal pollution
Radio – active pollution

Air Pollution:
ur through physically, chemically and biologically by air in environment is called Air Pollution.

Causes / Reasons :

a. Due to excess of vehicles emission

b. By burnings of fuels
c. Due to forest fire
d. By excess of automobile exhaust
e. Due to release of industrial smog
f. By volcanic eruption
g. By crackers and explosives
h. Burning of fuel wood etc..
Effects :

a. It affects ozone layer

b. Severe respiration problem may occur
c. The particulars matters block the stomata of the plants.
d. It decrease the fresh air in environment.
e. It affects bronchial nerves
f. It is also effects birds and animals.
g. Few air borne disease may occur.
h. Coughing and sneezing occurs randomly.

Controlling measures :

Avoid excess of vehicles to control carbon – monoxide (CO)

To control excess of smog released by industries.
Adopting new engines and machines in Industries.
To Control forest fire.
Do not burn plastic to avoid the release of dioxins to atmosphere.
to avoid crackers and explosives.
By using Eco- friendly vehicle to control emission.
Increase the height of chimney’s is industries & in factories.
Water Pollution:

Any undesirable change occur through physically, chemically and

biologically by contamination of water and in water is called water pollution.

Causes / Reasons

a. By releasing wastes through ditches into rivers.

b. Due to release of industrial effluents and chemicals into the water.
c. By washing animals inside rivers.
d. By washing vehicles inside rivers.
e. Due to oil spill by ships and boats.
f. By unscientific method of fishing.
g. By discharging faecus into rivers.
h. By release to toxic minerals into water.
i. By throwing wastes and other hard substance and plastics into sacred waters.
j. By also throwing dead bodies of humans and animals into water.

Effects :

a. The polluted water may cause health affects.

b. It may damage oesophagial glands liver and kidney.
c. The heavy metals like lead, cadmium etc in water may cause death to aquatic life.
d. Oil spill affect the water and also fisheries.
e. The polluted waters also cause typhoid cholera and amoebic dysentery.
f. Arsenic in water may turn the color of teeth and skin from white to yellow.
g. It also cause throat pain and lungs.

Controlling Measures:

a. To control the sewage water mixed into river and streams.

b. To avoid unscientific method or fishing.
c. To control the industrial discharge.
d. To avoid the washing of vehicles and animals in waters.
e. To control the settlement of plastics and other hard substance in water.
f. To control oil spill of ships and boats.
g. Avoid the toxic minerals discharge into rivers.
h. Do not dump or throw dead bodies of humans and animals.

Noise pollution / Sound Pollution:

The term noise or sound pollution defined as an unwanted sound in a wrong

place at a wrong time.
Causes :

a. By vehicle horn
b. Due to excess of vehicles
c. By over – digging machines
 d. By large machines in industries
e. By fire crackers
f. By household thing like mixer grinder T.V, Radio, Loud, Speaker etc…
g. By Orchestra
h. By musical instruments.
i. By excess of mining.
j. By automobile industries.

Effects :

a. It affects Hear damage

b. Mental stress
c. Head ache
d. It may cause heart attack
e. It also affect to ear drum if the noise level is high.
f. Also cause mental disorder.

Controlling Measures :

a. To control large industries.

b. To hear T.V, Radio, Songs in low volume
c. Reduce the decibel of vehicle horns.
d. Should adopt acoustics in school, colleges and in hospitals.
e. To grow more bamboo plants to control excess of sound.
f. Workers should wear protective equipment in factories.

Soil Pollution:

Any undesirable change occur through physically, chemically and biologically in

soil or in land leads to soil pollution.
Causes / Reasons:

a. By using excess of fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural lands.

b. By rapid urbanization.
c. Due to release of chemicals by industries.
d. By excess of cement and tar.
e. By forest fire.
f. Due to excess of mines.
g. By overgrazing by domestic animals.
h. Due to acid rain.
i. By fire crackers and exposures.
j. By settlement of plastic and toxic metals in soil.
k. By growing same crops in agricultural areas.

Effects:

a. Less yield of crops

b. Loss of vegetation
 c. Soil loss its fertility
d. Absence of nutrients in soil
e. Absence of minerals in soil
f. Absence of rain
g. It also affects ground water table.
h. It also affects to de composers.

Controlling measures:

a. Reduce the usage of fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural lands.

b. To control modern urbanization.
c. To grow more medical plants.
d. Avoid crackers and explosives.
e. To control excess of mines.
f. Strictly ban the plastics and other toxic metals.
g. To control the discharge of chemicals by industries and factories.
h. Improve the fertility of soil by crop rotation method.

Thermal Pollution:
Release of hot wastes and hot water by heat industries leads to thermal pollution.

Causes / Reasons:

a. By brick and cement industries.

b. By minis
c. By automobile industries.
d. Due to release of chemicals
e. By atomic research station
f. By burning fuel wood.

Effects

a. It affects skin
b. Loss of hair
c. Physical and mental stress.
d. Increase in temperature.
e. Ozone layer depletion.

Controlling measures

a. Workers should wear safety and protective dress in working areas.

b. To control minis.
c. Safety precaution must taken in research station.
d. To control hot chemicals.
Radioactive Pollution:
Due to release of Radioactive substances by various sources leads to
Radioactive pollution.
Causes / Reasons:

a. By atomic research station

b. By android and iphones
c. Due to towers and mobile towers.
d. By radiation industries.
e. By radiums in clock and in photo frame.

Effects

a. New radiological disorder may occur

b. It mainly affect to pregnant women.
c. Child may birth like neurological symptoms.
d. It cause internal organ defects.
e. Also leads to skin irritation and eye damage.

Controlling measures :

a. Avoid mobile towers on terrace.

b. Data should be in permissible limit
c. Radiation industries should be far away from residential areas.
d. Strictly prohibit the entry of children and old aged people to atomic research areas.
e. Mobile phones, android, iphones etc… should keep far away during sleep houses.

Nuclear Hazards:

Risk or danger to human health or the environment exposed by the

radiation emanating from the atomic nucleus in called Nuclear Hazards.

Benjamin K Sovacool has reported that worldwide there have been 99

accidents at nuclear power plant.
The major nuclear accidents :

1.Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984)

2. Chernobyl Disaster (1986)

3. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011)

Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984)

Bhopal gas tragedy or Bhopal gas disaster is also considered as world’s worst disaster.

It happens on December 2 & 3, 1984 in Bhopal, Madhyapradesh.

It was caused by the accident release of about 40 tons of MIC (Methyl Iso-
Cyanate) to the air from union carbide India Limited., a pesticide manufacturing plant.
Reason:
a. During water washing the water leakage enters into tank contains about
410 tons of MIC.
b. Due to exothermic reaction the Toxic gas acquired entire atmosphere

Effects:
a. Lot of people loss their life.
b. Respiration problem
c. Lung disorder
d. Nerve damage
e. Skin disorder
f. Leaves get barren
g. Death of animal and
birds. After disaster:
a. The CEO of UCIL arrested
b. Compensation given to affected people and death family.
c. Lot of medical unit open
d. Corpse collected and dumped in Narmada river.
e. The accused relevant to disaster were arrested.
f. The plant finally seized and restricted to peoples.

The Chernobyl disaster (1986):

th
This disaster happens in 26 of April 1986 in Keiv City Ukraine.
The accident took lives of 30 people immediately and vast evacuation of
135000 people within 20 mile radius of the power plant.

Causes of the Accident :

This accident happened while testing of RBMK reactor. (Reactor

Bolshoy Moshchnosti Kanalniy).

“It is a class of graphite moderated nuclear power reactor designed and

built by the Soviet Union.

1. Design fault in RBMK reactor.

2. A violation of procedures.

3. Breakdown of communication

4. Lack of a safety culture in power plant.

Effects :

1. There is a huge increase in Thyroid cancer in Ukrainian children (below

15 years old).

2. there has been an increase in psychological disorders such as anxiety,

depression, mental stress etc..
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011)

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was a series of equipment failure,

nuclear meltdowns and release of radio active materials at the Fukushima nuclear
power plant following the Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami on 11 March 2011.

Solid waste Management :

Solid Waste:

Any unusable things, trash or garbage thrown by household, Mining,

commercial areas, Agricultural areas etc. .is called solid waste.
Ex: Old News paper, Glass Pieces, Slaughter waste, Plastic etc..

Solid Waste Management :

Solid waste management is a term used to refer to the process of collecting

and treating solid wastes.
Sources :

1. Municipal Solid waste

House waste, Apartment waste, commercial waste like, hotels,

markets, schools, colleges, Hospitals, Garden waste, street waste etc..
2. Industrial Waste

Chemicals, mining waste, paper waste, brick waste etc..

3. Agriculture waste

Fertilizers, pesticides residues, empty tins and gunny bags.

4. Waste from Natural disaster :

Floods, Earthquakes, forest fire, landslides etc..

Classification of Solid Waste:

1. Biodegradable waste :

Ex: Fruits and vegetable waste, food waste etc..

2. Non Biodegradable waste :

Ex: Plastics, Metals, Polythene etc..
3. Toxic waste
Ex: Chemicals, Medical waste like syringes, used needles, blood coated
cottons, scissors, empty syrup bottles etc..
4. Non – toxic waste:
Ex: Old news papers, hairs, nails, books, stationary items etc..
 5. Bio- medical waste:
Ex: Human organs, Dissected Animal organs, Spirit etc..

Effects of Solid waste :

1. It causes Air pollution

2. It collapse Ground water

3. Major Health problems

4. When burning plastics, it release dioxins.

When burning garbage, it release methane gas

It also destroy aesthetic surrounding.

it may cause water pollution.

The garbage consists of rats,mouse, insects may cause plague,Malaria

Solid waste management process :

Collection method : Wet waste and Dry waste.

Garbage bins

Waste collected in pull cart vehicle

Block collection

Krebsite collection

Segregated in plant

Disposal of Solid Waste :

Open dumping

Landfill

Sanitary landfill

Incineration
5. Composting

6. Volume reduction ( 4R Technique : Re-use, Reduce, Recycle, Refuse)

 UNIT – 6

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES

Climate change:

The primary cause of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal,
which emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere—primarily carbon dioxide. Other
human activities, such as agriculture and deforestation, also contribute to the
proliferation of greenhouse gases that cause climate change.

What are the effects of climate change?

Even small increases in Earth’s temperature caused by climate change can have severe
effects. The earth’s average temperature has gone up 1.4° F over the past century and
is expected to rise as much as 11.5° F over the next. That might not seem like a lot, but
the average temperature during the last Ice Age was about 4º F lower than it is today.
Rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps (again, caused by climate change)
contribute to greater storm damage; warming ocean temperatures are associated with stronger and
more frequent storms; additional rainfall, particularly during severe weather events, leads to flooding
and other damage; an increase in the incidence and severity of wildfires threatens habitats, homes,
and lives; and heat waves contribute to human deaths and other consequences.

Global Warming?
Global warming is the slow increase in the average temperature of the earth’s
atmospherebecause an increased amount of the energy (heat) striking the earth from the
sun is being trapped in the atmosphere and not radiated out into space.
The earth’s atmosphere has always acted like a greenhouse to capture the sun’s
heat, ensuring that the earth has enjoyed temperatures that permitted the emergence
of life forms as we know them, including humans.
Without our atmospheric greenhouse the earth would be very cold. Global warming, however, is the
equivalent of a greenhouse with high efficiency reflective glass installed the wrong way around.
What Causes Global Warming?
There are three positions on global warming:
(1) that global warming is not occurring and so neither is climate change.
(2) that global warming and climate change are occurring, but these are
natural, cyclic events unrelated to human activity; and
(3) that global warming is occurring as a result primarily of human activity and so
climate change is also the result of human activity.

Green house effect:

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Due to wrong human activities such as
clearing forests, burning fossil fuels, releasing industrial gas in the atmosphere, etc., the
emission of greenhouse gases is increasing. Thus, this has, in turn, resulted in global warming.
What are themost importantgreenhouse gases(GHGs)?

The most common and most talked about greenhouse gases is CO2 or carbon dioxide.
In fact, because it is so common, scientists use it as the benchmark or measure of
things that warm the atmosphere.

Methane, another important GHG, for example, is 28-36 times as warming as CO2
when in the upper atmosphere (USEPA GWP – Global Warming Potential – estimate
over 100 years), therefore, 1 ton of methane = 28-36 tons eCO2 or CO2 equivalents.

The most commonly discussed GHGs are:

o CO2 or carbon dioxide is produced any time something is burned. It

is the most common GHG, constituting by some measures almost 55% of total long-
term GHGs. It is used as a marker by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency, for example, because of its ubiquity.
Methaneor CH4 is produced in many combustion processes and also by
anaerobic decomposition, for example, in flooded rice paddies, pig and
cow stomachs, and pig manure ponds.
1. Nitrous oxide in parean(laughing gas), NO/N2O or simply NOx
is a byproduct of fertilizer production and use, other industrial processes and
the combustion of certain materials.
• Fluorinated gaseswere created as replacements for ozone depleting
refrigerants, but have proved to be both extremely long lasting and extremely warming
GHGs. They have no natural sources, but are entirely man-made.
• or SF6[Sulphur hexa fluoride] is used for specialized medical procedures, but
primarily in what are called dielectric materials, especially dielectric liquids. These are used
as insulators in high voltage applications such as transformers and grid switching gear.
 Effects of green house gases:
Greenhouse gases have far-ranging environmental and health effects. They cause
climate change by trapping heat, and they also contribute to respiratory disease from
smog and air pollution. Extreme weather, food supply disruptions, and increased
wildfires are other effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gases.
The major causes of the greenhouse effect are:
• Burning of Fossil Fuels. Fossil fuels are an important part of our lives.
• Deforestation.
• Farming.
• Industrial Waste and Landfills.
• Global Warming.
• Depletion of Ozone Layer.
• Smog and Air Pollution.
• Acidification of Water Bodies.

Why it is called greenhouse effect.?

The process is called the greenhouse effect because the exchange of incoming
and outgoing radiation that warms the planet works in a similar way to a
greenhouse.

Acid rain:
Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic
components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet
or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
Causes of Acid Rain:
The causes of acid rain can be both natural and man-made. Both volcanoes and
decaying vegetation release gases that result in the formation of acid rain. However, the
majority of gases come from man-made sources, such as fossil fuel combustion.
In the United States, around two-thirds of sulfur dioxide and one-quarter of
nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere are
released from electric power generation due to burning fossil fuels. The exhaust from

vehicles also releases both gases into the air, so the more vehicles, the more risk of acid

rain.

Effects of Acid Rain:

Overall, the environment and its inhabitants are adapted to survive within a certain acidity
level. When acid rain falls, it can dramatically alter the acidity level of the habitat and
cause a great deal of damage to the living and non-living things within.
Acid rain can negatively affect human health by creating particles in the air that can cause

respiratory problems or make breathing more difficult. Acid rain can also cause building materials to
decay more rapidly and paint more likely to peel. The acidity also wears down stone statues,
making them appear older and reducing their value.

Ozone layer depletion:

Ozone means:
Ozone(O3) is a highly reactive gas composed of three oxygen atoms. It is both a natural and a
man-made product that occurs in the Earth's upper atmosphere. (the stratosphere) and lower
atmosphere (the troposphere). Depending on where it is in the atmosphere, ozone affects life on
Earth in either good or bad ways
Ozone depletion:
Ozone depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons gases formerly found in
aerosol spray cans and refrigerants—are released into the atmosphere (see details below).
CFCs and halons cause chemical reactions that break down ozone molecules, reducing
ozone's ultraviolet radiation-absorbing capacity.

Ozone layer depletion causes increased UV radiation levels at the Earth's surface, which is damaging
to human health. Negative effects include increases in certain types of skin cancers, eye cataracts and
immune deficiency disorders. UV rays also affect plant growth, reducing agricultural productivity.
Controlling measures of ozone depletion:
Avoid the consumption of gases dangerous to the ozone layer, due to their content or
manufacturing process. ...
1. Minimize the use of cars.
2. Do not use cleaning products that are harmful to the environment and to us
3. Banning the use of ozone depletion substance like CFC, HFC, Freons etc
4. By use Eco-friendly vehicles like; electric vehicles, solar bus, bicycles etc.
5. To ban fire crackers and explosives.
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS:
1. Wildlife protection Act – 1972:
Objectives of the Wild Life Protection Act:
To prohibit hunting of wild animals; birds, etc. and impose punishment for violating the same.
The schedules give absolute protection to certain species and these cannot be infringed on any
account. To provide security to animals that are not in danger of becoming extinct.

CHAPTER - I [PRELIMINARY SECTIONS]: 1. Short title, extent and commencement. 2.

Definitions.

CHAPTER - II [AUTHORITIES TO BE APPOINTED OR CONSTITUTES UNDER THE ACT]:

3. Appointment of Director and other officers.
4. Appointment of Life Warden and other officers.
5. Power to delegate. 5A. Constitution of the National Board for Wild
Life. 5B. Standing Committee of the National Board.
5C. Functions of the National Board.
6. Constitution of State Board for Wild Life.
7. Procedure to be followed by the Board.
8. Duties of State Board for Wild Life.

CHAPTER - III [HUNTING OF WILD ANIMALS]:

Prohibition of hunting.
Hunting of wild animals to be permitted in certain cases,
Grant of permit for special purposes.
CHAPTER IIIA PROTECTION OF SPECIFIED PLANTS :
Prohibition of picking, uprooting, etc. of specified plant.
Grants of permit for special purposes.
Cultivation of specified plants without licence prohibited.
Dealing in specified plants without licence prohibited.
CHAPTER IV PROTECTED AREAS Sanctuaries, Declaration of sanctuary, Protection to sanctuaries.
Prohibition of entry into sanctuary with weapon, Ban on use of injurious substances.
Natioanl Parks: Declaration of National Parks.
Power of Central Government to declare areas as sanctuaries or National Parks.

CHAPTER IV – A: CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY AND RECOGNITION OF

ZOOS SECTIONS:
Constitution of Central Zoo Authority, Term of office and conditions of service of
Chairperson and members, etc. Functions of the Authority, Procedure to be regulated by
the Authority. Grants and loans to Authority and Constitution of Fund.
CHAPTER IV – B: NATIONAL TIGER CONSERVATION AUTHORITY:
Definitions, Constitution of National Tiger Conservation Authority, Term of office and conditions of
service of members, Officers and employees of Tiger Conservation Authority, Powers and
functions of Tiger Conservation Authority, Procedure to be regulated by Tiger Conservation
Authority. Grants and loans to Tiger Conservation Authority and Constitution of Fund.
CHAPTER IV – C: TIGER AND OTHER ENDANGERED SPECIES CRIME CONTROL
BUREAU: Constitution of Tiger and other Endangered Species Crime Control Bureau.
Powers and functions of the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau.

CHAPTER – V: TRADE OR COMMERCE IN WILD ANIMALS, ANIMAL ARTICLES

AND TROPHIES:
Declarations, Immunity in certain cases, Inquiry and preparation of inventories.
Certificate of ownership.
Regulation of transfer of animal, etc.
Dealings in trophy and animal articles without licence prohibited.

CHAPTER V-A: PROHIBITION OF TRADE OR COMMERCE IN TROPHIES, ANIMAL

ARTICLES, ETC., DERIVED FROM CERTAIN ANIMALS:
Definitions, Prohibition of dealings in trophies, animal articles, etc., derived from scheduled animals.

CHAPTER – VI: PREVENTION AND DETECTION OF OFFENCES:

Power of entry, search, arrest and detention.
Penalties, Certain conditions to apply while granting bail, Attempts and abetment.
Punishment for wrongful seizure.

CHAPTER VII MISCELLANEOUS:

Officers to be public servants, Protection of action taken in good faith.
Reward to persons.
Reward by State Government.

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT- 1986:

Objectives:
The Environment (Protection) Act was enacted in the year 1986. It was enacted with the main
objective to provide the protection and improvement of environment and for matters connected
therewith. The Act is one of the most comprehensive legislations with a pretext to protectionand
improvement of the environment.

Scope and commencement of the Act

The Environment Protection Act, 1986 extends to whole India and it came into
force on 19th November.
Section 2 of the Environmental protection Act, 1986 (EPA) deals with some of the information about
the definition of the Act and these definitions are as follows:

“Environment” the word environment includes water, air, land and also the inter-relation
between their existence. It also includes human beings and other living creatures such as
plants, micro-organisms and property.
“Environmental Pollutants” means any substance in solid, liquid or gaseous form
which in consideration is injurious to the health of living beings.
“Handling” means any substance which is in the relation of being manufactured, processed,
collected, used, offered for sale or like of such substance.
“Environmental Pollution” includes the presence of environmental pollutants in the
environment. “Hazardous substance” includes the substance or the preparation by which
the physical-chemical property is liable to harm the human beings or other living creatures
such as plants, microorganisms and the property.
“Occupier” is in the relation of factory or any other premises which means a person who has
control over the affairs of it.

Power of the Central government for measures to protect and improve the Environment
It is the power vested in the central government that they can take any reasonable and valid steps

and measures for the purpose of the protection and improvement of the quality of the environment.

Power to give direction

The central government in the exercise of powers designated by the Act can issue the directions in

writing to any of the person or any officer. They shall be bound to comply with these given directions.

The powers to issue directions will include the power to direct which are as follows:
(i) The direction of closure, prohibition or the regulation of any industry and its operational process.
(ii)direction for the stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity, including any other services.

Prevention, Abatement and Control of Environmental Pollution

Section 7of the Environment Protection Act 1986 suggest that no person in the country shall be
carrying any of the activity or operation in which there is a large emission of gases or other
substances which may lead to excess environmental pollution.
Section 8 provides that any person who is handling the hazardous substance needs to comply with the

procedural safeguards. If the emission is to a very large extent or is apprehended through an accident,

the person responsible for it is obliged to mitigate from that place in order to reduce the environmental

pollution.
Penalty for the Contravention of Rules and orders of this Act
As it was stated earlier that the most important goal of the environmental protection act is to provide for

the punishment of the offence of endangering the human environment, safety and health.

Section 15states that any person who is not complying to the provisions stated in this act and
its failure or contravention will make him liable and punishable as the following:

1. In terms of imprisonment up to the extension of the time span of five years.

2. With fine which may extend to the term of one lakh rupee.
3. Or the liable person has to deal with both of the punishments.
4. If the contravention of the offence that continues for one year, the punishment
can extend up to seven years.

Offences by the Companies and the Governmental Departments:

Section 16 of the Environmental Protection Act, 1986 explains the principle of vicarious
liability of the Incharge person such as directors, Managers and secretary etc for if the offence
is committed by any company.
Bars to the jurisdiction:
The Act has barred the civil court to entertain any proceedings in respect of any action
taken by the central government. Most of the cases in India, pertaining to Environmental Law
have to come before the courts in the form of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) and can be filed
in High Courts and Supreme Courts.
Conclusion:
Though many other Acts related to Environment have been introduced to the Indian
legislature but the Environment Protection Act, 1986 has been drafted to cover all the
aspects and problems of environment and hence, it is said to be beneficial to understand the
provisions related to an environment specifically.
Water[prevention and control of pollution] Act-1974:
An Act to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of

wholesomeness of water, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of

Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards

powers.

CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY SECTIONS 1. Short title, application and commencement 2.

Definitions.
CHAPTER II THE CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
WATER POLLUTION 3. Constitution of Central Board 4. Constitution of State Boards 5. Terms and
conditions of service of members 6. Disqualifications 7. Vacation of seats by members 8. Meetings
of Board 9. Constitution of Committees 10. Temporary association of persons with Board for
particular purposes 11. Vacancy in Board not to invalidate acts or proceedings 11A. Delegation of
powers to Chairman 12. Member-Secretary and officers and other employees of Board
CHAPTER III JOINT BOARDS
13. Constitution of Joint Board 14. Composition of Joint Boards 15. Special provision
relating to giving of directions.
CHAPTER IV POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS 16. Functions of Central Board
xxiv SECTIONS 17. Functions of State Board 18. Powers to give directions.
CHAPTER V PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION 19. Power of State Government
to restrict the application of the Act to certain areas 20. Power to obtain information 21. Power to take
samples of effluents and procedure to be followed in connection therewith 22. Reports of the result of
analysis on samples taken under Section 21 23. Power of entry and inspection 24. Prohibition on use of
stream or well for disposal of polluting matter, etc. 25. Restrictions on new outlets and new discharges
26. Provision regarding existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent 27. Refusal or withdrawal of
consent by State Board 28. Appeals 29. Revision 30. Power of State Board to carry out certain works 31.
Furnishing of information to State Board and other agencies in certain cases 32. Emergency measures in
case of pollution of stream or well 33. Power of Board to make application to Courts for restraining
apprehended pollution of water in streams or wells 33A. Power to give directions. CHAPTER VI FUNDS,
ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT 34. Contribution by Central Government 35. Contribution by State Government
36. Fund of Central Board 37. Fund of State Board xxv SECTIONS 37A. Borrowing powers of Board 38.
Budget 39. Annual Report 40. Accounts and Audit.
CHAPTER VII PENALTIES AND PROCEDURE 41. Failure to comply with directions under sub-section

(2) or subsection (3) of section 20, or orders issued under clause (c) of subsection (1) of section 32 or

directions issued under sub-section (2) of section 33 or section 33A 42. Penalty for certain acts 43.

Penalty for contravention of provisions of section 24 44. Penalty for contravention of Section 25 or

section 26 45. Enhanced penalty after previous conviction 45A. Penalty for contravention of certain
provisions of the Act 46. Publication of names of offenders 47. Offences by companies 48. Offences by
Government Departments 49. Cognizance of offences 50. Members, officers and servants of Board to be

public servants.
CHAPTER VIII MISCELLANEOUS51. Central Water Laboratory 52. State Water Laboratory 53.
Analysts 54. Reports of analysts 55. Local authorities to assist 56. Compulsory acquisition of land for the
State Board 57. Returns and reports xxvi SECTIONS 58. Bar of Jurisdiction 59. Protection of action
taken in good faith 60. Overriding effect 61. Power of Central Government to supersede the Central
Board and Joint Boards 62. Power of State Government to supersede State Board 63. Power of Central

Government to make rules 64. Power of State Government to make rules.

Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 :

An Act to provide for the conservation of forests and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or
incidental thereto. 1) This Act may be called the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. (2) It extends to the

whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

Constitutional Mandate and Forest Conservation:

The Constitution (forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976has introduced a new directive

principle of the state policy-article 48-Aand a fundamental duty under Article 51-A (g)for the
protection and improvement of the environment including forests.
Article 48-A: protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and
wildlife – the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard
the forests and wildlife of the country.
Article 51(g)states that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
Legislative Action:
The first statute on the subject was the Indian Forest Act, 1865. It was repealed and replaced by The
Indian forest act, 1927. The present Act i.e. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980was passed with a
view to check deforestation. This act covers the aspects left out by the act of 1927. It aims at putting a
restriction on the de-reservation of forests or the use of forest-land for non-forest purposes.
Objects and Reasons of the Forest Conservation Act:
Deforestation causes ecological imbalance and leads to environmental deterioration.
Deforestation had been taking place on a large scale in the country and it had caused widespread
concern. The act seeks to check upon deforestation and de-reservation of forests.

Restriction on the de-reservation of forests or use of forest-land for non-forest purposes:

Section 2 of the Act deals with a restriction on the de-reservation of forests or the use of
forest-land for non-forest purposes. It provides that anything contained in any other law for the
time being in force in a state, no state government or any other authority shall make, except
with prior approval of the central government, any order directing-
a) That any reserved forest declared under any law for the time being in force in that state or
any portion, shall cease to be reserved.
b) That any forest land or any portion thereof may be used for any non-forest purpose.
c) That any forest land or any portion may be cleared of trees which have grown naturally
in that land or portion, for the purpose of using it for re-afforestation.
The term ‘non-forest purposes’ implies the breaking up or cleaning of any forest-land or portion
of forest land for-
a) The cultivation of tea, coffee, spices, rubber, palms, oil-bearing, plants, or medicinal plants,
b) Any purposes other than re-afforestation,
But does not include any work related to conservation, development, and management of
forests and wildlife.

Rulemaking Power:

Power to make rules for carrying out the provisions of this act is vested with the central government.
Every such rule shall be laid down before each house of the parliament for a period of 30 days.

Appeals:

The appeal from the decision of any authority under this Act shall lie to the National Green
Tribunal. Any aggrieved person may file such appeal.

Penalties:
Penalty for contravention of the provisions of this Act- section 3-Aof this act provides that whoever
contravenes or abets the conservation of any of the provision of section 2, above mentioned shall
be punishable with simple imprisonment for a period, which may extend to fifteen days.

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS:
MONTREAL PROTOCOL:
The Montreal Protocol, finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric
ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal
Protocol) is an international agreement made in 1987. It was designed to stop the production
and import of ozone depleting substances and reduce their concentration in the atmosphere to
help protect the earth's ozone layer.
Parties: As of 23 June 2015, all countries in the United Nations, the Cook Islands, Holy See,
Niue as well as the European Union have ratified the original Montreal Protocol (see external link
below), with South Sudan being the last country to ratify the agreement, bringing the total to 197.
 The Montreal Protocol sits under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (the
Vienna Convention). The Vienna Convention was adopted in 1985 following international
discussion of scientific discoveries in the 1970s and 1980s highlighting the adverse effect of human
activity on ozone levels in the stratosphere and the discovery of the ‘ozone hole’. Its objectives are
to promote cooperation on the adverse effects of human activities on the ozone layer.

16 September is International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. It celebrates the anniversary of the d

The Montreal Protocol is widely considered as the most successful environment protection
agreement. It sets out a mandatory timetable for the phase out of ozone depleting substances.
This timetable has been reviewed regularly, with phase out dates accelerated in accordance
with scientific understanding and technological advances
The Montreal Protocol sets binding progressive phase out obligations for developed and developing
countries for all the major ozone depleting substances, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
halons and less damaging transitional chemicals such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The
Montreal Protocol targets 96 ozone depleting chemicals in thousands of applications across more
than 240 industrial sectors. In 2016 the Montreal Protocol also became responsible for setting
binding progressive phase down obligations for the 18 main hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
The Montreal Protocol has been further strengthened through six Amendments, which
have brought forward phase out schedules and added new substances to the list of
substances controlled under the Montreal Protocol. The Amendments are:
London 1990
Copenhagen 1992

Vienna 1995

Montreal 1997

Beijing 1999

Kigali 2016

The Protocol includes provisions related to Control Measures (Article 2), Calculation of control levels
(Article 3), Control of trade with non-Parties (Article 4), Special situation of developing countries (Article
5), Reporting of data (Article 7), Non-compliance (Article 8), Technical assistance (Article 10)
The parties to the Protocol meet once a year to make decisions aimed at ensuring the
successful implementation of the agreement. These include adjusting or amending the
Protocol, which has been done six times since its creation.

KYOTO PROTOCOL:
 The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aimed to manage and reduce
carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases. The Protocol was adopted at a conference
in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and became international law on February 16, 2005.
The Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce
greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets.

It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997, and entered into force on February 16,
2005. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in
Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are referred to as the “Marrakesh Accords.” Its first
commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.
Specifically, under the Protocol and during the first commitment period, the industrialized countries had
committed to reduce, during the period 2008–12, the emissions of six gases responsible for global
warming, namely carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons,
and hexafluoride sulfur, at least by 5% compared to 1990 levels. In this context, EU
member states pledged to reduce their emissions by 8% during this period.
13
In Doha, Qatar, on December 8, 2012, the Kyoto Protocol was amended in order to include :
•
new commitments of its Parties for the period 2013–20;
•
a revised list of GHGs to be reported in the second commitment period; and
•
amendments to several articles of the Kyoto Protocol that required to be updated for
the second commitment period.
During the second commitment period, Parties committed to reduce the GHG emissions by at
least 18% below 1990 levels in the 8-year period from 2013 to 2020; however, the
composition of Parties in the second commitment period is different from the first.
The Protocol offers three market-based mechanisms to its Parties to achieve their targets. Specifically, the
13
Kyoto mechanisms are :
•
International Emissions Trading. Emissions trading, as set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto
Protocol, allows countries that have emission units to spare—emissions permitted them
but not “used”—to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets. Thus, a
new commodity was created in the form of emission reductions or removals. Since carbon
dioxide is the principal GHG, people speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now
tracked and traded like any other commodity. This is known as the “carbon market”.

CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY:

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the international legal instrument for
"the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair
and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources" that
has been ratified by 196 nations.The Convention has three main goals: the conservation of
biological diversity (or biodiversity); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and
equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
PREAMBLE:
Article 1. Objectives
Article 2. Use of Terms
Article 3. Principle
Article 4. Jurisdictional Scope
Article 5. Cooperation
Article 6. General Measures for Conservation and
Sustainable Use Article 7. Identification and Monitoring
Article 8. In-situ Conservation
Article 9. Ex-situ Conservation
Article 10. Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity
Article 11. Incentive Measures
Article 12. Research and Training
Article 13. Public Education and Awareness
Article 14. Impact Assessment and Minimizing Adverse
Impacts Article 15. Access to Genetic Resources
Article 16. Access to and Transfer of technology
Article 17. Exchange of Information
Article 18. Technical and Scientific Cooperation
Article 19. Handling of Biotechnology and Distribution of its Benefits
Article 20. Financial Resources
Article 21. Financial Mechanism
Article 22. Relationship with Other International
Conventions Article 23. Conference of the Parties
Article 24. Secretariat
Article 25. Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological
Advice Article 26. Reports
Article 27. Settlement of Disputes
Article 28. Adoption of Protocols
Article 29. Amendment of the Convention or
Protocol Article 30. Adoption and Amendment of
Annexes Article 31. Right to Vote
Article 32. Relationship between this Convention and Its
Protocols Article 33. Signature
Article 34. Ratification, Acceptance or Approval
Article 35. Accession
Article 36. Entry Into Force
Article 37. Reservations
Article 38. Withdrawals
Article 39. Financial Interim Arrangements
Article 40. Secretariat Interim Arrangements
Article 41. Depositary
Article 42. Authentic texts
Annex I. Identification and Monitoring
Annex II - Part 1. Arbitration
Annex II - Part 2. Conciliation

BIOSPHERE RESERVE:
Biosphere reserves promote solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity
with its sustainable use. They are learning areas for sustainable development.

Biosphere Reserves in India are as under:

Name of Biosphere Reserves States
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (2000) Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (2001) West Bengal
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (2001) Tamil Nadu
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (2004) Uttarakhand
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve (2009) Odisha
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve (2009) Madhya Pradesh
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (2009) Meghalaya
Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (2012) Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh
Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (2013) Great Nicobar
Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve (2016) Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Khangchendzonga National Park (2018) Sikkim

The World Network of Biosphere Reserves, currently comprising 669 sites/regions designated
by UNESCO in 120 countries since 1976, is a unique global network explicitly linking
sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. While the core area(s) and sometimes
buffer zone(s) of all biosphere reserves (BRs) comprise protected areas as recognized by
IUCN, the outer transition area, where most of the inhabitants of BRs live, cannot be regarded
as a protected area – often, these transition areas include towns and cities.

Biosphere Reserves involve local communities and all interested stakeholders in

planning and management. They integrate three main "functions":
Conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity
Economic development that is socio-culturally and environmentally sustainable
Logistic support, underpinning development through research, monitoring, education and training

These three functions are pursued through the Biosphere Reserves' three main zones:

Core Areas
It comprises a strictly protected zone that contributes to the conservation of landscapes,
ecosystems, species and genetic variation

Buffer Zones
It surrounds or adjoins the core area(s), and is used for activities compatible with sound
ecological practices that can reinforce scientific research, monitoring, training and education.

Transition Area
The transition area is where communities foster socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable
economic and human activities.
TRIBAL POPULATION AND RIGHTS:
A tribe is a group of people who live and work together in a shared geographical area. A tribe has a
common culture, dialect and religion. The tribe is usually headed by a chief. A tribal society is a group of tribes
organized around kinships. Tribes represent a part in social evolution between bands and nations.
As the tribal people had no legal rights over their land, it became easier for non-tribal people to acquire
their land......These people live under the continuous threat of being ousted from their homes. They do not
have any legal right and the only legal protection they have is the due process of law.

Provisions of the Act:

Definitions under the act
“Community forest resource” means customary common forest land within the traditional
or customary boundaries of the village or seasonal use of landscape in the case of pastoral
communities, including reserved forests, protected forests and protected areas such as
Sanctuaries and National Parks to which the community had traditional access;
“Critical wildlife habitat” means such areas of National Parks and Sanctuaries where it has
been specifically and clearly established, case by case, on the basis of scientific and objective
criteria, that such areas are required to be kept as inviolate for the purposes of wildlife
conservation as may be determined and notified by the Central Government in the Ministry of
Environment and Forests after open process of consultation by an Expert Committee.
“Forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes” means the members or community of the
Scheduled Tribes who primarily reside in and who depend on the forests or forest lands
for bona fide livelihood needs and includes the Scheduled Tribe pastoralist communities.
“Forest land” means land of any description falling within any forest area and includes
unclassified forests, under marcated forests, existing or deemed forests, protected forests,
reserved forests, Sanctuaries and National Parks.
“Minor forest produce” includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin including bamboo,
brushwood, stumps, cane, tussar, cocoons, honey, wax, lac, tendu or kendu leaves,
medicinal plants and herbs, roots, tubers and the like;
Types of rights under the act are:
2. Right to hold and live in the forest land under the individual or common
occupation for habitation or for self-cultivation for livelihood by a member or
members of a forest dwelling Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest dwellers;
3. Community rights such as nistar, by whatever name called, including those used in
erstwhile Princely states, Zamindari or such intermediary regimes;
4. The right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of minor forest produce(
includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin) which has been traditionally
collected within or outside village boundaries;
5. Other community rights of uses of entitlements such as fish and other products of
water bodies, grazing (both settled or transhumant) and traditional seasonal resource
access of nomadic or pastoralist communities;
6. Rights including community tenures of habitat and habitation for primitive
tribal groups and pre-agriculture communities;
7. Rights in or over disputed lands under any nomenclature in any State where claims are disputed;
8. Rights for conversion of Pattas or leases or grants issued by any local council or
any State Govt. on forest lands to titles;
9. Rights of settlement and conversion of all forest villages, old habitation, unsurveyed
villages and other villages in forest, whether recorded, notified or not into revenue villages;
10. Right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource
which they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use;
11. Rights which are recognised under any State law or laws of any Autonomous Dist.
Council or Autonomous Regional Council or which are accepted as rights of tribals under
any traditional or customary law of the concerned tribes of any State;
12. Right of access to biodiversity and community right to intellectual property and
traditional knowledge related to biodiversity and cultural diversity;
13. Any other traditional right customarily enjoyed by the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes or
other traditional forest dwellers, as the case may be, which are not mentioned in clauses-
1 to 11, but excluding the traditional right of hunting or trapping extracting a part of the
body of any species of wild animal.

Constitutional Safeguards for ST’s:

I. Educational & Cultural Safeguards:

Art. 15(4):- Special provisions for advancement of other backward classes(which cludes STs);
Art. 29:- Protection of Interests of Minorities (which cludes STs);
Art. 46:- The State shall promote, with special care, the educational and economic interests of
the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes, and the
Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation, Art.
350:- Right to conserve distinct Language, Script or Culture;
Art. 350:- Instruction in Mother Tongue.
II. Social Safeguard

Art. 23:- Prohibition of traffic in human beings and beggar and other similar form of forced labour;
Art. 24:- Forbidding Child Labour.
III. Economic Safeguards

Art.244:- Clause(1) Provisions of Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration & control of the
Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any State other than the states of Assam, Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Tripura which are covered under Sixth Schedule, under Clause (2) of this Article.
Art. 275:- Grants in-Aid to specified States (STs&SAs) covered under Fifth and Sixth
Schedules of the Constitution.
IV. Political Safeguards

Art.164 (1):- Provides for Tribal Affairs Ministers in Bihar, MP and Orissa;
Art. 330:- Reservation of seats for STs in Lok Sabha;
Art. 337- Reservation of seats for STs in State Legislatures;
Art. 334:- 10 years period for reservation (Amended several times to extend the period.);
Art. 243:- Reservation of seats in Panchayats.
Art. 371:- Special provisions in respect of NE States and Sikkim

V. Service Safeguards (Under Art.16 (4), 16(4A), 164(B) Art.335 and Art. 320(40)
 UNIT 7

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT

Population:
A population is a number of all the organisms of the same group or species
who live in a particular geographical area and are capable of interbreeding.
Global human population growth is around 75 million annually, or 1.1% per
year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in
2012.

Population-growth:
The “population growth rate” is the rate at which the number of individuals in a
population increases in a given time period as a fraction of the initial population.
Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in population over a time
period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population
at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula:
Population growth rate=P(t2)−P(t1)P(t1)population growth rate=P(t2)−P(t1)P(t).
1. Population size: the number of individuals in the population
2. Population density: how many individuals are in a particular area
3. Population growth: how the size of the population is changing over time.
Poverty is believed to be the leading cause of overpopulation. A lack of
educational resources, coupled with high death rates leading to higher birth
rates, result in impoverished areas seeing large booms in population.
There was a decrease in per capita food availability despite an increase in
production. Poor distribution of food resulting to hunger and deaths. Shortage in
medical facilities and services. Problems with power shortage and distribution.
Overpopulation is caused by a number of factors. Reduced mortality rate, better medical
facilities, depletion of precious resources are few of the causes which result in
overpopulation......A direct result of this has been the increased lifespan and the growth of
the population.
These are the leading causes:
Poverty. Poverty is believed to be the leading cause of
overpopulation Poor Contraceptive Use
Child Labor
Reduced Mortality
Rates Fertility
Treatment
 Immigrati
on Lack
of Water
Lower Life Expectancy.

Exponential and logistical population growth: When resources are unlimited,

populations exhibit exponential growth, resulting in a J-shaped curve. When
resources are limited, populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth,
population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, leveling off when
the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped
curve.
Logistical population growth: Human population growth rate is measured as annual average
growth rate. Average annual growth rate (%)= (P2-P1/P1*N) * 100 Where, P1 = Population size
in previous Census P2 = Population size in present Census N = No of years between two
Census.

Growth rate depends on several factors:

1. Rate of Birth (Fertility):
(a) Birth Rate: Number of babies produced per 1000 individuals.
(b) Total Fertility Rate: Average number of children that would be born to
women in her lifetime.
(c) Replacement Level: Number of children a couple must produce to replace
themselves.
• It is always higher than 2.0. Since some children die before reaching reproductive
age.

Mortality • Death Rate per thousand individuals. • Reduction in mortality rate

because of industrial revolution, Improved personal Hygiene, Modern medicines etc.

Migration • Movement of individuals into or out of place/ country (within country).

Age and sex structure • Proportion of individuals of different ages within that population is age
structure. • Proportion of active males and females in a population influence population growth.

Human Health and Environment;

Because of the permanent interaction between man and his environment, our health
is to a considerable extent determined by the environmental quality. As a
consequence, environment and health are closely related.
The environment in which we live, work and relax, is determining for our health and
well-being. Physical, as well as chemical and micro(biological) factors in the
environment can have repercussions on our health, both physically and mentally.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of health emphasizes the physical,
mental and social well-being: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the abscence of disease or infirmity". Health is considered as
an overall concept reaching beyond the absence of illness and ailments.
Well-being and quality of life are subject to an impressive number of factors, including
psychological, social and environment-related aspects. In addition to positive
influences such as green belts and entertainment areas, it is also important to identify
the negative factors, such as noise, odour and light nuisance.
However, the relation between environment and health is extremely complex.
Although many health problems are tought to be associated with environmental
pollution, it is difficult to assess the seriousness, extent and causes of environment-
related diseases. Besides environmental-related causes, there are other factors which
can directly or indirectly lead to the same health problems.
Moreover, a causal connection between health effects and e.g. distribution of specific
substances in the environment is often hardly or not demonstrable. The specific
contribution of each of the different causes of health problems is difficult to determine
The huge population pressurizes and degrades the environment physically, chemically
and biologically. The state of health of people depends on clean environment. The
changes in human environment increases the incidence of many diseases.

Various diseases:
.1. HIV/ AIDS, TB, Malaria, Water borne diseases.
2. Climate and Health 19
3. Bhopal Gas Tragedy, Hazardous chemicals like pesticides, DDT, endosulfan etc
4. Infectious diseases
5. Water related diseases
6. Risks due to chemicals in food
7. Cancer and the environment.

Value Education:
Values deal with ones own principles and standards from which we judge what is
right and wrong behaviour.
Objectives of Value Education:
a. To improve the integral growth of human begins.
b. To create attitudes and improvement towards sustainable lifestyle.
c. To increase awareness about our national history our cultural heritage,
constitutional rights, national integration, community development and
environment.
d. To create and develop awareness about the values and their significance
and role. e. To know about various living and non-living organisms and their
interaction with environment.
Environmental values-Preservation of
Environment Valuing nature-Ecologist
view.
Valuing cultures - Tribal people closeness.
Social justice - Traditional things.
Human heritage - Protection of wilderness.
Equitable use of resources.
Common property resources - Government taking over.
Ecological degradation.

Human Rights:
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of
residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We
are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all
interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. Universal human rights are often expressed and
guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law , general principles
and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations
of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote
and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
The universal declaration of human rights adopted by UNO on 10th Dec 1948.
On May 16, 1994 the United Nations drafted declaration of Human Rights and
Environment 1. The principles 2. Significance.
Equity-Wealth, resources, energy distribution.
Nutrition, Health and Human rights.
Intellectual property rights.
Rights of life liberty Fundamental Rights Include and security of a person.
Right to own property.
Right to freedom of opinion and expression.
Right to an adequate standard of living.
Right to education , freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
Right to freedom from torture and degrading treatment.

Resettlement and Rehabilitation:

Thus, resettlement refer to the process of settling again in a new area.
Rehabilitation means restoration to the former state. Reasons for displacement of
people. • Natural disasters like earthquake, cyclones, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,
prolonged droughts conditions, floods, hurricanes etc.
People are forced to move out of their land due to both natural and man made disasters.
Natural disasters like earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami etc. render thousands of people
homeless and sometime even force them to move and resettle in other areas.
Similarly, developmental projects like construction of roads, dams, canals and flyovers displace
people form their home. You must all be aware of the recent nuclear leakage in Japan due to which
millions of people were forced to leave the area for their safety. Thus, resettlement refer to the
process of settling again in a new area. Rehabilitation means restoration to the former state.
Reasons for displacement of people
• Natural disasters like earthquake, cyclones, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions,
prolonged droughts conditions, floods, hurricanes etc.
• Man made disasters like industrial accidents (e.g. Bhopal gas tragedy), nuclear accidents( Current
disaster in Japan), oil spills( Exxon Valdez oil spill), toxic contamination of sites etc.
• In search of better employment opportunities.
• Developmental projects like: construction of dams, irrigation canals, reservoirs etc.
• Infrastructural projects like flyovers, bridges, roads etc.
• Transportation activities like roads, highway, canal etc.
• Energy related project like power plants, oil exploration, mining activities,
pipelines like HBJ pipeline etc.
• Agricultural projects
• Projects related with the conservation of wildlife like national parks, sanctuaries and
biosphere reserves.

Resettlement and rehabilitation of persons displaced by land

acquisition should form a part of Land Acquisition Act’:
The Commission has taken the view that provisions relating to the resettlement and
rehabilitation of persons displaced by land acquisition for developmental projects should form a
part of the Land Acquisition Act itself (or an appropriate separate legislation) so that they are
justiciable.

Concerned with the plight of persons displaced by Mega-projects, the Commission

has been pursuing this matter with the Ministry of Rural Development, Government
of India, seeking to ensure the early finalisation of a draft policy on this subject.

A petition was received from the National Committee for Protection of Natural Resources
(NCPNR), wherein it was mentioned that the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, which was still in force
and was proposed to be amended by the Government, did not contain any provision for
resettlement and rehabilitation of the people affected by projects. The Committee requestedthat
the Commission may consider this matter in its entirety and make suitable
recommendations to the Government, specially at a time when the Government was
considering a comprehensive Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, which did not deal
with aspects relating to resettlement and rehabilitation.

A full EA is required if a project is likely to have significant adverse impacts that may
be sensitive, irreversible, and diverse. The impacts are likely to be comprehensive,
broad, sector-wide, or precedent-setting. Impacts generally result from a major
component of the project and affect the area as a whole or an entire sector.
Dams and reservoirs; Forestry production
projects; Industrial plants (large-scale) and
industrial estates; Irrigation, drainage, and flood
control (large-scale); Land clearance and
leveling;
 Mineral development (including oil and
gas); Port and harbor development;
Reclamation and new land development;
Resettlement and all projects with potentially major impacts on
people; River basin development;
Thermal and hydropower development; and
Manufacture, transportation, and use of pesticides or other hazardous
and/or toxic materials.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS:
Chipko movement:
The Chipko movement or Chipko Andolan, was a forest conservation movement in
India. It began in 1973 in Uttarakhand, then a part of Uttar Pradesh and went on to
become a rallying point for many future environmental movements all over the world.
The Chipko movement was a non-violent agitation in 1973 that was aimed at
protection and conservation of trees, but, perhaps, it is best remembered for the
collective mobilisation of women for the cause of preserving forests, which also
brought about a change in attitude regarding their own status in society. The uprising
against the felling of trees and maintaining the ecological balance originated in Uttar
Pradesh’s Chamoli district (now Uttarakhand) in 1973 and in no time spilled onto other
states in north India. The name of the movement ‘chipko’ comes from the word
’embrace’, as the villagers hugged the trees and encircled them to prevent being
hacked.
Gandhian activist Sunderlal Bahuguna gave a direction to the movement and his
appeal to Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, resulted in the ban of cutting
trees. His appeal resulted in a 15-year ban on chopping of green trees in 1980.
In modern India, Chipko Movement started in April 1973 in Uttar Pradesh's Mandal
village in the upper Alakananda valley. Soon it spread to other Himalayan districts of
the state. The Chipko Movement was triggered by a government decision to allot forest
land to a sports goods company.
The importance of chipko movement in conservation of forest helps to protect and manage the
forest, this movement therefore has awaken people to the importance of conserving trees as it
helps the ecosystem of a nation to function properly and also it aid the livelihood of
people to live healthily and have a prosperous.
The Chipko movement famous for its slogan "Ecology is permanent economy"
completes 45 years on Monday. Women were the main drivers of the movement, with
many immortal images of them hugging trees to prevent their being cut down.
The movement achieved a victory when the government issued a ban on felling of
trees in the Himalayan regions for fifteen years in 1980 by then Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi, until the green cover was fully restored.

SILENT VALLEY:
 Silent Valley National Park, is a national park in Kerala, India. It is located in the
Nilgiri hills, has a core area of 89.52 km², which is surrounded by a buffer zone of 148
km². This national park has some rare species of flora and fauna.
The British named the area Silent Valley because of a perceived absence of noisy
cicadas. Another story attributes the name to the anglicisation of Sairandhri. A third
story refers to the presence of many lion-tailed macaques Macaca silenus.
Save Silent Valley was a social movement aimed at the protection of Silent
Valley, an evergreen tropical forest in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. The
Kuntipuzha is a major river that flows 15 km southwest from Silent Valley. It takes its
origin in the lush green forests of Silent Valley.
Silent Valley National Park In Kerala: Where The Wild Roam Free. Home to animals
as rare as the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion Tailed Macaques as well as the greenest of
evergreen forests ever, the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala is among the most
favourite biodiversity hubs for nature lovers and wildlife fanatics.
The aim of the movement was to save the place from being flooded due to
Hydroelectric project. The issue further caught attention due to the endangered lion-
tailed macaque and other rare wildlife that was present in that area.
In 1970s, plans for a hydroelectric project by the state electricity board were shelved
after protests by “Save Silent Valley” movement, which highlighted the dangers to the rich
diversity. It was declared a national park in 1984, by late Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.
The Valley harboured a range of species endemic to the region, including the
lion-tailed macaque that faced the threat of extinction. In 1980, the then prime minister
Indira Gandhi told the state government to abandon the project.

BISHNOIS RAJASTHAN:
The Bishnois, a Vaishnavite sect, living in western Rajasthan on the fringe of
the Thar desert, have for centuries, been conserving the flora and fauna to the extent
of sacrificing their lives to protect the environment. Nature protection was given
foremost importance in these tenets.
Western India. Bishnoi (also known as Vishnoi) is a Hindu religious sect found
in the Western Thar Desert and northern states of India. They follow a set of 29
principles/commandments given by Guru Jambeshwar (1451-1536). They are not a
caste but a sect.
The Bishnois of Jodhpur consider the Blackbuck to be the reincarnation of their religious Guru
Bhagwan Jambeshwar also known as Jambaji. They have been known to make many sacrifices
for the protection of animals, specially the endangered Blackbuck. They can even
sacrifice their lives to save this creature.
‘Amrita Devi’ (Beniwal) sacrificed her life along with her three daughter’s
viz. Asu, Ratni and Bhagu in year 1730 to save green trees being felled by the
Maharaja of Jodhpur at a place known as Khejarli in Marwar, Rajasthan. Along
with her more than 363 other Bishnois, died saving the Khejri trees.
The Bishnoi narrate the story of Amrita Devi, a member of the sect who inspired as
many as 363 other Bishnois to go to their deaths in protest of the cutting down of Khejri trees
on 12 September 1730. The Maharaja of Jodhpur, Abhay Singh, requiring wood for the
construction of a new palace, sent soldiers to cut trees in the village of Khejarli, which was
 called Jehnad at that time. Noticing their actions, Amrita Devi hugged a tree in an attempt to
stop them. Her family then adopted the same strategy, as did other local people when the
news spread. She told the soldiers that she considered their actions to be an insult to her
faith and that she was prepared to die to save the trees. The soldiers did indeed kill her and
others until Abhay Singh was informed of what was going on and intervened to stop the
massacre.
Some of the 363 Bishnois, who were killed protecting the trees, were buried in Khejarli,
where a simple grave with four pillars was erected. Every year, in September, i.e.,
Shukla
Dashmi of Bhadrapad (Hindi month) the Bishnois assemble there to commemorate
the sacrifice made by their people to preserve their faith and religion.
Bishnois oppose to their religious tradition of cremating the dead. To avoid
wastage of firewood, they bury the deceased.
Though a religious sect, the Bishnois do not believe in unnecessary rituals, idol-
worship, caste system, etc., but continually lay emphasis on compassion, love, and
peace, thereby firming their foundation for love for Mother Nature.
To minimize the use of green trees, they use cow dung cakes as fuel for cooking.

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS:
Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that studies the relation of human beings
and the environment and how ethics play a role in this. Environmental ethics believe that
humans are a part of society as well as other living creatures, which includes plants and
animals.
Environmental ethics helps define man's moral and ethical obligations toward
the environment. Water and air pollution, the depletion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity
destruction of ecosystems, and global climate change are all part of the
environmental ethics debate.
Environmental ethics are a key feature of environmental studies that establishes a
relationship between humans and the earth. With environmental ethics, you can
ensure that you are doing your part to keep the environment safe and protected.
Environmental ethics builds on scientific understanding by bringing human
values, moral principles, and improved decision making into conversation with science. ...
This is important because the ethics of the environment are of major concern these days.
Environmental ethics deal with issues related to the rights of individuals that are
fundamental to life and well being.
Resource consumption patterns and the need for equitable utilization: It deals
with how we utilize and distribute resources. The disparity between haves and have-
nots is widening. There is a disparity between the individuals, communities and
countries in usage of resources. The well-to-do, educated urban dweller consumes
much larger quantities of resources and energy than the traditional rural individual.
This unequal distribution of wealth and access to land and its resources is a serious
environmental concern. An equitable sharing of resources forms the basis of
sustainable development for urban, rural and wilderness-dwelling communities.

Equity-disparity in the northern and southern countries: It is concerned with

who owns resources and how they are distributed. People living in the
economically-advanced nations use greater amounts of resources and energy
per individual and also waste more resources. This is at the cost poor people
who are resource-dependent and live in developing nations.
Urban-rural equity issues: The common property of rural communities has increasingly
been used to supply the needs of the urban and industrial sectors. As the rural sector
supplies food and a part of the energy needs (mainly fuel wood) to most towns and cities in
India, the common lands of the rural sector are being depleted of their resources.

The need for gender equity: All over India, especially in the rural sector, women work
longer hours than men. They are involved in collection and sale of fuel wood, collection
of fodder, fruits, medicinal products, trekking several kilometres to fetch potable water,
cooking meals in smoky unhealthy atmosphere etc. On an average they spend 10-12
hrs a day of very hard work, every day of the year. Unfortunately, it is the men who play
a decisive role in managing the village common and their resources while women have
not been given an equal opportunity to develop and improve their status which is due to
a lower access to education and health care than that of men. This has deep
implications for the rate of utilization of natural resources and their conservation.

Preserving resources for future generations: This ethical issue must be considered
when we use resources unsustainably. If we overuse and misuse resources and energy
from fossil fuels, our future generations will find survival very difficult.
 The rights of animals: The plants and animals that share the Earth with us too have a
right to live and share the Earth’s resources and living space. We have no right to push a
species that has taken millions of years to evolve towards extinction. Cruelty to animals is a
crime that must be regarded seriously and action must be taken against offenders.
The ethical basis of environment education and awareness: The most important
concern is related to creating an ethos that will support a sustainable lifestyle in
society. The Supreme Court of our country has ordered that every young individual
at school and college level be exposed to a course on environment. There are two
aspects that are closely connected with ethical issues that are related to our
environment. These are based on valuing nature as a resource and appreciating the
beauty of nature and treasuring the magnificence of the wilderness.

The conservation ethic and traditional value systems of India: During olden
days, people have always valued mountains, rivers, forests, trees and several
animals. Thus, much of nature was venerated and protected. Certain species of
trees have been protected as they are valued for their fruit or flowers. Traditions
held the animals/species as an important aspect of nature were the basis of local
life-support systems and were integral to bring about a harmonious life.

Environment and Hinduism:

The sanctity of all life on this planet and elsewhere is clearly ingrained in the Hinduism.
The Supreme God has absolute sovereignty over all creatures including humans. According to
Hindu scriptures all lives have the same right to existence. Human beings have no dominion
over other creatures. They are forbidden to exploit nature; instead they are advised to seek
peace and live in harmony with nature. The Hindu religion demands veneration, respect and
obedience to maintain and protect the harmonious unity of God and nature.

Environmental Protection in Vedas:

Vedic literature (about 1500 BC) clearly speaks that there is an integral balance in
Man, Nature and The God. Natural forces were considered to be expressions ofthe Lord
Himself and are venerable entities. Vedas envisage a beautiful natural environment on
earth and command the man not to pollute.

Environmental Protection in Puranas:

During the puranic period (320 BC on ward) a popular belief emerged that each tree had its
own deity. People offered water and circled trees with sacred threads in order to protect them.

Environment and Buddhism:

Buddhism is the religion full of love, understanding and compassion committed to the ideals
of non violence. The basic tenets of Buddhism are simplicity and ahimsa. The principle of simplicity
based on sustainability teaches that man should not over exploit the natural resources. The
principle of ahimsa or non violence of not killing the animals shows the love for fauna.
In Buddhism the rivers, forests, mountains are highly respected and regarded as bliss
bestowers and Buddhists had great respect for the Sun, Moon and other planets. Buddha also set
down rules forbidding the pollution of rivers, ponds and wells in Sutta-Nipata. Know
ye the grasses and the trees.

Environment and Jainism:

Jainism places great emphasis on the principle that one should reprise from
avoidable acts that are harmful to oneself or others.5 Ahimsa (non-violence) is the
fundamental tenet of Jain way of life, a term that is clearly allied with realism, common
sense, personal worth and responsibility.

Environment and Sikhism:

Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikh religion assigned divine attributes to nature.
According to Sikhism people should respect God’s A creations and know the eternal
truth regarding their place in the universe. Human race is the integral part of the nature
and linked to the rest of creation by indissoluble bonds.

Environment and Islam:

In Islam the Holy Qur’an and the divinely inspired words of Prophet
Mohammed form the foundation of and rules for the conservation of nature.7 The
Qur’anic message is one of unity, harmony, balance and order. It stresses that
nature’s laws must be observed and that defined limits should not be exceeded.
Allah is unity and His unity is reflected in the unity of mankind and nature. His
trustees have been made responsible for maintaining the unity of His creations, the
integrity of the earth, including its flora, fauna, wild life and the natural environment.

Environment and Christianity:

The Christianity also says that harmonic triadic relationship exists between the
divine and humanity, among human beings and nature and failure to maintain the harmony
may alienate humanity from its creator and also from nature. There is a close link between
Christianity and Environment and the thrust is for Sustainable Development. Thus the true
spirit of Christianity to keep the environment in a perfect condition is very much stressed.

Environment and Indian culture:

The cultural heritage of India show a deep concern for the protection and preservation of
the environment. Indian tradition considered the earth as ‘Mother’. Rivers are described
Lokamatha. India is a land ofrites and rituals. Indians have articulated the need to sustain and
promote the ecological balances of nature through sacred incarnations and systematized 52
rituals for the sustenance of life on the earth. Since all most all the major world religions are
represented in the Indian soil and their religions in turn realized the proximity of mankind and
nature, they regulated conduct of mankind in such a way conducive to nature.

ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS:

Environmental communications is defined as the assessment and practice of
how people, societies and organizations interact with and effect the environment. It
includes a variety of interactions, ranging from interpersonal communications to media
coverage related to the environment.
 "Environmental communication is a practical, and indeed essential, tool for
action" As with communication in general, environmental communication serves
two broad social functions. The first is that we use communication to do things. For
example, we communicate in order to inform, persuade, educate, and alert others.

The Goal of Environmental Communications:

The primary goal of environmental communications is to identify and promote
proper practices. While there has been a tremendous amount of growth in the
studies and literature that are dedicated to environmental communication in recent
years, there is still a lot that has to be learned. Moreover, a lot more work needs to
be done in order to determine the most effective practices.
For example, if you are using environmental communications to promote a policy,
to raise awareness, to alter behavior, to persuade the opinion of the public, to
pass legislation, or to address conflicts, the manner in which you communicate
will have a direct impact on your specific outcome. In other words, effective
communication is necessary if you want to achieve your goal.

PUBLIC AWARENESS:
Public awareness of the environment is the ability to understand the
surrounding world, including understandings to all the changes occurring in the
environment, understanding of cause- and-effect relationships between the quality of
the environment and human behavior, and a sense of responsibility of preserving them.
Increasing population, Urbanization and poverty have generated pressure
on the natural resources and lead to a degradation of the environment.
Environmental pollution cannot prevented by laws alone. Public participation is
equally important with regard to environmental protection.
Environment Awareness through Mass-Media:

ADVERTISEMENTS: The electronic media can identify and bring to a halt forces
affecting the natural and even the man-made environment. It matters much how the
public mind can be mobilized to reduce pollution and promote environmental
quality.
Some practical tips can adopt:

Introduce the 4 R’s: Reduce waste, Reuse resources, Refuse things and Recycle materials

Organise tree planting days at school and tell them why trees are important to the

environment Encourage children to switch off all appliances and lights when not in

use

Ensure taps are closed properly after you have used them and use water spar