Docs Andes App en Stable

ANDES Manual
Release 1.8.10
Hantao Cui
Aug 11, 2023

ANDES MANUAL
1 Getting started 3
1.1 Package Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 New to Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Extra support package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Develop Install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.4 Updating ANDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.5 Uninstall Multiple Copies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.6 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 Command line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3.3 Cheatsheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.4 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4 Config . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.4.1 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.4.2 Adjusting on the fly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.4.3 Config reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.5 Input formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.5.1 ANDES xlsx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.5.2 PSS/E RAW and DYR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.5.3 MATPOWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.5.4 ANDES JSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.5.5 Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.6 Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.6.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.6.2 Example data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.6.3 MATPOWER cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.6.4 How to contribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.7 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.7.1 Numba compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.7.2 MATPOWER cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.8 Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.8.1 IEEE 14-Bus Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.8.2 CURENT NPCC Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
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1.8.3 CURENT WECC Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1.9 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
1.9.1 Per Unit System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
1.9.2 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
1.9.3 Profiling Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
1.9.4 What won't not work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
1.10 Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
1.10.1 Program Startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
1.10.2 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
1.10.3 Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
1.11 License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
1.11.1 GNU Public License v3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
1.12 Quick install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
2 Examples 135
2.1 Simulate and Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2.1.1 Import and Setting the Verbosity Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2.1.2 Run Time-Domain Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
2.1.3 Export and Plot Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2.1.4 Cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
2.2 Working with Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
2.2.1 Load System from an ANDES XLSX File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
2.2.2 Load System from PSS/E RAW and DYR Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2.2.3 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
2.2.4 Altering Fault duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
2.2.5 Cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
2.3 Inspecting Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
2.3.1 Inspect Model Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
2.3.2 Check model documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
2.4 Eigenvalue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
2.4.1 Run Eigenvalue Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
2.4.2 Plotting in S-Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
2.4.3 Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
2.4.4 Parameter Sweep and Root Loci Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
2.4.5 Cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
2.5 Using CLI from Notebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
2.5.1 The ! magic in iPython . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
2.5.2 Set up on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
2.5.3 Running Shell Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
2.5.4 Run a simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
2.5.5 Check the output lst file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
2.5.6 Plot and save to file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
2.5.7 Display image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
2.5.8 Using xargs for index lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
2.5.9 Cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
2.6 Batch Processing - Generate Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
2.6.1 Create Cases in Batch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
2.6.2 Parallel Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
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2.7 Batch Processing - in Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
2.7.1 Batch Power Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
2.7.2 Batch Time-Domain Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
2.8 Changing Setpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
2.8.1 Step 1: Case Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
2.8.2 Step 2: Set the First Stop Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
2.8.3 Step 3: Run Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
2.8.4 Step 4. Apply the auxiliary power setpoints to TGOV1.paux0.v . . . . . . . . . . 219
2.8.5 Step 5: Set Another New Setpoints and New Ending TIme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
2.9 Load Frequency Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
2.9.1 Tripping a Generator in the IEEE 14-Bus System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
2.9.2 Adjusting Load to Compensate for the Generation Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
2.10 Profile in Notebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
2.10.1 Profiling with Python CProfiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
2.10.2 Profiling with line_profiler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
2.10.3 Cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
2.11 MATPOWER Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
2.11.1 Create an Octave/MATLAB instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
2.11.2 Convert to MATPOWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
2.11.3 Convert from MATPOWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
2.11.4 Add dynamic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
2.12 pandapower Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
2.12.1 Load case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
2.12.2 Convert to pandapower net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
2.12.3 Comapre Power Flow Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
2.12.4 Generator dispatch based on OPF from pandapower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
2.13 pypowsybl Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
2.13.1 Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
2.13.2 Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
2.13.3 Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
3 Development 257
3.1 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
3.1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
3.1.2 DAE Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
3.1.3 Model and DAE Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
3.1.4 Calling Model Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
3.1.5 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
3.2 Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
3.2.1 andes.models.group.GroupBase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
3.3 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
3.3.1 andes.core.model.ModelData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
3.3.2 andes.core.model.Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
3.3.3 andes.core.model.ModelCache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
3.3.4 andes.core.model.ModelCall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
3.3.5 Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
3.3.6 Define Voltage Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
3.3.7 Commonly Used Attributes in Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
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3.3.8 Attributes in Model.cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
3.3.9 Abstract Jacobian Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
3.3.10 Concrete Jacobian Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
3.4 Atomic Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
3.4.1 Value Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
3.4.2 Equation Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
3.5 Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
3.5.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
3.6 Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
3.6.1 andes.core.var.BaseVar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
3.6.2 andes.core.var.ExtVar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
3.6.3 andes.core.var.State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
3.6.4 andes.core.var.Algeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
3.6.5 andes.core.var.ExtState . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
3.6.6 andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
3.6.7 andes.core.var.AliasState . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
3.6.8 andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
3.6.9 Variable, Equation and Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
3.6.10 Value and Equation Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
3.6.11 Values Between DAE and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
3.6.12 Flags for Value Overwriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
3.6.13 A v_setter Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
3.7 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
3.7.1 andes.core.service.BaseService . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
3.7.2 andes.core.service.OperationService . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
3.7.3 Internal Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
3.7.4 External Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
3.7.5 Shape Manipulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
3.7.6 Value Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
3.7.7 Idx and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
3.7.8 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
3.7.9 Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
3.7.10 Data Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
3.7.11 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
3.8 Discrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
3.8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
3.8.2 Limiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
3.8.3 Comparers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
3.8.4 Deadband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
3.8.5 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
3.9 Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
3.9.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
3.9.2 Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
3.9.3 Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
3.9.4 Naming Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
3.10 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
3.10.1 TGOV1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
3.10.2 IEEEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
iv
4 Release notes 399
4.1 v1.8 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
4.1.1 v1.8.10 (2023-08-10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
4.1.2 v1.8.9 (2023-06-22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
4.1.3 v1.8.8 (2023-04-24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
4.1.4 v1.8.7 (2023-03-10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
4.1.5 v1.8.6 (2023-02-13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
4.1.6 v1.8.5 (2022-12-22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
4.1.7 v1.8.4 (2022-11-23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
4.1.8 v1.8.3 (2022-11-15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
4.1.9 v1.8.2 (2022-10-30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
4.1.10 v1.8.1 (2022-09-24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
4.1.11 v1.8.0 (2022-08-30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
4.2 v1.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
4.2.1 v1.7.8 (2022-08-24) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
4.2.2 v1.7.7 (2022-08-02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
4.2.3 v1.7.6 (2022-07-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
4.2.4 v1.7.5 (2022-07-05) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
4.2.5 v1.7.4 (2022-07-01) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
4.2.6 v1.7.3 (2022-06-25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
4.2.7 v1.7.2 (2022-06-07) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
4.2.8 v1.7.1 (2022-05-31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
4.2.9 v1.7.0 (2022-05-22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
4.3 v1.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
4.3.1 v1.6.6 (2022-04-30) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
4.3.2 v1.6.5 (2022-04-19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
4.3.3 v1.6.4 (2022-04-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
4.3.4 v1.6.3 (2022-04-06) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
4.3.5 v1.6.2 (2022-03-27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
4.3.6 v1.6.1 (2022-03-13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
4.3.7 v1.6.0 (2022-03-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
4.4 v1.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
4.4.1 v1.5.12 (2022-03-05) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
4.4.2 v1.5.11 (2022-02-23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
4.4.3 v1.5.10 (2022-02-01) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
4.4.4 v1.5.9 (2022-01-31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
4.4.5 v1.5.8 (2021-12-21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
4.4.6 v1.5.7 (2021-12-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
4.4.7 v1.5.6 (2021-11-25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
4.4.8 v1.5.5 (2021-11-13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
4.4.9 v1.5.4 (2021-11-02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
4.4.10 v1.5.3 (2021-10-31) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
4.4.11 v1.5.2 (2021-10-27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
4.4.12 v1.5.1 (2021-10-23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
4.4.13 v1.5.0 (2021-10-13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
4.5 v1.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
4.5.1 v1.4.4 (2021-10-05) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
4.5.2 v1.4.3 (2021-09-25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
v
4.5.3 v1.4.2 (2021-09-12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
4.5.4 v1.4.1 (2021-09-12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
4.5.5 v1.4.0 (2021-09-08) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
4.6 v1.3 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
4.6.1 v1.3.12 (2021-08-22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
4.6.2 v1.3.11 (2021-07-27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
4.6.3 v1.3.10 (2021-06-08) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
4.6.4 v1.3.9 (2021-06-02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
4.6.5 v1.3.8 (2021-06-02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
4.6.6 v1.3.7 (2021-05-03) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
4.6.7 v1.3.6 (2021-04-23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
4.6.8 v1.3.5 (2021-03-20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
4.6.9 v1.3.4 (2021-03-13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
4.6.10 v1.3.2 (2021-03-08) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
4.6.11 v1.3.1 (2021-03-07) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
4.6.12 v1.3.0 (2021-02-20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
4.7 v1.2 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
4.7.1 v1.2.9 (2021-01-16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
4.7.2 v1.2.7 (2020-12-08) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
4.7.3 v1.2.6 (2020-12-01) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
4.7.4 v1.2.5 (2020-11-19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
4.7.5 v1.2.4 (2020-11-13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
4.7.6 v1.2.3 (2020-11-02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
4.7.7 v1.2.2 (2020-11-01) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
4.7.8 v1.2.1 (2020-10-11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
4.7.9 v1.2.0 (2020-10-10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
4.8 v1.1 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
4.8.1 v1.1.5 (2020-10-08) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
4.8.2 v1.1.4 (2020-09-22) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
4.8.3 v1.1.3 (2020-09-05) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
4.8.4 v1.1.2 (2020-09-03) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
4.8.5 v1.1.1 (2020-09-02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
4.8.6 v1.1.0 (2020-09-01) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
4.9 v1.0 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
4.9.1 v1.0.8 (2020-07-29) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
4.9.2 v1.0.7 (2020-07-18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
4.9.3 v1.0.6 (2020-07-08) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
4.9.4 v1.0.5 (2020-07-02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
4.9.5 v1.0.4 (2020-06-26) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
4.9.6 v1.0.3 (2020-06-02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
4.9.7 v1.0.2 (2020-06-01) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
4.9.8 v1.0.1 (2020-05-27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
4.9.9 v1.0.0 (2020-05-25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
4.10 Pre-v1.0.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
4.10.1 v0.9.4 (2020-05-20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
4.10.2 v0.9.3 (2020-05-05) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
4.10.3 v0.9.1 (2020-05-02) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
4.10.4 v0.8.8 (2020-04-28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
vi
4.10.5 v0.8.7 (2020-04-28) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
4.10.6 v0.8.6 (2020-04-21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
4.10.7 v0.8.5 (2020-04-17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
4.10.8 v0.8.4 (2020-04-07) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
4.10.9 v0.8.3 (2020-03-25) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
4.10.10 v0.8.0 (2020-02-12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
4.10.11 v0.6.9 (2020-02-12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
5 Model reference 423

5.1 ACLine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
5.1.1 Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
5.2 ACShort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
5.2.1 Jumper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
5.3 ACTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
5.3.1 Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
5.4 Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
5.4.1 ACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
5.4.2 ACEc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
5.4.3 COI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
5.5 Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
5.5.1 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
5.6 DCLink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
5.6.1 Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
5.6.2 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
5.6.3 L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
5.6.4 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
5.6.5 RCp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
5.6.6 RCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
5.6.7 RLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
5.6.8 RLCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
5.6.9 RLCp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
5.7 DCTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
5.7.1 Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
5.8 DG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
5.8.1 PVD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
5.8.2 ESD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
5.8.3 EV1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
5.8.4 EV2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
5.9 DGProtection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
5.9.1 DGPRCT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
5.9.2 DGPRCTExt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
5.10 DataSeries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
5.10.1 TimeSeries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
5.11 DynLoad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
5.11.1 ZIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
5.11.2 FLoad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
5.12 Exciter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
5.12.1 EXDC2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
vii
5.12.2 IEEEX1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
5.12.3 ESDC1A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
5.12.4 ESDC2A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
5.12.5 EXST1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
5.12.6 ESST3A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
5.12.7 SEXS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
5.12.8 IEEET1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
5.12.9 EXAC1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
5.12.10 EXAC2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
5.12.11 EXAC4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
5.12.12 ESST4B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
5.12.13 AC8B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
5.12.14 IEEET3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
5.12.15 ESAC1A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
5.12.16 ESST1A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
5.12.17 ESAC5A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
5.13 Experimental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
5.14 FreqMeasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
5.14.1 BusFreq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
5.14.2 BusROCOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
5.15 Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
5.15.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
5.16 Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
5.16.1 Fortescue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
5.17 Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
5.17.1 Motor3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
5.17.2 Motor5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
5.18 OutputSelect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
5.18.1 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
5.19 PLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
5.19.1 PLL1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
5.19.2 PLL2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
5.20 PSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
5.20.1 IEEEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
5.20.2 ST2CUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
5.21 PhasorMeasurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
5.21.1 PMU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
5.22 RenAerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
5.22.1 WTARA1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
5.22.2 WTARV1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
5.23 RenExciter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
5.23.1 REECA1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
5.23.2 REECA1E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
5.23.3 REECA1G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
5.24 RenGen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
5.24.1 REGCA1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
5.24.2 REGCP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
5.24.3 REGCV1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
viii
5.24.4 REGCV2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
5.24.5 REGF1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
5.24.6 REGF2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
5.24.7 REGF3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
5.25 RenGovernor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
5.25.1 WTDTA1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
5.25.2 WTDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
5.26 RenPitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
5.26.1 WTPTA1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
5.27 RenPlant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
5.27.1 REPCA1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
5.28 RenTorque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
5.28.1 WTTQA1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
5.29 StaticACDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
5.29.1 VSCShunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
5.30 StaticGen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
5.30.1 PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
5.30.2 Slack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
5.31 StaticLoad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
5.31.1 PQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
5.32 StaticShunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
5.32.1 Shunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
5.32.2 ShuntTD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
5.32.3 ShuntSw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
5.33 SynGen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
5.33.1 GENCLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
5.33.2 GENROU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
5.33.3 PLBVFU1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
5.34 TimedEvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
5.34.1 Toggle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
5.34.2 Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
5.34.3 Alter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
5.35 TurbineGov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
5.35.1 TG2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
5.35.2 TGOV1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
5.35.3 TGOV1DB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
5.35.4 TGOV1N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
5.35.5 TGOV1NDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749
5.35.6 IEEEG1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
5.35.7 IEESGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
5.35.8 GAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
5.35.9 HYGOV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
5.35.10 HYGOVDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
5.35.11 HYGOV4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
5.36 Undefined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
5.37 VoltComp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
5.37.1 IEEEVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
ix
6 API reference 777
6.1 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
6.1.1 andes.system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
6.1.2 andes.variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794
6.2 Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
6.2.1 andes.routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808
6.3 Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828
6.3.1 andes.plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
6.4 I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
6.4.1 andes.io . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
6.5 Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
6.5.1 andes.interop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
6.6 Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
6.6.1 andes.cli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
6.6.2 andes.main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
6.6.3 andes.utils.paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
6.6.4 andes.utils.snapshot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
6.6.5 andes.utils.widgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Bibliography 873
Python Module Index 875
Index 877
x
ANDES Manual, Release 1.8.10
Download documentation: PDF for stable version | PDF for development version
Useful Links: Binary Installer | Source Repository | Report Issues | Q&A | Try in Jupyter Notebooks | LTB
Repository
LTB ANDES is an open-source Python library for power system modeling, computation, analysis, and control,
serving as the core simulation engine for the CURENT Large scale Testbed (LTB). It supports power flows
calculation, transient stability simulation, and small-signal stability analysis for transmission systems. ANDES
implements a symbolic-numeric framework for rapid prototyping of differential-algebraic equation-based mod-
els. In this framework, a comprehensive library of models is developed, including the full second-generation
renewable models. Models in ANDES have been verified with commercial software.
Getting started
New to ANDES? Check out the getting started guides. They contain tutorials to the ANDES command-line
interface, scripting usages, as well as guides to configure ANDES and work with case files.
To the getting started guides
Examples
The examples provide in-depth usage of ANDES in a Python scripting environment. Advanced usage and and
power system studies are shown with explanation.
To the examples
Model development guide
Looking to implement new models, algorithms and functionalities in ANDES? The development guide provides
in-depth information on the design philosophy, data structure, and implementation of the hybrid symbolic-
numeric framework.
To the development guide
API reference
The API reference contains a detailed description of the ANDES package. The reference describes how the
methods work and which parameters can be used. It assumes that you have an understanding of the key con-
cepts.
To the API reference
Using ANDES for Research?
Please cite our paper [Cui2021] if ANDES is used in your research for publication.
ANDES MANUAL 1
2 ANDES MANUAL
CHAPTER
ONE
GETTING STARTED
1.1 Package Overview
ANDES is an open-source Python package for power system modeling, computation, analysis and control.
It establishes a unique hybrid symbolic-numeric framework for modeling differential algebraic equations
(DAEs) for numerical analysis. Main features of ANDES include
• a unique hybrid symbolic-numeric approach to modeling and simulation that enables descriptive DAE
modeling and automatic numerical code generation
• a rich library of transfer functions and discontinuous components (including limiters, dead-bands, and
saturation) available for prototyping models, which can be readily instantiated as multiple devices for
system analysis
• industry-grade second-generation renewable models (solar PV, type 3 and type 4 wind), distributed PV
and energy storage model
• comes with the Newton method for power flow calculation, the implicit trapezoidal method for time-
domain simulation, and full eigenvalue calculation
• rigorously verified models with commercial software. ANDES obtains identical time-domain simulation
results for IEEE 14-bus and NPCC system with GENROU and multiple controller models. See the
verification link for details.
• developed with performance in mind. While written in Python, ANDES comes with a performance
package and can finish a 20-second transient simulation of a 2000-bus system in a few seconds on a
typical desktop computer
• out-of-the-box PSS/E raw and dyr file support for available models. Once a model is developed, inputs
from a dyr file can be readily supported
• an always up-to-date equation documentation of implemented models
ANDES is currently under active development. To get involved,
• Follow the tutorial at https://andes.readthedocs.io
• Checkout the Notebook examples in the examples folder
• Try ANDES in Jupyter Notebook with Binder
• Download the PDF manual at download
3
• Report issues in the GitHub issues page

• Learn version control with the command-line git or GitHub Desktop
• If you are looking to develop models, read the Modeling Cookbook
This work was supported in part by the Engineering Research Center Program of the National Science Foun-
dation and the Department of Energy under NSF Award Number EEC-1041877 and the CURENT Industry
Partnership Program. ANDES is made open source as part of the CURENT Large Scale Testbed project.
ANDES is developed and actively maintained by Hantao Cui. See the GitHub repository for a full list of
contributors.
1.2 Installation
1.2.1 New to Python
Setting Up Mambaforge
If you are new to Python and want to get started quickly, you can use Mambaforge, which is a conda-like
package manager configured with conda-forge.
Step 1:
Downloaded the latest Mambaforge for your platform from https://github.com/conda-forge/miniforge#
mambaforge. Most users will use x86_64(amd64) for Intel and AMD processors. Mac users with Ap-
ple Silicon should use arm64(Apple Silicon) for best performance.
Next, complete the Mambaforge installation on your system.
Note: Mambaforge is a drop-in replacement for conda. If you have an existing conda installation, you can
replace all following mamba commands with conda and achieve the same functionality.
If you are using Anaconda or Miniconda on Windows, you should open Anaconda Prompt instead of
Miniforge Prompt.
Step 2:
Open Terminal (on Linux or maxOS) or Miniforge Prompt (on Windows, not cmd!!). Make sure you are in
a conda environment - you should see (base) prepended to the command-line prompt, such as (base)
C:\Users\username>.
Create an environment for ANDES (recommended)
mamba create --name andes python=3.8
Activate the new environment with
mamba activate andes
4 Chapter 1. Getting started

Note: You will need to activate the andes environment every time in a new Miniforge Prompt or shell.
If these steps complete without error, you now have a working Python environment. See the commands at the
top to Getting started ANDES.
1.2.2 Extra support package
Some ANDES features require extra support packages, which are not installed by default. For example, to
build the documentation, one will need to install development packages. Other packages will be required for
interoperability.
The extra support packages are specified in groups. The following group names are supported, with descriptions
given below:
• dev: packages to support development such as testing and documentation
• interop: packages to support interoperability of ANDES and other power systems tools.
Note: Extra support packages are not supported by conda/mamba installation. One needs to install ANDES
with pip.
To install packages in the dev when installing ANDES, do:
pip install andes[dev]
To install all extra packages, do:
pip install andes[all]
One can also inspect the requirements-extra.txt to identify the packages for manual installation.
1.2.3 Develop Install
The development mode installation is for users who want to modify the code and, for example, develop new
models or routines. The benefit of development mode installation is that changes to source code will be reflected
immediately without re-installation.
Step 1: Get ANDES source code
As a developer, you are strongly encouraged to clone the source code using git from either your fork or the
original repository. Clone the repository with
git clone https://github.com/cuihantao/andes
1.2. Installation 5
Note: Replace the URL with yours to use your fork. With git, you can later easily update the source code
and perform version control.
Alternatively, you can download the ANDES source code from https://github.com/cuihantao/andes and extract
all files to the path of your choice. Although works, this method is discouraged because tracking changes and
pushing back code edits will require significant manual efforts.
Step 2: Install dependencies
In the Mambaforge environment, use cd to change directory to the ANDES root folder. The folder should
contain the setup.py file.
Install dependencies with
mamba install --file requirements.txt

mamba install --file requirements-extra.txt
Alternatively, you can install them with pip:
pip install -r requirements.txt

pip install -r requirements-extra.txt
Step 3: Install ANDES in the development mode using
python3 -m pip install -e .
Note the dot at the end. Pip will take care of the rest.
Note: The ANDES version number shown in pip list will stuck at the version that was intalled, unless
ANDES is develop-installed again. It will not update automatically with git pull.
To check the latest version number, check the preamble by running the andes command or chek the output
of python -c "import andes; print(andes.__version__)"
Note: ANDES updates may infrequently introduce new package requirements. If you see an ImportError
after updating ANDES, you can manually install the missing dependencies or redo Step 2.
Note: To install extra support packages, one can append [NAME_OF_EXTRA] to pip install -e
.. For example, pip install -e .[interop] will install packages to support interoperability when
installing ANDES in the development, editable mode.

1.2.4 Updating ANDES
Warning: If ANDES has been installed in the development mode using source code, you will need to use
git or the manual approach to update the source code. In this case, Do not proceed with the following
steps, as they will install a separate site-package installation on top of the development one.
Regular ANDES updates will be pushed to both conda-forge and Python package index. It is recom-
mended to use the latest version for bug fixes and new features. We also recommended you to check the
Release notes before updating to stay informed of changes that might break your downstream code.
Depending you how you installed ANDES, you will use one of the following ways to upgrade.
If you installed it from mamba or conda, run
conda install -c conda-forge --yes andes
If you install it from PyPI (namely, through pip), run
python3 -m pip install --yes andes
1.2.5 Uninstall Multiple Copies
A common mistake new users make is to have multiple copies of ANDES installed in the same environment.
This can happen when one previously installed ANDES in the development mode but later ran conda in-
stall or python3 -m pip install to install the latest version. As a result, only the most recently
installed version will be accessible.
In this case, we recommend that you uninstall all version and reinstall only one copy using your preferred
mode. Uninstalling all copies can be done by calling conda remove andes and python3 -m pip
uninstall andes. The prompted path will indicate the copy to be removed. One may need to run the two
commands for a couple of time until the package managers indicate that the andes package can no longer be
found.
1.2.6 Troubleshooting
If you get an error message on Windows, reading
ImportError: DLL load failed: The specified module could not be found.
It is a path issue of your Python. In fact, Python on Windows is so broken that many people are resorting to
WSL2 just for Python. Fixes can be convoluted, but the easiest one is to install ANDES in a Conda/Mambaforge
environment.
1.2. Installation 7
1.3 Tutorial
ANDES can be used as a command-line tool or a library. The command-line interface (CLI) comes handy to
run studies. As a library, it can be used interactively in the IPython shell or the Jupyter Notebook. This chapter
describes the most common usages.
Please see the CLI cheatsheet if you are looking for quick help.
1.3.1 Command line
Basics
ANDES is invoked from the command line using the command andes. Running andes without any input is
equal to andes -h or andes --help. It prints out a preamble with version and environment information,
followed by and help commands
_ _ | Version 1.6.0
/_\ _ _ __| |___ ___ | Python 3.9.10 on Linux, 03/12/2022 10:30:44 AM
/ _ \| ' \/ _` / -_|_-< |
/_/ \_\_||_\__,_\___/__/ | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
usage: andes [-h] [-v {1,10,20,30,40}]

{run,plot,doc,misc,prepare,prep,selftest,st,demo} ...
positional arguments:
{run,plot,doc,misc,prepare,prep,selftest,st,demo}
[run] run simulation routine; [plot] plot
results; [doc] quick documentation; [misc] misc.
functions; [prepare] prepare the numerical code;
[selftest] run self test;
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v {1,10,20,30,40}, --verbose {1,10,20,30,40}
Verbosity level in 10-DEBUG, 20-INFO, 30-WARNING,
or 40-ERROR.
Note: If the andes command is not found, it could be due to

(1) missed steps in your installation process
(2) errors during installation
(3) forgot to activated the environment with ANDES
andes accepts an optional arugment to control verbosity level. It is done through -v LEVEL or --verbose
LEVEL, where level is a number. Logging level by default is 20 (INFO) and can be chosen from:
• 1 (DEBUG with code location info)

• 10 (DEBUG)
• 20 (INFO)
• 30 (WARNING)
• 40 (ERROR)
• 50 (CRITICAL)
To show debugging outputs, use andes -v 10, followed by top-level commands. To only show warnings
and errors, use andes -v 30.
The top-level commands are {run,plot,doc,misc,prepare,selftest}. Each command contains
a group of subcommands, which can be looked up with -h. For example, use andes run -h to look up
the subcommands for andes run. Frequently used commands are explained below.
Note: Some subcommands have shorthand names:

• andes st is equivalent to andes selftest
• andes prep is equivalent to andes prepare
andes selftest
After the installation, please run andes selftest from the command line to test ANDES functionality. It
might take a minute to run the full self-test suite. An example output looks like
test_docs (test_1st_system.TestCodegen) ... ok

...
... (outputs are truncated)
...
test_pflow_mpc (test_pflow_matpower.TestMATPOWER) ... ok
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 60 tests in 10.109s
OK
There may be more test than what is shown above. Make sure that all tests have passed.
ANDES receives frequent updates. After each update, please run andes st to confirm the functionality. The
command also makes sure the generated code is up to date. See andes prepare for more details on automatic
code generation.
Note: There is a quick mode to test ANDES by skipping code generation. This should only be used when you
are certain that there is no modification to models between the last code generation and now.
The quick mode is invoked by andes st -q.
1.3. Tutorial 9
andes prepare
The symbolically defined models in ANDES need to be generated into numerical code for simulation. The
code generation process is automatic the first time you use ANDES to run any case study. It takes 10 seconds
to one minute to generate the code depending on your platform. When done, no code generation is needed in
your future use untill you modify the models.
It is also possible to generate the code manually with andes prepare or andes prep. In addition,
andes selftest automatically calls the code generation.
Note: Generated code files are stored in Python code in $HOME/.andes/pycode. While being human-
readable, they are not human-friendly and should only be consulted during low-level debugging.
The default code generation mode is known as the "quick mode". It skips the generation of LATEX-formatted
equations, which are only useful in documentation and the interactive mode.
Option -i or --incremental can be used to speed up code generation during model development. andes
prepare -i only generates code for models that are detected with changes since the last code generation.
Warning: To developers:
andes prepare -i needs to be called following model changes, such as equation modification and
adding variables. Otherwise, due to mismatches in model and code, simulation results will not reflect the
new changes, at best, or even lead to unexpected errors
ANDES supports precompiling the generated Python code using Numba. See Numba compilation. Numba
needs to be installed separately. Check the version of installed numba and other dependencies with andes
misc --version.
andes run
andes run is the entry point for power system analysis routines. The full list of options can be printed
with andes run -h. andes run takes one positional argument, filename, along with other optional
keyword arguments. filename is the path to cases, either relative or absolute.
• Relative path: andes run kundur_full.xlsx, e.g., uses a relative path. It works only if
kundur_full.xlsx exists in the working directory of the command line.
• Absolute path: andes run /Users/hcui7/kundur_full.xlsx (on macOS) or andes
run C:/Users/hcui7/kundur_full.xlsx (on Windows) use absolute paths to the case files.
They do not depend on the command-line current directory.
Note: When working with the command line, use cd to change directory to the folder containing your test
case. Spaces in folder and file names need to be escaped properly, so it's generally advised to avoid spaces in
file and folder names.

To find out your current working directory, look for the line below the ANDES preamble that reads like
Working directory: "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/kundur"
Input path
ANDES allows one to specify the path to look for the case file instead of the working directory. This is done
by using the -p or --input-path option. For example, if kundur_full.xlsx is in folder /home/
hacui/cases, one can do
andes run kundur_full.xlsx -p /home/hacui/cases
The argument passed to -p or --input-path can also be a relative path. If you need further help under-
standing paths, please consult other online articles.
Multiprocessing
ANDES takes multiple files inputs or wildcard. Multiprocessing will be triggered if more than one valid input
files are passed to filename.
• Multiple files: to run the power flow for kundur_full.xlsx and kundur_motor.xlsx simul-
taneously, one can do
andes run kundur_full.xlsx kundur_motor.xlsx
The output will look like
Working directory: "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/kundur"

-> Processing 2 jobs on 12 CPUs.
Process 0 for "kundur_full.xlsx" started.
Process 1 for "kundur_motor.xlsx" started.
Log saved to "/tmp/andes/andes-uopdutii/andes.log".
-> Multiprocessing finished in 2.4680 seconds.
• Wildcard: to run power flow for files with a prefix of kundur_ and a suffix (file extension) of .xlsx,
run
andes run kundur_*.xlsx
Case files with such name pattern, including kundur_full.xlsx and kundur_motor.xlsx, among
others, will be processed.
Option --ncpu NCPU can be used to specify the maximum number of parallel processes. By default, all
cores will be used. A small number can be specified to increase operating system responsiveness.
1.3. Tutorial 11
Routine
Option -r or -routine is used for specifying the analysis routine, followed by the routine name. Available
routine names include
• pflow for power flow calculation
• tds for time domain simulation
• eig for eigenvalue analysis
If -r is not given, the power flow calculation routine will be called. There are routine specific options that can
be passed to andes run and are discussed next.
Each routine has a list of configuration options (called "config") to control their behaviors. Config needs to be
distinguished from command-line options as not all config options are available in the command-line. Refer to
Config for details.
Power flow
Note: Examples in the following will utilize the kundur_full.xlsx test case. If you have cloned the
ANDES repository, it can be found in andes/cases/kundur in the source code folder. You can also
download it from here.
To run power flow, change to the directory containing kundur_full.xlsx, and execute the following in
the command line:
andes run kundur_full.xlsx
Alternatively, the full path to the case file is also recognizable, such as
andes run /home/user/andes/cases/kundur/kundur_full.xlsx
The power flow report will be saved to the current directory where ANDES is invoked. The report contains
four sections:
1) system statistics,
2) ac bus and dc node data
3) ac line data, and
4) results of other algebraic variables and state variables.
By default, the power flow routine is configured to use full Newton Raphson method, and reactive power limits
are not checked. To change these config, edit the config file by referring to andes doc PFlow and andes
doc PV.
Following power flow, ANDES does not initialize dynamic models to save time. When developing dynamic
models, one can enable the initialization by setting in the config file

[PFlow]
init_tds = 1
Time-domain simulation
To run the time domain simulation (TDS) for kundur_full.xlsx, run
andes run kundur_full.xlsx -r tds
The output looks like:
Parsing input file "kundur_full.xlsx"...

Input file parsed in 0.1533 seconds.
System internal structure set up in 0.0174 seconds.
-> System connectivity check results:
No islanded bus detected.
System is interconnected.
Each island has a slack bus correctly defined and enabled.
-> Power flow calculation

Sparse solver: KLU
Solution method: NR method
Numba compilation initiated with caching.
Power flow initialized in 0.1428 seconds.
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745103977e-07
Converged in 5 iterations in 0.0014 seconds.
Report saved to "kundur_full_out.txt" in 0.0004 seconds.
-> Time Domain Simulation Summary:

Sparse Solver: KLU
Simulation time: 0.0-20.0 s.
Fixed step size: h=33.33 ms. Shrink if not converged.
Initialization for dynamics completed in 0.0626 seconds.
Initialization was successful.
<Toggle 1>: Line.Line_8 status changed to 0 at t=2.0 sec.
100%|########################################| 100/100 [00:00<00:00, 241.53%/
,→s]
Simulation completed in 0.4141 seconds.
Outputs to "kundur_full_out.lst" and "kundur_full_out.npz".
Outputs written in 0.0171 seconds.
-> Single process finished in 0.8890 seconds.
The output contains the key information for the simulation, such as solver name and step size. It prints out the
disturbance information, the trip of Line Line_8 at time t=2.0 sec.
There are a few places needing to be noted:
1.3. Tutorial 13
1. Make sure the power flow calculation is successful. Otherwise, there is no good starting point for dynamic
simulation.
2. Make sure no suspect initialization error is found. Otherwise, the system will not be at steady state even
before disturbances.
TDS writes two output files: a variable list file kundur_full_out.lst, and a compressed NumPy data
file kundur_full_out.npz:
• List file: it is a plain-text file with three columns: variable indices, variable name in plain text, and
variable name in the LATEX format. The variable indices are needed to plot the needed variable.
• Data file: it is a zipped NumPy binary file. Although not directly editable, it can be used for plotting or
can be converted to a CSV file. See the subsection on andes plot.
There are TDS-specific options that can be passed to andes run:
• --tf TF: the final time of the simulation. TF should be a number in seconds. By default, it is set to
20.0.
• --addfile ADDFILE: specify an additional data file. This is currently used to supply PSS/E dyr file
in addition to a raw file.
• --flat: turn on "flat run" mode to ignore all disturbances. The simulation will be performed up to the
end time.
• --no-pbar: turn off progress bar.
• --from-csv FROM_CSV: use data from a CSV file to perform mock simulation. The CSV file should
be in the format of andes plot --to-csv.
Disable output
Output to files can be disabled with --no-output or -n. It is useful when computation is needed but results
can be discarded. It is also useful when results are processed in memory, combined with the --shell option
discussed next.
IPython shell
The ANDES CLI will exit to the system shell when finished running. It is sometimes useful to script in Python
to quickly process the simulation results in memory, such as plotting. ANDES can exit to the IPython shell
with --shell or -s. For example:
andes run kundur_full.xlsx -r tds -s -n
Note the -n is optional to disable file output. The terminal output will look like

100%|#########################################| 100/100 [00:00<00:00, 246.07%/
,→s]
(continues on next page)

(continued from previous page)

IPython: Access System object in variable `system`.
Python 3.9.10 | packaged by conda-forge | (main, Feb 1 2022, 21:24:11)
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 8.1.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
In [1]:
A prompt will appear following In [1]: to indicate an IPython shell. If the test case file is parsed without
error, the system object will be stored in variable system, i.e.
In [1]: system
Out[1]: <andes.system.System at 0x7fc1cd992790>
Python commands can be executed thereafter. To exit, type exit and press enter.
Format converter
ANDES uses the Excel format to store power system data in the ANDES semantics. In addition, multiple input
formats are recognized and can be converted to the ANDES xlsx format. Converting data into the ANDES
has pros and cons:
• Pros: - The data can be readily edited with an Excel-like tool - Data for models unique to ANDES can
be readily added to the xlsx file
• Cons: - Conversion from ANDES xlsx back to the original format is not supported
Note: It is recommended to stay with the original data format to maximize compatibility when no ANDES-
specific models are used.
Format conversion is done through --convert FORMAT or -c FORMAT, where FORMAT is the output
format. For now, the following formats are supported:
• xlsx: an Excel spread sheet format with ANDES-specific data. It is not compatible with xlsx with
datafrom other tools such as Pandapower.
• json: a JSON plain-text file with ANDES-specific data. Likewise, it is unlikely to be compatible with
JSON from other power system tools. JSON is much faster to parse than xlsx but not as friendly to
edit.
To convert kundur_full.xlsx, for example, to the json format, run
andes run kundur_full.xlsx --convert json
The output messages will look like
1.3. Tutorial 15
Parsing input file "kundur_full.xlsx"...

JSON file written to "kundur_full.json"
Format conversion completed in 0.0053 seconds.
Note that --convert will only create sheets for existing models.
The converter works with any input formats that are currently supported. These include:
• .m: MATPOWER case file
• .raw and .dyr: PSS/E raw and dyr files
• .xlsx: Excel spreadsheet file with ANDES data
• .json: JSON plain-text file with ANDES data
PSS/E inputs
To work with PSS/E input files (.raw and .dyr), one need to provide the raw file through casefile and pass
the dyr file through --addfile. For example, in andes/cases/kundur, one can run the power flow
using
andes run kundur.raw
and run a no-disturbance time-domain simulation using
andes run kundur.raw --addfile kundur_full.dyr -r tds
Note: If one wants to modify the parameters of models that are supported by both PSS/E and ANDES, one
can directly edit those dynamic parameters in the .raw and .dyr files to maintain interoperability with other
tools.
To create add a disturbance, there are two options. The recommended option is to convert the PSS/E data into
an ANDES xlsx file, edit it and run (see the previous subsection). The alternative approach is documented in
Creating disturbances.
Profiling
Profiling is useful for analyzing the computation time and code efficiency. Option --profile enables the
profiling of ANDES execution. The profiling output will be written in two files in the current folder, one ending
with _prof.txt and the other one with _prof.prof.
The text file can be opened with a text editor, and the .prof file can be visualized with snakeviz, which
can be installed with pip install snakeviz.
If the output is disabled, profiling results will be printed to stdio.

andes plot
andes plot is the command-line tool for plotting. It currently supports time-domain simulation data. Three
positional arguments are required, and a dozen of optional arguments are supported.
Argu- Description
ment
filename simulation output file name, which should end with out. File extension can be
omitted.
x the X-axis variable index, typically 0 for Time
y Y-axis variable indices. Space-separated indices or a colon-separated range is
accepted
For the list of optional arguments, see the output of andes plot -h.
To plot the generator speed variable omega of GENROU_1 omega GENROU 1 versus time, one way is to
supply the variable indices found in the .lst output file. The index of the variable omega GENROU 1 is
found to be 5, and Time is found to be 0, so the plot command should be
andes plot kundur_full_out.lst 0 5
where kundur_full_out.lst is list file name, 0 is the index of Time for the x-axis, and 5 is the
index of omega GENROU 1. Note that for the the file name, either kundur_full_out.lst or
kundur_full_out.npz works as the program will automatically extract the file name.
The y-axis variable indices can also be specified as a Python range. For example, andes plot
kundur_full_out.npz 0 2:21:6 will plot the variables with indices 2, 8, 14 and 20.
It can become tedious to look up the indices of variables in the .lst file. andes plot supports --xargs
or -a for searching for variable indices and passing them as arguments to andes plot. See Examples -
"Using CLI from Notebook".
LaTeX rendering
andes plot will attempt to render with LATEX if dvipng program is in the search path. Figures rendered
by LATEX has publication-quality aesthetics for symbols but takes considerably longer time. In case LATEX is
available but fails (frequently happens on Windows), the option -d can be used to disable LATEX rendering.
1.3. Tutorial 17
andes doc
andes doc is a handy tool to look up model, routine and config documentation. Model documentation
include the descriptions of parameters, variables, and configs. A pretty-print version is available online in
Model reference.
The basic usage of andes doc is to provide a model name or a routine name as the positional argument. For
a model, it will print out model parameters, variables, and equations to the stdio. For a routine, it will print out
fields in the Config file.
Note: For full model documentation, visit Model reference.
For example, to check the parameters for model Toggle, run

$ andes doc Toggle
Model <Toggle> in Group <TimedEvent>
Time-based connectivity status toggle.
Parameters
Name | Description | Default | Unit | Type |␣

,→ Properties
-------+------------------------------+---------+------+------------+---------
,→--
u | connection status | 1 | bool | NumParam |
name | device name | | | DataParam |
model | Model or Group of the device | | | DataParam |␣
,→mandatory
| to control | | | |
dev | idx of the device to control | | | IdxParam |␣
,→mandatory
t | switch time for connection | -1 | | TimerParam |␣
,→mandatory
| status | | | |
To list all supported models, run

$ andes doc -l
Supported Groups and Models
Group | Models
-----------------+-------------------------------------------
ACLine | Line
ACTopology | Bus
Collection | Area
DCLink | Ground, R, L, C, RCp, RCs, RLs, RLCs, RLCp
DCTopology | Node
Exciter | EXDC2
Experimental | PI2
FreqMeasurement | BusFreq, BusROCOF


StaticACDC | VSCShunt
StaticGen | PV, Slack
StaticLoad | PQ
StaticShunt | Shunt
SynGen | GENCLS, GENROU
TimedEvent | Toggle, Fault
TurbineGov | TG2, TGOV1
To view the Config fields for a routine, run
$ andes doc TDS

Config Fields in [TDS]
Option | Value | Info | Acceptable␣

,→ values
-----------+-------+----------------------------------------+-----------------
,→--
sparselib | klu | linear sparse solver name | ('klu', 'umfpack
,→')
tol | 0.000 | convergence tolerance | float

t0 | 0 | simulation starting time | >=0
tf | 20 | simulation ending time | >t0
fixt | 0 | use fixed step size (1) or variable | (0, 1)
| | (0) |
shrinkt | 1 | shrink step size for fixed method if | (0, 1)
| | not converged |
tstep | 0.010 | the initial step step size | float
max_iter | 15 | maximum number of iterations | >=10
andes misc
andes misc contains miscellaneous functions, such as configuration and output cleaning.
Configuration
ANDES uses a configuration file to set runtime configs for the system routines, and models. andes misc
--save-config saves all configs to a file. By default, it saves to $HOME/.andes/andes.conf file,
where $HOME is the path to your home directory.
With andes misc --edit-config, you can edit ANDES configuration handy. The command will
automatically save the configuration to the default location if not exist. The shorter version --edit can be
used instead as Python matches it with --edit-config.
You can pass an editor name to --edit, such as --edit vim. If the editor name is not provided, it will use
the following defaults: - Microsoft Windows: notepad. - GNU/Linux: the $EDITOR environment variable, or
vim if not exist.
For macOS users, the default is vim. If not familiar with vim, you can use nano with --edit nano or
TextEdit with --edit "open -a TextEdit".
1.3. Tutorial 19
Cleanup
andes misc -C, --clean

Option to remove any generated files. Removes files with any of the following suffix: _out.txt (power flow
report), _out.npy (time domain data), _out.lst (time domain variable list), and _eig.txt (eigenvalue
report).
Version
Check the version of ANDES and the core packages it uses, use
andes misc --version
Please include the output in your bug report.
1.3.2 Scripting
This section is a tutorial for using ANDES in an interactive/scripting environment. All scripting shells are
supported, including Python shell, IPython, Jupyter Notebook and Jupyter Lab. The examples below uses
Jupyter Notebook.
Jupyter Notebook
Jupyter notebook is a convenient tool to run Python code and present results. Jupyter notebook can be installed
with
conda install jupyter notebook
After the installation, change directory to the folder where you wish to store notebooks, then start the notebook
with
jupyter notebook
A browser window should open automatically with the notebook browser loaded. To create a new notebook,
use the "New" button near the upper-right corner.
Note: In the following, code that starts with >>> are Python code. and should be run inside Python, IPython,
or Jupyter Notebook. Python code should not be entered into Anaconda Prompt or Linux shell.

Import
Like other Python libraries, ANDES needs to be imported into an interactive scripting Python environment.
>>> import andes

>>> andes.config_logger()
Verbosity
If you are debugging ANDES, you can enable debug messages with
>>> andes.config_logger(stream_level=10)
or simply
>>> andes.config_logger(10)
The stream_level uses the same verbosity levels as for the command-line. If not explicitly enabled, the
default level 20 (INFO) will apply.
To set a new logging level for the current session, call config_logger with the desired new levels.
Making a System
Before running studies, an andes.system.System object needs to be create to hold the system data. The
System object can be created by passing the path to the case file the entry-point function.
There are multiple ways to create such object, and andes.main.run is the most convenient way. For
example, to run the file kundur_full.xlsx in the same directory as the notebook, use
>>> ss = andes.run('kundur_full.xlsx')
This function will parse the input file, run the power flow, and return the system as an object. Outputs will look
like
Parsing input file </Users/user/notebooks/kundur/kundur_full.xlsx>

Input file kundur_full.xlsx parsed in 0.4172 second.
-> Power flow calculation with Newton Raphson method:
0: |F(x)| = 14.9283
1: |F(x)| = 3.60859
2: |F(x)| = 0.170093
3: |F(x)| = 0.00203827
4: |F(x)| = 3.76414e-07
Converged in 5 iterations in 0.0222 second.
Report saved to </Users/user/notebooks/kundur_full_out.txt> in 0.0015 second.
-> Single process finished in 0.4677 second.
In this example, ss is an instance of andes.System. It contains member attributes for models, routines,
and numerical DAE.
1.3. Tutorial 21
Naming convention for the System attributes are as follows

• Model attributes share the same name as class names. For example, ss.Bus is the Bus instance, and
ss.GENROU is the GENROU instance.
• Routine attributes share the same name as class names. For example, ss.PFlow and ss.TDS are the
routine instances.
• The numerical DAE instance is in lower case ss.dae.
To work with PSS/E inputs, refer to Examples - "Working with Data".
Note: andes.main.run can accept multiple input files for multiprocessing. They can be passed as a list
of strings to the first positional argument.
Passing options
andes.run() can accept options that are available to the command-line andes run. Options need to be
passed as keyword arguments to andes.run() in addition to the positional argument for the test case. For
example, setting no_output to True will disable all file outputs. When scripting, one can do
>>> ss = andes.run('kundur_full.xlsx', no_output=True)
which is equivalent to the following shell command:
andes run kundur_full.xlsx --no-output
Please note that the dash between no and output needs to be replaced with an underscore for scripting. This
is the convention in Python's argument parser.
Another example is to specify a folder for output files. By default, outputs will be saved to the folder where
Python is run (or where the notebook is run). In case you need to organize outputs, a path prefix can be passed
to andes.run() through output_path:
>>> ss = andes.run('kundur_full.xlsx', output_path='outputs/')
which will put outputs into folder outputs relative to the current path. You can also supply an absolute path
to output_path.
The next example is to specify the simulation time for a time-domain simulation. There are multiple ways to
implement it (see Examples), and one way is to pass the end time (in sec) through argument tf and set the
routine to tds:
>>> ss = andes.run('kundur_full.xlsx', routine='tds', tf=5)
which will set the simulation time to 5 seconds.
Note: While andes run accepts single-letter alias for the option, such as andes run -n for andes
run --no-output, andes.run() can only work with the full option name (with hyphen replaced by

underscore)
Load Only
In many workflows, one will simulate many scenarios with largely identical system data. A base case can be
loaded and modified to create scenarios in memory. See Example "Working with Data" for details
Inspecting Parameter
DataFrame
Parameters for the loaded system can be readily inspected in Jupyter Notebook using Pandas.
Parameters for a model instance can be retrieved in a DataFrame using the as_df() method on the model
instance. For example, to view the parameters of Bus, use
>>> ss.Bus.as_df()
A table will be printed with the columns being parameters and the rows being Bus devices/instances. For a
system that has been setup, parameters have been converted to per unit values in the system base specified by
ss.config.mva. The per-unit values in the system base will be used in computation as all computation in
ANDES uses system-base per-unit data.
To view the original input values, use the as_df(vin=True) method. For example, to view the system-base
per unit value of GENROU, use
>>> ss.GENROU.as_df(vin=True)
Parameter in the table is the same as that in the input file without any conversion. Some input data, by conven-
tion, are given as per unit in the device base; see Per Unit System for details.
Note that andes.core.modeldata.ModelData.as_df() returns a view. Modifying the returned
dataframe will not affect the original data used for simulation. To modify the data, see Example "Working with
Data".
Running Studies
Three routines are currently supported: PFlow, TDS and EIG. Each routine provides a run() method to
execute. The System instance contains member attributes having the same names. For example, to run the
time-domain simulation for ss, use
>>> ss.TDS.run()
To change configuration for routines, one can set the attribute before calling run. For example, to change the
end time to 5 sec, one can do
1.3. Tutorial 23
>>> ss.TDS.config.tf = 5
>>> ss.TDS.run()
Note that not all config changes are respected. Some config values are used while creating the routine instance.
For config changes that does not necessarily have to be done on-the-fly, it is recommended to edit the config
file.
Checking Exit Code
andes.System contains field exit_code for checking if error occurred in run time. A normal completion
without error should always have exit_code == 0. One should read output messages carefully and check
the exit code, which is particularly useful for batch simulations.
Error may occur in any phase - data parsing, power flow, or simulation. To diagnose, split the simulation steps
and check the outputs from each one.
Plotting TDS Results
TDS comes with a plotting utility for scripting usage. After running the simulation, a plotter attributed will
be created for TDS. To use the plotter, provide the attribute instance of the variable to plot. For example, to
plot all the generator speed, use
>>> ss.TDS.plotter.plot(ss.GENROU.omega)
Note: If you see the error

AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'plot'
You will need to manually load plotter with
>>> ss.TDS.load_plotter()
Optional indices is accepted to choose the specific elements to plot. It can be passed as a tuple through the a
argument
>>> ss.TDS.plotter.plot(ss.GENROU.omega, a=(0, ))
In the above example, the speed of the "zero-th" generator will be plotted.

Scaling
A lambda function can be passed to argument ycalc to scale the values. This is useful to convert a per-unit
variable to nominal. For example, to plot generator speed in Hertz, use
>>> ss.TDS.plotter.plot(ss.GENROU.omega, a=(0, ),

ycalc=lambda x: 60*x,
)
Formatting
A few formatting arguments are supported:

• grid = True to turn on grid display
• greyscale = True to switch to greyscale
• ylabel takes a string for the y-axis label
Extracting Data
One can extract data from ANDES for custom plotting. Variable names can be extracted from the following
fields of ss.dae:
Un-formatted names (non-LaTeX):
• x_name: state variable names
• y_name: algebraic variable names
• xy_name: state variable names followed by algebraic ones
LaTeX-formatted names:
• x_tex_name: state variable names
• y_tex_name: algebraic variable names
• xy_tex_name: state variable names followed by algebraic ones
These lists only contain the variable names used in the current analysis routine. If you only ran power flow,
ss.dae.y_name will only contain the power flow algebraic variables, and ss.dae.x_name will likely be
empty. After initializing time-domain simulation, these lists will be extended to include all variables used by
TDS.
In case you want to extract the discontinuous flags from TDS, you can set store_z to 1 in the config file
under section [TDS]. When enabled, discontinuous flag names will be populated at
• ss.dae.z_name: discontinuous flag names
• ss.dae.z_tex_name: LaTeX-formatted discontinuous flag names
If not enabled, both lists will be empty.
1.3. Tutorial 25
Power flow solutions
The full power flow solutions are stored at ss.dae.xy after running power flow (and before initializing
dynamic models). You can extract values from ss.dae.xy, which corresponds to the names in ss.dae.
xy_name or ss.dae.xy_tex_name.
If you want to extract variables from a particular model, for example, bus voltages, you can directly access the
v field of that variable
>>> import numpy as np

>>> voltages = np.array(ss.Bus.v.v)
which stores a copy of the bus voltage values. Note that the first v is the voltage variable of Bus, and the
second v stands for value. It is important to make a copy by using np.array() to avoid accidental changes
to the solutions.
If you want to extract bus voltage phase angles, do
>>> angle = np.array(ss.Bus.a.v)
where a is the field name for voltage angle.

To find out names of variables in a model, use command andes doc or refer to Model reference.
Time-domain data
Time-domain simulation data will be ready when simulation completes. It is stored in ss.dae.ts, which
has the following fields:
• txyz: a two-dimensional array. The first column is time stamps, and the following are variables. Each
row contains all variables for that time step.
• t: all time stamps.
• x: all state variables (one column per variable).
• y: all algebraic variables (one column per variable).
• z: all discontinuous flags (if enabled, one column per flag).
If you want the output in pandas DataFrame, call
ss.dae.ts.unpack(df=True)
Dataframes are stored in the following fields of ss.dae.ts:

• df: dataframe for states and algebraic variables
• df_z: dataframe for discontinuous flags (if enabled)
For both dataframes, time is the index column, and each column correspond to one variable.

Note: Looking to extract data for a single variable? See Examples - "Working with Data".
Pretty Print of Equations
Each ANDES models offers pretty print of LATEX-formatted equations in the jupyter notebook environment.
To use this feature, symbolic equations need to be generated in the current session using
import andes ss = andes.System() ss.prepare()
Or, more concisely, one can do
import andes ss = andes.prepare()
This process may take a few minutes to complete. To save time, you can selectively generate it only for interested
models. For example, to generate for the classical generator model GENCLS, do
import andes ss = andes.System() ss.GENROU.prepare()
Once done, equations can be viewed by accessing ss.<ModelName>.syms.<PrintName>, where

<ModelName> is the model name, and <PrintName> is the equation or Jacobian name.
Note: Pretty print only works for the particular System instance whose prepare() method is called. In
the above example, pretty print only works for ss after calling prepare().
Supported equation names include the following:

• xy: variables in the order of State, ExtState, Algeb and ExtAlgeb
• f: the right-hand side of differential equations Mẋ = f
• g: implicit algebraic equations 0 = g
• df: derivatives of f over all variables xy
• dg: derivatives of g over all variables xy
• s: the value equations for ConstService
For example, to print the algebraic equations of model GENCLS, one can use ss.GENCLS.syms.g.
1.3. Tutorial 27
Finding Help
docstring
To find out how a Python class, method, or function should be used, use the built-in help() function. This will
print out the docstring of the class/method/function. For example, to check how the get method of GENROU
should be called, do
help(ss.GENROU.get)
In Jupyter notebook, this can be simplified into ?ss.GENROU.get or ss.GENROU.get?.

Please report issues if you find missing docstring.
Model docs
Model docs can be shown by printing the return of doc(). For example, to check the docs of GENCLS, do
print(ss.GENCLS.doc())
It is the same as calling andes doc GENCLS from the command line. Likewise, a pretty-print version is
available online in Model reference.
1.3.3 Cheatsheet
A cheatsheet is available for quick lookup of supported commands.

View the PDF version at
https://www.cheatography.com//cuihantao/cheat-sheets/andes-for-power-system-simulation/pdf/
1.3.4 Documentation
The documentation you are viewing can be made locally in a variety of formats. To make HTML documenta-
tion, change directory to docs, and do
make html
After a few minutes, HTML documentation will be saved to docs/build/html with the index page being
index.html. You can use Python to serve it locally. In the folder docs/build/html, run
python -m http.server
A list of supported formats is as follows. Note that some format require additional compiler or library

html to make standalone HTML files

dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories
singlehtml to make a single large HTML file
pickle to make pickle files
json to make JSON files
htmlhelp to make HTML files and an HTML help project
qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project
devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project
epub to make an epub
latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter
latexpdf to make LaTeX and PDF files (default pdflatex)
latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx
text to make text files
man to make manual pages
texinfo to make Texinfo files
info to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo
gettext to make PO message catalogs
changes to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items
xml to make Docutils-native XML files
pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes
linkcheck to check all external links for integrity
doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)
coverage to run coverage check of the documentation (if enabled)
1.4 Config
ANDES uses a config file to store the various options for routines and models. As discussed in andes misc,
the config file is at $HOME/.andes/andes.rc. The reference for the config fields can be found in Config
reference.
1.4.1 Format
The ANDES config file uses the format provided by Python module configparser. The syntax is like the
following:
[System]
freq = 60
mva = 100
...
[PFlow]
sparselib = klu
linsolve = 0
tol = 1e-6
...
[TGOV1]
allow_adjust = 1
1.4. Config 29

adjust_lower = 0
adjust_upper = 1
In the above, System, PFlow and TGOV1 are two sections. freq = 60, for example, is a pair of option
and value in the [System] section. Note the space before and after the equal sign.
The meaning of the fields in each section can be found in Config reference, which contains the default values
and acceptable values for each option. The values for config fields can be a string or a number. Fields with
acceptable values being (0, 1) can only accept 0 or 1 to indicate true or false. Non-binary values for such
options will cause unexpected errors in the program.
Limits in models
All models have three config options:

• allow_adjust: allow limits of limiters in this model to be adjusted if the inputs, at steady state, is
out of the limits. allow_adjust = 0 is the global off-switch for this model.
• adjust_lower: allow reducing the lower limit to the input value, if the input at steady-state is below
the lower limit. This is disabled by default.
• adjust_upper: allow increasing the upper limit to the steady-state input. This is enabled by default.
Note that setting allow_adjust = 0 is equal to setting adjust_lower = 0 and adjust_upper
= 0, but the former saves some time for function calls.
The limit adjustment feature is to alleviate issues caused by the model parameters. Commercial tools have a
more sophisticated mechanism for autocorrection, and the limit adjustment is part of it. However, if you see
an limit adjustment warning or even initialization error, it is important not to rely on autocorrection but fix the
data by yourself. Autocorrected data can yield some results but issues can remain hidden.
1.4.2 Adjusting on the fly
CLI
One can adjust config on the fly in command line without modifying or even storing the config file. This is useful
when the config change is one-time or ANDES CLI is stored in a read-only container. The config update is
done by andes run --config-option SECTION.OPTION=VALUE, where SECTION is the section
name, OPTION is the option name, and VALUE is the new value. No space is allowed around . and =.
For example, to solve kundur_full.json with reactive power limit enforced, one can do:
andes run kundur_full.json -O PV.pv2pq=1
where -O is the shorhand command for --config-option, and the enabled pv2pq will allow PV to be
converted to PQ once reactive power limit is hit.
Multiple config updates can be passed simultaneously, separated by space. For example, to enable reactive
power limit and switch the power flow solver to UMFPACK, do:

andes run kundur_full.json -O PV.pv2pq=1 PFlow.sparselib=umfpack
Scripting
To adjust config on the fly when scripting, there are two cases:

• Update the config when creating a new System object
• Update the config for an existing System object
To update the config when creating a new System object, one can pass a list of strings to config_option
for andes.main.run:
>>> ss = andes.run("kundur_full.json", config_option=["PV.pv2pq=1"])
which directly calls the backend API for the CLI. To update multiple configs, one can do
>>> ss = andes.run("kundur_full.json",
config_option=["PV.pv2pq=1", "PFlow.sparselib=umfpack"])
When the System object gets created, the config values will be distributed to member attributes of the System
object. Therefore, the config for a System object ss is stored in ss.config, and the config for the power
flow routine is stored in ss.PFlow.config.
To update the config for an existing system, one can directly access the config attribute and set the new
value. To set a new simulation end time, one can overwrite the ss.TDS.config.tf field, such as:
# load system and run power flow

>>> ss = andes.run("kundur_full.json")
>>> ss.TDS.config.tf = 5.0
>>> ss.TDS.run()
Warning: Not all config options can be updated on the fly. Those config that are used for constructing
the system object can only be updated when creating a new System object.
1.4.3 Config reference
1.4. Config 31
System
Option Value Info Accepted values

freq 60 base frequency [Hz] float
mva 100 system base MVA float
ipadd 1 use spmatrix.ipadd if available (0, 1)
seed None seed (or None) for random number int or None
generator
diag_eps 0.000 small value for Jacobian diagonals
warn_limits 1 warn variables initialized at limits (0, 1)
warn_abnormal 1 warn initialization out of normal val- (0, 1)
ues
dime_enabled 0
dime_name andes
dime_address ipc:///tmp/dime2
numba 0 use numba for JIT compilation (0, 1)
numba_parallel 0 enable parallel for numba.jit (0, 1)
numba_nopython1 nopython mode for numba (0, 1)
yapf_pycode 0 format generated code with yapf (0, 1)
save_stats 0 store statistics of function calls (0, 1)
np_divide warn treatment for division by zero {'log', 'print', 'raise', 'warn', 'call',
'ignore'}
np_invalid warn treatment for invalid floating-point {'log', 'print', 'raise', 'warn', 'call',
ops. 'ignore'}
PFlow

sparselib klu linear sparse solver name ('klu', 'umfpack', 'spsolve',
'cupy')
linsolve 0 solve symbolic factorization each step (enable when (0, 1)
KLU segfaults)
tol 0.000 convergence tolerance float
max_iter 25 max. number of iterations >=10
method NR calculation method ('NR', 'dishonest', 'NK')
check_conn 1 check connectivity before power flow (0, 1)
n_factorize 4 first N iterations to factorize Jacobian in dishonest >0
method
report 1 write output report (0, 1)
degree 0 use degree in report (0, 1)
init_tds 0 initialize TDS after PFlow (0, 1)

TDS

linsolve 0 solve symbolic factorization each step (enable when KLU segfaults) (0, 1)
method trapezoid DAE solution method ('trapezoid', 'backeuler')
tol 0.000 convergence tolerance float
t0 0 simulation starting time >=0
tf 20 simulation ending time >t0
fixt 1 use fixed step size (1) or variable (0) (0, 1)
shrinkt 1 shrink step size for fixed method if not converged (0, 1)
honest 0 honest Newton method that updates Jac at each step (0, 1)
tstep 0.033 integration step size float
max_iter 15 maximum number of iterations >=10
refresh_event 0 refresh events at each step (0, 1)
test_init 1 test if initialization passes (0, 1)
check_conn 1 re-check connectivity after event (0, 1)
criteria 1 use criteria to stop simulation if unstable (0, 1)
ddelta_limit 180 delta diff. limit to be considered unstable, in degree
g_scale 1 scale algebraic residuals with time step size positive
reset_tiny 1 reset tiny residuals to zero to avoid chattering (0, 1)
qrt 0 quasi-real-time stepping (0, 1)
kqrt 1 quasi-real-time scaling factor; kqrt > 1 means slowing down positive
store_z 0 store limiter status in TDS output (0, 1)
store_f 0 store RHS of diff. equations (0, 1)
store_h 0 store RHS of external diff. equations (0, 1)
store_i 0 store RHS of external algeb. equations (0, 1)
limit_store 0 limit in-memory timeseries storage (0, 1)
max_store 900 maximum steps of data stored in memory before offloading positive integer
save_every 1 save one step to memory every N simulation steps integer
save_mode auto automatically or manually save output data when done ('auto', 'manual')
no_tqdm 0 disable tqdm progressbar and outputs (0, 1)
chatter_iter 4 minimum iterations to detect chattering int>=4
EIG

'cupy')
lin- 0 solve symbolic factorization each step (enable when KLU (0, 1)
solve segfaults)
plot 0 show plot after computation (0, 1)
tol 0.000 numerical tolerance to treat eigenvalues as zeros
1.4. Config 33
1.5 Input formats
ANDES currently supports the following input formats:

• .xlsx: Excel spreadsheet file with ANDES data
• .raw and .dyr: PSS/E RAW and DYR formats
• .m: MATPOWER format
• .json: JSON plain-text format with ANDES data
1.5.1 ANDES xlsx
The ANDES xlsx format allows one to use Excel for convenient viewing and editing. If you do not use Excel,
there are alternatives such as the free and open-source LibreOffice.
Format definition
The ANDES xlsx format contains multiple workbooks (also known as "sheets") shown as tabs at the bottom.
The name of a workbook is a model name, and each workbook contains the parameters of all devices that are
instances of the model.
In each sheet, the first row contains the names of parameters of the model. Starting from the second row, each
row corresponds to a device instance with the parameters in the corresponding columns. An example of the
Bus sheet is shown in the following screenshot.

Common parameters
A few columns are used across all models. That includes uid, idx, name and u:
• uid is an unique index that is generated and used internally. This column can be left empty when the
sheet is being created manually. Exporting systems to xlsx with --convert (see Format converter)
will have the uid overwritten.
• idx is the unique index to identify a device of the model. An unique idx should be provided explicitly
for each instance for best consistency. Accepted types for idx include numbers and strings without
spaces.
Warning: ANDES will check the uniqueness of idx and assign new ones when duplication is detected.
Duplicate idx indicates data inconsistency and will likely cause simulations to fail.
• u is the connectivity status of the instance. Accepted values are 0 for disconnected (turned off) and 1 for
connected (turned on). Disconnected devices will still have the variables assigned in ANDES but will
not interact with the simulation. Unexpected behaviors may occur if numerical values other than 0 and
1 are assigned, as u is often used as a multiplier in equations.
• name is the name for the device instance. It is used for display purposes and can be left empty.
Connecting devices
Most importantly, idx is the unique index for referencing a device, so that it can be properly connected by
supported devices. In a system, a PQ (constant PQ load) device needs to connect to a Bus device to inject
power. That is, the PQ device needs to indicate the Bus device to which it is connected. Such connection is
done in the PQ sheet by setting the bus parameter to the idx of the connected bus.
1.5. Input formats 35

The screenshot above is from the case file andes/cases/kundur/kundur_fault.xlsx. In this PQ

workbook, there are two PQ instances (also known as "devices") called PQ_0 and PQ_1 (referred to by idx).
They are connected to buses 7 and 8, respectively. The bus parameter of PQ is konwn as an indexing parameter
(andes.core.param.IdxParam) through which the connections are specified. To get the connection
actually work, on the Bus sheet, two rows must exist for two bus devices, respectively, with idx being 7 and
8.
To find out the IdxParams of a device for connecting to other devices, refer to Model reference. For example,
to find out how a device of the exciter model EXDC2 should be connected to a synchronous generator, in
the Parameters section, check the Properties column for mandatory parameters. Almost all IdxParams are
mandatory, meaning that they must be specified to build a consistent test case. It can be seen that for EXDC2,
syn is mandatory. From the description, one can tell that this is the "Synchronous generator idx", which should
be the idx of an existing synchronous generator, i.e., GENROU or GENCLS.
Typically, models of the same group use the same IdxParams to connect to other models. Each link on the left
sidebar of Model reference is a group, such as the Exciter group. With this convention, all exciters have a syn
parameter for connecting to synchronous generators.
Creating cases
It is often easier to modify from existing cases than creating from scratch. We recommend that you get familiar
with the cases available with ANDES, see Test Cases.
Adding devices
Adding devices to an existing workbook is straightforward. Navigate to the sheet corresponding to the model
and add a new line below the existing lines.
Almost all models have so-called mandatory parameters. They are essential to describe a complete and con-
sistent test case. For example, the PQ model has the bus parameter as mandatory to indicate the connected
bus. To look up mandatory parameters, see Model reference or use andes doc MODEL_NAME. Check for
"mandatory" in the last column called "Properties". This column also contains other data consistency require-
ments discussed in the following.
Non-mandatory parameters are optional, meaning that if not provided, ANDES will use the default parameters.
The default values can also be found in Model reference. This does not mean that such parameters should always
be left blank. For example, the p0 (active power load) of PQ is optional, but likely one wants to set it to a non-
zero value.
There are consistency requirements for parameters, such as non_zero, non_negative or
non_positive. If unmet, the default values will be used. See the class reference in andes.
core.param.NumParam.

Autofill data
When you finished adding devices but left some optional parameters empty, you can use ANDES to autofill
them. This is useful when you want to populate a large number of devices with the same parameters that can
be modified later.
The autofill is done through the data converter, namely, --convert or -c. ANDES will read in the Excel
file, fill the optional parameters with default values, fix the inconsistent values, and then export the data back
to Excel.
Warning: Please backup the spreadsheet if it contains customized edits. Inconsistent data will be re-
placed during the conversion. Formatting in the spreadsheet will be lost. Unrecognized sheets will also be
discarded.
To autofill kundur_full.xlsx, do
andes run kundur_full.xlsx -c
You will be prompted to confirm the overwrite.

Since this autofill feature utilizes the converter, the autofilled data can be exported to other formats, such as
.json. To do so, use -c json.
Adding workbooks
If one wants to add workbooks for models that does not exist in an xlsx file, one can use --add-book
ADD_BOOK (or -b ADD_BOOK), where ADD_BOOK can be a single model name or comma-separated model
names (without space). For example,
andes run kundur_full.xlsx -b Fault
will add an empty Fault sheet to kundur_full.xlsx.
Warning: With --add-book, the xlsx file will be overwritten with the same parameter corrections as
in the autofill. Please make backups as needed.
Format conversion and workbook addition can be performed together. To convert a PSS/E raw file and a dyr
file into an xlsx file and add a workbook for Fault, do
andes run kundur.raw -addfile kundur_full.dyr -c -b Fault
The output will have the same name as the raw file.

Data Consistency
Input data needs to have consistent types for idx. Both string and numerical types are allowed for idx, but
the original type and the referencing type must be the same. Suppose we have a bus and a connected PQ. The
Bus device may use 1 or '1' as its idx, as long as the PQ device uses the same value for its bus parameter.
The ANDES xlsx reader will try to convert data into numerical types when possible. This is especially relevant
when the input idx is string literal of numbers, the exported file will have them converted to numbers. The
conversion does not affect the consistency of data.
Parameter Check
The following parameter checks are applied after converting input values to array:
• Any NaN values will raise a ValueError
• Any inf will be replaced with 108 , and -inf will be replaced with −108 .
1.5.2 PSS/E RAW and DYR
The Siemens PSS/E data format is a widely used for power system simulation. PSS/E uses a variety of plain-text
files to store data for different actions. The RAW format (with file extension .raw) is used to store the steady-
state data for power flow analysis, and the DYR format (with extension .dyr) is used to store the parameters
of dynamic devices for transient simulation.
RAW Compatibility
ANDES supports PSS/E RAW in versions 32 and 33. Newer versions of raw files can store PSS/E settings
along with the system data, but such feature is not yet supported in ANDES. Also, manually edited raw files
can confuse the parser in ANDES. Following manual edits, it is strongly recommended to load the data into
PSS/E and save the case as a v33 RAW file.
ANDES supports most power flow models in PSS/E. It needs to be recognized that the power flow models in
PSS/E is is a larger set compared with those in ANDES. For example, switched shunts in PSS/E are converted
to fixed ones, not all three-winding transformer flags are supported, and HVDC devices are not yet converted.
This is not an exhaustive list, but all of them are advanced models.
We welcome contributions but please also reach out to us if you need to arrange the development of such
models.

DYR Compatibility
Fortunately, the DYR format does not have different versions yet. ANDES support reading parameters from
DYR files for models that have been implemented in ANDES. Owing to the descriptive modeling framework,
we implement the identical model so that parameters can be without conversion. If a dyr file contains models
that are not recognized by ANDES, an error will be thrown. One needs to manually remove those unsupported
models to load.
Like RAW files, manually edited DYR files can often be understood by PSS/E but may confuse the ANDES
parser. We also recommend to load and re-save the file using PSS/E.
Loading files
In the command line, PSS/E files can be loaded with
andes run kundur.raw --addfile kundur.dyr
where --addfile or -a is used to specify the optional DYR file. For now, DYR files can only be added to
a RAW file. We will allow different formats to be mixed in the future.
Likewise, one can convert PSS/E files to ANDES xlsx:
andes run kundur.raw --addfile kundur.dyr -c
This will convert all models in the RAW and DYR files. If only the RAW file is provided, only power flow
models will be converted. One cannot easily append those in a DYR file to an existing xlx file yet.
To load PSS/E files into a scripting environment, see Example - "Working with Data".
Creating disturbances
Instead of converting raw and dyr to xlsx before adding disturbances, one can edit the .dyr file with a
planin-text editor (such as Notepad) and append lines customized for ANDES models. This is for advanced
users after referring to andes/io/psse-dyr.yaml, at the end of which one can find the format of Tog-
gle:
# === Custom Models ===

Toggle:
inputs:
- model
- dev
- t
To define two Toggles in the .dyr file, one can append lines to the end of the file using, for example,
Line 'Toggle' Line_2 1 /

Line 'Toggle' Line_2 1.1 /

which is separated by spaces and ended with a slash. The second parameter is fixed to the model name quoted
by a pair of single quotation marks, and the others correspond to the fields defined in the above inputs. Each
entry is properly terminated with a forward slash.
Mapping dyr to ANDES models
ANDES supporting parsing PSS/E dynamic files in the format of .dyr. Support new dynamic models can be
added by editing the input and output conversion definition file in andes/io/psse-dyr.yaml, which is
in the standard YAML format. To add support for a new dynamic model, it is recommended to start with an
existing model of similar functionality.
Consider a GENCLS entry in a dyr file. The entry looks like
1 'GENCLS' 1 13.0000 0.000000 /
where the fields are in the order of bus index, model name, generator index on the bus, inertia (H) and damping
coefficient (D).
The input-output conversion definition for GENCLS is as follows
GENCLS:
destination: GENCLS
inputs:
- BUS
- ID
- H
- D
find:
gen:
StaticGen:
bus: BUS
subidx: ID
get:
u:
StaticGen:
src: u
idx: gen
Sn:
StaticGen:
src: Sn
idx: gen
Vn:
Bus:
src: Vn
idx: BUS
ra:
StaticGen:
src: ra
idx: gen
xs:
StaticGen:


src: xs
idx: gen
outputs:
u: u
bus: BUS
gen: gen
Sn: Sn
Vn: Vn
D: D
M: "GENCLS.H; lambda x: 2 * x"
ra: ra
xd1: xs
It begins with a base-level definition of the model name to be parsed from the dyr file, namely, GENCLS. Five
directives can be defined for each model: destination, inputs, outputs, find and get. Note that
find and get are optional, but the other three are mandatory.
• destination is ANDES model to which the original PSS/E model will be converted. In this case,
the ANDES model have the same name GENCLS.
• inputs is a list of the parameter names for the PSS/E data. Arbitrary names can be used, but it is
recommended to use the same notation following the PSS/E manual.
• outputs is a dictionary where the keys are the ANDES model parameter and the values are the input
parameter or lambda functions that processes the inputs (see notes below).
• find is a dictionary with the keys being the temporary parameter name to store the idx of external
devices and the values being the criteria to locate the devices. In the example above, GENCLS will try
to find the idx of StaticGen with bus == BUS and the subidx == ID, where BUS and ID
are from the dyr file.
• get is a dictionary with each key being a temporary parameter name for storing an external parameter
and each value being the criteria to find the external parameter. In the example above, a temporary
parameter u is the u parameter of StaticGen whose idx == gen. Note that gen is the idx of
StaticGen retrieved in the above find section.
For the inputs section, one will need to skip the model name because for any model, the second field is
always the model name. That is why for GENCLS below, we only list four input parameters.
1 'GENCLS' 1 13.0000 0.000000 /
For the outputs section, the order can be arbitrary, but it is recommended to follow the input order as much
as possible for maintainability. In particular, the right-hand-side of the outputs can be either an input parameter
name or an anonymous expression that processes the input parameters. For the example of GENCLS, since
ANDES internally uses the parameter of M = 2H, the input H needs to be multiplied by 2. It is done by the
following
M: "GENCLS.H; lambda x: 2 * x"
where the left-hand-side is the output parameter name (destination ANDES model parameter name), and the
right-hand-side is arguments and the lambda function separated by semi-colon, all in a pair of double quotation

marks. Multiple arguments are accepted and should be separated by comma. Arguments can come from the
same model or another model. In the case of the same model, the model name can be neglected, namely, by
writing M: "H; lambda x: 2 * x".
1.5.3 MATPOWER
ANDES supports MATPOWER data in version 2 in part for power flow calculation. The following fields are
supported:
• mpc.busMVA
• mpc.bus
• mpc.gen
• mpc.branch
• mpc.area
• mpc.bus_name
Other fields are not supported, most notably, mpc.gencost.
Power flow calculation results for MATPOWER cases are typically identical to that from MATPOWER using
default settings. These settings include no reactive power limits and following all generator connectivity status.
Discrepencies in the power flow solution between ANDES and MATPOWER are typically due to configuration
issues or different interpretation of the data, rather than in the power flow models.
1.5.4 ANDES JSON
Overview
JSON is a portable format for storing data. It has been used in several other power system tools, including
PowerModels, Pandapower, NREL-SIIP, and GridCal. It must be noted that JSON files from these tools are
not interoperable because JSON only defines the data structure, not the meaning of data.
Compared with the xlsx file which is a zipped package, the ANDES JSON file is much faster to parse. We
recommend that you use JSON in the following scenarios:
• Your test case is stable and require no manual editing, or
• You will read/write a large number of cases
To convert kundur_full.xlsx to the ANDES JSON format, do
andes run kundur_full.xlsx -c json
The output file will be named kundur_full.json.

Data storage
The ANDES JSON format uses one large dictionary for all devices in the system. The keys of the dictionary
are the model names, and the values are lists of dictionaries. In each dictionary, the keys are the parameter
names and the values are the parameter values.
The following shows the structure of a JSON file:
{
"Toggle": [
{
"idx": 1,
"u": 1.0,
"name": "Toggle_1",
"model": "Line",
"dev": "Line_8",
"t": 2.0
} // <- Toggle_1 ends
], // <- Toggle model ends
"Bus": [
{
"idx": 1,
"u": 1.0,
"name": 1,
"Vn": 20.0,
"vmax": 1.1,
"vmin": 0.9,
... // <- other parameters are omitted
},
{
"idx": 2,
"u": 1.0,
"name": 2,
"Vn": 20.0,
"vmax": 1.1,
"vmin": 0.9,
... // <- other parameters are omitted
},
... // <- other buses
], // <- Bus model ends

... // <- other models
} // <- whole system ends
There are thirdparty tools for editing JSON files, but we still recommend to convert files to xlsx for editing.
The conversion can be readily done with
andes run kundur_full.json -c xlsx

1.5.5 Disturbances
Disturbance Devices
Predefined disturbances at specified time can be created by adding the corresponding devices. Three types of
predefined disturbances are supported:
1. Three-phase-to-ground fault on buses. See Fault for details.
2. Connectivity status toggling. Disconnecting, connecting, or reconnecting any device, including lines,
generators and motors can be implemented by Toggle.
3. Alteration of values. See Alter for details.
To use these devices, the time of disturbance needs to be known ahead of the simulation. The simulation
program by default checks the network connectivity status after any disturbance.
Perturbation File
One can implement any custom disturbance using a perturbation file as discussed in [Milano2010]. The per-
turbation file is a Python script with a function named pert. The example for the perturbation file can be
found in andes/cases/ieee14/pert.py.
andes.cases.ieee14.pert.pert(t, system)
Perturbation function called at each step.
The function needs to be named pert and takes two positional arguments: t for the simulation time,
and system for the system object. Arbitrary logic and calculations can be applied in this function to
system.
If the perturbation event involves switching, such as disconnecting a line, one will need to set the
system.TDS.custom_event flag to True to trigger a system connectivity checking, and Jaco-
bian rebuilding and refactorization. To implement, add the following line to the scope where the event
is triggered:
system.TDS.custom_event = True
In other scopes of the code where events are not triggered, do not add the above line as it may cause
significant slow-down.
The perturbation file can be supplied to the CLI using the --pert argument or supplied to andes.
main.run() using the pert keyword.
Parameters
t [float] Simulation time.
system [andes.system.System] System object supplied by the simulator.

1.6 Test Cases
ANDES ships with with test cases in the andes/cases folder. The cases can be found in the online reposi-
tory.
1.6.1 Summary
Below is a summary of the folders and the corresponding test cases. Some folders contain a README file
with notes. When viewing the case folder on GitHub, one can conveniently read the README file below the
file listing.
• smib: single machine infinite bus (SMIB) system [Sauer].
• 5bus: a small PJM 5-bus test case for power flow study [PJM5].
• GBnetwork: a 2,000-bus system for the Great Britain network [GB]. Dynamic data is randomly gen-
erated.
• EI: the CURENT Eastern Interconnection network [EI].
• ieee14 and ieee39: the IEEE 14-bus and 39-bus test cases [IEEE].
• kundur: a modified Kundur's two area system from [RLGC]. The modified system is different in the
number of buses and lines from the textbook.
• matpower: a subset of test cases from [MATPOWER].
• nordic44: Nordpool 44-bus test case [Nordic]. Not all dynamic models are supported.
• npcc: the 140-bus Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) test case originated from Power
System Toolbox [PST].
• wecc: the 179-bus Western Electric Coordinating Council (WECC) test case [WECC].
• wscc: the 9-bus WSCC (succeeded by WECC) power flow data converted from [PSAT].
Note: Different systems exhibit different dynamics, thus the appropriate systems should be used to study
power system stability. For example:
• The Kundur's two-area system has under-damped modes and two coherent groups of generators. It is
suitable for oscillation study and transient stability studies.
• The WECC system is known for the inter-area oscillation.
• The IEEE 14-bus system and the 140-bus NPCC system is are frequently used for frequency control
studies. So is the Eastern Interconnection system.
Currently, the Kundur's 2-area system, IEEE 14-bus system, NPCC 140-bus system, and the WECC 179-bus
system has been verified against DSATools TSAT.
1.6. Test Cases 45

1.6.2 Example data
When developing models, we manually create cases with example data to verify the models. The Kundur's
system and the IEEE 14-bus system are used as the bases for adding specific models. One can find many cases
in the folder andes/cases/kundur. The case file names typically indicate the specific model added to the
file. These example cases with specific models are useful when one needs to find example parameters for the
model. For example:
• kundur_ieeeg1 indicates the use of IEEEG1 model in a Kundur's sytem
• ieee14_solar.xlsx contains the solar PV models (REGCA1, REECA1, and REPCA1)
• ieee14_plbvfu1.xlsx is the case for PLBVFU1 (playback of voltage and frequency). The case
provides an example of specifying plbvf.xlsx
• ieee14_timeseries.xlsx is an example for specifying timeseries for load data, which is provided
in pqts.xlsx
1.6.3 MATPOWER cases
MATPOWER cases has been tested in ANDES for power flow calculation. All following cases are calculated
with the provided initial values using the full Newton-Raphson iterative approach.
Benchmark
See MATPOWER cases for the benchmark of MATPOWER cases.
Synthetic systems
The 70K and the USA synthetic systems have difficulties to converge using the provided initial values. One can
solve the case in MATPOWER and save it as a new case for ANDES. For example, the SyntheticUSA case
can be converted in MATLAB with
mpc = runpf(case_SyntheticUSA)
savecase('USA.m', mpc)
And then solve it with ANDES from command line:
andes run USA.m
The output should look like

Sparse solver: KLU
Power flow initialized.
0: |F(x)| = 140.5782767
1: |F(x)| = 29.61673314


2: |F(x)| = 4.161452394
3: |F(x)| = 0.2337870537
4: |F(x)| = 0.001149488448
5: |F(x)| = 3.646516689e-08
1.6.4 How to contribute
We welcome the contribution of test cases! You can make a pull request to contribute new test cases.
Please follow the structure in the cases folder and provide an example Jupyter notebook (see examples/
demonstration) to showcase the results of your system.
1.7 Performance
We discuss methods to improve the compuattional performance in ANDES using Numba. Performance bench-
marks are also presented.
1.7.1 Numba compilation
In nearly all numerical simulation software, time is mostly spent on constructing the numerical system and
solving it. The construction of the DAE in ANDES involves the evaluation of functions from models that
implement the residuals and Jacobians.
Numba is a just-in-time compiler in Python that can turn numerical functions into compiled machine code.
In ANDES, it can speed up simulations by as much as 30%. The speedup is most effective in medium-sized
systems with multiple models. Such systems involve heavy function calls but rather moderate load for lin-
ear equation solvers. It is is less significant in large-scale systems where solving equations is the major time
consumer.
Note: Numba is supported since ANDES 1.5.0. One needs to manually install it with python -m pip
install numba from the Anaconda Prompt.
Enabling Numba JIT
Numba needs to be enabled manually. In the ANDES config file: in section [System], set numba = 1, so
that it looks like
[System]
...
numba = 1
...
1.7. Performance 47
where the ... are other options that are omitted here.
Just-in-time compilation will compile the code upon the first execution based on the input types. This is the
default mode of Numba. When compilation is triggered, ANDES may appear frozen due to the compilation
lag. To reuse the compiled code and save compilation time for future runs, the compiled binary code will be
automatically cached. The default cache folder is in $HOME/.andes/pydata/__pycache__ with file
extensions nbc and nbi
Numba compilation needs to be distinguished from the ANDES code generation by andes prepare. The AN-
DES code generation is to generate Python code from symbolically defined models and is relatively fast. The
Numba compilation further compiles the generated Python code to machine code. Whenever the ANDES code
generation produces new Python code, the cached Numba binary code will be invalidated.
When not to compile
when developing models, we recommend disabling numba to avoid spending time on compilation.
Ahead-of-time compilation
Just-in-time compilation can feel laggy. When ANDES is not being developed, one can compile the generated
Python code ahead of time to avoid just-in-time delays. We call it "precompilation".
Precompilation is invoked by
andes prep -c
It may take a minute for the first time. Owing to caching, future compilations will be incremental and much
faster.
1.7.2 MATPOWER cases
The hardware platform is an AMD Ryzen 9 5950X with 64GB of 3200 MHz DDR4 RAM. The operating
system is WSL2 Ubunbu 20.04 on Windows 10. Software packages are:
• ANDES 1.5.3
• KVXOPT 1.2.7.1
• NumPy 1.20.3
• numba 0.54.1
• OpenBLAS 0.3.18.
Numba is enabled, and all generated code are precompiled. Network connectivity checking is turned off
([PFlow] check_conn=0). Time to read numba cache (~0.3s) is not included.
The table below shows the power flow time in ANDES. All the cases are original in MATPOWER 7.0, and cases
not listed below will not solve with ANDES 1.5.3. The computation time may vary depending on hardware,
operating system, and software.

File Name Converged? # of Iterations ANDES Time [s]

case1354pegase.m 1 4 0.034
case14.m 1 2 0.009
case145.m 1 3 0.014
case15nbr.m 1 17 0.024
case17me.m 1 3 0.010
case18.m 1 3 0.011
case1888rte.m 1 2 0.025
case18nbr.m 1 18 0.026
case1951rte.m 1 3 0.031
case2383wp.m 1 6 0.059
case24_ieee_rts.m 1 4 0.012
case2736sp.m 1 4 0.053
case2737sop.m 1 5 0.060
case2746wop.m 1 4 0.053
case2746wp.m 1 4 0.054
case2848rte.m 1 3 0.043
case2868rte.m 1 4 0.056
case30.m 1 3 0.010
case300.m 1 5 0.019
case30Q.m 1 3 0.009
case30pwl.m 1 3 0.010
case39.m 1 1 0.008
case4_dist.m 1 3 0.010
case4gs.m 1 3 0.011
case5.m 1 3 0.011
case57.m 1 3 0.010
case60nordic.m 1 1 0.008
case6468rte.m 1 6 0.144
case6470rte.m 1 4 0.111
case6495rte.m 1 5 0.130
case6515rte.m 1 4 0.116
case6ww.m 1 3 0.010
case9.m 1 3 0.011
case9Q.m 1 3 0.011
case9target.m 1 4 0.010
case_ACTIVSg10k.m 1 4 0.157
case_ACTIVSg200.m 1 2 0.010
continues on next page
1.7. Performance 49
Table 2 – continued from previous page

File Name Converged? # of Iterations ANDES Time [s]
case_RTS_GMLC.m 1 3 0.013
case_SyntheticUSA.m 1 5 1.727
case_ieee30.m 1 2 0.008
1.8 Verification
This section presents the verification of the models and algorithms implemented in ANDES by comparing the
time-domain simulation results with commercial tools.
ANDES produces identical results for the IEEE 14-bus and the NPCC systems with several models. For the
CURENT WECC system, ANDES, TSAT and PSS/E produce slightly different results. In fact, results from
different tools can hardly match for large systems with a variety of dynamic models.
1.8.1 IEEE 14-Bus Verification
Prepared by Hantao Cui. Last revised 23 May 2020.
Background
Two line trip scenarios are used to verify ANDES simulation results with DSATools TSAT.
Dynamic data is created to utilize the available models, including GENROU, TGOV1, IEEEG1, EXST2,
EXDC2, ESST3A, IEEEST and ST2CUT. Test case data can be found at the end of the notebook.
Simulation Parameters
Integretion method: Trapezidal Rule (ANDES and TSAT).

Time step size: 1/120 sec. (Note: step size between 1/30 to 1/120 has little impact on the ANDES results.
One can use tstep=1/30 to obtain almost the same results.)
Load conversion: static loads are converted to 100% constant impedances for both P and Q.
TSAT automatic parameter correction is disabled.

Initialization
Power flow solutions are identical across all the two software.
GENROU initialization (EF D , ET ERM , P , Q, δ, Id and Iq ) is identical to that from PSS/E for all cases (with
and without generator saturation). Note that Id and Iq are in machine base in PSS/E but in system base in
ANDES.
GENROU initialization (including all the internal variables Ed′ , Eq′ , ψkd , ψkq , ψd′′ , and ψq′′ ) is identical to that
from OpenIPSL.
No controller limit violation occurs during initialization.
Conclusion
IEEE 14-bus system simulation results from ANDES are identical to that from TSAT.
import andes
import numpy as np
from andes.utils.tsat import tsat_to_df, plot_comparison, run_cmp
andes.config_logger(stream_level=30)
# load scenario 1 data

omega_lt2 = tsat_to_df('omega_lt2s.xls')
v_lt2 = tsat_to_df('v_lt2s.xls')
# load scenario 2 data

omega_gt = tsat_to_df('omega_gt.xls')
v_gt = tsat_to_df('v_gt.xls')
Scenario 1: Line 1-2 trips at 1 sec. and reconnects after 2.0 sec.
The reconnection delay is set to 2 seconds to trigger a large disturbance to the system to verify nonlinear models.
Simulation Setup
ss = run_cmp('ieee14.raw', dyr='ieee14.dyr', fault_line='Line_1',

t1=1.0, t2=3.0, tstep=1/120)
<Toggle Toggle_1>: Line.Line_1 status changed to 0.0 at t=1.0 sec.

100%|████████████████████████████████| 100/100 [00:16<00:00, 6.15%/s]
1.8. Verification 51
Scenario 1 Plots
fig, ax = plot_comparison(ss, ss.GENROU.omega,

omega_lt2, a=[0, 1],
ylabel="Rotor Speed [Hz]",
tsat_header=[r'$\omega$ TSAT 1', r'$\omega$ TSAT 2'],
scale=60, left=0, right=10)
fig, ax = plot_comparison(ss, ss.GENROU.v,

v_lt2, a=[0, 1],
ylabel="Terminal Voltage [pu]",
tsat_header=['V TSAT 1', 'V TSAT 2'],
left=0, right=10)

Line 7-8 is an equivalent branch in of the three-winding transformer. Tripping Line 7-8 will isolate Bus 8.
Simulation Setup
ss2 = run_cmp('ieee14.raw', dyr='ieee14.dyr', fault_line='Line_20',

t1=1.0, t2=1.1, tstep=1/120)

100%|████████████████████████████████| 100/100 [00:12<00:00, 8.10%/s]
# line data
ss2.Line.cache.df.iloc[19]
idx Line_20
u 1
name Line_20
bus1 8
bus2 7
Sn 100
fn 60
Vn1 69
Vn2 138

r 0
x 0.17615
b 0
g 0
b1 0
g1 0
b2 0
g2 0
trans 1
tap 0.99677
phi 0
owner None
xcoord None
ycoord None
Name: 19, dtype: object
Scenario 2 Plots
tsat_omega_headers = [ss.TDS.plt._fname[i + 1] for i in ss.GENROU.omega.a]

tsat_omega_headers = [i.replace('GENROU', 'TSAT') for i in tsat_omega_headers]
fig2, ax2 = plot_comparison(ss2, ss2.GENROU.omega,

omega_gt, a=[3, 4],
ylabel="Rotor Speed [Hz]",
tsat_header=tsat_omega_headers,
scale=60, left=0, right=10)

tsat_v_headers = [ss.TDS.plt._fname[i + 1 + ss.dae.n] for i in ss.GENROU.v.a]

tsat_v_headers = [i.replace('Bus', 'TSAT') for i in tsat_v_headers]
fig2, ax2 = plot_comparison(ss2, ss2.GENROU.v,

v_gt, a=[3, 4],
ylabel="Terminal Voltage [pu]",
tsat_header=tsat_v_headers,
left=0, right=10)
Appendix: IEEE 14-Bus System Data
Power Flow Data (PSS/E RAW format)
# !cat results won't save to PDF
data = !cat ieee14.raw

print('\n'.join(data))
0, 100.00, 32, 0, 1, 60.00 / PSS(R)E 32 RAW created by rawd32 SUN,␣

,→MAY 17 2020 20:38
IEEE 14 BUS TEST CASE
DISTRIBUTED WITH ANDES (HTTPS://GITHUB.COM/CURENT/ANDES)
1,'BUS1 ', 69.0000,3, 1, 1, 1,1.03000, 0.0000
2,'BUS2 ', 69.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.01970, -1.6032
3,'BUS3 ', 69.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.00042, -3.4433
4,'BUS4 ', 69.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.99858, -4.2812
5,'BUS5 ', 69.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00443, -3.6850

6,'BUS6 ', 138.0000,2, 2, 2, 2,0.99871, -6.3024
7,'BUS7 ', 138.0000,1, 2, 2, 2,1.00682, -4.8292
8,'BUS8 ', 69.0000,2, 2, 2, 2,1.01895, -1.3945
9,'BUS9 ', 138.0000,1, 2, 2, 2,1.00193, -7.3053
10,'BUS10 ', 138.0000,1, 2, 2, 2,0.99351, -7.4600
11,'BUS11 ', 138.0000,1, 2, 2, 2,0.99245, -7.0444
12,'BUS12 ', 138.0000,1, 2, 2, 2,0.98639, -7.3874
13,'BUS13 ', 138.0000,1, 2, 2, 2,0.98403, -7.6654
14,'BUS14 ', 138.0000,1, 2, 2, 2,0.99063, -9.5636
0 /End of Bus data, Begin Load data
2,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 21.700, 12.700, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
3,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 50.000, 25.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
4,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 47.800, 10.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
5,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 7.600, 1.600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
6,'1 ',1, 2, 2, 15.000, 7.500, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 2,1
9,'1 ',1, 2, 2, 29.500, 16.600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 2,1
10,'1 ',1, 2, 2, 9.000, 5.800, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 2,1
11,'1 ',1, 2, 2, 3.500, 1.800, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 2,1
12,'1 ',1, 2, 2, 6.100, 1.600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 2,1
13,'1 ',1, 2, 2, 13.500, 5.800, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 2,1
14,'1 ',1, 2, 2, 20.000, 7.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 2,1
0 /End of Load data, Begin Fixed shunt data
0 /End of Fixed shunt data, Begin Generator data
1,'1 ', 81.442, 1.962, 100.000, -50.000,1.03000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.30000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→200.000, 50.000, 1,1.0000
2,'1 ', 40.000, 15.000, 15.000, -40.000,1.03000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 1.30000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→50.000, 10.000, 1,1.0000
3,'1 ', 40.000, 15.000, 15.000, -10.000,1.01000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 1.30000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→50.000, 10.000, 1,1.0000
6,'1 ', 30.000, 10.000, 10.000, -6.000,1.03000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 1.20000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→50.000, 10.000, 1,1.0000
8,'1 ', 35.000, 10.000, 10.000, -6.000,1.03000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 1.20000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→50.000, 10.000, 1,1.0000
0 /End of Generator data, Begin Branch data
1, 2,'1 ', 1.93800E-2, 5.91700E-2, 0.05280, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000


1, 5,'1 ', 5.40300E-2, 2.23040E-1, 0.04920, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
2, 3,'1 ', 4.69900E-2, 1.97970E-1, 0.04380, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
2, 4,'1 ', 5.81100E-2, 1.76320E-1, 0.03400, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
2, 5,'1 ', 5.69500E-2, 1.73880E-1, 0.03460, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
3, 4,'1 ', 6.70100E-2, 1.71030E-1, 0.01280, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
4, 5,'1 ', 1.33500E-2, 4.21100E-2, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
6, 11,'1 ', 9.49800E-2, 1.98900E-1, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
6, 12,'1 ', 1.22910E-1, 2.55810E-1, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
6, 13,'1 ', 6.61500E-2, 1.30270E-1, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
7, 9,'1 ',-0.00000E+0, 1.10010E-1, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
9, 10,'1 ', 3.18100E-2, 8.45000E-2, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
9, 14,'1 ', 1.27110E-1, 2.70380E-1, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
10, 11,'1 ', 8.20500E-2, 1.92070E-1, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
12, 13,'1 ', 2.20920E-1, 1.99880E-1, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
13, 14,'1 ', 1.70930E-1, 3.48020E-1, 0.00000, 100.00, 100.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
0 /End of Branch data, Begin Transformer data
4, 7, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 2.09120E-1, 100.00
0.99677, 0.000, 0.000, 20.00, 20.00, 0.00,-1, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 32, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
4, 9, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 5.56180E-1, 100.00
0.99677, 0.000, 0.000, 20.00, 20.00, 0.00,-1, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 32, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
6, 5, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 2.52020E-1, 100.00
0.99677, 0.000, 0.000, 50.00, 50.00, 0.00,-1, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 32, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
8, 7, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.76150E-1, 100.00

0.99677, 0.000, 0.000, 50.00, 50.00, 0.00,-1, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 32, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
0 /End of Transformer data, Begin Area interchange data
1, 2, 0.000, 999.990,'AREA1 '
2, 0, 0.000, 10.000,'AREA2 '
0 /End of Area interchange data, Begin Two-terminal dc line data
0 /End of Two-terminal dc line data, Begin VSC dc line data
0 /End of VSC dc line data, Begin Impedance correction table data
0 /End of Impedance correction table data, Begin Multi-terminal dc line data
0 /End of Multi-terminal dc line data, Begin Multi-section line data
0 /End of Multi-section line data, Begin Zone data
1,'ZONE1 '
2,'ZONE2 '
0 /End of Zone data, Begin Inter-area transfer data
0 /End of Inter-area transfer data, Begin Owner data
1,'OWNER1 '
2,'OWNER2 '
0 /End of Owner data, Begin FACTS device data
0 /End of FACTS device data, Begin Switched shunt data
9,1,0,1,1.02500,0.96000, 0, 100.0,' ', 19.00, 3, 5.
,→00, 1, 4.00
14,1,0,1,1.02500,0.96000, 0, 100.0,' ', 15.00, 3, 5.00
0 /End of Switched shunt data, Begin GNE device data
0 /End of GNE device data
Q
Dynamic Data (PSS/E DYR format)
data = !cat ieee14.dyr

1 'GENROU' 1 6.5000 0.60000E-01 0.20000 0.50000E-01

4.0000 0.0000 1.8000 1.7500 0.60000
0.80000 0.23000 0.15000 0.90000E-01 0.38000 /
1 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 30.000
30.000 0.23000 0.25000E-01 0.23000 0.25000E-01
0.0000 0.0000 0.60000E-01 -0.60000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
1 'ESST3A' 1 0.20000E-01 0.20000 -0.20000 8.0000
1.0000 5.0000 20.000 0.0000 99.000
-99.000 1.0000 3.6700 0.43500 5.4800
0.10000E-01 0.98000E-02 3.8600 3.3300 0.40000
99.000 0.0000 /
1 'TGOV1' 1 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 1.0500 0.30000
1.0000 2.1000 0.0000 /
2 'GENROU' 1 6.5000 0.60000E-01 0.20000 0.50000E-01
6.5000 0.0000 1.8000 1.7500 0.60000


0.80000 0.28000 0.15000 0.90000E-01 0.38000 /
2 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
2 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 50.000 0.20000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.0000 /
2 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
3 'GENROU' 1 6.5000 0.60000E-01 0.20000 0.50000E-01
5.0000 0.0000 1.8000 1.7500 0.60000
0.80000 0.34000 0.15000 0.90000E-01 0.38000 /
3 'IEEEST' 1 3 0 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.75000 1.0000 4.2000
-2.0000 0.10000 -0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 /
3 'ESST3A' 1 0.20000E-01 0.20000 -0.20000 8.0000
1.0000 5.0000 20.000 0.0000 99.000
-99.000 1.0000 3.6700 0.43500 5.4800
0.10000E-01 0.98000E-02 3.8600 3.3300 0.40000
99.000 0.0000 /
3 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
6 'GENROU' 1 6.5000 0.60000E-01 0.20000 0.50000E-01
5.0000 0.0000 1.8000 1.7500 0.60000
0.80000 0.28000 0.15000 0.90000E-01 0.38000 /
6 'ESST3A' 1 0.20000E-01 0.20000 -0.20000 8.0000
1.0000 5.0000 20.000 0.0000 99.000
-99.000 1.0000 3.6700 0.43500 5.4800
0.10000E-01 0.98000E-02 3.8600 3.3300 0.40000
99.000 0.0000 /
6 'TGOV1' 1 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 1.0500 0.30000
1.0000 2.1000 0.0000 /
8 'GENROU' 1 6.5000 0.60000E-01 0.20000 0.50000E-01
5.0000 0.0000 1.8000 1.7500 0.60000
0.80000 0.34000 0.15000 0.90000E-01 0.38000 /
8 'ESST3A' 1 0.20000E-01 0.20000 -0.20000 8.0000
1.0000 5.0000 20.000 0.0000 99.000
-99.000 1.0000 3.6700 0.43500 5.4800
0.10000E-01 0.98000E-02 3.8600 3.3300 0.40000
99.000 0.0000 /
8 'TGOV1' 1 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 1.0500 0.30000
1.0000 2.1000 0.0000 /
1.8.2 CURENT NPCC Verification
Background
The CURENT NPCC test system contains 140 buses, 233 branches, and 48 generators. Dynamic data uses
models GENROU, GENCLS, TGOV1 and IEEEX1.
One line trip scenario is used to verify ANDES simulation results with DSATools TSAT.
Integretion method: Trapezidal Rule (ANDES and TSAT).

Initialization
Power flow solutions are identical across all the two software.
ANDES.
from OpenIPSL.
Conclusion
NPCC simulation results from ANDES are identical to that from TSAT.
import andes
import numpy as np
from andes.utils.tsat import tsat_to_df, plot_comparison, run_cmp
omega_lt2s = tsat_to_df('omega_lt2s.xls')
v_lt2s = tsat_to_df('v_lt2s.xls')

The reconnection delay is set to 2 seconds to trigger a large disturbance to the system to verify nonlinear models.
Simulation Setup
ss = run_cmp('npcc.raw', dyr='npcc.dyr', fault_line='Line_1',

t1=1.0, t2=3.0, tstep=1/120)

100%|████████████████████████████████| 100/100 [00:10<00:00, 9.87%/s]
# line information
ss.Line.cache.df_in.iloc[0]
idx Line_1
u 1
name Line_1
bus1 1
bus2 2
Sn 100
fn 60
Vn1 345
Vn2 345
r 0.0004
x 0.0043
b 0.07
g 0
b1 0
g1 0
b2 0
g2 0
trans 0
tap 1
phi 0
owner None
xcoord None
ycoord None
Scenario 1 Plots
tsat_omega_headers = [ss.TDS.plt._fname[i + 1] for i in ss.GENROU.omega.a]

tsat_omega_headers = [i.replace('GENROU', 'TSAT') for i in tsat_omega_headers]
fig, ax = plot_comparison(ss, ss.GENROU.omega, omega_lt2s,

a=[0, 3], ylabel="Generator Speed [Hz]",
scale=60, right=10)
tsat_v_headers = [ss.TDS.plt._fname[i + 1 + ss.dae.n] for i in ss.GENROU.v.a]

tsat_v_headers = [i.replace('GENROU', 'TSAT') for i in tsat_v_headers]
fig, ax = plot_comparison(ss, ss.GENROU.v,

v_lt2s, a=[0, 5],
ylabel="Terminal Voltage [p.u.]",
tsat_header=tsat_v_headers, right=10)

Appendix: CURENT NPCC 140-Bus System Data
data = !cat npcc.raw

0, 100.00, 32, 0, 1, 60.00 / PSS(R)E 32 RAW created by rawd32 MON,␣

,→JUN 22 2015 8:32
CURENT NPCC 48-MACHINE TESTBED, CONVERTED FROM PST BY BIN WANG
REVISED BY YIN LEI, 11/18/2013
1,'MILLSTONE PT', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.01517, 4.8434
2,'MONTVILLE ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.01090, 4.0566
3,'MONTVILLE ', 115.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.99170, 4.0069
4,'MONTVILLE ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.01125, 4.1005
5,'CARD ST ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00618, 2.3527
6,'SHERMAN RD ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00594, 1.8603
7,'MEDWAY ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.02071, 3.2654
8,'MILLBURY ', 115.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.02151, 1.9975
9,'CARPENTER HL', 115.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.01811, 1.0727
10,'BRAYTON PT ', 115.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.03060, 8.0176
11,'BRAYTON PT ', 115.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.01169, 6.7075
12,'BRIDGEWATER ', 115.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.02371, 5.9431
13,'PILGRIM ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04565, 10.6737
14,'CANAL ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.03950, 10.3866
15,'WALPOLA ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.02697, 3.4395
16,'VERMONT YNK ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04108, 4.4713

17,'SCOBIE ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04016, 3.2759
18,'SANDY POND ', 115.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.02570, 1.5065
19,'POWNAL ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04132, 6.4689
20,'MAINE YANKEE', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04211, 9.1477
21,'MILLSTONE PT', 24.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.04860, 11.8582
22,'BRAYTON PT ', 18.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.05930, 12.6562
23,'BRAYTON PT ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.01570, 11.7526
24,'PILGRIM ', 22.8000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.07625, 15.7768
25,'CANAL ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.06000, 18.3042
26,'MAINE YANKEE', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.04550, 15.7134
27,'VERMONT YNK ', 22.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.04550, 11.0690
28,'NORTHFIELD ', 13.8000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.02751, 3.2234
29,'NORTHFIELD ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.02751, 3.2234
30,'LUDLOW ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.01622, 0.7209
31,'MANCHESTER ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.99761, 0.3966
32,'SCOVILL ROCK', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00329, 1.8450
33,'HADDAM NECK ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00627, 2.5437
34,'BLACK POND ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.99603, 0.4986
35,'SOUTHINGTEN ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.99524, 0.0743
36,'CONN YANKEE ', 345.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.04860, 9.9630
37,'NEW SEATHED ', 345.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04419, 4.6062
38,'GILBOA ', 345.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04210, 6.9752
39,'LEEDS ', 345.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04100, 3.2739
40,'NEW SEATHED ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03072, 0.5762
41,'ROTTERDAM ', 115.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02634, -3.3709
42,'ALBANY ', 115.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.04000, -2.5665
43,'EDIC ', 345.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04908, 8.3430
44,'PORTER ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04792, 6.5696
45,'PORTER ', 115.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04349, 3.9472
46,'COLTON ', 115.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04781, 6.1850
47,'MOSES W ', 230.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.03000, 11.6793
48,'MOSES E ', 230.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.05000, 15.0127
49,'PLATTSBURGH ', 115.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,0.96523, -1.1162
50,'CLAY ', 345.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.05000, 13.2144
51,'CLAY ', 115.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.04000, 8.5283
52,'ROCHESTER ', 345.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04193, 19.4130
53,'ROCHESTER ', 115.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.03000, 18.0053
54,'NIAGARA W ', 230.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.04080, 26.9321
55,'NIAGARA E ', 230.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.04000, 26.2095
56,'HUNTLEY ', 230.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.03000, 26.8995
57,'HUNTLEY ', 115.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.03000, 25.7233
58,'GARDENVILLE ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.01010, 24.5883
59,'GARDENVILLE ', 115.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,0.99669, 22.1857
60,'DUNKIRK ', 230.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.04000, 30.2181
61,'DUNKIRK ', 115.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.04000, 26.7270
62,'STOLLE RD ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.01628, 23.9633
63,'MEYER ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.00548, 17.6467
64,'MEYER ', 115.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.00715, 14.5476
65,'GESONIDGE ', 115.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.04000, 15.7558
66,'WATERCURE ', 345.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.01975, 20.8736
67,'WRHL ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.00265, 16.6813
68,'HILLSIDE ', 115.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,0.99000, 12.7432


69,'BINGHAMTON ', 345.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.01948, 14.3356
70,'BINGHAMTON ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,0.99894, 13.5662
71,'BINGHAMTON ', 115.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.00000, 11.1142
72,'LAPEER ', 115.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.05000, 10.1183
73,'PLEASANT VLY', 345.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.03292, 1.6376
74,'MILLWOOD ', 345.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.02708, 0.2979
75,'RAMAPO ', 138.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.04944, 1.2631
76,'RAMAPO ', 345.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.04639, 0.7974
77,'BUCHANAN ', 345.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.03539, 0.5458
78,'CE UG ', 345.0000,3, 3, 1, 1,1.02000, 0.0000
79,'RAV A-3 ', 22.0000,2, 3, 1, 1,1.05000, 8.1715
80,'NORTHPORT ', 138.0000,2, 3, 1, 1,1.02320, 0.6309
81,'GOETHALS ', 345.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.02198, -3.2846
82,'AK-3 ', 22.0000,2, 3, 1, 1,1.05000, 7.5680
83,'KEITH ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.95576, 22.9842
84,'KEITH JCT ', 118.1000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.96323, 23.4874
85,'LAMBTON ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.99128, 36.4486
86,'LAMBTON ', 24.0000,2, 4, 1, 1,1.00000, 41.7274
87,'LAMBTON ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.01813, 33.6520
88,'SCOTT ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.97335, 32.8563
89,'SCOTT ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.95584, 30.2514
90,'VIDA ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.95411, 30.1020
91,'RICHVIEW ', 220.0000,2, 4, 1, 1,1.04000, 11.2134
92,'HANMER ', 500.0000,2, 4, 1, 1,1.04000, 18.6819
93,'ESSA ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.96211, 7.5454
94,'ORANGEVILLE ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.95948, 7.7792
95,'DES JOAC ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.97264, 14.6338
96,'HOLDEN ', 13.8000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.02323, 15.2006
97,'MARTINDELE ', 220.0000,2, 4, 1, 1,1.04000, 14.0482
98,'STLA ', 220.0000,2, 4, 1, 1,1.04000, 31.9721
99,'PVR ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.03842, 31.3229
100,'PHAS ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.03248, 26.3181
101,'SAB 2 ', 220.0000,2, 4, 1, 1,1.05000, 24.3484
102,'BP 76 ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.04550, 25.5246
103,'PA 27 ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.04629, 25.3162
104,'BEACH ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.99699, 13.1740
105,'BUCHANAN ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.97457, 24.1225
106,'NEALE ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.99289, 14.5859
107,'NEALE ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.00616, 15.9332
108,'S CT ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.00033, 13.9155
109,'SLT ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.00029, 13.8910
110,'BURLINGTON ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,1.00281, 12.4399
111,'DETWIERER ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.96194, 10.0383
112,'CHATHAM ', 220.0000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.97541, 29.6056
113,'LAUZON ', 118.1000,1, 4, 1, 1,0.95230, 22.4473
114,'MARYSVILLE ', 220.0000,1, 5, 1, 1,0.95972, 30.6392
115,'ST CLAIR ', 500.0000,2, 5, 1, 1,1.02000, 33.4478
116,'WATERMAN ', 220.0000,1, 5, 1, 1,0.99338, 26.8500
117,'PONTIAC ', 230.0000,1, 5, 1, 1,1.00506, 30.8651
118,'WAYNE ', 115.0000,1, 5, 1, 1,0.99857, 31.7891
119,'THETFORD ', 220.0000,2, 5, 1, 1,1.00000, 30.2408
120,'ARGENTA ', 220.0000,2, 5, 1, 1,1.02000, 26.6696

121,'SC415 ', 220.0000,2, 5, 1, 1,1.04000, 32.8926
122,'WATERMAN ', 220.0000,2, 5, 1, 1,1.05000, 32.3212
123,'MONROE ', 230.0000,2, 5, 1, 1,1.01000, 37.6123
124,'BRANCHBURG ', 230.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.04471, 2.3841
125,'LINDON ', 230.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.02196, -3.4160
126,'HUDSON ', 230.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.02261, -5.3945
127,'ALBURTIS ', 500.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.04853, 6.5520
128,'WHITPAIN ', 500.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.03926, 2.7377
129,'KEENEY ', 500.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.02303, 8.9401
130,'PEACH BOTTOM', 500.0000,2, 6, 1, 1,1.02000, 12.1966
131,'CONASTONE ', 500.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.02604, 13.4125
132,'JUNIATA ', 500.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.03978, 19.5565
133,'CONEMAUGH ', 500.0000,2, 6, 1, 1,1.02000, 34.3480
134,'HOMER CITY ', 230.0000,2, 6, 1, 1,1.03000, 25.5764
135,'KEYSTONE ', 500.0000,2, 6, 1, 1,1.02000, 35.0063
136,'ERIE W ', 345.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.00058, 19.7176
137,'ERIE S ', 230.0000,2, 6, 1, 1,1.04000, 20.3245
138,'E TOMANO ', 230.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,0.97073, 13.5527
139,'KYGER ', 345.0000,2, 6, 1, 1,1.01000, 29.3780
140,'TE ', 230.0000,1, 6, 1, 1,1.04132, 30.2102
3,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 9.000, 88.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
6,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 320.000, 153.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
7,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 329.000, 32.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
9,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 158.000, 30.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
11,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 680.000, 103.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
12,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 274.000, 115.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
14,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 248.000, 85.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
15,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 309.000, -92.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
16,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 224.000, 47.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
17,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 139.000, 17.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
18,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 281.000, 76.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
19,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 206.000, 28.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
20,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 284.000, 27.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
30,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 322.000, 2.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
31,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 500.000, 184.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
34,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 234.000, 84.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1 (continues on next page)


35,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 522.000, 177.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
36,'1 ',1, 1, 1, 9.000, 5.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
41,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 700.000, 125.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
42,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 177.000, 17.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
45,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 256.000, 17.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
46,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 177.000, 25.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
46,'2 ',1, 2, 1, -154.000, -67.500, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
47,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 528.000, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
49,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 208.000, 17.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
51,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 731.000, 75.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
53,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 923.000, 250.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
54,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 20.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
55,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 939.000, 132.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
56,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 172.000, 44.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
57,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 240.000, -6.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
58,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 84.000, 38.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
59,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 705.000, 198.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
61,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 237.000, 8.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
64,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 143.000, 25.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
65,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 91.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
68,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 211.000, 41.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
71,'1 ',1, 2, 1, 371.000, 53.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
74,'1 ',1, 3, 1, 102.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
78,'1 ',1, 3, 1, 2000.000, 600.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
80,'1 ',1, 3, 1, 700.000, 25.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
83,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 80.000, 16.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1

85,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 18.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
86,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 50.000, 25.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
88,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 110.000, 55.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
89,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 100.000, 70.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
90,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 115.000, 45.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
91,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 1650.000, 500.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
92,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 10.000, 320.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
93,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 125.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
94,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 95.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
95,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 25.000, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
95,'2 ',1, 4, 1, -125.000, -13.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
96,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 20.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
96,'2 ',1, 4, 1, -60.000, -25.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
97,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 910.000, 50.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
101,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 350.000, 130.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
104,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 200.000, 90.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
105,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 325.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
106,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 0.000, -12.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
107,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 0.000, -19.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
108,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 0.000, -13.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
109,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 0.000, -13.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
110,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 718.000, 125.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
111,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 399.000, 45.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
113,'1 ',1, 4, 1, 206.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
114,'1 ',1, 5, 1, 0.000, 90.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
115,'1 ',1, 5, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1


116,'1 ',1, 5, 1, 200.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
117,'1 ',1, 5, 1, 400.000, 97.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
118,'1 ',1, 5, 1, 280.000, 86.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
119,'1 ',1, 5, 1, 750.000, 200.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
120,'1 ',1, 5, 1, 946.000, -40.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
123,'1 ',1, 5, 1, 63.000, 10.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
124,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 370.000, 71.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
124,'2 ',1, 6, 1, 0.000, -22.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
125,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 320.000, 5.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
126,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 450.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
127,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 200.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
127,'2 ',1, 6, 1, 0.000, -150.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
128,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 970.000, 60.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
128,'2 ',1, 6, 1, 0.000, -162.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
129,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 610.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
129,'2 ',1, 6, 1, 0.000, -50.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
130,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 180.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
131,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 1160.000, 468.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
131,'2 ',1, 6, 1, 0.000, -900.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
132,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 210.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
132,'2 ',1, 6, 1, 0.000, -337.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
135,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 170.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
136,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 270.000, 223.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
138,'1 ',1, 6, 1, 110.000, 64.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
21,'1 ', 650.000, 215.117, 999.000, -999.000,1.04860, 0, 750.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.17500E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000 (continues on next page)

22,'1 ', 632.000, 208.118, 999.000, -999.000,1.05930, 0, 700.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.06500E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
23,'1 ', 276.650, 10.788, 999.000, -999.000,1.01570, 0, 300.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 9.99000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
23,'2 ', 226.350, 8.827, 9999.000, -9999.000,1.01570, 0, 300.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.23500E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
24,'1 ', 700.000, 261.533, 999.000, -999.000,1.07625, 0, 800.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.32000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
25,'1 ', 560.000, 108.222, 999.000, -999.000,1.06000, 0, 650.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.09300E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
26,'1 ', 800.000, 27.488, 999.000, -999.000,1.04550, 0, 900.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.81700E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
27,'1 ', 540.000, 37.044, 999.000, -999.000,1.04550, 0, 600.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 1.80000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
36,'1 ', 554.000, 217.901, 999.000, -999.000,1.04860, 0, 650.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.99000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
42,'1 ', 370.000, 134.949, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 400.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 1.78000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
47,'1 ', 400.000, -3.268, 999.000, -999.000,1.03000, 0, 450.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 3.51900E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
48,'1 ', 400.000, 107.452, 999.000, -999.000,1.05000, 0, 500.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 3.91000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
50,'1 ', 600.000, 41.180, 999.000, -999.000,1.05000, 0, 700.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.95000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
51,'1 ', 141.000, 20.685, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 150.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 6.19500E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
53,'1 ', 833.000, 173.977, 999.000, -999.000,1.03000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
54,'1 ', 557.500, -0.649, 999.000, -999.000,1.04080, 0, 650.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 3.25000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
54,'2 ', 557.500, -0.649, 9999.000, -9999.000,1.04080, 0, 650.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 3.25000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
55,'1 ', 1095.000, 148.655, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 1200.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 3.62400E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
56,'1 ', 410.000, 87.207, 999.000, -999.000,1.03000, 0, 500.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.57500E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1,(continues
100.0, on next
␣ page)
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000

57,'1 ', 298.000, 3.534, 999.000, -999.000,1.03000, 0, 350.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 1.62400E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
60,'1 ', 410.000, 54.828, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 450.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.35350E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
61,'1 ', 194.000, 13.180, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 200.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 1.89400E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
65,'1 ', 91.000, 51.625, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
68,'1 ', 66.000, -0.140, 999.000, -999.000,0.99000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
71,'1 ', 134.000, -373.660, 999.000, -999.000,1.00000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
72,'1 ', 150.000, 379.422, 999.000, -999.000,1.05000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
78,'1 ', 466.019, 74.010, 999.000, -999.000,1.02000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
79,'1 ', 1000.000, 257.345, 999.000, -999.000,1.05000, 0, 1150.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 3.22000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
80,'1 ', 720.000, -0.078, 999.000, -999.000,1.02320, 0, 800.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
82,'1 ', 460.000, 125.095, 999.000, -999.000,1.05000, 0, 500.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
86,'1 ', 1650.000, 251.799, 999.000, -999.000,1.00000, 0, 1900.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 1.90000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
91,'1 ', 930.000, 1082.086, 9999.000, -9999.000,1.04000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
92,'1 ', 450.000, 324.468, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
97,'1 ', 600.000, 96.902, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
98,'1 ', 585.000, 33.013, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 650.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 9.75000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
101,'1 ', 1200.000, 506.878, 999.000, -999.000,1.05000, 0, 1350.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.29500E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
115,'1 ', 550.000, 269.536, 999.000, -999.000,1.02000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1,(continues
100.0, on next
␣ page)
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000

119,'1 ', 550.000, 145.624, 999.000, -999.000,1.00000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
120,'1 ', 700.000, 57.157, 999.000, -999.000,1.02000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
121,'1 ', 145.000, 157.850, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
122,'1 ', 155.000, 127.774, 999.000, -999.000,1.05000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
123,'1 ', 655.000, 58.623, 999.000, -999.000,1.01000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
130,'1 ', 490.000, -467.860, 999.000, -999.000,1.02000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
133,'1 ', 1700.000, -141.013, 999.000, -999.000,1.02000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
134,'1 ', 880.000, 43.093, 999.000, -999.000,1.03000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
135,'1 ', 2330.000, -100.279, 999.000, -999.000,1.02000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
137,'1 ', 70.000, 174.600, 999.000, -999.000,1.04000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
139,'1 ', 115.000, 18.439, 999.000, -999.000,1.01000, 0, 100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, -9999.000, 1,1.0000
1, 2,'1 ', 4.00000E-4, 4.30000E-3, 0.07000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
1, 4,'1 ', 4.00000E-4, 4.30000E-3, 0.07000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
2, 33,'1 ', 7.00000E-4, 8.20000E-3, 0.14000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
4, 5,'1 ', 9.00000E-4, 1.01000E-2, 0.17000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
5, 6,'1 ', 1.80000E-3, 2.17000E-2, 0.37000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
5, 31,'1 ', 8.00000E-4, 1.29000E-2, 0.14000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
6, 7,'1 ', 9.00000E-4, 9.40000E-3, 0.17000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
7, 8,'1 ', 7.00000E-4, 8.90000E-3, 0.13000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
7, 10,'1 ', 1.60000E-3, 1.95000E-2, 0.30000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000


7, 12,'1 ', 8.00000E-4, 1.35000E-2, 0.25000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
7, 15,'1 ', 3.00000E-4, 5.90000E-3, 0.07000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
8, 9,'1 ', 7.00000E-4, 8.20000E-3, 0.13000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
8, 18,'1 ', 1.30000E-3, 1.73000E-2, 0.32000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
9, 30,'1 ', 1.10000E-3, 1.33000E-2, 0.21000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
12, 13,'1 ', 8.00000E-4, 1.40000E-2, 0.26000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
13, 14,'1 ', 6.00000E-4, 9.60000E-3, 0.18000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
14, 15,'1 ', 2.20000E-3, 3.50000E-2, 0.36000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
16, 17,'1 ', 3.20000E-3, 3.23000E-2, 0.53000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
16, 29,'1 ', 7.00000E-3, 8.60000E-3, 0.15000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
17, 18,'1 ', 1.40000E-3, 1.47000E-2, 0.24000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
17, 19,'1 ', 4.30000E-3, 4.74000E-2, 0.78000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
17, 20,'1 ', 5.70000E-3, 6.25000E-2, 1.03000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
19, 20,'1 ', 1.40000E-3, 1.51000E-2, 0.25000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
29, 30,'1 ', 1.30000E-3, 1.51000E-2, 0.26000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
29, 37,'1 ', 3.50000E-3, 4.11000E-2, 0.70000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
30, 31,'1 ', 1.30000E-3, 2.13000E-2, 0.22000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
31, 32,'1 ', 8.00000E-4, 1.28000E-2, 0.13000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
32, 33,'1 ', 2.00000E-4, 2.60000E-3, 0.04000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
32, 35,'1 ', 8.00000E-4, 1.12000E-2, 0.15000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
33, 34,'1 ', 6.00000E-4, 9.20000E-3, 0.11000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
34, 35,'1 ', 4.00000E-4, 4.60000E-3, 0.08000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
35, 73,'1 ', 2.30000E-3, 3.63000E-2, 0.38000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
37, 38,'1 ', 1.60000E-3, 1.63000E-2, 0.25000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
37, 39,'1 ', 8.00000E-4, 7.40000E-3, 0.48000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
37, 40,'1 ', 9.00000E-4, 3.15000E-2, 0.06000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000

37, 43,'1 ', 1.30000E-3, 1.88000E-2, 1.31000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
38, 69,'1 ', 4.30000E-3, 4.85000E-2, 0.79000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
39, 73,'1 ', 1.90000E-3, 1.83000E-2, 0.29000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
39, 73,'2 ', 1.90000E-3, 1.83000E-2, 0.29000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
40, 44,'1 ', 8.00000E-3, 5.30000E-2, 0.40000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
41, 42,'1 ', 1.80000E-3, 8.90000E-3, 0.07000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
41, 45,'1 ', 7.76000E-2, 2.24100E-1, 0.13000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
43, 44,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 1.10000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
43, 50,'1 ', 2.50000E-3, 2.68000E-2, 0.40000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
43, 50,'2 ', 2.50000E-3, 2.68000E-2, 0.40000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
44, 45,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 2.05000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
44, 48,'1 ', 1.50000E-2, 1.05000E-1, 0.79000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
45, 46,'1 ', 1.23500E-1, 3.54800E-1, 0.16000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
45, 51,'1 ', 6.05000E-2, 1.89600E-1, 0.08000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
45, 71,'1 ', 1.75100E-1, 5.57500E-1, 0.12000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
46, 47,'1 ', 6.32000E-2, 1.21000E-1, 0.05000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
46, 49,'1 ', 1.64000E-1, 5.78000E-1, 0.06000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 48,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 3.30000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
50, 51,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 2.07000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
50, 52,'1 ', 2.00000E-3, 2.20000E-2, 1.28000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
51, 53,'1 ', 8.44000E-2, 2.16100E-1, 0.22000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
51, 72,'1 ', 5.10000E-3, 2.32000E-2, 0.30000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
52, 53,'1 ', 1.40000E-3, 3.88000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
53, 55,'1 ', 3.00000E-2, 1.07000E-1, 0.30000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
53, 65,'1 ', 3.50000E-2, 8.00000E-2, 0.05000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
54, 56,'1 ', 1.00000E-2, 8.00000E-3, 0.07000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000


54, 62,'1 ', 8.00000E-3, 6.90000E-2, 0.13000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
54, 102,'1 ', 1.60000E-3, 2.48000E-2, 0.06000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
54, 103,'1 ', 1.60000E-3, 2.48000E-2, 0.06000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
55, 57,'1 ', 7.40000E-3, 4.00000E-2, 0.02000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
55, 59,'1 ', 1.60000E-2, 8.17000E-2, 0.04000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
56, 58,'1 ', 2.00000E-3, 1.50000E-2, 0.11000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
57, 59,'1 ', 1.40000E-2, 6.80000E-2, 0.03000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
58, 60,'1 ', 3.50000E-3, 3.44000E-2, 0.27000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
58, 62,'1 ', 2.00000E-3, 1.80000E-2, 0.03000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
59, 61,'1 ', 6.80000E-2, 1.43000E-1, 0.06000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
60, 140,'1 ', 3.90000E-3, 3.63000E-2, 0.07000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
62, 63,'1 ', 1.29000E-2, 8.03000E-2, 0.15000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
63, 64,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 4.60000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
63, 67,'1 ', 1.20000E-2, 9.30000E-2, 0.18000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
64, 65,'1 ', 3.50000E-2, 8.00000E-2, 0.05000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
64, 68,'1 ', 9.88000E-2, 2.31000E-1, 0.13000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
66, 67,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 2.31000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
66, 69,'1 ', 1.80000E-3, 2.74000E-2, 0.27000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
66, 134,'1 ', 7.60000E-4, 1.14100E-2, 1.16000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
67, 68,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 4.90000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
67, 70,'1 ', 7.00000E-3, 6.19000E-2, 0.12000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
67, 138,'1 ', 6.30000E-3, 4.91000E-2, 0.09000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
68, 71,'1 ', 1.20300E-1, 2.04800E-1, 0.07000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
69, 71,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 3.75000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
70, 71,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 4.90000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
71, 72,'1 ', 5.30000E-3, 1.35000E-2, 0.10000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000

73, 74,'1 ', 2.20000E-3, 1.96000E-2, 0.34000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
73, 74,'2 ', 2.20000E-3, 1.96000E-2, 0.34000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
74, 77,'1 ', 3.00000E-4, 4.30000E-3, 0.08000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
74, 78,'1 ', 5.00000E-4, 4.50000E-3, 0.32000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
74, 78,'2 ', 5.00000E-4, 4.50000E-3, 0.32000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
75, 124,'1 ', 7.00000E-4, 1.75000E-2, 1.39000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
76, 77,'1 ', 3.00000E-3, 6.80000E-3, 1.37000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
78, 79,'1 ', 3.00000E-4, 1.53000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
78, 80,'1 ', 1.35000E-2, 5.82000E-2, 0.50000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
78, 81,'1 ', 5.00000E-4, 2.76000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
78, 82,'1 ', 5.00000E-4, 3.08000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
81, 125,'1 ', 1.00000E-4, 1.10000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
83, 112,'1 ', 1.85000E-2, 1.53700E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
83, 113,'1 ', 3.70000E-3, 2.02000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
84, 116,'1 ', 1.50000E-3, 1.04500E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
85, 88,'1 ', 1.60000E-3, 2.02000E-2, 0.03000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
85, 88,'2 ', 1.60000E-3, 2.02000E-2, 0.03000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
85, 105,'1 ', 1.00000E-2, 1.09000E-1, 0.18000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
85, 105,'2 ', 1.00000E-2, 1.09000E-1, 0.18000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
85, 112,'1 ', 6.90000E-3, 5.95000E-2, 0.10000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
85, 112,'2 ', 6.90000E-3, 5.95000E-2, 0.10000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
87, 115,'1 ', 1.00000E-4, 1.80000E-3, 0.02000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
88, 89,'1 ', 5.00000E-4, 2.05000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
88, 105,'1 ', 1.12000E-2, 9.93000E-2, 0.17000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
88, 105,'2 ', 1.12000E-2, 9.93000E-2, 0.17000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
89, 90,'1 ', 1.30000E-3, 4.90000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000


89, 105,'1 ', 8.94000E-2, 3.36300E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
89, 113,'1 ', 1.45600E-1, 4.11500E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
90, 114,'1 ', 2.40000E-3, 1.50000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
91, 92,'1 ', 5.80000E-3, 9.28000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
91, 93,'1 ', 4.21000E-2, 2.93200E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
91, 95,'1 ', 2.61000E-2, 1.84400E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
91, 98,'1 ', 1.20000E-2, 8.54000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
91, 110,'1 ', 1.70000E-3, 1.17000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
92, 97,'1 ', 8.00000E-4, 3.03000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
93, 94,'1 ', 4.20000E-3, 2.83000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
93, 95,'1 ', 1.87000E-2, 1.28400E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
94, 111,'1 ', 4.90000E-3, 3.36000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
95, 96,'1 ', 1.36000E-2, 9.55000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
96, 97,'1 ', 1.60000E-2, 7.67000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
98, 99,'1 ', 3.00000E-4, 9.20000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
99, 100,'1 ', 1.00000E-3, 7.02000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
101, 104,'1 ', 7.70000E-3, 7.73000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
101, 105,'1 ', 1.88000E-2, 1.49300E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
101, 107,'1 ', 7.60000E-3, 7.51000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
101, 108,'1 ', 7.80000E-3, 7.72000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
101, 109,'1 ', 7.80000E-3, 7.83000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
101, 110,'1 ', 4.82000E-2, 2.63600E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
104, 106,'1 ', 1.80000E-3, 1.80000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
104, 110,'1 ', 6.00000E-4, 6.20000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
105, 106,'1 ', 1.65000E-2, 1.15600E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
105, 107,'1 ', 1.15000E-2, 1.10300E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000

105, 111,'1 ', 1.31000E-2, 8.09000E-2, 0.13000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
105, 112,'1 ', 8.00000E-3, 4.97000E-2, 0.30000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
105, 113,'1 ', 3.82400E-1, 9.47900E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
107, 110,'1 ', 2.10000E-3, 1.86000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
108, 110,'1 ', 2.60000E-3, 1.94000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
108, 111,'1 ', 5.90000E-3, 5.77000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
109, 110,'1 ', 2.60000E-3, 1.94000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
109, 111,'1 ', 5.90000E-3, 5.77000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
112, 113,'1 ', 1.01000E-2, 8.73000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
114, 117,'1 ', 6.63000E-2, 3.69600E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
114, 119,'1 ', 8.76000E-2, 2.54000E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
114, 121,'1 ', 6.30000E-3, 8.02000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
115, 116,'1 ', 7.33000E-2, 9.79900E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
115, 117,'1 ', 1.00000E-3, 1.14000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
115, 118,'1 ', 1.65700E-1, 1.55100E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
115, 119,'1 ', 3.30000E-3, 3.92000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
115, 121,'1 ', 2.20000E-2, 2.98400E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
115, 135,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 6.30900E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
115, 139,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 1.24300E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
116, 117,'1 ', 4.74000E-2, 2.63100E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
116, 118,'1 ', 1.17000E-2, 7.44000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
116, 120,'1 ', 2.30700E-1, 7.04100E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
116, 121,'1 ', 9.51000E-2, 4.57600E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
116, 122,'1 ', 3.30000E-3, 1.28700E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
117, 118,'1 ', 2.00000E-3, 1.99000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
117, 119,'1 ', 1.70000E-3, 1.89000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000


117, 120,'1 ', 6.70000E-3, 7.97000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
117, 121,'1 ', 1.50000E-2, 8.69000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
117, 122,'1 ', 3.83000E-2, 8.86000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
118, 120,'1 ', 5.00000E-3, 6.29000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
118, 121,'1 ', 1.39100E-1, 4.79800E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
118, 122,'1 ', 9.50000E-2, 5.07100E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
118, 123,'1 ', 1.40000E-3, 1.74000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
119, 120,'1 ', 1.06500E-1, 3.49800E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
119, 121,'1 ', 1.63600E-1, 5.80400E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
121, 122,'1 ', 1.25000E-1, 4.69900E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
122, 135,'1 ', 5.73000E-2, 7.58100E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
122, 139,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 1.53200E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
124, 125,'1 ', 2.50000E-3, 7.30000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
124, 126,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 8.39000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
124, 127,'1 ', 4.00000E-4, 1.05000E-2, 0.72000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
124, 128,'1 ', 5.00000E-4, 1.17000E-2, 0.84000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
125, 126,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 4.11000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
125, 128,'1 ', 4.90000E-3, 2.63400E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
126, 127,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 2.53200E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
126, 128,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 2.74100E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
126, 138,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 6.80500E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
127, 128,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 1.33900E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
127, 132,'1 ', 9.00000E-4, 2.21000E-2, 1.62000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
128, 129,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 1.38100E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
128, 130,'1 ', 7.00000E-4, 1.75000E-2, 1.26000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
129, 130,'1 ', 4.00000E-4, 8.50000E-3, 0.60000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000

130, 131,'1 ', 2.00000E-4, 3.80000E-3, 0.54000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
130, 132,'1 ', 7.00000E-4, 1.73000E-2, 1.25000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
131, 133,'1 ', 2.00000E-3, 3.90000E-2, 2.77000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
131, 135,'1 ', 5.70000E-3, 6.99000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
131, 139,'1 ', 5.90000E-3, 1.05200E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
132, 133,'1 ', 1.20000E-3, 2.93000E-2, 2.09000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
132, 134,'1 ', 2.35000E-3, 4.38800E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
132, 135,'1 ', 1.20000E-3, 2.88000E-2, 2.06000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
132, 138,'1 ', 3.31000E-2, 4.22400E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
133, 135,'1 ', 3.00000E-4, 6.30000E-3, 0.45000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
134, 135,'1 ', 4.60000E-3, 6.25000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
134, 136,'1 ', 4.60000E-3, 7.82000E-2, 0.79000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
135, 139,'1 ', 1.77000E-2, 6.61000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
136, 139,'1 ', 0.00000E+0, 2.05400E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
137, 138,'1 ', 2.55300E-1, 7.18000E-1, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
1, 21, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
3, 2, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
1.60000E-3, 4.35000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
3, 4, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
1.60000E-3, 4.35000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
10, 11, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
7.00000E-4, 1.38000E-2, 100.00


1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
10, 22, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
7.00000E-4, 1.42000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
11, 23, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
9.00000E-4, 1.80000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
13, 24, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.43000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
14, 25, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
5.00000E-4, 2.72000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
16, 27, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
6.00000E-4, 2.32000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
20, 26, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
8.00000E-4, 1.56000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
28, 29, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.81000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
33, 36, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
40, 41, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000 (continues on next page)

0.00000E+0, 1.61000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
49, 48, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
1.56000E-2, 1.53600E-1, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
48, 100, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
1.00000E-3, 1.59500E-1, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
54, 52, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
2.00000E-3, 2.33000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
54, 55, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.30000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
56, 57, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.42000E-1, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
58, 59, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 9.30000E-3, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
60, 61, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 6.40000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
75, 76, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
1.00000E-4, 7.40000E-3, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000


84, 83, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
5.20000E-3, 1.74000E-2, 100.00

1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
85, 86, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 5.70000E-3, 100.00

1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
87, 85, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
2.00000E-4, 2.46000E-2, 100.00

1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
101, 102, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
7.00000E-4, 2.11000E-2, 100.00

1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
101, 103, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
6.00000E-4, 1.51000E-2, 100.00

1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
137, 136, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,'TWO-WINDINGS',1, ␣
,→1,1.0000
8.00000E-4, 2.39000E-2, 100.00

1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.10000,␣
,→0.90000, 1.10000, 0.90000, 33, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
1, 0, 0.000, 10.000,'NEPOOL '
2, 0, 0.000, 10.000,'NYISO '
3, 0, 0.000, 10.000,'NYISO2 '
4, 0, 0.000, 10.000,'IESO '
5, 0, 0.000, 10.000,'MISO '
6, 0, 0.000, 10.000,'PJM '

Q
data = !cat npcc.dyr

21 'GENROU' 1 5.7000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01

4.6400 0.0000 1.9050 1.8075 0.36000
0.36000 0.23270 0.20270 0.0000 0.0000 /
22 'GENROU' 1 5.6900 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.0857 0.0000 1.8340 1.8060 0.30520
0.30520 0.220955 0.200955 0.0000 0.0000 /
23 'GENROU' 1 5.6000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
2.4467 0.0000 1.7400 1.6800 0.24450
0.24450 0.100799 0.090799 0.0000 0.0000 /
23 'GENROU' 2 5.2000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
6.2000 0.0000 2.1150 2.0400 0.54600
0.54600 0.225511 0.205511 0.0000 0.0000 /
24 'GENROU' 1 7.3000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.3500 0.0000 2.0320 1.9280 0.38400
0.38400 0.23780 0.20780 0.0000 0.0000 /
25 'GENROU' 1 5.7000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.0615 0.0000 1.9175 1.8980 0.31200
0.31200 0.20930 0.19930 0.0000 0.0000 /
26 'GENROU' 1 4.7900 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
3.8000 0.0000 1.8900 1.8450 0.52200
0.52200 0.28874 0.20874 0.0000 0.0000 /
27 'GENROU' 1 6.7000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.0500 0.0000 1.7400 1.6800 0.33000
0.33000 0.18450 0.10450 0.0000 0.0000 /
36 'GENROU' 1 5.7000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.6615 0.0000 1.9175 1.8590 0.52650
0.52650 0.319930 0.30993 0.0000 0.0000 /
42 'GENROU' 1 5.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.7150 0.0000 1.2648 1.2108 0.23800
0.23800 0.17800 0.10800 0.0000 0.0000 /
47 'GENROU' 1 5.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
3.3711 0.0000 1.3410 0.76950 0.49500
0.49500 0.35190 0.30190 0.0000 0.0000 /
48 'GENROU' 1 5.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
3.0340 0.0000 1.4900 0.85500 0.55000
0.55000 0.39100 0.30100 0.0000 0.0000 /
50 'GENROU' 1 6.7000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.9200 0.0000 1.3750 1.3050 0.39000
0.39000 0.29500 0.20500 0.0000 0.0000 /


51 'GENROU' 1 5.5000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
14.307 0.0000 0.46545 0.44115 0.93750E-01
0.93750E-01 0.61950E-01 0.60950E-01 0.0000 0.0000 /
53 'GENCLS' 1 37.000 37.000 /
54 'GENROU' 1 7.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
7.8831 0.0000 0.85930 0.58500 0.36790
0.36790 0.32500 0.30500 0.0000 0.0000 /
54 'GENROU' 2 7.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
7.8831 0.0000 0.85930 0.58500 0.36790
0.36790 0.32500 0.30500 0.0000 0.0000 /
55 'GENROU' 1 7.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.9817 0.0000 1.2192 0.77160 0.43680
0.43680 0.36240 0.30240 0.0000 0.0000 /
56 'GENROU' 1 5.5000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.3880 0.0000 1.9235 1.8485 0.35750
0.35750 0.25750 0.20750 0.0000 0.0000 /
57 'GENROU' 1 5.6000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
5.0600 0.0000 1.1805 1.1294 0.24465
0.24465 0.16240 0.10240 0.0000 0.0000 /
60 'GENROU' 1 5.5000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.8311 0.0000 1.7334 1.6673 0.32490
0.32490 0.23535 0.20535 0.0000 0.0000 /
61 'GENROU' 1 5.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.1600 0.0000 1.2768 1.2228 0.24960
0.24960 0.18940 0.10940 0.0000 0.0000 /
65 'GENCLS' 1 10.710 10.710 /
68 'GENCLS' 1 3.7700 3.7700 /
71 'GENCLS' 1 8.5000 8.5000 /
72 'GENCLS' 1 11.770 11.770 /
78 'GENCLS' 1 1000.0 1000.0 /
79 'GENROU' 1 8.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.1739 0.0000 2.0010 1.9550 0.36800
0.36800 0.32200 0.30200 0.0000 0.0000 /
80 'GENROU' 1 4.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
2.9750 0.0000 1.7040 1.5440 0.37600
0.37600 0.20000 0.19000 0.0000 0.0000 /
82 'GENROU' 1 5.9000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
3.9200 0.0000 1.5450 1.5100 0.31000
0.31000 0.25000 0.20000 0.0000 0.0000 /
86 'GENROU' 1 6.0000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.1579 0.0000 1.9000 1.5060 0.38000
0.38000 0.2109 0.20090 0.0000 0.0000 /
98 'GENROU' 1 4.6000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
11.077 0.0000 0.4550 0.32500 0.143
0.143 0.0975 0.0775 0.0000 0.0000 /
101 'GENROU' 1 5.5000 0.30000E-01 0.35000 0.50000E-01
4.0740 0.0000 1.0125 0.648 0.351
0.35100 0.2295 0.2095 0.0000 0.0000 /
91 'GENCLS' 1 98.700 98.700 /
92 'GENCLS' 1 27.000 27.000 /
97 'GENCLS' 1 36.000 36.000 /
115 'GENCLS' 1 46.000 46.000 /

119 'GENCLS' 1 30.000 30.000 /
120 'GENCLS' 1 1000.0 1000.0 /
121 'GENCLS' 1 66.000 66.000 /
122 'GENCLS' 1 190.00 190.00 /
123 'GENCLS' 1 33.000 33.000 /
130 'GENCLS' 1 24.000 24.000 /
133 'GENCLS' 1 1000.0 1000.0 /
134 'GENCLS' 1 44.000 44.000 /
135 'GENCLS' 1 115.00 115.00 /
137 'GENCLS' 1 3.5000 3.5000 /
139 'GENCLS' 1 1000.0 1000.0 /
21 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000

6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
22 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
23 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
23 'TGOV1' 2 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
24 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
25 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
26 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
27 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
36 'TGOV1' 1 0.50000E-01 10.0000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
42 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
47 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
48 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
50 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
51 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
54 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
54 'TGOV1' 2 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
55 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
56 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
57 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
60 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /


61 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
79 'TGOV1' 1 0.50000E-01 10.0000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
80 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
82 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
86 'TGOV1' 1 0.50000E-01 10.0000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
98 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
101 'TGOV1' 1 0.30000E-01 0.50000 1.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
119 'TGOV1' 1 0.50000E-01 10.0000 100.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
133 'TGOV1' 1 0.50000E-01 10.0000 100.0000 0.30000
6.0000 6.0000 0.0000 /
21 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 50.000 0.60000E-01 0.0000

0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.20000E-01 0.50000
0.80000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.7300 /
22 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 400.00 0.20000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 7.3000 -7.3000 1.0000 0.79000
0.30000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4500 /
23 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 50.000 0.60000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.50000E-01 0.50000
0.80000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.7300 /
23 'IEEEX1' 2 0.0000 50.000 0.60000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.50000E-01 0.50000
0.80000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.7300 /
24 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 50.000 0.20000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.40000E-01 0.47000
0.60000E-01 1.2500 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.7300 /
25 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 400.00 0.20000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 6.5000 -6.5000 1.0000 0.73000
0.30000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.39000E-02
3.0000 1.5550 /
26 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 200.00 0.20000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 4.2600 -4.2600 1.0000 1.4000
0.30000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4650 /
27 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 50.000 0.20000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.50000E-01 0.53000
0.33200E-01 1.2600 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4650 /
36 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 62.000 0.50000E-01 0.0000

0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.50000E-01 0.40500
0.11400 0.50000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.7300 /
42 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 25.000 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.62000E-01 0.50000
0.65710 0.35000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 2.0250 /
47 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 16.500 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.37000E-01 0.27000
0.60000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.58000E-02
3.0000 1.1500 /
48 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 16.500 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.37000E-01 0.27000
0.60000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.58000E-02
3.0000 1.1500 /
50 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 50.000 0.60000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.46000E-01 0.50000
0.80000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.5250 /
51 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 23.100 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.44000E-01 0.50000
0.71430E-01 0.35000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4500 /
54 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 50.000 0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 5.0000 -5.0000 1.0000 0.40000
0.80000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4500 /
54 'IEEEX1' 2 0.0000 50.000 0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 5.0000 -5.0000 1.0000 0.40000
0.80000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4500 /
55 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 23.100 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.50000E-01 0.50000
0.71430E-01 0.35000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4500 /
56 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 25.000 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.50000E-01 0.50000
0.65710E-01 0.35000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.6670 /
57 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 25.000 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.50000E-01 0.50000
0.65710E-01 0.35000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 2.0600 /
60 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 25.000 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.50000E-01 0.50000
0.65710 0.35000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.6670 /
61 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 25.000 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.62000E-01 0.50000
0.65710 0.35000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 2.0250 /
79 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 50.000 0.60000E-01 0.0000


0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.40000E-01 0.50000
0.80000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4500 /
80 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 25.000 0.20000 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.50000E-01 0.50000
0.65140 0.35000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4500 /
82 'IEEEX1' 1 0.0000 50.000 0.60000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 1.0000 -1.0000 -0.40000E-01 0.50000
0.80000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.0000 0.16000E-02
3.0000 1.4500 /
1.8.3 CURENT WECC Verification
Background
The CURENT WECC system contains 179 buses and 263 branches. Two line trip scenarios are created to
verify ANDES simulation results with DSATools TSAT and Siemens PTI PSS/E.
Dynamic data is based on the CURENT WECC 179-Bus test system, which uses models GENROU, TGOV1,
IEEEG1, EXST2, EXDC2, ESST3A, IEEEST, ST2CUT and ESDC2A, the saturation of which could be
implemented differently across software.
Integretion method: Trapezidal Rule (ANDES and TSAT), the default second order Adams-Bashforth method
(AB-2) (PSS/E)
Initialization
Power flow solutions are identical across all the three software.
ANDES.
from OpenIPSL.
Conclusion
The finding is that, for particular disturbances in large systems, neither two of ANDES, TSAT and PSS/E
could match. Implementation details in commercial software are lacking. Thus, it could be futile to insist on
obtaining the same results for large systems, especially with several complex models.
Nevertheless, Scenario 2 shows that ANDES results are trustworthy. In fact, ANDES is open-source with all
the implemented equations clearly documented, which makes the results highly credible for research
and education purposes.
import andes
import numpy as np
from andes.utils.tsat import tsat_to_df, psse_to_df, plot_comparison, run_cmp
Scenario 1: Line 38-39 trips and reconnects after 0.1 sec.
Line 38-39 is a transformer branch that connects generator #11 on Bus 39 to Bus 38. It is the only link to Bus
39.
ss = run_cmp('wecc.raw', dyr='wecc.dyr', fault_line='Line_221',

t1=1.0, t2=1.1, tstep=1/120)

100%|████████████████████████████████| 100/100 [00:16<00:00, 5.89%/s]
# Line_221 information
ss.Line.cache.df_in.iloc[220]
idx Line_221
u 1
name Line_221
bus1 38
bus2 39
Sn 100
fn 60
Vn1 230
Vn2 18
r 0.0005
x 0.0238
b 0
g 0
b1 0
g1 0


b2 0
g2 0
trans 1
tap 1
phi 0
owner None
xcoord None
ycoord None
# Load TSAT and PSSE Outputs

omega2 = tsat_to_df('omega2.xls')
v2 = tsat_to_df('v2.xls')
omega2_psse = psse_to_df('omega2_psse.xlsx')
v2_psse = psse_to_df('v2_psse.xlsx')
omega2_psse.iloc[:, 1:] += 1
omega2_psse.iloc[:, 1:] *= 60
# prepare variable headers for TSAT and PSSE

def header_replace(fname, idx, offset, old_str, new_str):
"""
Utility function for replacing strings in variable header
"""
old_headers = [fname[i + offset] for i in idx]
return [i.replace(old_str, new_str) for i in old_headers]
fname = ss.TDS.plt._fname
tsat_omega_headers = header_replace(fname, ss.GENROU.omega.a, 1, "GENROU",
,→"TSAT")
tsat_v_headers = header_replace(fname, ss.GENROU.v.a, 1 + ss.dae.n, "Bus",
,→"TSAT")
psse_omega_headers = header_replace(fname, ss.GENROU.omega.a, 1, "GENROU",

,→"PSSE")
psse_v_headers = header_replace(fname, ss.GENROU.v.a, 1 + ss.dae.n, "Bus",
,→"PSSE")
fig, ax = plot_comparison(ss, ss.GENROU.omega, omega2,

a=(10,), a_tsat=[10], a_psse=[10],
ylabel="Generator Speed [Hz]",
psse_data = omega2_psse,
psse_header = psse_omega_headers,
scale=60, right=10,
legend=True,
show=False,
)
fig, ax = plot_comparison(ss, ss.GENROU.v, v2,

a=(10,), a_tsat=[10], a_psse=[10],
psse_data = v2_psse,
psse_header = psse_v_headers,
scale=1, right=10,
legend=True,
show=False
)

Scenario 2: Line 4-16 trips and reconnects after 0.1 sec.
Line 4-16 is in the eastern zone that connects two generator buses (CRAIG and SAN JUAN).
ss2 = run_cmp('wecc.raw', dyr='wecc.dyr', fault_line='Line_2',

t1=1.0, t2=1.1, tstep=1/120)

100%|████████████████████████████████| 100/100 [00:18<00:00, 5.45%/s]
# Line 2 information
ss2.Line.cache.df_in.iloc[1]
idx Line_2
u 1
name Line_2
bus1 4
bus2 16
Sn 100
fn 60
Vn1 345
Vn2 345
r 0.00977
x 0.11
b 2
g 0

b1 0
g1 0
b2 0
g2 0
trans 0
tap 1
phi 0
owner None
xcoord None
ycoord None
# load data
omega = tsat_to_df('omega.xls')
v = tsat_to_df('v.xls')
omega_psse = psse_to_df('omega_psse.xlsx')
v_psse = psse_to_df('v_psse.xlsx')
omega_psse.iloc[:, 1:] += 1
omega_psse.iloc[:, 1:] *= 60
fig, ax = plot_comparison(ss2, ss2.GENROU.omega, omega,

a=(1,), a_tsat=[1], a_psse=[1],
ylabel="Generator Speed [Hz]",
title="WECC Scenario 2 (Line 4-16 Trip)",
psse_data = omega_psse,
psse_header = psse_omega_headers,
scale=60, right=10,
legend=True,
show=False
)

fig, ax = plot_comparison(ss2, ss2.GENROU.v, v,

a=(1,), a_tsat=[1], a_psse=[1],
title="WECC Scenario 2 (Line 4-16 Trip)",
psse_data = v_psse,
psse_header = psse_v_headers,
scale=1, right=10,
legend=True,
show=False
)
Appendix: CURENT WECC 179-Bus System Data
data = !cat wecc.raw

0, 100.00, 32, 0, 1, 60.00 / PSS(R)E 32 RAW created by rawd32 THU,␣

,→MAY 21 2020 10:24
WESTERN ELECTRICITY COORDINATING COUNCIL 179-BUS SYSTEM (MOD
DISTRIBUTED WITH ANDES (HTTPS://GITHUB.COM/CUIHANTAO/ANDES)
1,'CORONADO ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.97947, -26.1745
2,'CHOLLA ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.97744, -16.9603
3,'CORONADO ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.04000, -19.6589
4,'CRAIG ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.97518, 16.2755
5,'CRAIG ', 22.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,0.95000, 23.5536
6,'FOURCORN ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06814, -7.9038
7,'FOURCORN ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00914, -4.6874
8,'FCNGN4CC ', 22.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 2.2301
9,'FOURCORN ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00726, -5.2308
10,'HAYDEN ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 33.7299
11,'NAVAJO ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.07205, -23.9351
12,'NAVAJO 2 ', 26.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.00000, -17.8112
13,'MOENKOPI ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.06735, -24.8548
14,'PALOVRD2 ', 24.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,0.96000, -21.7139
15,'PALOVRDE ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04856, -29.6406


16,'SAN JUAN ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.03559, -3.8744
17,'SJUAN G4 ', 22.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, -0.8871
18,'WESTWING ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05593, -29.5910
19,'NAVAJO1 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.07025, -22.8500
20,'NAVAJO2 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.06042, -25.9522
21,'NAVAJO3 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04693, -22.1208
22,'NAVAJO4 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02564, -31.4586
23,'MOENKOP1 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05571, -23.3906
24,'MOENKOP2 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04116, -31.0832
25,'MOENKOP3 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05132, -15.5499
26,'MOENKOP4 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04671, -42.3967
27,'FOURCOR1 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06585, -5.7792
28,'FOURCOR2 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06933, -27.9822
29,'CANAD G1 ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 24.7380
30,'CANADA ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.03634, 20.9474
31,'CANALB ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.07861, 49.2370
32,'CA230TO ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.97855, 53.8260
33,'CA230 ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.00114, 62.8749
34,'CMAIN GM ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.02000, 67.7961
35,'BRIDGER2 ', 22.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.00900, 2.4615
36,'ADELANTO ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.06032, -42.1554
37,'ADELAN&1 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.08090, -46.2256
38,'CASTAIC ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03195, -47.2901
39,'CASTAI4G ', 18.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.02000, -45.9803
40,'GLENDAL ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02337, -50.9223
41,'HAYNES ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03129, -50.6520
42,'HAYNES3G ', 18.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.00000, -47.3488
43,'INTERMT ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.05257, -4.3661
44,'INTERM1G ', 26.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.05000, 0.2811
45,'OLIVE ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03475, -47.6289
46,'OWENS G ', 11.5000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.02000, -47.2682
47,'RINALDI ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03402, -47.8387
48,'RINALDI ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.07212, -45.4811
49,'RIVER ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02362, -51.8438
50,'STA B ', 138.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03256, -51.9003
51,'STA B1 ', 287.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03663, -50.7167
52,'STA B2 ', 287.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03663, -50.7167
53,'STA BLD ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02728, -52.1086
54,'STA E ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02516, -50.0567
55,'STA E ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04304, -47.6632
56,'STA F ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02484, -51.8789
57,'STA G ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02394, -51.1740
58,'STA J ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03112, -48.9133
59,'SYLMARLA ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03832, -47.1488
60,'SYLMAR S ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02073, -48.2552
61,'VALLEY ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.02930, -49.0304
62,'VICTORVL ', 287.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05209, -44.4925
63,'VICTORVL ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05866, -42.4751
64,'MONTA G1 ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 56.5947
65,'MONTANA ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04928, 48.2022
66,'BIG EDDY ', 115.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06863, -16.9326
67,'BIG EDDY ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06592, -14.5699

68,'BIG EDDY ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.08919, -13.3098
69,'DALLES21 ', 13.8000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.05500, -7.9400
70,'CELILO ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06159, -15.0760
71,'CELILOCA ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.08964, -13.4178
72,'COLSTRP ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.07839, -1.3595
73,'COULEE ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.07000, 0.1645
74,'GARRISON ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.03705, -12.1586
75,'JOHN DAY ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.08283, -11.1230
76,'JOHN DAY ', 13.8000,3, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 0.0000
77,'HANFORD ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04947, 0.2258
78,'NORTH G3 ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 26.5872
79,'NORTH ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04993, 12.1085
80,'BURNS ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.05295, -19.5513
81,'GRIZZLY ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06740, -17.1477
82,'MALIN ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.05433, -23.3455
83,'MIDPOINT ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06195, -5.1981
84,'MIDPOINT ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.99845, -1.5707
85,'SUMMER L ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.05818, -18.2347
86,'GRIZZLY1 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06533, -18.7474
87,'GRIZZLY2 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.07143, -16.0156
88,'MALIN1 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.05062, -14.1380
89,'MALIN2 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06088, -19.8058
90,'GRIZZLY3 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.07997, -21.7956
91,'GRIZZLY4 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06943, -17.2249
92,'GRIZZLY5 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06860, -22.4488
93,'GRIZZLY6 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.07170, -17.8609
94,'GRIZZLY7 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.07926, -22.0559
95,'GRIZZLY8 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06917, -17.2247
96,'GRIZZLY9 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.06761, -22.7454
97,'GRIZZLYA ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.07104, -17.8942
98,'BURNS1 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.97284, 8.0442
99,'CORTINA ', 200.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.13097, -34.9741
100,'COTWDPGE ', 200.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.13613, -30.4883
101,'DIABLO ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05298, -46.1260
102,'DIABLO1 ', 25.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,0.98000, -42.3238
103,'GATES ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04707, -47.6820
104,'GLENN ', 200.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.14090, -34.1986
105,'LOGAN CR ', 200.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.14016, -34.5836
106,'LOSBANOS ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04927, -49.5273
107,'MIDWAY ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05934, -48.6051
108,'MIDWAY ', 200.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.16705, -51.4430
109,'MOSSLAND ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04639, -49.7921
110,'OLINDA ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.03727, -31.0686
111,'ROUND MT ', 20.0000,2, 3, 1, 1,1.02000, -15.0791
112,'ROUND MT ', 200.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.12385, -25.1402
113,'ROUND MT ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.03454, -27.9316
114,'TABLE MT ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.01342, -32.0699
115,'TEVATR ', 20.0000,2, 3, 1, 1,1.05000, -35.6850
116,'TEVATR ', 200.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.12744, -39.6332
117,'TEVATR2 ', 20.0000,2, 3, 1, 1,1.00000, -30.7816
118,'TEVATR ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,0.99816, -38.9938
119,'OLINDA1 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.05026, -24.0934


120,'OLINDA2 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.01142, -38.0294
121,'OLINDA3 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.02786, -30.7891
122,'OLINDA4 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,0.98098, -46.5990
123,'ROUND1 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.04054, -22.0273
124,'ROUND2 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.01079, -36.1445
125,'ROUND3 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.04054, -22.0273
126,'ROUND4 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.01079, -36.1445
127,'TABLE1 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.01257, -25.8067
128,'TABLE2 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,0.99882, -45.3405
129,'TABLE3 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.01755, -27.3173
130,'TABLE4 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,0.99876, -41.4218
131,'TEVATR1 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,0.97999, -36.9419
132,'TEVATR2 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.07047, -51.7010
133,'TEVATR3 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,0.97141, -35.0590
134,'GATES1 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.06807, -49.9922
135,'DEVERS ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03539, -43.5212
136,'EAGLROCK ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.01010, -52.7598
137,'ELDORADO ', 20.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.02000, -25.9732
138,'ELDORADO ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05122, -33.0947
139,'LITEHIPE ', 20.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.02000, -49.6246
140,'LITEHIPE ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.01186, -55.7741
141,'LUGO ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05498, -46.0893
142,'MESA CAL ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.00705, -55.0594
143,'MIRALOMA ', 20.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.05000, -45.4414
144,'MIRALOMA ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04087, -49.6789
145,'MIRALOMA ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03821, -50.1247
146,'MOHAVE ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.06999, -29.3603
147,'MOHAV1CC ', 22.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.05000, -21.0397
148,'PARDEE ', 20.0000,2, 2, 1, 1,1.01000, -39.5994
149,'PARDEE ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.00600, -51.6818
150,'SERRANO ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04129, -50.0775
151,'VALLEY ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.03694, -47.7607
152,'VINCENT ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.06119, -48.9450
153,'VINCENT ', 230.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,0.99489, -51.6324
154,'CAMP WIL ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04289, -2.4160
155,'BENLOMND ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04464, -3.3929
156,'BENLOMND ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04624, -3.9585
157,'EMERY ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.03705, 4.8898
158,'EMERY ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.05000, 9.6052
159,'MONA ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.05596, -2.0072
160,'NAUGHTON ', 230.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04453, 0.6143
161,'NAUGHT ', 20.0000,2, 1, 1, 1,1.00000, 3.4140
162,'PINTO PS ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.03679, -2.4413
163,'PINTO ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.04044, -1.4027
164,'SPAN FRK ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.03514, -1.0920
165,'SIGURD ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.05190, -0.5455
166,'TERMINAL ', 345.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,1.03911, -3.4207
167,'MALIN3 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.06106, -19.7689
168,'MALIN4 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.02557, -31.6678
169,'MALIN5 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.06179, -19.0138
170,'MALIN6 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.02702, -31.6971
171,'MALIN7 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.05696, -17.4396

172,'MALIN8 ', 500.0000,1, 3, 1, 1,1.03194, -37.1499
173,'MIDWAY1 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04651, -48.2385
174,'MIDWAY2 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05458, -49.3078
175,'MIDWAY3 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04625, -48.2334
176,'MIDWAY4 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05470, -49.3092
177,'MIDWAY5 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.04598, -48.2211
178,'MIDWAY6 ', 500.0000,1, 2, 1, 1,1.05705, -49.2854
179,'BURNS2 ', 500.0000,1, 1, 1, 1,0.98437, -6.6858
1,'BL',1, 1, 1, 1750.000, -56.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
3,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
4,'BL',1, 1, 1, 2350.000, -127.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
5,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
7,'BL',1, 1, 1, 239.000, -56.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
8,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
9,'BL',1, 1, 1, 139.700, 23.800, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
10,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
11,'BL',1, 2, 1, 90.000, 70.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
12,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
14,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
15,'BL',1, 2, 1, 793.400, 207.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
16,'BL',1, 1, 1, 840.000, 5.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
17,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
18,'BL',1, 2, 1, 617.000, -69.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
29,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
30,'BL',1, 1, 1, 4400.000, 1000.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
33,'BL',1, 1, 1, 3600.000, 700.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
34,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
35,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
36,'BL',1, 2, 1, -1862.000, 971.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
39,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1 (continues on next page)


40,'BL',1, 2, 1, 135.000, 27.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
42,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
43,'BL',1, 1, 1, 2053.000, 907.100, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
44,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
45,'BL',1, 2, 1, -72.800, -17.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
46,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
47,'BL',1, 2, 1, 121.000, 25.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
49,'BL',1, 2, 1, 320.000, 65.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
50,'BL',1, 2, 1, 237.200, -63.200, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
53,'BL',1, 2, 1, 138.000, 28.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
54,'BL',1, 2, 1, 807.800, 132.100, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
56,'BL',1, 2, 1, 117.000, 24.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
57,'BL',1, 2, 1, 121.000, 25.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
58,'BL',1, 2, 1, 887.700, -6.200, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
59,'BL',1, 2, 1, -2771.000, 1654.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
60,'BL',1, 2, 1, 401.000, 80.600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
61,'BL',1, 2, 1, 205.200, 17.600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
62,'BL',1, 2, 1, -129.000, 32.200, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
64,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
65,'BL',1, 1, 1, 1700.000, 300.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
66,'BL',1, 1, 1, 160.000, 31.250, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
67,'BL',1, 1, 1, -67.500, 160.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
68,'BL',1, 1, 1, -44.200, 22.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
69,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
70,'BL',1, 1, 1, 3137.000, 1681.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
72,'BL',1, 1, 1, -1525.000, -50.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1


74,'BL',1, 1, 1, 2584.000, 394.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
75,'BL',1, 1, 1, 3200.000, 1100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
76,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
77,'BL',1, 1, 1, 3500.000, 500.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
78,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
79,'BL',1, 1, 1, 5000.000, 400.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
81,'BL',1, 1, 1, -66.600, -97.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
82,'BL',1, 1, 1, -339.000, -119.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
84,'BL',1, 1, 1, 610.000, -414.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
99,'BL',1, 3, 1, -43.300, 20.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
100,'BL',1, 3, 1, 210.400, -77.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
101,'BL',1, 2, 1, 50.000, 25.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
102,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
103,'BL',1, 2, 1, 305.000, -7.600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
104,'BL',1, 3, 1, 27.500, -0.100, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
105,'BL',1, 3, 1, 8.010, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
106,'BL',1, 2, 1, 265.000, 14.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
107,'BL',1, 2, 1, 55.600, -329.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
108,'BL',1, 2, 1, 777.600, 32.600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
109,'BL',1, 2, 1, 40.000, 21.500, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
110,'BL',1, 3, 1, -189.000, 61.500, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
111,'BL',1, 3, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
112,'BL',1, 3, 1, 148.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
114,'BL',1, 3, 1, -0.700, 118.500, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
115,'BL',1, 3, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
116,'BL',1, 3, 1, 884.000, 54.800, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1


117,'BL',1, 3, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
118,'BL',1, 3, 1, 5661.000, 3491.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
135,'BL',1, 2, 1, 856.000, 19.600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
136,'BL',1, 2, 1, 175.000, 18.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
137,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
138,'BL',1, 2, 1, 902.300, -11.400, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
139,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
140,'BL',1, 2, 1, 3191.000, 630.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
141,'BL',1, 2, 1, 204.200, -28.200, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
142,'BL',1, 2, 1, 377.400, 64.500, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
143,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
144,'BL',1, 2, 1, 3098.000, 1189.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
147,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
148,'BL',1, 2, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
149,'BL',1, 2, 1, 3118.000, 78.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
150,'BL',1, 2, 1, 1230.000, 72.800, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
151,'BL',1, 2, 1, 406.000, 41.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
153,'BL',1, 2, 1, 1066.000, -10.800, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
154,'BL',1, 1, 1, 457.700, 81.700, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
155,'BL',1, 1, 1, 33.900, 11.900, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
156,'BL',1, 1, 1, 148.000, -7.900, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
157,'BL',1, 1, 1, 116.100, 38.400, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
158,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
159,'BL',1, 1, 1, -62.000, 12.800, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
160,'BL',1, 1, 1, 255.000, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
161,'BL',1, 1, 1, 100.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1


163,'BL',1, 1, 1, 31.600, 11.500, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
164,'BL',1, 1, 1, 141.200, 71.400, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
165,'BL',1, 1, 1, 379.000, -43.000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
166,'BL',1, 1, 1, 185.000, 78.500, 0.000, 0.000, 0.
,→000, 0.000, 1,1
6,'1 ',1, 0.000, -113.000
7,'1 ',1, 0.000, -155.000
11,'1 ',1, 0.000, -190.000
13,'1 ',1, 0.000, -391.000
15,'1 ',1, 0.000, -146.000
16,'1 ',1, 0.000, 390.000
18,'1 ',1, 0.000, -427.000
36,'1 ',1, 0.000, 912.000
43,'1 ',1, 0.000, 430.000
48,'1 ',1, 0.000, -80.000
59,'1 ',1, 0.000, 2146.000
62,'1 ',1, 0.000, -108.000
67,'1 ',1, 0.000, 576.850
70,'1 ',1, 0.000, 792.000
71,'1 ',1, 0.000, 462.000
75,'1 ',1, 0.000, 1019.350
77,'1 ',1, 0.000, 550.000
79,'1 ',1, 0.000, 1200.000
80,'1 ',1, 0.000, -220.000
81,'1 ',1, 0.000, -674.000
82,'1 ',1, 0.000, -110.000
83,'1 ',1, 0.000, -220.000
84,'1 ',1, 0.000, -870.000
103,'1 ',1, 0.000, -91.000
107,'1 ',1, 0.000, -327.000
108,'1 ',1, 0.000, -130.000
112,'1 ',1, 0.000, -128.000
113,'1 ',1, 0.000, -91.000
114,'1 ',1, 0.000, -91.000
116,'1 ',1, 0.000, -32.000
118,'1 ',1, 0.000, 1500.000
138,'1 ',1, 0.000, -319.000
144,'1 ',1, 0.000, 400.000
146,'1 ',1, 0.000, -196.000
153,'1 ',1, 0.000, -190.000
154,'1 ',1, 0.000, -60.000
157,'1 ',1, 0.000, -220.000
163,'1 ',1, 0.000, -18.000
165,'1 ',1, 0.000, -50.000
179,'1 ',1, 0.000, -220.000
3,'1 ', 800.000, 123.043, 300.000, -300.000,1.04000, 0, 1600.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000 (continues on next page)


5,'1 ', 1048.000, -132.905, 400.000, -400.000,0.95000, 0, 2100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
8,'1 ', 2160.000, -30.469, 700.000, -500.000,1.00000, 0, 4300.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
10,'1 ', 2050.000, 464.829, 900.000, -900.000,1.00000, 0, 4100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
12,'1 ', 1690.000, 195.571, 700.000, -280.000,1.00000, 0, 3400.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
14,'1 ', 2640.000, 378.080, 1300.000, -900.000,0.96000, 0, 5300.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
17,'1 ', 962.000, 148.778, 300.000, -300.000,1.00000, 0, 2000.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
29,'1 ', 4450.000, 1011.075, 4000.000, -4000.000,1.00000, 0, 8900.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
34,'1 ', 4480.000, 1150.177, 5320.000, -3500.000,1.02000, 0, 9000.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
35,'1 ', 1640.000, 285.666, 600.000, -525.000,1.00900, 0, 3300.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
39,'1 ', 200.000, -52.159, 268.000, -134.000,1.02000, 0, 400.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
42,'1 ', 325.000, 68.266, 300.000, -220.000,1.00000, 0, 650.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
44,'1 ', 1780.000, 534.593, 850.000, -440.000,1.05000, 0, 3600.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
46,'1 ', 110.000, 29.078, 100.000, -100.000,1.02000, 0, 220.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
64,'1 ', 2910.000, 953.299, 1500.000, -1000.000,1.00000, 0, 5800.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
69,'1 ', 1301.000, 431.493, 692.000, -711.000,1.05500, 0, 2600.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
76,'1 ', 5174.765, 855.276, 2649.000, -1850.000,1.00000, 0, 10400.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
78,'1 ', 9950.000, 1854.073, 5780.000, -2000.000,1.00000, 0, 20000.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
102,'1 ', 765.000, -206.264, 330.000, -310.000,0.98000, 0, 1500.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1,(continues
100.0, on next
␣ page)
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000

111,'1 ', 1057.000, 25.675, 400.000, -400.000,1.02000, 0, 2100.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
115,'1 ', 594.000, 192.348, 300.000, -300.000,1.05000, 0, 1200.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
117,'1 ', 3467.000, 1654.420, 2500.000, -1000.000,1.00000, 0, 6900.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
137,'1 ', 982.700, -128.764, 300.000, -300.000,1.02000, 0, 2000.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
139,'1 ', 3195.000, 1032.512, 2000.000, -900.000,1.02000, 0, 6400.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
143,'1 ', 1690.000, 593.821, 900.000, -400.000,1.05000, 0, 3400.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
147,'1 ', 1680.000, 446.627, 700.000, -300.000,1.05000, 0, 3400.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
148,'1 ', 2200.000, 393.721, 600.000, -600.000,1.01000, 0, 4400.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
158,'1 ', 1665.000, -31.368, 9999.000, -9999.000,1.05000, 0, 3300.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
161,'1 ', 445.000, 91.733, 9999.000, -9999.000,1.00000, 0, 900.
,→000, 0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,1.00000,1, 100.0, ␣
,→9999.000, 0.000, 1,1.0000
2, 7,'1 ', 1.79000E-3, 1.98800E-2, 2.57600, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
4, 16,'1 ', 9.77000E-3, 1.10000E-1, 2.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
4, 159,'1 ', 8.11000E-3, 1.36900E-1, 2.43480, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
6, 27,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-4.08000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
7, 16,'1 ', 5.00000E-4, 5.30000E-3, 0.08820, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
7, 162,'1 ', 4.80000E-3, 4.36000E-2, 0.70780, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
11, 19,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-6.34000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
11, 21,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.18800E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
11, 138,'1 ', 2.80000E-3, 2.11000E-2, 1.01940, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1630.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
13, 20,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-6.34000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
13, 23,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-8.26000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, (continues on next page)
1,1.0000


13, 25,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.79500E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
13, 28,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-6.12000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
15, 18,'1 ', 4.00000E-4, 9.60000E-3, 0.90380, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
15, 18,'2 ', 4.00000E-4, 9.60000E-3, 0.90380, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
15, 135,'1 ', 2.59000E-3, 2.96700E-2, 2.15300, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
15, 135,'2 ', 2.59000E-3, 2.96700E-2, 2.15300, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
18, 22,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.18800E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
18, 24,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-8.26000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
19, 20,'1 ', 7.70000E-4, 1.80400E-2, 1.39842, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
21, 22,'1 ', 2.41000E-3, 5.86500E-2, 4.86560, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
23, 24,'1 ', 1.79000E-3, 4.24400E-2, 3.39220, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
25, 26,'1 ', 2.07000E-3, 4.95900E-2, 3.95160, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
26, 138,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.79500E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
27, 28,'1 ', 1.77000E-3, 4.18900E-2, 3.34460, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
30, 31,'1 ', 3.50000E-3, 7.00000E-2, 4.60600, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
30, 79,'1 ', 8.30000E-4, 2.39000E-2, 3.30000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
32, 33,'1 ', 2.00000E-3, 2.00000E-2, 0.80000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
36, 37,'1 ', 7.40000E-4, 1.86100E-2, 1.40264, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
36, 55,'1 ', 8.20000E-4, 1.66800E-2, 1.18802, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
36, 63,'1 ',-0.00000E+0, 1.59000E-3, 0.12002, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
36, 63,'2 ',-0.00000E+0, 1.59000E-3, 0.12002, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
38, 45,'1 ', 2.21000E-3, 3.34600E-2, 0.07338, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
38, 47,'1 ', 2.90000E-3, 3.80000E-2, 0.08240, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
38, 58,'1 ', 3.09000E-3, 4.67700E-2, 0.10080, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
38, 59,'1 ', 2.26000E-3, 3.42200E-2, 0.07506, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
40, 54,'1 ', 4.70000E-4, 7.23000E-3, 0.01624, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000


40, 57,'1 ', 3.50000E-4, 5.36000E-3, 0.01204, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
41, 49,'1 ', 2.20000E-3, 3.42200E-2, 0.07716, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
41, 49,'2 ', 2.38000E-3, 3.66900E-2, 0.08284, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
41, 56,'1 ', 2.01000E-3, 3.07400E-2, 0.06886, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
41, 57,'1 ', 2.81000E-3, 4.29600E-2, 0.09648, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
43, 159,'1 ', 1.80000E-3, 2.45000E-2, 0.43920, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
43, 159,'2 ', 1.80000E-3, 2.45000E-2, 0.43920, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
45, 47,'1 ', 2.90000E-4, 4.34000E-3, 0.00950, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 54,'1 ', 2.29000E-3, 1.58300E-2, 0.03060, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 54,'2 ', 2.29000E-3, 1.58300E-2, 0.03060, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 58,'1 ', 1.41000E-3, 9.67000E-3, 0.01940, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 58,'2 ', 1.41000E-3, 9.67000E-3, 0.01940, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 58,'3 ', 1.61000E-3, 9.71000E-3, 0.01928, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 58,'4 ', 1.61000E-3, 9.71000E-3, 0.01928, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 59,'1 ', 2.70000E-4, 3.93000E-3, 0.00918, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 59,'2 ', 2.70000E-4, 3.93000E-3, 0.00918, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 59,'3 ', 2.70000E-4, 3.93000E-3, 0.00918, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 61,'1 ', 1.38000E-3, 1.11600E-2, 0.02470, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
47, 61,'2 ', 1.38000E-3, 1.11600E-2, 0.02470, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
48, 63,'1 ', 8.30000E-4, 1.88400E-2, 1.66668, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
49, 56,'1 ', 3.70000E-4, 3.66000E-3, 0.00830, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
49, 57,'1 ', 5.50000E-4, 5.86000E-3, 0.01246, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
51, 62,'1 ', 1.07000E-2, 7.90500E-2, 0.36670, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
52, 62,'1 ', 1.07000E-2, 7.90500E-2, 0.36670, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
53, 56,'1 ', 7.30000E-4, 1.02500E-2, 0.02558, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
53, 56,'2 ', 7.30000E-4, 1.02500E-2, 0.02558, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000


54, 57,'1 ', 1.19000E-3, 1.24400E-2, 0.02798, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
54, 57,'2 ', 1.19000E-3, 1.24400E-2, 0.02798, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
54, 61,'1 ', 1.28000E-3, 9.79000E-3, 0.02120, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
56, 57,'1 ', 1.10000E-3, 1.18900E-2, 0.02514, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
60, 136,'1 ', 1.40000E-3, 2.64000E-2, 0.10200, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3070.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
60, 149,'1 ', 6.50000E-4, 1.18700E-2, 0.04672, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3070.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
60, 149,'2 ', 6.50000E-4, 1.18700E-2, 0.04672, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3070.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
63, 138,'1 ', 1.79000E-3, 2.52400E-2, 0.53546, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
63, 138,'2 ', 1.79000E-3, 2.52400E-2, 0.53546, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
63, 141,'1 ', 2.00000E-4, 4.10000E-3, 0.29620, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
65, 77,'1 ', 7.00000E-4, 7.40000E-2, 4.87000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
67, 70,'1 ', 6.00000E-5, 1.31000E-3, 0.00378, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
67, 70,'2 ', 6.00000E-5, 1.16000E-3, 0.00332, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
68, 71,'1 ', 1.00000E-5, 3.00000E-4, 0.01434, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
68, 71,'2 ', 1.00000E-5, 3.00000E-4, 0.01844, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
68, 75,'1 ', 2.30000E-4, 4.51000E-3, 0.33320, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2175.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
68, 75,'2 ', 2.00000E-4, 4.46000E-3, 0.30500, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2175.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
72, 74,'1 ', 1.79000E-3, 1.40500E-2, 3.68000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
73, 77,'1 ', 1.13000E-3, 2.06900E-2, 1.85526, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
74, 75,'1 ', 1.96000E-3, 3.30400E-2, 1.88000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
74, 77,'1 ', 1.42000E-3, 2.25800E-2, 1.88000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
75, 77,'1 ', 1.20000E-3, 2.31600E-2, 1.71520, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
75, 77,'2 ', 3.00000E-4, 2.00000E-2, 3.60000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
75, 81,'1 ', 6.30000E-4, 1.41200E-2, 1.09756, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
75, 81,'2 ', 1.09000E-3, 2.40800E-2, 1.55542, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
75, 81,'3 ', 1.08000E-3, 2.40900E-2, 1.55348, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000


77, 79,'1 ', 2.00000E-4, 8.20000E-3, 1.30000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
77, 79,'2 ', 2.00000E-4, 8.20000E-3, 1.30000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
80, 98,'1 ', 2.64000E-3, 5.35600E-2, 5.29066, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
80, 179,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-2.66700E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1732.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
81, 86,'1 ', 4.10000E-4, 7.37000E-3, 0.72694, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
81, 90,'1 ', 6.60000E-4, 1.26600E-2, 0.95976, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
81, 94,'1 ', 6.60000E-4, 1.26600E-2, 0.95976, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
82, 88,'1 ', 7.20000E-4, 1.38200E-2, 1.27572, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
82, 93,'1 ', 7.80000E-4, 1.50200E-2, 1.13810, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
82, 97,'1 ', 7.40000E-4, 1.41300E-2, 1.06634, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
82, 167,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-7.20000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
82, 169,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-8.64000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
82, 171,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.00000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
83, 98,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-2.66700E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1732.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
84, 155,'1 ', 6.20000E-3, 6.73000E-2, 1.11560, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
85, 87,'1 ', 6.00000E-4, 1.03600E-2, 1.01456, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
85, 89,'1 ', 1.20000E-4, 2.38000E-3, 0.21926, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
85, 179,'1 ', 1.22000E-3, 2.37300E-2, 2.20710, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
86, 87,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.26300E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2000.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
88, 89,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-8.58000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2000.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
90, 91,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.26300E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2400.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
91, 92,'1 ', 7.40000E-4, 1.42800E-2, 1.08220, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
92, 93,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.26300E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2400.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
94, 95,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.26300E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2000.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
95, 96,'1 ', 7.40000E-4, 1.42800E-2, 1.08220, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
96, 97,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.26300E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2000.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000


99, 100,'1 ', 2.48200E-2, 1.69380E-1, 0.20232, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→838.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
99, 116,'1 ', 1.48000E-2, 1.01010E-1, 0.12066, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→838.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
100, 104,'1 ', 1.38200E-2, 9.26800E-2, 0.11060, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→747.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
100, 105,'1 ', 1.66800E-2, 1.13810E-1, 0.13608, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→838.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
100, 112,'1 ', 1.11300E-2, 6.67800E-2, 0.07286, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→752.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
100, 112,'2 ', 1.05000E-2, 6.54000E-2, 0.06860, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→602.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
100, 112,'3 ', 1.10500E-2, 6.64200E-2, 0.07160, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→752.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
100, 116,'1 ', 3.90300E-2, 2.74030E-1, 0.31072, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→747.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
101, 103,'1 ', 7.90000E-4, 1.93700E-2, 1.32850, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
101, 107,'1 ', 8.70000E-4, 2.08700E-2, 1.45710, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
101, 107,'2 ', 8.70000E-4, 2.08700E-2, 1.45710, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
103, 106,'1 ', 8.30000E-4, 1.98500E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
103, 133,'1 ', 9.30000E-4, 3.64400E-2, 1.38950, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
103, 134,'1 ', 7.20000E-4, 1.60000E-2, 1.08790, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
104, 116,'1 ', 3.05800E-2, 2.04600E-1, 0.24472, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→747.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
105, 116,'1 ', 2.23500E-2, 1.61060E-1, 0.18342, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→838.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
106, 107,'1 ', 1.53000E-3, 1.47000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1560.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
106, 109,'1 ', 5.30000E-4, 1.29700E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
107, 132,'1 ', 2.00000E-5,-1.33100E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
107, 134,'1 ', 2.00000E-5,-9.98000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
107, 173,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-9.35000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2134.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
107, 175,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-9.44000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2134.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
107, 177,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-9.35000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2134.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
110, 119,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.00000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2667.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
110, 172,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.00000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
113, 123,'1 ', 2.00000E-5,-9.98000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000


113, 125,'1 ', 2.00000E-5,-9.98000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
113, 168,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-7.20000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
113, 170,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-7.20000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
114, 124,'1 ', 1.00000E-5,-6.66000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
114, 126,'1 ', 1.00000E-5,-6.66000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1800.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
114, 127,'1 ', 1.00000E-5,-1.12000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2667.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
114, 129,'1 ', 1.00000E-5,-7.20000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2667.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
118, 122,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.00000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2667.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
118, 128,'1 ', 1.00000E-5,-1.12000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2667.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
118, 130,'1 ', 1.00000E-5,-3.60000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2667.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
118, 131,'1 ', 1.00000E-5,-7.55000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
118, 133,'1 ', 1.00000E-5,-1.09800E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
119, 120,'1 ', 7.60000E-4, 1.95200E-2, 1.82450, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2894.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
120, 121,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-1.00000E-2, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2667.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
121, 122,'1 ', 8.20000E-4, 2.11900E-2, 1.98420, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2894.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
123, 124,'1 ', 1.40000E-3, 2.33800E-2, 1.47500, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2396.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
125, 126,'1 ', 1.40000E-3, 2.33800E-2, 1.47500, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2396.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
127, 128,'1 ', 1.54000E-3, 3.40900E-2, 2.31140, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
129, 130,'1 ', 9.50000E-4, 2.10200E-2, 1.42520, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
131, 132,'1 ', 1.65000E-3, 5.71900E-2, 2.47740, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2450.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
135, 151,'1 ', 4.20000E-4, 9.05000E-3, 0.66794, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
136, 142,'1 ', 1.90000E-3, 2.58000E-2, 0.09840, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2320.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
136, 149,'1 ', 8.45000E-3, 7.03400E-2, 0.15954, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→1160.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
138, 141,'1 ', 1.93000E-3, 2.77900E-2, 4.67120, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
138, 146,'1 ', 5.60000E-4, 1.41500E-2, 1.04290, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
140, 142,'1 ', 1.10000E-3, 1.27000E-2, 0.04800, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2320.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000


141, 144,'1 ', 2.80000E-4, 7.53000E-3, 0.51736, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
141, 144,'2 ', 3.50000E-4, 7.50000E-3, 0.55360, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
141, 146,'1 ', 1.90000E-3, 3.10000E-2, 4.14020, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
141, 150,'1 ', 6.00000E-4, 1.28000E-2, 0.94620, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
141, 152,'1 ', 4.40000E-4, 1.12500E-2, 0.82920, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
141, 152,'2 ', 4.40000E-4, 1.12500E-2, 0.82920, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
142, 145,'1 ', 1.38000E-3, 5.39900E-2, 0.15252, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2320.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
142, 153,'1 ', 3.20000E-3, 3.95000E-2, 0.14400, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2320.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
144, 150,'1 ', 2.10000E-4, 4.57000E-3, 0.32336, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
149, 153,'1 ', 2.85000E-3, 3.64900E-2, 0.12656, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2320.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
149, 153,'2 ', 1.38000E-3, 3.39900E-2, 0.11252, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2320.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
150, 151,'1 ', 4.00000E-4, 9.30000E-3, 0.68560, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
152, 174,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-9.35000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2134.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
152, 176,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-9.35000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2134.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
152, 178,'1 ',-0.00000E+0,-8.40000E-3, 0.00000, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→2100.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
154, 155,'1 ', 2.40000E-3, 3.32000E-2, 0.58490, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,2, 0.00, 1,1.0000
154, 157,'1 ', 5.20000E-3, 6.02000E-2, 1.01000, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
154, 157,'2 ', 4.90000E-3, 5.37000E-2, 0.88430, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
154, 159,'1 ', 1.70000E-3, 2.25000E-2, 0.39920, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
154, 159,'2 ', 2.10000E-3, 2.38000E-2, 0.38450, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
154, 164,'1 ', 1.20000E-3, 1.72000E-2, 0.29870, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
154, 166,'1 ', 8.00000E-4, 1.06000E-2, 0.20390, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
155, 166,'1 ', 1.60000E-3, 2.26000E-2, 0.38100, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
156, 160,'1 ', 1.08000E-2, 9.65000E-2, 0.32960, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
157, 163,'1 ', 9.60000E-3, 8.78000E-2, 1.42650, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
157, 164,'1 ', 3.40000E-3, 3.92000E-2, 0.65240, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000


157, 165,'1 ', 3.40000E-3, 3.74000E-2, 0.62080, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
157, 165,'2 ', 3.40000E-3, 3.72000E-2, 0.61820, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
159, 165,'1 ', 3.80000E-3, 3.40000E-2, 0.58240, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
159, 165,'2 ', 3.20000E-3, 3.49000E-2, 0.57220, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
167, 168,'1 ', 1.03000E-3, 2.33800E-2, 1.58040, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
169, 170,'1 ', 1.07000E-3, 2.47000E-2, 1.52700, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3020.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
171, 172,'1 ', 1.03000E-3, 3.23000E-2, 2.79600, 0.00, 0.00, ␣
,→0.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
173, 174,'1 ', 1.23000E-3, 2.65900E-2, 1.98702, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
175, 176,'1 ', 1.23000E-3, 2.66200E-2, 1.98880, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
177, 178,'1 ', 1.12000E-3, 2.51700E-2, 1.83586, 0.00, 0.00,␣
,→3600.00, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.00000,1,1, 0.00, 1,1.0000
1, 2, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.46000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
1, 3, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.73000E-2, 100.00
0.95450, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
4, 5, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.23800E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
4, 10, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.50000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
6, 7, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.10000E-2, 100.00
1.06300, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
6, 7, 0,'2 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000 (continues on next page)


0.00000E+0, 1.10000E-2, 100.00
1.06300, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
7, 8, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 5.90000E-3, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 3000.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
7, 9, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
2.80000E-4, 1.38000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 430.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
7, 9, 0,'2 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
2.90000E-4, 1.39000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 430.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
11, 12, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 6.66000E-3, 100.00
1.08000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 2000.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
15, 14, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
6.00000E-5, 4.95000E-3, 100.00
1.10610, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 3066.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
16, 17, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 6.00000E-3, 100.00
1.04350, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
30, 29, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.50000E-3, 100.00
1.05000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
31, 32, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.00000E-2, 100.00
1.10000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000


33, 34, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 2.00000E-3, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
84, 35, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 4.60000E-3, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 2000.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
37, 47, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
1.30000E-4, 6.93000E-3, 100.00
1.05000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
38, 39, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
5.00000E-4, 2.38000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
41, 42, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
5.80000E-4, 2.53500E-2, 100.00
1.04910, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
43, 44, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 5.20000E-3, 100.00
1.02500, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
47, 46, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
4.99000E-3, 1.14730E-1, 100.00
1.04780, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
48, 47, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
2.60000E-4, 1.38600E-2, 100.00
1.05000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
51, 50, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
5.90000E-4, 1.49100E-2, 100.00
1.00170, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000 (continues on next page)


1.00000, 0.000
52, 50, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
5.90000E-4, 1.49100E-2, 100.00
1.00170, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
53, 50, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
3.00000E-4, 1.33000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
53, 50, 0,'2 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
3.00000E-4, 1.34000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
55, 54, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
1.30000E-4, 1.38600E-2, 100.00
1.01060, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
55, 54, 0,'2 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
1.30000E-4, 1.38600E-2, 100.00
1.01060, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
59, 60, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.15000E-3, 100.00
1.01330, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
63, 62, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
2.00000E-4, 2.33800E-2, 100.00
0.97890, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
65, 64, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 5.00000E-3, 100.00
1.09000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
67, 66, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
8.90000E-4, 2.99000E-2, 100.00


0.98730, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 250.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
68, 67, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
2.00000E-4, 1.18100E-2, 100.00
1.02380, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 1008.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
68, 67, 0,'2 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
9.00000E-5, 7.35000E-3, 100.00
1.02380, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 1300.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
67, 69, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.03400E-2, 100.00
1.04550, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 2000.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
71, 70, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 2.21000E-3, 100.00
1.02340, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 2500.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
75, 76, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 3.75000E-3, 100.00
1.09770, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 5000.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
79, 78, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 2.50000E-3, 100.00
1.06600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
83, 84, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 7.20000E-3, 100.00
1.05000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 1500.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
101, 102, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 9.80000E-3, 100.00
1.05000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
108, 107, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000 (continues on next page)


3.00000E-4, 1.74000E-2, 100.00
1.11900, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 840.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
108, 107, 0,'2 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
2.00000E-4, 1.19000E-2, 100.00
1.11900, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 1120.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
111, 112, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 2.28100E-2, 100.00
0.91740, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
112, 113, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
1.00000E-4, 1.74000E-2, 100.00
1.11900, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 840.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
115, 116, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.81500E-2, 100.00
0.90910, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
116, 118, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
2.00000E-4, 1.25000E-2, 100.00
1.11900, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 1120.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
117, 118, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 4.48000E-3, 100.00
0.94520, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
137, 138, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.51200E-2, 100.00
0.99600, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
139, 140, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 3.65000E-3, 100.00
0.97870, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000


143, 144, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 5.16000E-3, 100.00
0.98430, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
144, 145, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 5.00000E-3, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
146, 147, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 9.80000E-3, 100.00
1.05000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
148, 149, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.02600E-2, 100.00
0.98710, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
152, 153, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.14900E-2, 100.00
1.06310, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 1120.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
152, 153, 0,'2 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.14900E-2, 100.00
1.06310, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 1120.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
152, 153, 0,'3 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.14900E-2, 100.00
1.06310, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 1120.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
155, 156, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
3.00000E-4, 1.81000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
157, 158, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
2.00000E-4, 5.80000E-3, 100.00
0.98550, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000 (continues on next page)


1.00000, 0.000
160, 161, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
5.00000E-4, 1.41000E-2, 100.00
1.05880, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
163, 162, 0,'1 ',1,1,1, 0.00000E+0, 0.00000E+0,2,' ␣
,→ ',1, 1,1.0000
0.00000E+0, 1.95000E-2, 100.00
1.00000, 0.000, 0.000, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0, 0, 1.50000,␣
,→0.51000, 1.50000, 0.51000, 159, 0, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.000
1.00000, 0.000
1,'1 '
1,'1 '
Q
data = !cat wecc.dyr

3 'GENROU' 1 3.9000 0.32000E-01 0.54000 0.62000E-01

2.6400 5.0000 1.8600 1.7800 0.25000
0.45300 0.19500 0.14500 1.9714 6.9000 /
3 'IEEEST' 1 3 0 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.75000 1.0000 4.2000
-2.0000 0.10000 -0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 /
3 'ESST3A' 1 0.20000E-01 0.30000 -0.20000 8.0000
1.0000 5.0000 20.000 0.0000 99.000
-99.000 1.0000 3.6700 0.43500 6.4800
0.10000E-01 0.98000E-02 4.8600 3.3300 0.40000
99.000 0.0000 /
3 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000


0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
5 'GENROU' 1 4.0000 0.32000E-01 0.52000 0.63000E-01
2.6100 0.0000 1.8100 1.7300 0.24500
0.51000 0.19000 0.14000 1.7850 7.1400 /
5 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
5.5000 0.0000 0.30000E-01 0.0000 10.000
10.000 0.40000 0.40000E-01 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
5 'ESST3A' 1 0.20000E-01 0.20000 -0.20000 8.2000
1.0000 5.0000 50.000 0.0000 99.000
-99.000 1.0000 3.5600 0.33500 5.8100
0.10000E-01 0.77000E-02 5.6000 3.7500 0.40000
99.000 0.0000 /
5 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
8 'GENROU' 1 8.4000 0.35000E-01 0.46000 0.70000E-01
3.4200 0.0000 1.7600 1.5800 0.28500
0.48500 0.20500 0.15500 1.8429 6.4500 /
8 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
8 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 50.000 0.20000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.0000 /
8 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
10 'GENROU' 1 4.5000 0.40000E-01 0.50000 0.60000E-01
2.4500 0.0000 1.7000 1.6500 0.25000
0.50000 0.19000 0.14000 1.7850 7.1400 /
10 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
0.0000 0.0000 0.25000E-01 0.0000 0.16000E-01
0.16000E-01 0.26000 0.26000E-01 0.26000 0.26000E-01
0.0000 0.0000 0.10000 -0.10000 0.0000
0.0000 /
10 'ESDC2A' 1 0.20000E-01 50.000 0.50000E-01 0.20000E-01
0.0000 3.0000 -3.0000 0.0000 0.51200
0.70000E-01 1.3000 0.0000 3.9825 0.50000
5.3100 1.0490 /
10 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000


0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
12 'GENROU' 1 4.2000 0.32000E-01 0.60000 0.66000E-01
3.5900 0.0000 1.7600 1.6800 0.22000
0.40000 0.17500 0.13000 1.9225 7.6900 /
12 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
12 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 1.0000
10.000 75.000 0.20000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.0000 /
12 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
14 'GENROU' 1 8.2000 0.33000E-01 0.48000 0.55000E-01
3.8300 0.0000 1.9800 1.8500 0.37500
0.56700 0.28500 0.22500 1.4800 4.4400 /
14 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
14 'ESST3A' 1 0.20000E-01 0.20000 -0.20000 6.8000
1.0000 5.0000 50.000 0.0000 99.000
-99.000 1.0000 3.7700 0.12400 6.5200
0.10000E-01 0.50000E-02 6.7700 0.0000 0.40000
99.000 0.0000 /
14 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
17 'GENROU' 1 3.8000 0.31000E-01 0.49000 0.58000E-01
2.6300 0.0000 1.6700 0.61000 0.26000
0.45300 0.20500 0.14500 1.9714 6.9000 /
17 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 30.000
30.000 0.23000 0.25000E-01 0.23000 0.25000E-01
0.0000 0.0000 0.60000E-01 -0.60000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
17 'ESDC2A' 1 0.20000E-01 25.000 0.20000E-01 0.20000E-01
0.0000 3.0000 -3.0000 0.0000 0.64200
0.10300 0.99400 0.0000 2.5950 0.35600
3.4600 1.0000 /
17 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000


8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
29 'GENROU' 1 8.0000 0.50000E-01 0.20000 0.80000E-01
4.3400 0.0000 0.90000 0.60000 0.25000
0.60000 0.15000 0.90000E-01 2.2000 11.000 /
29 'ST2CUT' 1 3 0 0 0
-3.5000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
1.0000 0.0000 3.0000 0.80000E-01 0.27000E-01
0.80000E-01 0.27000E-01 0.10000 -0.10000 0.0000
0.0000 /
29 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 72.500 0.20000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.5000 /
29 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
34 'GENROU' 1 4.6000 0.40000E-01 0.37000 0.10000
2.9500 0.0000 1.8250 1.7800 0.29100
0.44000 0.25000 0.23900 1.3933 4.1800 /
34 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 1.0000
1.0000 0.20000 0.10000E-01 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
34 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 50.000 0.80000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.15000E-01 1.0000 /
34 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
35 'GENROU' 1 4.1000 0.33000E-01 0.56000 0.62000E-01
2.3200 0.0000 2.0700 1.9900 0.28000
0.49000 0.21500 0.15500 1.8429 6.4500 /
35 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
35 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 50.000 0.36000 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.30000E-01 1.0000 /
35 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
39 'GENROU' 1 9.8000 0.28000E-01 0.20000 0.16000
6.4100 0.0000 0.99500 0.56800 0.19500
0.56800 0.10000 0.89000E-01 2.2400 11.200 /


39 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 15.000
15.000 0.0000 0.53000E-01 0.0000 0.53000E-01
0.0000 0.0000 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
39 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 75.000 0.16000 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.0000 /
39 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.30000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
10.000 0.70000 0.0000 /
42 'GENROU' 1 4.8000 0.37000E-01 0.50000 0.75000E-01
4.1300 0.0000 1.7000 1.6200 0.25600
0.41000 0.10000 0.85000E-01 1.8429 6.4500 /
42 'ST2CUT' 1 3 0 0 0
0.0000 0.0000 0.30000E-01 0.0000 1.5000
1.5000 0.37500 12.000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
42 'ESDC2A' 1 0.20000E-01 20.000 0.20000 0.20000E-01
0.0000 2.0000 -2.0000 0.0000 0.54500
0.90000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 3.0975 0.41000
4.1300 1.0000 /
42 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.80000E-01
0.0000 0.15000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.50000E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.28000 0.0000
10.000 0.72000 0.0000 /
44 'GENROU' 1 4.7000 0.31000E-01 0.67000 0.61000E-01
2.8800 0.0000 1.9900 1.9000 0.24500
0.42000 0.10000 0.85000E-01 1.9057 6.6700 /
44 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
3.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10.000
10.000 0.30000 0.30000E-01 0.30000 0.30000E-01
0.0000 0.0000 0.10000 -0.10000 0.0000
0.0000 /
44 'ESST3A' 1 0.20000E-01 0.20000 -0.20000 7.2000
1.0000 4.0000 50.000 0.0000 99.000
-99.000 1.0000 4.3500 0.24300 8.4000
0.10000E-01 0.50000E-02 6.3600 20.000 0.60000
99.000 0.0000 /
44 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
46 'GENROU' 1 7.4000 0.30000E-01 0.20000 0.16000
3.8000 0.0000 0.61900 0.36500 0.23800
0.36500 0.10000 0.85000E-01 1.7850 7.1400 /
46 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0


10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
46 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 50.000 0.16000 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.15000E-01 1.0000 /
46 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.90000E-01
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.98000
0.0000 0.30000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.90000 0.0000 /
64 'GENROU' 1 4.7800 0.41000E-01 0.53000 0.67000E-01
3.3800 0.0000 1.6026 1.5818 0.28525
0.45122 0.23079 0.16596 1.9475 7.7900 /
64 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
3.0000 0.0000 0.30000E-01 0.0000 20.000
20.000 6.7200 0.67200 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.10000 -0.10000 0.0000
0.0000 /
64 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 47.500 0.13000 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.20000E-01 1.0000 /
64 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.50000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
69 'GENROU' 1 4.0000 0.20000E-01 0.20000 0.50000E-01
3.0000 0.0000 1.4846 0.83403 0.61720
0.83403 0.47870 0.40033 1.3900 4.1700 /
69 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
69 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 50.000 0.16000 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.26000E-01 1.0000 /
69 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.30000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.40000 0.0000 /
76 'GENROU' 1 8.0000 0.30000E-01 0.20000 0.60000E-01
3.6700 0.0000 1.2009 0.84062 0.46099
0.84062 0.32024 0.30991 1.3900 4.1700 /
76 'ST2CUT' 1 3 0 0 0
-0.40000E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 29.500
29.500 1.5000 0.15000 1.5000 0.15000
0.0000 0.0000 0.90000E-01 -0.90000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /


76 'ESDC2A' 1 0.20000E-01 20.000 0.60000E-01 0.20000E-01
0.0000 3.0000 -3.0000 0.0000 0.13000
0.50000E-01 1.3000 0.0000 3.3750 0.30000
4.5000 1.0000 /
76 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 1.0500
0.0000 0.80000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
78 'GENROU' 1 7.2000 0.43000E-01 0.20000 0.79000E-01
3.4600 0.0000 0.63800 0.42400 0.22800
0.42400 0.16100 0.12700 1.9675 7.8700 /
78 'ST2CUT' 1 3 0 0 0
-0.60000E-01 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 29.500
29.500 1.5000 0.15000 1.5000 0.15000
0.0000 0.0000 0.90000E-01 -0.90000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
78 'ESDC2A' 1 0.20000E-01 20.000 0.10000 0.20000E-01
0.0000 3.0000 -3.0000 0.0000 0.57000
0.50000E-01 1.2000 0.0000 3.3750 0.30000
4.5000 1.0000 /
78 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
102 'GENROU' 1 6.1200 0.52000E-01 1.5000 0.14400
3.4600 0.0000 2.1290 2.0740 0.46700
1.2700 0.31100 0.25000 1.3333 4.0000 /
102 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
102 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.20000E-01
0.20000E-01 40.000 0.20000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.0000 /
102 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
111 'GENROU' 1 4.0000 0.51000E-01 0.20000 0.33000E-01
4.3900 5.0000 2.0548 1.3111 0.62622
1.3111 0.51468 0.27397 1.7850 7.1400 /
111 'IEEEST' 1 3 0 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.75000 1.0000 4.2000
-2.0000 0.10000 -0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 /
111 'ESDC2A' 1 0.20000E-01 40.500 0.60000E-01 0.20000E-01
0.0000 2.0000 -2.0000 0.0000 0.50000
0.50000E-01 1.0000 0.0000 2.6250 0.54000


20.000 1.0000 /
111 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.60000 0.0000 /
115 'GENROU' 1 7.8000 0.60000E-01 0.20000 0.11000
4.1600 0.0000 0.75000 0.53000 0.32000
0.53000 0.30000 0.21500 1.5500 4.6500 /
115 'IEEEST' 1 3 0 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.75000 1.0000 4.2000
-2.0000 0.10000 -0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 /
115 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 40.000 0.20000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.2000 /
115 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
117 'GENROU' 1 4.5000 0.40000E-01 0.50000 0.60000E-01
3.8200 0.0000 1.7000 1.6500 0.25000
0.50000 0.19000 0.14000 1.7850 7.1400 /
117 'IEEEST' 1 3 0 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.75000 1.0000 4.2000
-2.0000 0.10000 -0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 /
117 'ESDC2A' 1 0.20000E-01 40.000 0.50000E-01 0.20000E-01
0.0000 3.0000 -3.0000 0.0000 0.51200
0.70000E-01 1.3000 0.0000 3.9825 0.50000
5.3100 1.0490 /
117 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
137 'GENROU' 1 7.8000 0.60000E-01 0.20000 0.11000
6.0700 0.0000 0.75000 0.53000 0.32000
0.53000 0.30000 0.21500 1.5500 4.6500 /
137 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
137 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 50.000 0.20000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.2000 /
137 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000


8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
139 'GENROU' 1 5.3000 0.35000E-01 0.50000 0.77000E-01
2.8200 0.0000 1.6200 1.5700 0.24500
0.37600 0.10000 0.95000E-01 2.1060 10.530 /
139 'ST2CUT' 1 3 0 0 0
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 29.500
29.500 1.5000 0.15000 1.5000 0.15000
0.0000 0.0000 0.90000E-01 -0.90000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
139 'ESDC2A' 1 0.20000E-01 20.000 0.50000E-01 0.20000E-01
0.0000 3.0000 -3.0000 0.0000 0.60000
0.70000E-01 1.3000 0.0000 2.8200 0.32000
3.7600 1.0000 /
139 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
143 'GENROU' 1 8.0000 0.50000E-01 1.5000 0.60000E-01
2.7500 0.0000 1.9500 1.8700 0.34000
1.0000 0.29000 0.24000 1.3900 4.1700 /
143 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
0.50000 0.0000 0.42000E-01 0.0000 10.000
10.000 1.0000 0.80000E-01 1.7000 0.80000E-01
0.0000 0.0000 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
143 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 50.000 0.19000 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.15000E-01 1.0000 /
143 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
147 'GENROU' 1 8.4000 0.35000E-01 0.46000 0.70000E-01
3.4900 0.0000 1.7600 1.5800 0.28500
0.48500 0.20500 0.15500 1.8429 6.4500 /
147 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
5.0000 0.0000 0.29000E-01 0.0000 2.4000
2.4000 0.14400 0.40000E-01 0.37700 0.10500
0.0000 0.0000 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
147 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 40.000 0.20000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.0000 /
147 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
148 'GENROU' 1 4.3000 0.32000E-01 0.43000 0.66000E-01
3.0300 0.0000 1.7900 1.7150 0.22000


0.44000 0.10000 0.85000E-01 1.8525 7.4100 /
148 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3.0000
3.0000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
148 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 40.000 0.20000 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.35000E-01 1.7500 /
148 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
158 'GENROU' 1 3.9000 0.32000E-01 0.49000 0.62000E-01
2.8200 0.0000 1.6400 1.5700 0.24000
0.43000 0.18500 0.13000 1.9225 7.6900 /
158 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
8.0800 0.0000 0.30000E-01 0.0000 10.000
10.000 0.15000 0.50000E-01 0.15000 0.50000E-01
0.0000 0.0000 0.50000E-01 -0.50000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
158 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 1.0000
10.000 40.000 0.20000E-01 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.10000E-01 1.0000 /
158 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /
161 'GENROU' 1 5.2100 0.42000E-01 1.5000 0.42000E-01
3.0100 0.0000 1.7980 1.7780 0.32400
0.45000 0.26000 0.19300 1.4800 5.1800 /
161 'ST2CUT' 1 1 0 0 0
10.000 0.0000 0.30000E-01 0.0000 30.000
30.000 0.40000 0.50000E-01 0.40000 0.50000E-01
0.0000 0.0000 0.40000E-01 -0.40000E-01 0.0000
0.0000 /
161 'EXST1' 1 0.20000E-01 99.000 -99.000 0.0000
0.20000E-01 50.000 0.10000 9999.0 -9999.0
0.0000 0.12000E-01 1.0000 /
161 'IEEEG1' 1 0 0 20.000 0.10000
0.0000 0.20000 1.0000 -1.0000 0.95000
0.0000 0.10000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.30000 0.0000
8.7200 0.70000 0.0000 /

1.9 Miscellaneous
1.9.1 Per Unit System
The bases for AC system are

• Sbac : three-phase power in MVA. By default, Sbac = 100M V A (set by System.config.mva).
• Vbac : phase-to-phase voltage in kV.
S ac
• Ibac : current base Ibac = √ b ac
3Vb
The bases for DC system are

• Sbdc : power in MVA. It is assumed to be the same as Sbac .
• Vbdc : voltage in kV.
Some device parameters are given as per unit values under the device base power and voltage (if applicable).
For example, the Line model andes.models.line.Line has parameters r, x and b as per unit values
in the device bases Sn, Vn1, and Vn2. It is up to the user to check data consistency. For example, line voltage
bases are typically the same as bus nominal values. If the r, x and b are meant to be per unit values under the
system base, each Line device should use an Sn equal to the system base mva.
Parameters in device base will have a property value in the Model References page. For example, Line.r has
a property z, which means it is a per unit impedance in the device base. To find out all applicable properties,
refer to the "Other Parameters" section of andes.core.param.NumParam.
After setting up the system, these parameters will be converted to per units in the bases of system base MVA
and bus nominal voltages. The parameter values in the system base will be stored to the v attribute of the
NumParam. The original inputs in the device base will be moved to the vin attribute. For example, after
setting up the system, Line.x.v is the line reactances in per unit under system base.
Values in the v attribute is what get utilized in computation. Writing new values directly to vin will not affect
the values in v afterwards. To alter parameters after setting up, refer to example notebook 2.
1.9.2 Notes
Modeling Blocks
State Freeze
State freeze is used by converter controllers during fault transients to fix a variable at the pre-fault values. The
concept of state freeze is applicable to both state or algebraic variables. For example, in the renewable energy
electric control model (REECA), the proportional-integral controllers for reactive power error and voltage error
are subject to state freeze when voltage dip is observed. The internal and output states should be frozen when
the freeze signal turns one and freed when the signal turns back to zero.
1.9. Miscellaneous 131

Freezing a state variable can be easily implemented by multiplying the freeze signal with the right-hand side
(RHS) of the differential equation:
T ẋ = (1 − zf ) × f (x)
where f (x) is the original RHS of the differential equation, and zf is the freeze signal. When zf becomes zero
the differential equation will evaluate to zero, making the increment zero.
Freezing an algebraic variable is more complicate to implement. One might consider a similar solution to
freezing a differential variable by constructing a piecewise equation, for example,
0 = (1 − zf ) × g(y)
where g(y) is the original RHS of the algebraic equation. One might also need to add a small value to the
diagonals of dae.gy associated with the algebraic variable to avoid singularity. The rationale behind this
implementation is to zero out the algebraic equation mismatch and thus stop incremental correction: in the
frozen state, since zf switches to zero, the algebraic increment should be forced to zero. This method, however,
would not work when a dishonest Newton method is used.
If the Jacobian matrix is not updated after zf switches to one, in the row associated with the equation, the
derivatives will remain the same. For the algebraic equation of the PI controller given by
0 = (Kp u + xi ) − y
where Kp is the proportional gain, u is the input, xI is the integrator output, and y is the PI controller output,
the derivatives w.r.t u, xi and y are nonzero in the pre-frozen state. These derivative corrects y following the
changes of u and x. Although x has been frozen, if the Jacobian is not rebuilt, correction will still be made
due to the change of u. Since this equation is linear, only one iteration is needed to let y track the changes of
u. For nonlinear algebraic variables, this approach will likely give wrong results, since the residual is pegged at
zero.
To correctly freeze an algebraic variable, the freezing signal needs to be passed to an EventFlag, which will
set an custom_event flag if any input changes. EventFlag is a VarService that will be evaluated at
each iteration after discrete components and before equations.
1.9.3 Profiling Import
To speed up the command-line program, import profiling is used to breakdown the program loading time.
With tool profimp, andes can be profiled with profimp "import andes" --html >
andes_import.htm. The report can be viewed in any web browser.
1.9.4 What won't not work
You might have heard that PyPy is faster than CPython due to a built-in JIT compiler. Before you spend an
hour compiling the dependencies, here is the fact: PyPy won't work for speeding up ANDES.
PyPy is often much slower than CPython when using CPython extension modules (see the PyPy_FAQ). Un-
fortunately, NumPy is one of the highly optimized libraries that heavily use CPython extension modules.

1.10 Frequently Asked Questions
1.10.1 Program Startup
1.10.2 General
Q: What is the Hybrid Symbolic-Numeric Framework in ANDES?

A: It is a modeling and simulation framework that uses symbolic computation for descriptive modeling and
code generation for fast numerical simulation. The goal of the framework is to reduce the programming efforts
associated with implementing complex models and automate the research workflow of modeling, simulation,
and documentation.
The framework reduces the modeling efforts from two aspects: (1) allowing modeling by typing in equations,
and (2) allowing modeling using modularized control blocks and discontinuous components. One only needs
to describe the model using equations and blocks without having to write the numerical code to implement the
computation. The framework automatically generate symbolic expressions, computes partial derivatives, and
generates vectorized numerical code.
1.10.3 Modeling
Admittance matrix
Q: Where to find the line admittance matrix?

A: ANDES does not build line admittance matrix for computing line power injections. Instead, line power
injections are computed as vectors on the two line terminal. This approach generalizes line as a power injection
model.
Q: Without admittance matrix, how to switch out lines?
A: Lines can be switched out and in by using Toggle. See the example in cases/kundur/
kundur_full.xlsx. One does not need to manually trigger a Jacobian matrix rebuild because Toggle
automatically triggers it using the new connectivity status.
Reference of the existing model
Q: Is there any further reference of the existing model?

A: Most of them can be found online, such as ESIG and PowerWorld.
1.10. Frequently Asked Questions 133

1.11 License
1.11.1 GNU Public License v3
Copyright 2015-2022 Hantao Cui.
ANDES is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
later version.
ANDES is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
1.12 Quick install
Working with conda?

ANDES is available on conda-forge and can be installed with Anaconda, Miniconda, and Mambaforge:
conda install -c conda-forge andes
Prefer pip?
ANDES can be installed via pip from PyPI.
pip install andes
New to Python?
Set up a Mambaforge environment following Setting Up Mambaforge. We recommend Mambaforge on Win-
dows and Apple Silicon for new users.
Are you a developer?
Installing from source? Looking to develop models? Check the guide in Develop Install.

CHAPTER
TWO
EXAMPLES
A collection of examples are presented to supplement the tutorial. The examples below are identical to the
Jupyter Notebook in the examples folder of the repository here. You can run the examples in a live Jupyter
Notebook online using Binder.
2.1 Simulate and Plot
2.1.1 Import and Setting the Verbosity Level
We first import the andes library and the get_case function that for loading test cases shipped with AN-
DES.
import andes
from andes.utils.paths import get_case
We can configure the verbosity level for logging (output messages) by passing a verbosity level (10-DEBUG, 20-
INFO, 30-WARNING, 40-ERROR, 50-CRITICAL) to the stream_level argument of andes.main.
config_logger(). Verbose level 10 is useful for getting debug output.
The logging level can be altered (as of v1.4.3) by calling config_logger again with new stream_level
and file_level.
Note that the above andes.config_logger() is a shorthand to andes.main.config_logger().

If this step is omitted, the default INFO level (stream_level=20) will be used.
135
2.1.2 Run Time-Domain Simulation
Run power flow by default
get_case takes a relative path to ANDES_ROOT/andes/cases and returns the full path, where AN-
DES_ROOT is the root folder of ANDES.
andes.run is the entrypoint function for loading files and running routines. It runs power flow by default
and returns a System object.
Note: if default_config=True, the default concif will be used. To use your own config, remove de-
fault_config=True.
See the tutorial for saving and editing ANDES config.
ss = andes.run(get_case('kundur/kundur_full.xlsx'), default_config=True)
Working directory: "/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples"

> Loaded generated Python code in "/home/hacui/.andes/pycode".
Parsing input file "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/kundur/kundur_full.
,→xlsx"...

Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745104027e-07
136 Chapter 2. Examples

Run time-domain simulation
Run TDS by calling TDS.run() on the system. Note that the call must follow the power flow immediately.
The default simulation is for 20 seconds. To change if, change config.tf to the desired value.
ss.TDS.config.tf = 10 # simulate for 10 seconds
ss.TDS.run()

Sparse Solver: KLU
Simulation time: 0.0-10 s.
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]

True
To check if all operations completed successfully, check ss.exit_code. exit_code == 0 means that
all operations were successful.
If not zero, exit_code indicates the number of errors caught. One will need to check output messages for
errors.
ss.exit_code
2.1.3 Export and Plot Results
If you are using ANDES interactively from Jupyter Notebook or IPython, at the end of a time-domain simu-
lation. a plotter object ss.TDS.plt will automatically be created.
To check if that has been created successfully (in case the detection of an interactive environment fails), check
the type of ss.TDS.plt.
ss.TDS.plt
2.1. Simulate and Plot 137

<andes.plot.TDSData at 0x7fb229d9ff70>
If ss.TDS.plt is None, it can be manually loaded with ss.TDS.load_plotter(). Otherwise,

load_plotter() can be safely skipped.
ss.TDS.load_plotter()
Exporting simulation data to csv
To export simulation results to a CSV file, one can use ss.TDS.plt.export_csv(), which takes an
optional argument of the file name.
If not provided, a default file name will be assigned.
ss.TDS.plt.export_csv()
CSV data saved to "/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_full_out.csv".
Index-based Plotting
plotter.plot() is the entry point for plotting. It is the backend of the command-line andes plot.
Before plotting, open the kundur_full_out.lst to find the indices (first column) for the variables to
plot.
For example, if we want to plot all generator speed, which is the omega variable of GENROU. By inspect, we
found the indices as 5, 6, 7, 8.
Pass them in a tuple or a list to ss.TDS.plt.plot.
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plt.plot((5, 6, 7, 8))

plot() returns a figure object and an axis object.
Find index by variable name
plotter.find() is a method for finding indices based on variable name.

The first argument is the pattern to find. An optional argument exclude is the pattern to exclude. Regular
expression is supported for both.
ss.TDS.plt.find('omega')
([5, 6, 7, 8],
['omega GENROU 1', 'omega GENROU 2', 'omega GENROU 3', 'omega GENROU 4'])
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plotter.plot(ss.TDS.plotter.find('omega')[0])

Plotting by variable
Looking up indices from the lst file can be tedious.

Instead, one can pass a a variable in a model to ss.TDS.plt.plot. For example, to plot ss.GENROU.
omega, do
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plt.plot(ss.GENROU.omega)

To plot a subset of the variables, pass the 0-indexed selection indices in a tuple through argument a of ss.
TDS.plt.plot. For example, to plot the 0-th and the 3-th GENROU.omega, do
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plt.plot(ss.GENROU.omega, a=(0, 3))

Adding curves to an existing figure
Plotting curves into an existing figure allows easy comparison of results. It can be done by passing a figure and
an axis object of plot().
For example, to plot the speed of the second generator (a=1) on the figure above, do
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plt.plot(ss.GENROU.omega, a=(1, ), fig=fig, ax=ax,␣

,→linestyles=['-.'])
fig
<Figure size 432x288 with 0 Axes>
Y-axis label
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plotter.plot((5, 6, 7, 8), ylabel='Generator speed [p.u.]')

Legend names (yheader)
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plotter.plot((5, 6, 7, 8), ylabel='Generator speed [p.u.]',

yheader=['Spd 1', 'Spd 2', 'Spd 3', 'Spd 4'])
Note that the number of elements passed to yheader should match the number of variables. yheader only

applies to new curves and cannot be used to modify existing legends.
Scaling
A lambda functino can be passed to ycalc to scale the value. To scale the frequency from per unit to 60 Hz
nominal values, use
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plotter.plot((5, 6, 7, 8), ycalc=lambda x: 60 * x)
Greyscale and Grid
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plotter.plot((5, 6, 7, 8),

ycalc=lambda x: 60 * x,
greyscale=True,
grid=True)

Save figure
Pass savefig = True to save the figure to a png file.
fig, ax = ss.TDS.plotter.plot((5, 6, 7, 8), savefig=True)
Figure saved to "kundur_full_out_1.png".

Additional arguments
plotter.plot takes addition arguments. To check additional arguments, please use help or refer to the
source code.
help(ss.TDS.plotter.plot)
Help on method plot in module andes.plot:
plot(yidx, xidx=(0,), *, a=None, ytimes=None, ycalc=None, left=None,␣

,→right=None, ymin=None, ymax=None, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, xheader=None,␣
,→yheader=None, legend=None, grid=False, greyscale=False, latex=True, dpi=80,␣
,→line_width=1.0, font_size=12, savefig=None, save_format=None, show=True,␣

,→title=None, linestyles=None, use_bqplot=False, hline1=None, hline2=None,␣
,→vline1=None, vline2=None, hline=None, vline=None, fig=None, ax=None,␣
,→backend=None, set_xlim=True, set_ylim=True, autoscale=False, legend_
,→bbox=None, legend_loc=None, legend_ncol=1, figsize=None, color=None,␣
,→**kwargs) method of andes.plot.TDSData instance
Entry function for plotting.
This function retrieves the x and y values based on the `xidx` and
`yidx` inputs, applies scaling functions `ytimes` and `ycalc`␣
,→sequentially,
and delegates the plotting to the backend.
Parameters
----------
yidx : list or int


The indices for the y-axis variables
xidx : tuple or int, optional
The index for the x-axis variable
a : tuple or list, optional
The 0-indexed sub-indices into `yidx` to plot.
ytimes : float, optional
A scaling factor to apply to all y values.
left : float
The starting value of the x axis
right : float
The ending value of the x axis
ymin : float
The minimum value of the y axis
ymax : float
The maximum value of the y axis
ylabel : str
Text label for the y axis
yheader : list
A list containing the variable names for the y-axis variable
title : str
Title string to be shown at the top
fig
Existing figure object to draw the axis on.
ax
Existing axis object to draw the lines on.
Other Parameters
----------------
ycalc: callable, optional
A callable to apply to all y values after scaling with `ytimes`.
xlabel : str
Text label for the x axis
xheader : list
A list containing the variable names for the x-axis variable
legend : bool
True to show legend and False otherwise
legend_ncol : int
Number of columns in legend
legend_bbox : tuple of two floats
legend box to anchor
grid : bool
True to show grid and False otherwise
latex : bool
True to enable latex and False to disable
greyscale : bool
True to use greyscale, False otherwise
savefig : bool or str
True to save to png figure file.
str is treated as the output file name.
save_format : str
File extension string (pdf, png or jpg) for the savefig format
dpi : int


Dots per inch for screen print or save.
`savefig` uses a minimum of 200 dpi
line_width : float
Plot line width
font_size : float
Text font size (labels and legends)
figsize : tuple
Figure size passed when creating new figure
show : bool
True to show the image
backend : str or None
`bqplot` to use the bqplot backend in notebook.
None for matplotlib.
hline1: float, optional
Dashed horizontal line 1
hline2: float, optional
vline1: float, optional
vline2: float, optional
Dashed vertical line 2
hline: float or Iterable
y-axis location of horizontal line(s)
vline: float or Iterable
x-axis location of vertical line(s)
Returns
-------
(fig, ax)
Figure and axis handles for matplotlib backend.
fig
Figure object for bqplot backend.
2.1.4 Cleanup
! andes misc -C
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_full_out.npz" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_full_out.txt" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_full_out.lst" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_full_out.csv" removed.
!rm kundur_full_out_1.png

2.2 Working with Data
This example shows how to work with the data of a loaded test system, including parameters and variables.
import andes
andes.config_logger()
To show all the rows and columns, change the pandas configuration with
import pandas as pd
pd.options.display.max_columns = None
pd.options.display.max_rows = None
Let's load the Kundur's system.
2.2.1 Load System from an ANDES XLSX File
The ANDES xlsx file is the best supported format. Other formats can be converted to the xlsx format.
See the link below for more about format conversion. https://github.com/cuihantao/andes/blob/master/README.md#format-
converter
As previously shown, test cases can be loaded with andes.run():
ss = andes.run(get_case('kundur/kundur_full.xlsx'),
default_config=True) # one can remove `default_config=True`␣
,→to use custom config file

,→xlsx"...

Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
2.2. Working with Data 149


4: |F(x)| = 3.745104027e-07
Alternatively, one can load a test case without setting up using andes.load(..., setup=False). Note
that setup=False option. It is useful to apply parameter changes to an existing test case.
ss = andes.load(get_case('kundur/kundur_full.xlsx'),
default_config=True,
setup=False)

> Reloaded generated Python code of module "pycode".
,→xlsx"...
For example, we can toggle the connectivity status u of Line_3 to 0 using
ss.Line.alter('u', 'Line_3', 0)
When done, remember to set up the system before running calculation routines:
ss.setup()
ss.PFlow.run()


Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.579044433
2: |F(x)| = 0.119268955
3: |F(x)| = 0.03278820195
4: |F(x)| = 2.880943096e-05
5: |F(x)| = 3.93747257e-11

True
After setting up the system, adding or removing devices are not yet allowed.
2.2.2 Load System from PSS/E RAW and DYR Files
ANDES supports loading systems from PSS/E RAW and DYR files.
The PSS/E v32 raw format is best supported.
Note that this feature is experimental. We try out best to support this format, but the compatibility is not
guaranteed.
raw_path = get_case('kundur/kundur.raw')
dyr_path = get_case('kundur/kundur_full.dyr')
The raw file is passed to the positional argument, whereas the dyr file is passed to addfile.
ss = andes.run(raw_path, addfile=dyr_path, default_config=True)

Parsing input file "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/kundur/kundur.raw"...
MODIFIED KUNDUR'S TWO-AREA TEST SYSTEM, DISTRIBUTED WITH ANDES
SEE THE BOOK "POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND CONTROL" FOR ORIGINAL DATA
Parsing additional file "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/kundur/kundur_
,→full.dyr"...
Addfile parsed in 0.0912 seconds.

Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 3.175850023
1: |F(x)| = 3.176155228e-08
Report saved to "kundur_out.txt" in 0.0006 seconds.

Attributes for storing values
Parameters are stored as attributes of the model. For example, ss.GENROU.M, the machine starting time
constant (2H), is stored in ss.GENROU.M.
ss.GENROU.M
NumParam: GENROU.M, v=[117. 117. 111.15 111.15], vin=[13. 13. 12.35␣

,→12.35]
It is an instance of NumParam, which contains fields v for the values after converting to system-base per unit
values.
ss.GENROU.M.v
array([117. , 117. , 111.15, 111.15])
And field vin is for the original input data.
ss.GENROU.M.vin
array([13. , 13. , 12.35, 12.35])
Tabulated view
ANDES provides tabulated view of model parameters by using DataFrame. Each model object has an attribute
called cache for caching the parameter dataframes.
The original parameters from the input file are stored in cache.df_in of the model object. For GENROU,
do
ss.GENROU.cache.df_in
idx u name bus gen coi coi2 Sn Vn fn D \

uid
0 GENROU_1 1.0 GENROU_1 1 1 None None 900.0 20.0 60.0 0.0
M ra xl xd1 kp kw S10 S12 gammap gammaq xd xq \

uid
0 13.00 0.0 0.06 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.7
1 13.00 0.0 0.06 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.7
2 12.35 0.0 0.06 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.7
3 12.35 0.0 0.06 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.7
xd2 xq1 xq2 Td10 Td20 Tq10 Tq20

uid


0 0.25 0.55 0.25 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
1 0.25 0.55 0.25 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
2 0.25 0.55 0.25 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
3 0.25 0.55 0.25 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
Parameters will be converted to per-unit in the system base after loading. This process have been done if
andes.run is used for loading the data file.
To inspect the converted parameters, check the cache.df parameter.
ss.GENROU.cache.df

uid
M ra xl xd1 kp kw S10 S12 gammap gammaq xd␣

,→ \
uid
0 117.00 0.0 0.006667 0.033333 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.2
1 117.00 0.0 0.006667 0.033333 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.2
2 111.15 0.0 0.006667 0.033333 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.2
3 111.15 0.0 0.006667 0.033333 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.2
xq xd2 xq1 xq2 Td10 Td20 Tq10 Tq20

uid
0 0.188889 0.027778 0.061111 0.027778 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
1 0.188889 0.027778 0.061111 0.027778 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
2 0.188889 0.027778 0.061111 0.027778 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
3 0.188889 0.027778 0.061111 0.027778 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
One will notice the converted parameters such as M, xl, and all other impedances.
It is very important to notice that cache.df and cache.df_in are both views. Altering data in
these views will NOT alter the underlying parameter values.
To alter values, see the example below.
One may have noticed that ss.GENROU.cache.df and ss.GENROU.as_df() returns the same
dataframe. The difference is that the latter creates a new dataframe everytime it is called, but the former
caches the dataframe when it is initally accessed.

Altering parameters
Parameters can be altered by calling the alter method on a model instance.

We first look up the original value through get.
Either v or vin can be passed to argument attr to retrieve the converted or the original data. Here we are
retrieving the original input data. If attr is not provided, get returns the value after per-unit conversion,
which is the value used for calculation, by default.
ss.GENROU.get("M", "GENROU_1", attr='vin')
13.0
To change the M of GENROU_1 to 10, do
ss.GENROU.alter("M", "GENROU_1", 10)
The value set through alter is always the data before per-unit conversion - just like it should have been in an
input file. ANDES will perform the conversion and set vin and v correctly.
Parameters altered through Model.alter() can be saved as a new system using
andes.io.xlsx.write(ss, 'new_system.xlsx', overwrite=True)
xlsx file written to "new_system.xlsx"
True
In-place update
alter() can be used to change the value of ConstService to modify the equation that depend on such
ConstService. For example, the distributed PV model PVD1 implements a ConstService called
pref0 to store the initial value of the power reference. An equation associated with variable Pref enforces
that 0 = Pref - pref0.
If one needs to modify Pref, it has to be done through modifying pref0. Modifying Pref directly will not
take any effect since the variable will be overwritten by the solution of equations.
To update pref0 for a PVD1 device with idx = "PVD_1", one can do
ss.PVD1.alter('pref0', 'PVD_1', 0.005)
or, using keyword arguments in any order,
ss.PVD1.alter(src='pref0', idx='PVD_1', value=0.005)
If PVD_1 is the first (i.e., 0-th in the Python indexing) in the idx list, this modification is equivalent to setting
ss.PVD1.pref0.v[0] = 0.005.
Since index 0 is given, the array ss.PVD1.pref0.v is updated in-place.

When one needs to modify the pref0 of all PVD1 devices to 0.005, one can do
ss.PVD1.alter('pref0', ss.PVD1.idx.v, 0.005)
This is equivalent to
ss.PVD1.pref0.v[:] = 0.005
Note the [:] in the above line. This is a slice operation so that the assignment happens in-place.
One must never do out-of-place assignment, i.e.,
ss.PVD1.pref0.v = 0.005
or
ss.PVD1.pref0.v = 0.005 * np.ones_line(ss.PVD1.pref0.v)
because the assignment will point ss.PVD1.pref0.v to a new array. Internally, ANDES reuses the memory
for all arrays, meaning that their addresses are assumed to be constant. If one modifies ss.PVD1.pref0.v
out of place, the previous memory will no longer be accessible through ss.PVD1.pref0.v.
On the safe side, one should modify variables using alter() or, at least, always use in-place assignment to
internal arrays.
Refreshing the view
As mentioned, cache.df and cache.df_in are cached views and will not be automatically updated for
inspection.
This is generally not an issue if one performs the simulation after altering data. However, if one needs to inspect
the data again, cache.refresh() needs to be called manually.
ss.GENROU.cache.refresh()
ss.GENROU.cache.df_in

uid
M ra xl xd1 kp kw S10 S12 gammap gammaq xd xq \

uid
0 10.00 0.0 0.06 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.7
1 13.00 0.0 0.06 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.7
2 12.35 0.0 0.06 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.7
3 12.35 0.0 0.06 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.7
xd2 xq1 xq2 Td10 Td20 Tq10 Tq20

uid


0 0.25 0.55 0.25 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
1 0.25 0.55 0.25 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
2 0.25 0.55 0.25 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
3 0.25 0.55 0.25 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
Alternatively, one can call the as_df() function to build a new dataframe without overwriting the cache:
ss.GENROU.as_df()

uid
M ra xl xd1 kp kw S10 S12 gammap gammaq xd␣

,→ \
uid
0 90.00 0.0 0.006667 0.033333 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.2
1 117.00 0.0 0.006667 0.033333 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.2
2 111.15 0.0 0.006667 0.033333 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.2
3 111.15 0.0 0.006667 0.033333 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.2
xq xd2 xq1 xq2 Td10 Td20 Tq10 Tq20

uid
0 0.188889 0.027778 0.061111 0.027778 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
1 0.188889 0.027778 0.061111 0.027778 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
2 0.188889 0.027778 0.061111 0.027778 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
3 0.188889 0.027778 0.061111 0.027778 8.0 0.03 0.4 0.05
2.2.3 Variables
Snapshots
One might also want to check the variable values in a similar way to that for a parameter. Certainly, a variable
has a v attribute which stores values.
It is important to note that v only holds the values at the last program state. Such program state could be
the solution of power flow, the initialization of time-domain simulation, or the end of a simulation disturbances.
Since we have only ran power flow for ss, ss.Bus.v.v are the voltage magnitude solutions, where the first
v is for "voltage", and the second v is the first v's value attribute.
ss.Bus.v.v
array([1. , 1. , 1. , 1. , 0.98337472,
0.96908585, 0.9562181 , 0.95400018, 0.96856366, 0.98377143])

Variables hold more than values. They have an attribute a for the addresses indexing into the corresponding
type of array.
There are two system-level arrays, ss.dae.x and ss.dae.y for the right-hand-side of the differential and
algebraic equations, respectively.
type(ss.Bus.v)
andes.core.var.Algeb
ss.Bus.v is an algebraic variable, thus ss.Bus.v.a holds the indices into ss.dae.g.
ss.dae.y[ss.Bus.v.a]
array([1. , 1. , 1. , 1. , 0.98337472,
0.96908585, 0.9562181 , 0.95400018, 0.96856366, 0.98377143])
We can see that these two values are the same.
Time series
After a time-domain simulation, the time series of the variables can be retrieved through ss.dae.ts. Let's
first run a simulation.
ss.TDS.run()

Sparse Solver: KLU
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]
<Toggle Toggle_1>: Line.Line_8 status changed to 0 at t=2.0 sec.

Outputs to "kundur_out.lst" and "kundur_out.npz".
True
ss.dae.ts
<andes.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries at 0x7f7bc75c1b50>
ss.dae.ts has four commonly used attributes: t for time stamps, xy for variables (differential and then
algebraic), z for discontinuous states, and df for the dataframe of all.

• Each point in ss.dae.ts.t correspond to a row in ss.dae.ts.xy.

• Each column in ss.dae.ts.xy correspond to a variable, whose name can be located in ss.dae.
xy_name, for all timestamps.
• z is not stored by default unless one enables it before simulation by setting ss.TDS.config.
store_z = 1.
• df is not built by default but can be manually triggered after simulation by calling ss.dae.ts.
unpack(df=True)
The following are some statistics of the shapes of arrays:
ss.dae.ts.t.shape
(603,)
ss.dae.ts.xy.shape # x-axis is for time stamps, and y-axis is for variables
(603, 201)
len(ss.dae.xy_name)
201
Extracting Variable Data
Let's extract the data for rotor speed (variable omega) of GENROU generators. The first step to extract variable
data is to determine the type of the variable: differential or algebraic. One can print the variable to see the
type:
ss.GENROU.omega
State: GENROU.omega, a=[4 5 6 7], v=[1.00165687 1.00166417 1.00182915 1.

,→00184744], e=[-0.00251535 -0.00375723 0.00131868 0.00182826]
The output shows that omega is a state (differential variable), which should be looked up in ss.dae.x. For
algebraic variables such as ss.Bus.v, they should be looked up in ss.dae.y.
Therefore, all omega variables can be extracted as follows:
omega = ss.dae.ts.x[:, ss.GENROU.omega.a]
where the : in the first axis will access such data for all time stamps, and ss.GENROU.omega.a stores the
addresses of all omega into ss.dae.x.
To access all bus voltages (algebraic variable v) of the generators, one can use:
ss.dae.ts.y[:, ss.GENROU.v.a]

array([[1. , 1. , 1. , 1. ],
[1. , 1. , 1. , 1. ],
[1. , 1. , 1. , 1. ],
...,
[1.00240968, 1.00148908, 0.99526693, 1.00007159],
[1.00249935, 1.00159007, 0.99515528, 0.99997846],
[1.00259067, 1.0016924 , 0.99504062, 0.999883 ]])
These data correspond to the timestamps stored in ss.dae.ts.t. One can process such data as necessary.
To show verify the extracted data, we plot them with ss.TDS.plt.plot_data.
ss.TDS.plt.plot_data(ss.dae.ts.t, omega )
(<Figure size 480x320 with 1 Axes>, <AxesSubplot:>)
2.2.4 Altering Fault duration
Alter can be used for updating any model parameter. We show another example of updating the duration of
a fault. Using the ieee14_fault.xlsx test case, we have
ss = andes.run(get_case("ieee14/ieee14_fault.xlsx"))

> Loaded config from file "/home/hacui/.andes/andes.rc"
Parsing input file "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/ieee14/ieee14_fault.
,→xlsx"...




Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 0.5605182134
1: |F(x)| = 0.006202200332
2: |F(x)| = 5.819382824e-06
3: |F(x)| = 6.96508129e-12
Report saved to "ieee14_fault_out.txt" in 0.0021 seconds.
Again, if you need to add devices, you should use ss = andes.load(.., setup=False) and ss.
setup() instead of andes.run().
List the existing Fault devices:
ss.Fault.as_df()
idx u name bus tf tc xf rf

uid
0 1 1.0 Fault_1 9 1.0 1.1 0.0001 0.0
One fault on Bus 9 is applied at t=1.0 sec and cleared at t=1.1 sec. Suppose that we want to clear the fault at t
= 1.05 sec, we can do
ss.Fault.alter('tc', 1, 1.05) # arguments are `src`, ìdx`, `value`
where tc is the parameter to alter, 1 is the idx of the Fault to find, and 1.05 is the new value. Inspect the
Fault devices to see the updated value. The simulation for the new system can be performed next.
ss.Fault.as_df()
idx u name bus tf tc xf rf

uid
0 1 1.0 Fault_1 9 1.0 1.05 0.0001 0.0

2.2.5 Cleanup
!andes misc -C
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_out.lst" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_out.npz" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/ieee14_fault_out.txt" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_out.txt" removed.
!rm new_system.xlsx
2.3 Inspecting Models
First of all, import andes and configure the logger to the WARNING level (30).
import andes
andes.config_logger(30)
2.3.1 Inspect Model Equations
Create an empty andes.System object and call prepare(nomp=True) to generate equations and pretty
print, where nomp disables multiprocessing so that equations can be properly returned. This operation may
take a moment.
To only generate equations for a specific model, such as GENCLS, do:
ss = andes.System()
ss.GENCLS.prepare()
List all models
print(ss.supported_models())
Group | Models
-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------
ACLine | Line
ACShort | Jumper
ACTopology | Bus
Calculation | ACE, ACEc, COI
Collection | Area
DCLink | Ground, R, L, C, RCp, RCs, RLs, RLCs, RLCp
2.3. Inspecting Models 161


DCTopology | Node
DG | PVD1, ESD1, EV1, EV2
DGProtection | DGPRCT1, DGPRCTExt
DynLoad | ZIP, FLoad
Exciter | EXDC2, IEEEX1, ESDC2A, EXST1, ESST3A, SEXS, IEEET1,
| EXAC1, EXAC4, ESST4B, AC8B, IEEET3, ESAC1A, ESST1A
FreqMeasurement | BusFreq, BusROCOF
Information | Summary
Motor | Motor3, Motor5
PLL | PLL1
PSS | IEEEST, ST2CUT
PhasorMeasurement | PMU
RenAerodynamics | WTARA1, WTARV1
RenExciter | REECA1, REECA1E, REECA1G
RenGen | REGCA1, REGCP1, REGCV1, REGCV2
RenGovernor | WTDTA1, WTDS
RenPitch | WTPTA1
RenPlant | REPCA1
RenTorque | WTTQA1
StaticACDC | VSCShunt
StaticGen | PV, Slack
StaticLoad | PQ
StaticShunt | Shunt, ShuntTD, ShuntSw
SynGen | GENCLS, GENROU, PLBVFU1, GENROUOS
TimedEvent | Toggle, Fault, Alter
TurbineGov | TG2, TGOV1, TGOV1DB, TGOV1N, TGOV1NDB, IEEEG1, IEESGO,
| GAST, HYGOV, HYGOVDB
Undefined | TimeSeries
VoltComp | IEEEVC
2.3.2 Check model documentation
To check the documentation for the model, print the return of doc() for the model instance.
For example, the documentation for GENCLS can be printed with
print(ss.GENCLS.doc())
Model <GENCLS> in Group <SynGen>

Classical generator model.
Parameters
Name | Description | Default | Unit | Properties

--------+--------------------------+---------+------+-------------------------
idx | unique device idx | | |
u | connection status | 1 | bool |
name | device name | | |
bus | interface bus id | | | mandatory
gen | static generator index | | | mandatory


coi | center of inertia index | | |
coi2 | center of inertia index | | |
Sn | Power rating | 100 | MVA |
Vn | AC voltage rating | 110 | |
fn | rated frequency | 60 | |
D | Damping coefficient | 0 | | power
M | machine start up time | 6 | | non_zero,non_negative,po
| (2H) | | | wer
ra | armature resistance | 0 | | z
xl | leakage reactance | 0 | | z
xd1 | d-axis transient | 0.302 | | z
| reactance | | |
kp | active power feedback | 0 | |
| gain | | |
kw | speed feedback gain | 0 | |
S10 | first saturation factor | 0 | |
S12 | second saturation factor | 1 | |
gammap | P ratio of linked static | 1 | |
| gen | | |
gammaq | Q ratio of linked static | 1 | |
| gen | | |
subidx | Generator idx in plant; | 0 | |
| only used by PSS/E data | | |
Variables
Name | Type | Description | Unit | Properties

--------+----------+-----------------------------------+----------+-----------
delta | State | rotor angle | rad | v_str
omega | State | rotor speed | pu (Hz) | v_str
Id | Algeb | d-axis current | | v_str
Iq | Algeb | q-axis current | | v_str
vd | Algeb | d-axis voltage | | v_str
vq | Algeb | q-axis voltage | | v_str
tm | Algeb | mechanical torque | | v_str
te | Algeb | electric torque | | v_str
vf | Algeb | excitation voltage | pu | v_str
XadIfd | Algeb | d-axis armature excitation | p.u (kV) | v_str
| | current | |
Pe | Algeb | active power injection | | v_str
Qe | Algeb | reactive power injection | | v_str
psid | Algeb | d-axis flux | | v_str
psiq | Algeb | q-axis flux | | v_str
a | ExtAlgeb | Bus voltage phase angle | |
v | ExtAlgeb | Bus voltage magnitude | |
Initialization Equations
Name | Type | Initial Value

--------+----------+----------------------------
delta | State | delta0
omega | State | u


Id | Algeb | u * Id0
Iq | Algeb | u * Iq0
vd | Algeb | u * vd0
vq | Algeb | u * vq0
tm | Algeb | tm0
te | Algeb | u * tm0
vf | Algeb | u * vf0
XadIfd | Algeb | u * vf0
Pe | Algeb | u * (vd0 * Id0 + vq0 * Iq0)
Qe | Algeb | u * (vq0 * Id0 - vd0 * Iq0)
psid | Algeb | u * psid0
psiq | Algeb | u * psiq0
a | ExtAlgeb |
v | ExtAlgeb |
Differential Equations
Name | Type | RHS of Equation "T x' = f(x, y)" | T (LHS)

-------+-------+----------------------------------+--------
delta | State | u * (2 * pi * fn) * (omega - 1) |
omega | State | u * (tm - te - D * (omega - 1)) | M
Algebraic Equations
Name | Type | RHS of Equation "0 = g(x, y)"

--------+----------+---------------------------------
Id | Algeb | + xq * Id - vf+ psid
Iq | Algeb | + xq * Iq+ psiq
vd | Algeb | u * v * sin(delta - a) - vd
vq | Algeb | u * v * cos(delta - a) - vq
tm | Algeb | tm0 - tm
te | Algeb | u * (psid * Iq - psiq * Id) - te
vf | Algeb | u * vf0 - vf
XadIfd | Algeb | u * vf0 - XadIfd
Pe | Algeb | u * (vd * Id + vq * Iq) - Pe
Qe | Algeb | u * (vq * Id - vd * Iq) - Qe
psid | Algeb | u * (ra*Iq + vq) - psid
psiq | Algeb | u * (ra*Id + vd) + psiq
a | ExtAlgeb | -u * (vd * Id + vq * Iq)
v | ExtAlgeb | -u * (vq * Id - vd * Iq)
Services
Name | Equation | Type

---------+------------------------------------------------------+-------------
p0 | p0s * gammap | ConstService
q0 | q0s * gammaq | ConstService
_V | v * exp(1j * a) | ConstService
_S | p0 - 1j * q0 | ConstService
_I | _S / conj(_V) | ConstService
_E | _V + _I * (ra + 1j * xq) | ConstService
_deltac | log(_E / abs(_E)) | ConstService


delta0 | u * im(_deltac) | ConstService
vdq | u * (_V * exp(1j * 0.5 * pi - _deltac)) | ConstService
Idq | u * (_I * exp(1j * 0.5 * pi - _deltac)) | ConstService
Id0 | re(Idq) | ConstService
Iq0 | im(Idq) | ConstService
vd0 | re(vdq) | ConstService
vq0 | im(vdq) | ConstService
tm0 | u * ((vq0 + ra * Iq0) * Iq0 + (vd0 + ra * Id0) * | ConstService
| Id0) |
psid0 | u * (ra * Iq0) + vq0 | ConstService
psiq0 | -u * (ra * Id0) - vd0 | ConstService
vf0 | (vq0 + ra * Iq0) + xq * Id0 | ConstService
Config Fields in [GENCLS]
Option | Value | Info | Acceptable values

--------------+-------+------------------------------------+------------------
allow_adjust | 1 | allow adjusting upper or lower | (0, 1)
| | limits |
adjust_lower | 0 | adjust lower limit | (0, 1)
adjust_upper | 1 | adjust upper limit | (0, 1)
vf_lower | 1 | lower limit for vf warning |
vf_upper | 5 | upper limit for vf warning |
Pretty print of variables
All symbols are stored in the attributes of Model.syms. For example,
ss.GENCLS.syms.xy
 
δ
 ω 
 
 Id 
 
 I 
 q 
 V 
 d 
 V 
 q 
 τ 
 m 
 
 τe 
 
 vf 
 
Xad If d 
 
 Pe 
 
 Qe 
 
 ψd 
 
 ψq 
 
 θ 
V

Differential variables comes before algebraic variables.
ss.GENCLS.states
OrderedDict([('delta', State: GENCLS.delta, []),

('omega', State: GENCLS.omega, [])])
ss.GENCLS.algebs
OrderedDict([('Id', Algeb: GENCLS.Id, []),

('Iq', Algeb: GENCLS.Iq, []),
('vd', Algeb: GENCLS.vd, []),
('vq', Algeb: GENCLS.vq, []),
('tm', Algeb: GENCLS.tm, []),
('te', Algeb: GENCLS.te, []),
('vf', Algeb: GENCLS.vf, []),
('XadIfd', Algeb: GENCLS.XadIfd, []),
('Pe', Algeb: GENCLS.Pe, []),
('Qe', Algeb: GENCLS.Qe, []),
('psid', Algeb: GENCLS.psid, []),
('psiq', Algeb: GENCLS.psiq, [])])
Pretty print of equations
Formatted equations are stored in each model. The following attributes of Model.syms are available for
equation printing.
• f: differential equations
• g: algebraic equations
• df: df/dxy
• dg: dg/dxy
ss.GENCLS.syms.f
[ ]
2πf u (ω − 1)
u (−D (ω − 1) − τe + τm )
ss.GENCLS.syms.g

 
Id xq + ψd − vf
 Iq xq + ψq 
 
 V u sin (δ − θ) − V 
 d 
 V u cos (δ − θ) − V 
 q 
 −τm + τm0 
 
 
−τe + u (−Id ψq + Iq ψd )
 
 uvf 0 − vf 
 
 −Xad If d + uvf 0 
 
 −Pe + u (Id Vd + Iq Vq ) 
 
 −Qe + u (Id Vq − Iq Vd ) 
 
 −ψd + u (Iq ra + Vq ) 
 
 ψq + u (Id ra + Vd ) 
 
 −u (Id Vd + Iq Vq ) 
−u (Id Vq − Iq Vd )
ss.GENCLS.syms.df
[ ]
0 2πf u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 −Du 0 0 0 0 u −u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ss.GENCLS.syms.dg

0 0 xq 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 1 0 0
 0 0 0 xq 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

 V u cos (δ − θ) −1 −V u cos (δ − θ) u
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 −V u sin (δ − θ) −1 V u sin (δ − θ) u
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 −1 0
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 0 −ψq u ψd u 0 −1 0 0 Iq u −Id u
 0 0 0 0 0 0

 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0

 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0

 0 0 Vd u Vq u Id u Iq u 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0

 0 0 Vq u −Vd u −Iq u Id u 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 0

 0 0 0 ra u 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0

 0 0 ra u 0 u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

 0 0 −Vd u −Vq u −Id u −Iq u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 −Vq u Vd u Iq u −Id u 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pretty print of services
The list of services is in services.
ss.GENCLS.services
OrderedDict([('p0', ConstService: GENCLS.p0, v=0.0),

('q0', ConstService: GENCLS.q0, v=0.0),
('_V', ConstService: GENCLS._V, v=0.0),
('_S', ConstService: GENCLS._S, v=0.0),
('_I', ConstService: GENCLS._I, v=0.0),
('_E', ConstService: GENCLS._E, v=0.0),
('_deltac', ConstService: GENCLS._deltac, v=0.0),
('delta0', ConstService: GENCLS.delta0, v=0.0),
('vdq', ConstService: GENCLS.vdq, v=0.0),
('Idq', ConstService: GENCLS.Idq, v=0.0),
('Id0', ConstService: GENCLS.Id0, v=0.0),
('Iq0', ConstService: GENCLS.Iq0, v=0.0),
('vd0', ConstService: GENCLS.vd0, v=0.0),
('vq0', ConstService: GENCLS.vq0, v=0.0),
('tm0', ConstService: GENCLS.tm0, v=0.0),
('psid0', ConstService: GENCLS.psid0, v=0.0),
('psiq0', ConstService: GENCLS.psiq0, v=0.0),
('vf0', ConstService: GENCLS.vf0, v=0.0)])
Service equations are in Model.syms.s For example, services of GENCLS is in
ss.GENCLS.syms.s
[P_{0s}*\gamma_P,
Q_{0s}*\gamma_Q,
V*exp(I*\theta),
P_0 - I*Q_0,
S/conj(V_c),
I_c*(r_a + I*xq) + V_c,
log(E/Abs(E)),
u*im(\delta_c),
V_c*u*exp(-\delta_c + 0.5*I*pi),
I_c*u*exp(-\delta_c + 0.5*I*pi),
re(I_{dq}),
im(I_{dq}),
re(V_{dq}),
im(V_{dq}),
u*(I_{d0}*(I_{d0}*r_a + V_{d0}) + I_{q0}*(I_{q0}*r_a + V_{q0})),
I_{q0}*r_a*u + V_{q0},
-I_{d0}*r_a*u - V_{d0},
I_{d0}*xq + I_{q0}*r_a + V_{q0}]

2.4 Eigenvalue Analysis
2.4.1 Run Eigenvalue Analysis
import numpy as np
import andes
from andes.utils.paths import list_cases, get_case
case_path = get_case('kundur/kundur_full.xlsx')
Pass the routine name EIG or eig to andes.run.
ss = andes.run(case_path, routine='eig')

,→xlsx"...

Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745104027e-07
-> Eigenvalue Analysis:

Positive 0
Zeros 1
Negative 52
Eigenvalue analysis finished in 0.0051 seconds.
Report saved to "kundur_full_eig.txt".
2.4. Eigenvalue Analysis 169

2.4.2 Plotting in S-Domain
ss.EIG.plot()
(<Figure size 640x480 with 1 Axes>,

<AxesSubplot:xlabel='Real [$s^{-1}$]', ylabel='Imaginary [$s^{-1}$]'>)
2.4.3 Report
Report is saved to the file and can be loaded into the notebook.
with open('kundur_full_eig.txt', 'r') as f:
print(f.read())
ANDES 1.7.5.post2.dev0+ga53a31fa
Copyright (C) 2015-2022 Hantao Cui
ANDES comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY

Case file: /home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/kundur/kundur_full.xlsx
Report time: 07/05/2022 08:57:50 PM
Power flow converged in 5 iterations.

Flat-start: No

EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS REPORT
Positives 0
Zeros 1
Negatives 52
STATISTICS
Most Associated Real Imag. ␣
,→ Damped Freq. Frequency Damping [%]
#1 LL_x EXDC2 1 -1 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#2 LL_x EXDC2 2 -1 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#3 LL_x EXDC2 3 -1 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#4 LL_x EXDC2 4 -1 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#5 LS_y EXDC2 3 -49.191 0.64233 ␣
,→ 0.10223 7.8296 99.991
#6 LS_y EXDC2 3 -49.191 -0.64233 ␣
,→ 0.10223 7.8296 99.991
#7 LS_y EXDC2 1 -49.535 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#8 LS_y EXDC2 4 -49.515 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#9 LA_y EXDC2 2 -49.202 0.39349 ␣
,→ 0.062627 7.831 99.997
#10 LA_y EXDC2 2 -49.202 -0.39349 ␣
,→ 0.062627 7.831 99.997
#11 LA_y EXDC2 1 -48.885 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#12 LA_y EXDC2 4 -48.905 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#13 e2d GENROU 2 -36.896 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#14 e2d GENROU 4 -36.75 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#15 e2d GENROU 1 -34.732 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#16 e2q GENROU 3 -33.89 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#17 e2q GENROU 2 -33.526 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#18 e2d GENROU 3 -31.242 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#19 e2q GENROU 4 -27.613 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#20 e2q GENROU 1 -24.954 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0


#21 delta GENROU 3 -0.6564 7.086 ␣
,→ 1.1278 1.1326 9.224
#22 delta GENROU 3 -0.6564 -7.086 ␣
,→ 1.1278 1.1326 9.224
#23 delta GENROU 2 -0.65252 6.8343 ␣
,→ 1.0877 1.0927 9.5046
#24 delta GENROU 2 -0.65252 -6.8343 ␣
,→ 1.0877 1.0927 9.5046
#25 delta GENROU 1 -0.19177 4.2247 ␣
,→ 0.67239 0.67308 4.5346
#26 delta GENROU 1 -0.19177 -4.2247 ␣
,→ 0.67239 0.67308 4.5346
#27 e1d GENROU 2 -5.4189 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#28 e1d GENROU 3 -5.3729 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#29 e1d GENROU 4 -4.1119 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#30 e1d GENROU 2 -3.6722 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#31 vp EXDC2 2 -0.48245 1.628 ␣
,→ 0.25911 0.27025 28.413
#32 vp EXDC2 2 -0.48245 -1.628 ␣
,→ 0.25911 0.27025 28.413
#33 vp EXDC2 4 -3.0736 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#34 vp EXDC2 1 -3.0635 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#35 vp EXDC2 1 -2.3787 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#36 LAG_y TGOV1 1 -1.5702 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#37 LAG_y TGOV1 4 -1.9922 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#38 LAG_y TGOV1 2 -2.0109 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#39 LAG_y TGOV1 3 -2.0194 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#40 W_x EXDC2 2 -1.1816 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#41 W_x EXDC2 4 -0.53573 0.73459 ␣
,→ 0.11691 0.1447 58.924
#42 W_x EXDC2 4 -0.53573 -0.73459 ␣
,→ 0.11691 0.1447 58.924
#43* delta GENROU 3 -1.1783e-14 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#44 LL_x TGOV1 2 -0.30739 0.44664 ␣
,→ 0.071085 0.086293 56.693
#45 LL_x TGOV1 2 -0.30739 -0.44664 ␣
,→ 0.071085 0.086293 56.693
#46 W_x EXDC2 1 -0.36003 0.38874 ␣
,→ 0.061869 0.084328 67.95


#47 W_x EXDC2 1 -0.36003 -0.38874 ␣
,→ 0.061869 0.084328 67.95
#48 W_x EXDC2 3 -0.35993 0.37956 ␣
,→ 0.060409 0.083251 68.81
#49 W_x EXDC2 3 -0.35993 -0.37956 ␣
,→ 0.060409 0.083251 68.81
#50 LL_x TGOV1 1 -0.14157 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#51 LL_x TGOV1 2 -0.14203 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
#52 LL_x TGOV1 3 -0.14202 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0
EIGENVALUE DATA
#1 #2 #3 ␣
,→ #4 #5 #6 #7
delta GENROU 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 4e-05
,→ 0 0 0 6e-05
,→ 0 0 0 2e-05
,→ 0 0 0 1e-05
omega GENROU 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 2e-05
,→ 0 0 0 3e-05
,→ 0 0 0 1e-05
,→ 0 0 0 0
e1q GENROU 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.00084 0.00084 0.00306
,→ 0 0.0019 0.0019 0.00224
,→ 0 0.0026 0.0026 0.00069
,→ 0 0.00118 0.00118 0.00063
e1d GENROU 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
,→ 0 0 0 0
,→ 0 0 0 0
,→ 0 0 0 0
,→ 0 0.00839 0.00839 0.02012
,→ 0 0.01824 0.01824 (continues on next page)
0.01364


,→ 0 0.02784 0.02784 0.00467
,→ 0 0.01361 0.01361 0.00474
,→ 0 0.00096 0.00096 0.00036
,→ 0 0.00026 0.00026 0.00114
,→ 0 3e-05 3e-05 0.00031
,→ 0 0.00118 0.00118 9e-05
LAG_y TGOV1 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LAG_y TGOV1 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LAG_y TGOV1 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LAG_y TGOV1 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x TGOV1 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x TGOV1 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x TGOV1 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x TGOV1 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
vp EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.00157 0.00157 0.00231
vp EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.00352 0.00352 0.00168
vp EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.00346 0.00346 0.00037
vp EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.00202 0.00202 0.00043
LS_y EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.06526 0.06526 0.53032
LS_y EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.14386 0.14386 0.37893
LS_y EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.30715 0.30715 0.18162
LS_y EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.08575 0.08575 0.10168
LL_x EXDC2 1 0.66046 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 2 0 0.66046 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 3 0 0 1 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0.65832 0 0 0


LA_y EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.06704 0.06704 0.22072
LA_y EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.20271 0.20271 0.21636
LA_y EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.30051 0.30051 0.072
LA_y EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.1453 0.1453 0.06982
W_x EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 5e-05 5e-05 0.00015
W_x EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.00012 0.00012 0.00013
W_x EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0.00017 0.00017 4e-05
W_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 8e-05 8e-05 4e-05
PARTICIPATION FACTORS [1/8]

#8 #9 #10 ␣
,→ #11 #12 #13 #14
delta GENROU 1 2e-05 1e-05 1e-05 ␣

,→ 5e-05 2e-05 0.00044 0.00047
delta GENROU 2 1e-05 0 0 ␣
,→ 6e-05 1e-05 0.00078 0.00049
delta GENROU 3 5e-05 0 0 ␣
,→ 2e-05 6e-05 0.00062 0.00061
delta GENROU 4 5e-05 1e-05 1e-05 ␣
,→ 1e-05 6e-05 0.00032 0.00067
omega GENROU 1 1e-05 1e-05 1e-05 ␣
,→ 3e-05 1e-05 0.00025 0.00027
omega GENROU 2 1e-05 0 0 ␣
,→ 4e-05 1e-05 0.00045 0.00028
,→ 1e-05 2e-05 0.00025 0.00024
,→ 0 2e-05 0.00012 0.00025
e1q GENROU 1 0.00117 0.00225 0.00225 ␣
,→ 0.0031 0.00115 0.0003 0.00033
e1q GENROU 2 0.00043 0.00285 0.00285 ␣
,→ 0.00224 0.00041 0.00042 0.00021
e1q GENROU 3 0.00184 0.00167 0.00167 ␣
,→ 0.00067 0.00185 0.00028 0.00027
e1q GENROU 4 0.00329 0.00134 0.00134 ␣
,→ 0.00061 0.00333 0.00019 0.00041
,→ 0 0 2e-05 1e-05
,→ 0 0 7e-05 2e-05
,→ 0 0 5e-05 5e-05
,→ 0 0 2e-05 (continues on next page)
1e-05


e2d GENROU 1 0.00784 0.01923 0.01923 ␣
,→ 0.02323 0.00867 0.23812 0.24595
e2d GENROU 2 0.00261 0.02337 0.02337 ␣
,→ 0.01559 0.00284 0.33371 0.16432
e2d GENROU 3 0.01258 0.01507 0.01507 ␣
,→ 0.00518 0.01432 0.2465 0.23261
e2d GENROU 4 0.02533 0.01309 0.01309 ␣
,→ 0.00526 0.02886 0.17228 0.34779
e2q GENROU 1 0.00015 0.0011 0.0011 ␣
,→ 0.00039 0.00016 0.00111 0.00037
e2q GENROU 2 0.00038 0.00045 0.00045 ␣
,→ 0.00121 0.00039 0.0033 0.00106
e2q GENROU 3 0.00116 7e-05 7e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00032 0.00123 0.00241 0.00234
e2q GENROU 4 0.00041 0.00079 0.00079 ␣
,→ 9e-05 0.00044 0.00069 0.00043
LAG_y TGOV1 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LAG_y TGOV1 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LAG_y TGOV1 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LAG_y TGOV1 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x TGOV1 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x TGOV1 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x TGOV1 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x TGOV1 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
vp EXDC2 1 0.00094 0.00415 0.00415 ␣
,→ 0.01364 0.00476 0.00032 0.00034
vp EXDC2 2 0.00034 0.00522 0.00522 ␣
,→ 0.00979 0.00169 0.00042 0.0002
vp EXDC2 3 0.00105 0.0022 0.0022 ␣
,→ 0.0021 0.00546 0.0002 0.00019
vp EXDC2 4 0.00242 0.00226 0.00226 ␣
,→ 0.00246 0.01263 0.00018 0.00038
LS_y EXDC2 1 0.19482 0.203 0.203 ␣
,→ 0.22143 0.08347 0.00069 0.00074
LS_y EXDC2 2 0.06924 0.25052 0.25052 ␣
,→ 0.15607 0.02909 0.0009 0.00042
LS_y EXDC2 3 0.46474 0.22878 0.22878 ␣
,→ 0.07262 0.2043 0.00092 0.00088
LS_y EXDC2 4 0.51255 0.11281 0.11281 ␣
,→ 0.04075 0.22639 0.00041 0.00085
LL_x EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0


LL_x EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 1 0.08621 0.2062 0.2062 ␣
,→ 0.53692 0.19058 0.00079 0.00084
LA_y EXDC2 2 0.04203 0.34908 0.34908 ␣
,→ 0.51915 0.09112 0.00141 0.00066
LA_y EXDC2 3 0.19588 0.22134 0.22134 ␣
,→ 0.16772 0.44428 0.001 0.00095
LA_y EXDC2 4 0.37416 0.18904 0.18904 ␣
,→ 0.16302 0.85269 0.00077 0.0016
W_x EXDC2 1 6e-05 0.00014 0.00014 ␣
,→ 0.00038 0.00014 0 0
W_x EXDC2 2 2e-05 0.00021 0.00021 ␣
,→ 0.00031 5e-05 0 0
W_x EXDC2 3 0.00011 0.00013 0.00013 ␣
,→ 0.0001 0.00026 0 0
W_x EXDC2 4 0.00021 0.00011 0.00011 ␣
,→ 0.0001 0.0005 0 0

#15 #16 #17 ␣
,→ #18 #19 #20 #21
delta GENROU 1 0.0013 0.00058 0.00086 ␣

,→ 4e-05 1e-05 0.00014 0.04024
delta GENROU 2 0.00034 0.00024 0.00268 ␣
,→ 6e-05 7e-05 2e-05 0.08541
delta GENROU 3 0.00011 0.00276 0.00076 ␣
,→ 5e-05 5e-05 0.0002 0.23816
delta GENROU 4 0.00079 0.00199 1e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00011 1e-05 1e-05 0.16086
omega GENROU 1 0.00075 0.00034 0.0005 ␣
,→ 3e-05 0 8e-05 0.02377
omega GENROU 2 0.0002 0.00014 0.00155 ␣
,→ 3e-05 4e-05 1e-05 0.05045
omega GENROU 3 4e-05 0.00109 0.0003 ␣
,→ 2e-05 2e-05 8e-05 0.0965
omega GENROU 4 0.00029 0.00074 1e-05 ␣
,→ 4e-05 0 0 0.06107
e1q GENROU 1 0.00054 6e-05 0.00042 ␣
,→ 0.00094 4e-05 0.0003 0.00067
e1q GENROU 2 0.00065 0.00022 2e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00115 0.00016 0.00097 0.00141
e1q GENROU 3 0.00038 0.00019 0.00019 ␣
,→ 0.00144 0.00011 0.00123 0.00194
e1q GENROU 4 0.00034 1e-05 0.0003 ␣
,→ 0.00112 2e-05 0.00045 0.0034
e1d GENROU 1 0.00197 0.00266 0.00808 ␣
,→ 1e-05 0.02906 0.04674 0.00263
e1d GENROU 2 0.0033 0.00186 0.01412 ␣
,→ 0.00441 0.01327 0.03129 (continues on next page)
0.00637


e1d GENROU 3 0.00138 0.01461 0.00314 ␣
,→ 0.00479 0.0177 0.02276 0.02746
e1d GENROU 4 0.00094 0.01041 0.00046 ␣
,→ 5e-05 0.03673 0.03898 0.00549
e2d GENROU 1 0.25874 0.03867 0.05142 ␣
,→ 0.14321 0.00031 0.0033 0.00066
e2d GENROU 2 0.16397 0.03747 0.0468 ␣
,→ 0.20085 0.00352 0.02285 0.00139
e2d GENROU 3 0.11321 0.0137 0.07851 ␣
,→ 0.27348 0.00187 0.03733 0.00213
e2d GENROU 4 0.18053 0.00845 0.08023 ␣
,→ 0.18763 0.00026 0.00906 0.00371
e2q GENROU 1 0.05939 0.06822 0.19355 ␣
,→ 0.00017 0.23112 0.22378 0.00134
e2q GENROU 2 0.09922 0.04763 0.3366 ␣
,→ 0.06848 0.10503 0.1491 0.00325
e2q GENROU 3 0.04116 0.36911 0.07409 ␣
,→ 0.07356 0.13858 0.10724 0.01383
e2q GENROU 4 0.028 0.26219 0.0109 ␣
,→ 0.00082 0.28669 0.18311 0.00276
LAG_y TGOV1 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0.00067
LAG_y TGOV1 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0.00142
LAG_y TGOV1 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0.00355
LAG_y TGOV1 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0.00239
LL_x TGOV1 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 3e-05
LL_x TGOV1 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 7e-05
LL_x TGOV1 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0.00014
LL_x TGOV1 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 9e-05
vp EXDC2 1 0.00033 3e-05 0.00062 ␣
,→ 0.00077 9e-05 0.00049 6e-05
vp EXDC2 2 0.00084 0.0003 0.00017 ␣
,→ 0.00073 0.00025 0.00122 0.00018
vp EXDC2 3 0.00034 0.00023 6e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00069 0.00014 0.00101 0.00069
vp EXDC2 4 0.00022 4e-05 0.00029 ␣
,→ 0.0009 3e-05 0.00061 0.00083
LS_y EXDC2 1 0.0006 5e-05 0.00101 ␣
,→ 0.00103 9e-05 0.00039 1e-05
LS_y EXDC2 2 0.00149 0.00049 0.00026 ␣
,→ 0.00095 0.00024 0.00095 3e-05
LS_y EXDC2 3 0.00129 0.00084 0.0002 ␣
,→ 0.00197 0.0003 0.00172 0.00021
LS_y EXDC2 4 0.00041 6e-05 0.00048 ␣
,→ 0.00123 3e-05 0.00049 0.00012


LL_x EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 1 0.00067 6e-05 0.00113 ␣
,→ 0.00114 0.0001 0.00042 1e-05
LA_y EXDC2 2 0.00229 0.00074 0.0004 ␣
,→ 0.00144 0.00037 0.00143 3e-05
LA_y EXDC2 3 0.00137 0.00089 0.00021 ␣
,→ 0.00207 0.00031 0.00179 0.00018
LA_y EXDC2 4 0.00076 0.00011 0.00089 ␣
,→ 0.00224 6e-05 0.00089 0.00018
W_x EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
W_x EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 1e-05 1e-05
W_x EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 1e-05 3e-05
W_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 1e-05 0 0 3e-05

#22 #23 #24 ␣
,→ #25 #26 #27 #28
delta GENROU 1 0.04024 0.17926 0.17926 ␣

,→ 0.17245 0.17245 0.01877 0.00547
delta GENROU 2 0.08541 0.21636 0.21636 ␣
,→ 0.08005 0.08005 0.02617 0.00332
delta GENROU 3 0.23816 0.04918 0.04918 ␣
,→ 0.09817 0.09817 0.00681 0.02482
delta GENROU 4 0.16086 0.08069 0.08069 ␣
,→ 0.14333 0.14333 0.00315 0.02115
omega GENROU 1 0.02377 0.10604 0.10604 ␣
,→ 0.10491 0.10491 0.01037 0.00302
omega GENROU 2 0.05045 0.12794 0.12794 ␣
,→ 0.04872 0.04872 0.01445 0.00183
omega GENROU 3 0.0965 0.01995 0.01995 ␣
,→ 0.04102 0.04102 0.00257 0.00936
omega GENROU 4 0.06107 0.03068 0.03068 ␣
,→ 0.05611 0.05611 0.00111 0.00747
e1q GENROU 1 0.00067 0.00511 0.00511 ␣
,→ 0.00596 0.00596 0.00153 0.00043
e1q GENROU 2 0.00141 0.00145 0.00145 ␣
,→ 0.00491 0.00491 0.00172 0.00027
e1q GENROU 3 0.00194 0.00018 0.00018 ␣
,→ 0.00041 0.00041 0.00039 0.0016
e1q GENROU 4 0.0034 0.00215 0.00215 ␣
0.00155


e1d GENROU 1 0.00263 0.00462 0.00462 ␣
,→ 0.00044 0.00044 0.36152 0.09703
e1d GENROU 2 0.00637 0.02796 0.02796 ␣
,→ 0.00049 0.00049 0.49924 0.07963
e1d GENROU 3 0.02746 0.00894 0.00894 ␣
,→ 0.00335 0.00335 0.12193 0.48105
e1d GENROU 4 0.00549 0.00157 0.00157 ␣
,→ 0.00281 0.00281 0.05818 0.38742
e2d GENROU 1 0.00066 0.0043 0.0043 ␣
,→ 0.00204 0.00204 0.00033 8e-05
e2d GENROU 2 0.00139 0.00146 0.00146 ␣
,→ 0.00158 0.00158 0.00074 0.00013
e2d GENROU 3 0.00213 0.00012 0.00012 ␣
,→ 0.00027 0.00027 0.00018 0.00073
e2d GENROU 4 0.00371 0.00209 0.00209 ␣
,→ 0.00056 0.00056 6e-05 0.0004
e2q GENROU 1 0.00134 0.00229 0.00229 ␣
,→ 0.00017 0.00017 0.01819 0.00503
e2q GENROU 2 0.00325 0.01381 0.01381 ␣
,→ 0.00019 0.00019 0.02501 0.00411
e2q GENROU 3 0.01383 0.00437 0.00437 ␣
,→ 0.00129 0.00129 0.00604 0.02453
e2q GENROU 4 0.00276 0.00076 0.00076 ␣
,→ 0.00109 0.00109 0.00287 0.01969
LAG_y TGOV1 1 0.00067 0.0032 0.0032 ␣
,→ 0.00728 0.00728 0.00125 0.00038
LAG_y TGOV1 2 0.00142 0.00386 0.00386 ␣
,→ 0.00338 0.00338 0.00175 0.00023
LAG_y TGOV1 3 0.00355 0.00079 0.00079 ␣
,→ 0.00371 0.00371 0.00041 0.00152
LAG_y TGOV1 4 0.00239 0.00129 0.00129 ␣
,→ 0.0054 0.0054 0.00019 0.00129
LL_x TGOV1 1 3e-05 0.00016 0.00016 ␣
,→ 0.00064 0.00064 6e-05 2e-05
LL_x TGOV1 2 7e-05 0.0002 0.0002 ␣
,→ 0.00031 0.00031 8e-05 1e-05
LL_x TGOV1 3 0.00014 3e-05 3e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00026 0.00026 1e-05 5e-05
LL_x TGOV1 4 9e-05 5e-05 5e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00038 0.00038 1e-05 5e-05
vp EXDC2 1 6e-05 0.00162 0.00162 ␣
,→ 0.00482 0.00482 0.00739 0.002
vp EXDC2 2 0.00018 0.00133 0.00133 ␣
,→ 0.00482 0.00482 0.01079 0.00183
vp EXDC2 3 0.00069 0.00024 0.00024 ␣
,→ 0.00056 0.00056 0.00174 0.00719
vp EXDC2 4 0.00083 0.00076 0.00076 ␣
,→ 0.00082 0.00082 0.00101 0.00706
LS_y EXDC2 1 1e-05 0.00022 0.00022 ␣
,→ 0.00047 0.00047 0.00037 0.0001
LS_y EXDC2 2 3e-05 0.00018 0.00018 ␣
,→ 0.00046 0.00046 0.00052 9e-05


LS_y EXDC2 3 0.00021 7e-05 7e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00012 0.00012 0.00018 0.00074
LS_y EXDC2 4 0.00012 0.00011 0.00011 ␣
,→ 8e-05 8e-05 5e-05 0.00035
LL_x EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 1 1e-05 0.00021 0.00021 ␣
,→ 0.00039 0.00039 0.00064 0.00017
LA_y EXDC2 2 3e-05 0.00023 0.00023 ␣
,→ 0.00052 0.00052 0.00126 0.00021
LA_y EXDC2 3 0.00018 6e-05 6e-05 ␣
,→ 9e-05 9e-05 0.00031 0.00125
LA_y EXDC2 4 0.00018 0.00016 0.00016 ␣
,→ 0.00011 0.00011 0.00015 0.00102
W_x EXDC2 1 0 5e-05 5e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00038 0.00038 0.00056 0.00015
W_x EXDC2 2 1e-05 5e-05 5e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00044 0.00044 0.00093 0.00016
W_x EXDC2 3 3e-05 1e-05 1e-05 ␣
,→ 7e-05 7e-05 0.00022 0.00094
W_x EXDC2 4 3e-05 3e-05 3e-05 ␣
,→ 9e-05 9e-05 0.00011 0.00076

#29 #30 #31 ␣
,→ #32 #33 #34 #35
delta GENROU 1 0.00184 0.00076 0.0105 ␣

,→ 0.0105 0.00211 0.00572 0.00175
delta GENROU 2 0.00619 0.00021 8e-05 ␣
,→ 8e-05 0.0019 0.00509 0.00601
delta GENROU 3 0.00524 0.00086 0.00348 ␣
,→ 0.00348 0.00522 0.00212 0.00608
delta GENROU 4 0.00254 0 0.00062 ␣
,→ 0.00062 0.00562 0.00191 0.00119
omega GENROU 1 0.00097 0.00039 0.00811 ␣
,→ 0.00811 0.00097 0.00262 0.00049
omega GENROU 2 0.00326 0.00011 0.00024 ␣
,→ 0.00024 0.00087 0.00234 0.00176
omega GENROU 3 0.00188 0.0003 0.00176 ␣
,→ 0.00176 0.00163 0.00066 0.00119
omega GENROU 4 0.00086 0 0.00023 ␣
,→ 0.00023 0.00164 0.00056 0.0002
e1q GENROU 1 0.00024 0.00202 0.07076 ␣
,→ 0.07076 0.00382 0.01402 0.05544
e1q GENROU 2 0.0016 0.0052 0.0874 ␣
0.04937


e1q GENROU 3 0.00126 0.00534 0.07194 ␣
,→ 0.07194 0.01035 0.00282 0.04397
e1q GENROU 4 0.00048 0.00212 0.0524 ␣
,→ 0.0524 0.01026 0.00535 0.04396
e1d GENROU 1 0.22346 0.14687 0.02655 ␣
,→ 0.02655 0.0065 0.02563 0.01032
e1d GENROU 2 0.16265 0.15839 0.02676 ␣
,→ 0.02676 0.00999 0.01879 0.00058
e1d GENROU 3 0.1893 0.12278 0.02515 ␣
,→ 0.02515 0.02218 0.00485 0.00021
e1d GENROU 4 0.28887 0.12266 0.02446 ␣
,→ 0.02446 0.02447 0.0144 0.00922
e2d GENROU 1 1e-05 0.00011 0.00296 ␣
,→ 0.00296 0.00013 0.0005 0.00144
e2d GENROU 2 9e-05 0.00027 0.00367 ␣
,→ 0.00367 0.00016 0.00032 0.00127
e2d GENROU 3 8e-05 0.0003 0.00331 ␣
,→ 0.00331 0.00037 0.0001 0.00124
e2d GENROU 4 4e-05 0.00013 0.0025 ␣
,→ 0.0025 0.00042 0.00022 0.00131
e2q GENROU 1 0.02215 0.0174 0.00812 ␣
,→ 0.00812 0.00095 0.00378 0.00189
e2q GENROU 2 0.01605 0.01868 0.00815 ␣
,→ 0.00815 0.00146 0.00276 0.00011
e2q GENROU 3 0.01847 0.01432 0.00757 ␣
,→ 0.00757 0.00321 0.0007 4e-05
e2q GENROU 4 0.0281 0.01426 0.00734 ␣
,→ 0.00734 0.00353 0.00208 0.00165
LAG_y TGOV1 1 0.0003 0.00019 0.0023 ␣
,→ 0.0023 0.00118 0.00327 0.00534
LAG_y TGOV1 2 0.00103 5e-05 7e-05 ␣
,→ 7e-05 0.00107 0.00292 0.0193
LAG_y TGOV1 3 0.00077 0.0002 0.00065 ␣
,→ 0.00065 0.0026 0.00108 0.01706
LAG_y TGOV1 4 0.00037 0 9e-05 ␣
,→ 9e-05 0.00279 0.00096 0.00309
LL_x TGOV1 1 1e-05 1e-05 0.00065 ␣
,→ 0.00065 5e-05 0.00015 0.00014
LL_x TGOV1 2 5e-05 0 2e-05 ␣
,→ 2e-05 5e-05 0.00014 0.00054
LL_x TGOV1 3 3e-05 1e-05 0.00015 ␣
,→ 0.00015 0.0001 4e-05 0.00037
LL_x TGOV1 4 1e-05 0 2e-05 ␣
,→ 2e-05 0.0001 4e-05 7e-05
vp EXDC2 1 0.0018 0.02792 0.0755 ␣
,→ 0.0755 0.08166 0.28549 0.19372
vp EXDC2 2 0.01151 0.07037 0.09369 ␣
,→ 0.09369 0.10072 0.20041 0.17109
vp EXDC2 3 0.00659 0.05154 0.05539 ␣
,→ 0.05539 0.15513 0.03978 0.10881
vp EXDC2 4 0.00328 0.02678 0.05123 ␣
,→ 0.05123 0.20162 0.10006 0.1402


LS_y EXDC2 1 4e-05 0.00026 0.00452 ␣
,→ 0.00452 0.00039 0.00144 0.00445
LS_y EXDC2 2 0.00022 0.00065 0.00551 ␣
,→ 0.00551 0.00047 0.00099 0.00386
LS_y EXDC2 3 0.00027 0.00103 0.00707 ␣
,→ 0.00707 0.00158 0.00043 0.00532
LS_y EXDC2 4 7e-05 0.00026 0.00313 ␣
,→ 0.00313 0.00099 0.00052 0.00329
LL_x EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 1 0.0001 0.00137 0.0025 ␣
,→ 0.0025 0.00299 0.0104 0.00439
LA_y EXDC2 2 0.0009 0.00465 0.00418 ␣
,→ 0.00418 0.00497 0.00984 0.00523
LA_y EXDC2 3 0.00078 0.00513 0.00372 ␣
,→ 0.00372 0.01154 0.00294 0.00501
LA_y EXDC2 4 0.00032 0.00221 0.00285 ␣
,→ 0.00285 0.01245 0.00614 0.00536
W_x EXDC2 1 0.00026 0.00528 0.03995 ␣
,→ 0.03995 0.02435 0.08588 0.11819
W_x EXDC2 2 0.00188 0.01518 0.05653 ␣
,→ 0.05653 0.03424 0.06873 0.119
W_x EXDC2 3 0.00159 0.01641 0.04933 ␣
,→ 0.04933 0.07785 0.02014 0.11172
W_x EXDC2 4 0.00065 0.00702 0.03754 ␣
,→ 0.03754 0.08326 0.04168 0.11845

#36 #37 #38 ␣
,→ #39 #40 #41 #42
delta GENROU 1 0.00239 0.01045 0.00051 ␣

,→ 0.00201 0.00333 0.00065 0.00065
delta GENROU 2 0.00236 0.00093 0.00922 ␣
,→ 0.00128 0.00055 0.00047 0.00047
delta GENROU 3 0.00232 0.00157 0.00622 ␣
,→ 0.00373 0.00374 0.00048 0.00048
delta GENROU 4 0.00245 0.0139 0.00281 ␣
,→ 0.00283 8e-05 0.00065 0.00065
omega GENROU 1 0.05646 0.00087 2e-05 ␣
,→ 7e-05 0.00453 0.00107 0.00107
omega GENROU 2 0.05461 8e-05 0.00045 ␣
,→ 4e-05 0.00192 0.00065 0.00065
omega GENROU 3 0.03522 8e-05 0.0002 ␣
,→ 8e-05 0.00528 0.0005 0.0005
omega GENROU 4 0.03404 0.0007 8e-05 ␣
,→ 6e-05 0.00043 0.00073 (continues on next page)
0.00073


e1q GENROU 1 0.00021 0.01108 0.00476 ␣
,→ 0.00142 0.03388 0.08211 0.08211
e1q GENROU 2 0.00026 0.00532 0.00231 ␣
,→ 0.00021 0.04408 0.06594 0.06594
e1q GENROU 3 0.0001 0.00154 0.00122 ␣
,→ 0.0004 0.03867 0.06805 0.06805
e1q GENROU 4 7e-05 0.00458 0.00375 ␣
,→ 0.0018 0.02724 0.07576 0.07576
e1d GENROU 1 0.00019 0.00414 0.00056 ␣
,→ 0.00018 0.02258 0.00026 0.00026
e1d GENROU 2 0.0002 0.00398 0.0024 ␣
,→ 0.00016 0.02473 0.00126 0.00126
e1d GENROU 3 0.0001 0.00324 0.00173 ␣
,→ 0.00029 0.02321 0.00142 0.00142
e1d GENROU 4 0.0001 0.0042 0.00103 ␣
,→ 0.00044 0.02112 0.00043 0.00043
e2d GENROU 1 0 0.00015 0.00011 ␣
,→ 2e-05 0.00025 0.00119 0.00119
e2d GENROU 2 0 6e-05 2e-05 ␣
,→ 2e-05 0.00035 0.00092 0.00092
e2d GENROU 3 0 2e-05 1e-05 ␣
,→ 6e-05 0.00034 0.00105 0.00105
e2d GENROU 4 0 2e-05 7e-05 ␣
,→ 2e-05 0.00024 0.00127 0.00127
e2q GENROU 1 4e-05 0.00084 0.00011 ␣
,→ 4e-05 0.00566 8e-05 8e-05
e2q GENROU 2 4e-05 0.00081 0.00049 ␣
,→ 3e-05 0.00617 0.00037 0.00037
e2q GENROU 3 2e-05 0.00065 0.00034 ␣
,→ 6e-05 0.00573 0.00041 0.00041
e2q GENROU 4 2e-05 0.00084 0.00021 ␣
,→ 9e-05 0.0052 0.00012 0.00012
LAG_y TGOV1 1 0.28771 0.44443 0.03358 ␣
,→ 0.18229 0.00614 0.0005 0.0005
LAG_y TGOV1 2 0.27828 0.03862 0.60969 ␣
,→ 0.11639 0.0026 0.0003 0.0003
LAG_y TGOV1 3 0.23415 0.05545 0.34788 ␣
,→ 0.28645 0.00933 0.0003 0.0003
LAG_y TGOV1 4 0.24068 0.49682 0.15655 ␣
,→ 0.21672 0.0008 0.00047 0.00047
LL_x TGOV1 1 0.02949 0.00262 0.00012 ␣
,→ 0.00046 0.00245 0.00046 0.00046
LL_x TGOV1 2 0.02951 0.00024 0.00224 ␣
,→ 0.0003 0.00107 0.00029 0.00029
LL_x TGOV1 3 0.01928 0.00026 0.00099 ␣
,→ 0.00058 0.00299 0.00022 0.00022
LL_x TGOV1 4 0.0199 0.00236 0.00045 ␣
,→ 0.00044 0.00026 0.00035 0.00035
vp EXDC2 1 0.00028 0.01851 0.01021 ␣
,→ 0.00225 0.02054 0.04771 0.04771
vp EXDC2 2 0.00034 0.00805 0.00341 ␣
,→ 0.00124 0.02771 0.03765 0.03765


vp EXDC2 3 0.00019 0.0005 0.00126 ␣
,→ 0.00202 0.01745 0.02788 0.02788
vp EXDC2 4 0.00016 0.00385 0.00608 ␣
,→ 0.00268 0.01504 0.0403 0.0403
LS_y EXDC2 1 2e-05 0.00065 0.00035 ␣
,→ 8e-05 0.00189 0.00251 0.00251
LS_y EXDC2 2 2e-05 0.00028 0.00012 ␣
,→ 4e-05 0.00251 0.00194 0.00194
LS_y EXDC2 3 2e-05 4e-05 9e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00015 0.00343 0.00312 0.00312
LS_y EXDC2 4 1e-05 0.00014 0.00021 ␣
,→ 9e-05 0.00142 0.00216 0.00216
LL_x EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 1 0 0.00028 0.00016 ␣
,→ 4e-05 1e-05 0.00088 0.00088
LA_y EXDC2 2 0 0.00016 7e-05 ␣
,→ 3e-05 2e-05 0.00094 0.00094
LA_y EXDC2 3 0 2e-05 4e-05 ␣
,→ 6e-05 2e-05 0.00105 0.00105
LA_y EXDC2 4 0 0.0001 0.00016 ␣
,→ 7e-05 1e-05 0.00125 0.00125
W_x EXDC2 1 0.0007 0.01967 0.01051 ␣
,→ 0.00229 0.2114 0.11396 0.11396
W_x EXDC2 2 0.00099 0.00975 0.004 ␣
,→ 0.00144 0.32512 0.10252 0.10252
W_x EXDC2 3 0.0008 0.00089 0.00219 ␣
,→ 0.00345 0.30227 0.11206 0.11206
W_x EXDC2 4 0.00057 0.00566 0.00867 ␣
,→ 0.00377 0.21431 0.13329 0.13329

#43* #44 #45 ␣
,→ #46 #47 #48 #49
delta GENROU 1 0.23884 0.00446 0.00446 ␣

,→ 5e-05 5e-05 4e-05 4e-05
delta GENROU 2 0.24952 0.00469 0.00469 ␣
,→ 2e-05 2e-05 3e-05 3e-05
delta GENROU 3 0.26107 0.00465 0.00465 ␣
,→ 2e-05 2e-05 7e-05 7e-05
delta GENROU 4 0.25057 0.00449 0.00449 ␣
,→ 7e-05 7e-05 5e-05 5e-05
omega GENROU 1 0 0.10227 0.10227 ␣
,→ 0.00063 0.00063 0.00032 0.00032
omega GENROU 2 0 0.10619 0.10619 ␣
0.00028


omega GENROU 3 0 0.07177 0.07177 ␣
,→ 0.00013 0.00013 0.00029 0.00029
omega GENROU 4 0 0.06484 0.06484 ␣
,→ 0.00031 0.00031 0.0002 0.0002
e1q GENROU 1 0 2e-05 2e-05 ␣
,→ 0.07049 0.07049 0.04381 0.04381
e1q GENROU 2 0 2e-05 2e-05 ␣
,→ 0.05619 0.05619 0.05594 0.05594
e1q GENROU 3 0 3e-05 3e-05 ␣
,→ 0.0392 0.0392 0.06379 0.06379
e1q GENROU 4 0 4e-05 4e-05 ␣
,→ 0.04984 0.04984 0.04973 0.04973
,→ 0.00451 0.00451 0.00282 0.00282
,→ 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354 0.00354
,→ 0.00267 0.00267 0.00435 0.00435
e1d GENROU 4 0 1e-05 1e-05 ␣
,→ 0.00388 0.00388 0.0039 0.0039
,→ 0.00069 0.00069 0.00042 0.00042
,→ 0.00051 0.00051 0.0005 0.0005
,→ 0.00039 0.00039 0.00063 0.00063
,→ 0.00056 0.00056 0.00055 0.00055
,→ 0.00136 0.00136 0.00085 0.00085
,→ 0.00106 0.00106 0.00106 0.00106
,→ 0.00079 0.00079 0.00129 0.00129
,→ 0.00115 0.00115 0.00116 0.00116
LAG_y TGOV1 1 0 0.04715 0.04715 ␣
,→ 0.00028 0.00028 0.00015 0.00015
LAG_y TGOV1 2 0 0.04895 0.04895 ␣
,→ 0.0001 0.0001 0.00013 0.00013
LAG_y TGOV1 3 0 0.04317 0.04317 ␣
,→ 7e-05 7e-05 0.00017 0.00017
LAG_y TGOV1 4 0 0.04147 0.04147 ␣
,→ 0.0002 0.0002 0.00012 0.00012
LL_x TGOV1 1 0 0.12629 0.12629 ␣
,→ 0.00092 0.00092 0.00049 0.00049
LL_x TGOV1 2 0 0.13567 0.13567 ␣
,→ 0.00033 0.00033 0.00045 0.00045
LL_x TGOV1 3 0 0.0929 0.0929 ␣
,→ 0.00019 0.00019 0.00047 0.00047
LL_x TGOV1 4 0 0.08958 0.08958 ␣
,→ 0.00052 0.00052 0.00034 0.00034


vp EXDC2 1 0 8e-05 8e-05 ␣
,→ 0.02856 0.02856 0.01757 0.01757
vp EXDC2 2 0 7e-05 7e-05 ␣
,→ 0.02194 0.02194 0.02157 0.02157
vp EXDC2 3 0 6e-05 6e-05 ␣
,→ 0.01098 0.01098 0.01765 0.01765
vp EXDC2 4 0 8e-05 8e-05 ␣
,→ 0.01848 0.01848 0.01825 0.01825
LS_y EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0.00105 0.00105 0.00064 0.00064
LS_y EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0.00079 0.00079 0.00077 0.00077
LS_y EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0.00086 0.00086 0.00136 0.00136
LS_y EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0.00069 0.00069 0.00068 0.00068
LL_x EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 1 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0.00049 0.00049 0.0003 0.0003
LA_y EXDC2 2 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0.00051 0.00051 0.0005 0.0005
LA_y EXDC2 3 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0.00038 0.00038 0.00061 0.00061
LA_y EXDC2 4 0 0 0 ␣
,→ 0.00054 0.00054 0.00053 0.00053
W_x EXDC2 1 0 0.00025 0.00025 ␣
,→ 0.11968 0.11968 0.07515 0.07515
W_x EXDC2 2 0 0.00028 0.00028 ␣
,→ 0.10481 0.10481 0.10518 0.10518
W_x EXDC2 3 0 0.00032 0.00032 ␣
,→ 0.07742 0.07742 0.12701 0.12701
W_x EXDC2 4 0 0.00035 0.00035 ␣
,→ 0.10724 0.10724 0.1081 0.1081

#50 #51 #52
delta GENROU 1 0.00304 0.00244 4e-05

delta GENROU 2 0.00157 0.00344 8e-05
delta GENROU 3 0.00179 6e-05 0.00325
delta GENROU 4 0.00266 0 0.00268
omega GENROU 1 0 0 0


e1q GENROU 1 0 3e-05 0
e1q GENROU 2 2e-05 7e-05 0
e1q GENROU 3 0 0 6e-05
e1d GENROU 1 1e-05 2e-05 0
e1d GENROU 2 0 5e-05 0
e1d GENROU 3 1e-05 0 4e-05
e1d GENROU 4 1e-05 0 3e-05
e2d GENROU 1 0 0 0
e2d GENROU 2 0 0 0
e2d GENROU 3 0 0 0
e2d GENROU 4 0 0 0
LAG_y TGOV1 1 0.00021 0.00017 0
LAG_y TGOV1 2 0.00011 0.00023 1e-05
LAG_y TGOV1 3 0.0001 0 0.00019
LAG_y TGOV1 4 0.00015 0 0.00015
LL_x TGOV1 1 0.30765 0.38484 0.0055
LL_x TGOV1 2 0.16372 0.56187 0.01273
LL_x TGOV1 3 0.12342 0.00631 0.34609
LL_x TGOV1 4 0.1836 0.00014 0.28568
vp EXDC2 1 3e-05 8e-05 0
vp EXDC2 2 2e-05 6e-05 0
vp EXDC2 3 1e-05 0 4e-05
vp EXDC2 4 2e-05 0 6e-05
LS_y EXDC2 1 0 0 0
LS_y EXDC2 2 0 0 0
LS_y EXDC2 3 0 0 0
LS_y EXDC2 4 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 1 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 2 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 3 0 0 0
LL_x EXDC2 4 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 1 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 2 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 3 0 0 0
LA_y EXDC2 4 0 0 0
W_x EXDC2 1 9e-05 0.00026 0
W_x EXDC2 2 9e-05 0.00023 1e-05
W_x EXDC2 3 5e-05 0 0.00021
W_x EXDC2 4 7e-05 0 0.00029

2.4.4 Parameter Sweep and Root Loci Plot
Parameter sweep allows automatically applying a set of parameters to compute the eigenvalues. It is useful to
plot the root loci of the system.
In this example, we will study the impact of EXDC2.KA of the device 1 on the system stability. Let its KA
vary evenly between 20 to 200 in 10 steps.
ret = ss.EIG.sweep(ss.EXDC2.KA, 1, np.linspace(20, 200, 10))
Plot the 30th to the 50-th eigenvalues (0-based index) on the s-plane:
ss.EIG.plot_root_loci(ret, range(30, 51), left=-3, ymax=4, ymin=-4)
(<Figure size 640x480 with 1 Axes>,

<AxesSubplot:xlabel='Real [$s^{-1}$]', ylabel='Imaginary [$s^{-1}$]'>)
Note that the marker size increases linearly as the parameters sweep from the first to the last. We recommend
sweeping the parameter in an ascending order so that the larger marker size correspond to a larger parameter.

2.4.5 Cleanup
!andes misc -C
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_full_eig.txt" removed.
2.5 Using CLI from Notebook
This example notebook is a supplement to the ANDES tutorial. Make sure you have read the tutorial on using
the CLI first.
A brief version can be found at https://github.com/cuihantao/andes/blob/master/README.md#run-
simulations
2.5.1 The ! magic in iPython
This example shows how to use the ANDES CLI from Jupyter Notebook.
It is based on the iPython magic !. To run a command from within IPython or Jupyter, place a ! immediately
before the command.
Conversely, all commands demonstrated in this notebook can be used in a terminal/shell by removing the
preceeding ! sign.
2.5.2 Set up on Windows
Windows users will need to install MSYS2 to support most of the Linux shell commands.
To install MSYS2-base, uncomment the following line and run it:
# !conda install -c msys2 -n base --yes m2-base
2.5.3 Running Shell Commands
For example, to list the directory , use !ls. This is equivalent to executing ls from the terminal.
!ls
demonstration ex1.ipynb ex3.ipynb ex5.ipynb ex7.ipynb ex9.ipynb

ex10.ipynb ex2.ipynb ex4.ipynb ex6.ipynb ex8.ipynb verification
Likewise, to run andes, use !andes. Addition arguments can be passed as usual.

!andes
_ _ | Version 1.6.4.post10.dev0+gd1a4589d
/_\ _ _ __| |___ ___ | Python 3.9.10 on Linux, 04/19/2022 08:30:40 PM
/ _ \| ' \/ _` / -_|_-< |
usage: andes [-h] [-v {1,10,20,30,40}]

{run,plot,doc,misc,prepare,prep,selftest,st,demo} ...
{run,plot,doc,misc,prepare,prep,selftest,st,demo}
[run] run simulation routine; [plot] plot results;
[doc] quick documentation; [misc] misc. functions;
[prepare] prepare the numerical code; [selftest] run
self test;
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v {1,10,20,30,40}, --verbose {1,10,20,30,40}
Verbosity level in 10-DEBUG, 20-INFO, 30-WARNING, or
40-ERROR.
2.5.4 Run a simulation
Pass the path to the case file and other arguments to andes from the command line as follows.
!andes run ../andes/cases/kundur/kundur_full.xlsx -r tds
/ _ \| ' \/ _` / -_|_-< |

Parsing input file "../andes/cases/kundur/kundur_full.xlsx"...

Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
2.5. Using CLI from Notebook 191


0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745104027e-07

Sparse Solver: KLU
100%|########################################| 100.0/100 [00:01<00:00, 86.61%/
,→s]
Case file names can be separated from the path, which can be passed to -p. The above command is equivanent
to
!andes run kundur_full.xlsx -p "../andes/cases/kundur/" -r tds
/ _ \| ' \/ _` / -_|_-< |

Parsing input file "../andes/cases/kundur/kundur_full.xlsx"...

Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882


3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745104027e-07

Sparse Solver: KLU
100%|########################################| 100.0/100 [00:01<00:00, 86.32%/
,→s]

!pwd
/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples
import os
os.path.isfile('../andes/cases/kundur/kundur_full.xlsx')
True
PSS/E RAW and DYR Files
To run a simulation using PSS/E raw and dyr files, pass the dyr file to argument --addfile.
For example:
!andes run ../andes/cases/kundur/kundur.raw --addfile ../andes/cases/kundur/

,→kundur_full.dyr -r tds
/ _ \| ' \/ _` / -_|_-< |

Parsing input file "../andes/cases/kundur/kundur.raw"...
MODIFIED KUNDUR'S TWO-AREA TEST SYSTEM, DISTRIBUTED WITH ANDES


SEE THE BOOK "POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND CONTROL" FOR ORIGINAL DATA
Parsing additional file "../andes/cases/kundur/kundur_full.dyr"...

Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 3.175850023
1: |F(x)| = 3.176155228e-08
Report saved to "kundur_out.txt" in 0.0014 seconds.

Sparse Solver: KLU
100%|########################################| 100.0/100 [00:01<00:00, 86.44%/
,→s]
Outputs to "kundur_out.lst" and "kundur_out.npz".
2.5.5 Check the output lst file
!cat kundur_full_out.lst
0, Time [s], Time [s]

1, delta GENROU 1, $\delta$ GENROU 1
5, omega GENROU 1, $\omega$ GENROU 1
9, e1q GENROU 1, $e'_q$ GENROU 1


13, e1d GENROU 1, $e'_d$ GENROU 1
17, e2d GENROU 1, $e''_d$ GENROU 1
21, e2q GENROU 1, $e''_q$ GENROU 1
25, LAG_y TGOV1 1, $y_{LAG}$ TGOV1 1
29, LL_x TGOV1 1, $x'_{LL}$ TGOV1 1
33, vp EXDC2 1, $V_p$ EXDC2 1
37, LS_y EXDC2 1, $y_{LS}$ EXDC2 1
41, LL_x EXDC2 1, $x'_{LL}$ EXDC2 1
45, LA_y EXDC2 1, $y_{LA}$ EXDC2 1
49, W_x EXDC2 1, $x'_{W}$ EXDC2 1
50, W_x EXDC2 2, $x'_{W}$ EXDC2 2
51, W_x EXDC2 3, $x'_{W}$ EXDC2 3
52, W_x EXDC2 4, $x'_{W}$ EXDC2 4
53, a Bus 1, $\theta$ Bus 1


63, v Bus 1, $V$ Bus 1
64, v Bus 2, $V$ Bus 2
65, v Bus 3, $V$ Bus 3
66, v Bus 4, $V$ Bus 4
67, v Bus 5, $V$ Bus 5
68, v Bus 6, $V$ Bus 6
69, v Bus 7, $V$ Bus 7
70, v Bus 8, $V$ Bus 8
71, v Bus 9, $V$ Bus 9
72, v Bus 10, $V$ Bus 10
73, q PV 2, $q$ PV 2
74, q PV 3, $q$ PV 3
75, q PV 4, $q$ PV 4
76, q Slack 1, $q$ Slack 1
77, p Slack 1, $p$ Slack 1
78, Id GENROU 1, $I_d$ GENROU 1
82, Iq GENROU 1, $I_q$ GENROU 1
86, vd GENROU 1, $V_d$ GENROU 1
90, vq GENROU 1, $V_q$ GENROU 1
94, tm GENROU 1, $\tau_m$ GENROU 1
98, te GENROU 1, $\tau_e$ GENROU 1
102, vf GENROU 1, $v_f$ GENROU 1
106, XadIfd GENROU 1, $X_{ad}I_{fd}$ GENROU 1
110, Pe GENROU 1, $P_e$ GENROU 1
114, Qe GENROU 1, $Q_e$ GENROU 1


118, psid GENROU 1, $\psi_d$ GENROU 1
122, psiq GENROU 1, $\psi_q$ GENROU 1
126, psi2q GENROU 1, $\psi_{aq}$ GENROU 1
130, psi2d GENROU 1, $\psi_{ad}$ GENROU 1
134, psi2 GENROU 1, $\psi_a$ GENROU 1
138, Se GENROU 1, $S_e(|\psi_{a}|)$ GENROU 1
142, XaqI1q GENROU 1, $X_{aq}I_{1q}$ GENROU 1
146, paux TGOV1 1, $P_{aux}$ TGOV1 1
150, pout TGOV1 1, $P_{out}$ TGOV1 1
154, wref TGOV1 1, $\omega_{ref}$ TGOV1 1
158, pref TGOV1 1, $P_{ref}$ TGOV1 1
162, wd TGOV1 1, $\omega_{dev}$ TGOV1 1
166, pd TGOV1 1, $P_d$ TGOV1 1


170, LL_y TGOV1 1, $y_{LL}$ TGOV1 1
174, v EXDC2 1, $E_{term}$ EXDC2 1
178, vout EXDC2 1, $v_{out}$ EXDC2 1
182, vref EXDC2 1, $V_{ref}$ EXDC2 1
186, Se EXDC2 1, $S_e(|V_{out}|)$ EXDC2 1
190, vi EXDC2 1, $V_i$ EXDC2 1
194, LL_y EXDC2 1, $y_{LL}$ EXDC2 1
198, W_y EXDC2 1, $y_{W}$ EXDC2 1
199, W_y EXDC2 2, $y_{W}$ EXDC2 2
200, W_y EXDC2 3, $y_{W}$ EXDC2 3
201, W_y EXDC2 4, $y_{W}$ EXDC2 4
2.5.6 Plot and save to file
We found a limitation of using andes plot from within Notebook/iPython. The figure won't be displayed
correctly. The workaround is to save the image as a file and display it from the notebook.
Please let us know if you have better solutions.
!andes plot kundur_full_out.lst 0 5 6 --save
Figure saved to "kundur_full_out_1.png".

Figure(640x480)

2.5.7 Display image
from IPython.display import Image

Image("kundur_full_out_1.png")
2.5.8 Using xargs for index lookup
A convenient tool in Linux/macOS is xargs, which turns the standard output of one program into arguments
for another.
andes plot --xargs accepts an input of search pattern for variable names and returns a list of arguments,
including the matched indices, that can be understood by andes plot.
To illustrate, let's look at an example output of andes plot --xargs.
!andes plot kundur_full_out.lst --xargs "omega GENROU"
kundur_full_out.lst 0 5 6 7 8
The output consists of the lst file name, the default x-axis index 0, and the indices for the found variables. The
full output can be passed to andes plot without modification.
We use the following command to pass the arguments:

!andes plot kundur_full_out.lst --xargs "omega GENROU" | xargs andes plot
Figure(640x480)
where | is the pipe operator in shell for piping the standard output of the left-hand side to the right-hand side,
xargs captures the pipe-in and appends it to andes plot.
The command is equivalent to manually running
!andes plot kundur_full_out.lst 5 6 7 8
Figure(640x480)
2.5.9 Cleanup
Remove the saved png image files.
!rm -v *.png
removed 'kundur_full_out_1.png'
!andes misc -C
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_out.lst" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_out.npz" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/kundur_out.txt" removed.
2.6 Batch Processing - Generate Cases
This notebook demonstrates creating cases in batch and running them in parallel.
2.6.1 Create Cases in Batch
The approach to create cases in batch following this procedure:

• Load the base case from file
• For each desired case output:
– Alter parameters to the desired value
– Save each system to a new case file

import andes
import numpy as np
andes.config_logger(stream_level=30) # brief logging
# create directory for output cases

!rm -rf batch_cases
!mkdir -p batch_cases
kundur = get_case('kundur/kundur_full.xlsx')
ss = andes.load(kundur)
We demonstrate running the Kundur's system under different loading conditions.

Cases are created by modifying the p0 of PQ with idx == PQ_0.
As always, input parameters can be inspected by accessing Model.as_df(vin=True).
p0_base = ss.PQ.get('p0', "PQ_0")
Create 3 cases so that the load increases from p0_base to 1.2 * p0_base.
N_CASES = 3 # Note: increase `N_CASES` as necessary
p0_values = np.linspace(p0_base, 1.2 * p0_base, N_CASES)
for value in p0_values:

ss.PQ.alter('p0', 'PQ_0', value)
file_name = f'batch_cases/kundur_p_{value:.2f}.xlsx'
andes.io.dump(ss, 'xlsx', file_name, overwrite=True)
2.6.2 Parallel Simulation
Parallel simulation is easy with the command line tool.

Change directory to batch_cases:
import os
# change the Python working directory

os.chdir('batch_cases')
!ls -la
total 56
drwxr-xr-x 2 hacui hacui 4096 Apr 19 20:31 .
drwxr-xr-x 6 hacui hacui 4096 Apr 19 20:31 ..
2.6. Batch Processing - Generate Cases 201


-rw-r--r-- 1 hacui hacui 14841 Apr 19 20:31 kundur_p_11.59.xlsx
Running from Command line
!andes run *.xlsx -r tds
/ _ \| ' \/ _` / -_|_-< |
Working directory: "/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/batch_cases"

Process 0 for "kundur_p_11.59.xlsx" started.
100%|########################################| 100.0/100 [00:01<00:00, 89.55%/
,→s]
100%|########################################| 100.0/100 [00:01<00:00, 87.15%/
,→s]
100%|########################################| 100.0/100 [00:01<00:00, 83.73%/

,→s]
Log saved to "/tmp/andes-4fbaduja/andes.log".
Number of CPUs
In some cases, you don't want the simulatino to use up all resources.
ANDES allows to control the number of processes to run in parallel through --ncpu NCPU, where NCPU is
the maximum number of processes (equivalent to the number of CPU cores) allowed.
!andes run *.xlsx -r tds --ncpu 4
/ _ \| ' \/ _` / -_|_-< |



100%|########################################| 100.0/100 [00:01<00:00, 88.46%/
,→s]
100%|########################################| 100.0/100 [00:01<00:00, 86.36%/
,→s]
100%|########################################| 100.0/100 [00:01<00:00, 83.39%/
,→s]
Log saved to "/tmp/andes-rlpeyxo9/andes.log".
Running with APIs
Setting pool = True allows returning all system instances in a list.

This comes with a penalty in computation time but can be helpful if you want to extract data directly.
systems = andes.run('*.xlsx', routine='tds', pool=True, verbose=10)

Found files: ['kundur_p_11.59.xlsx', 'kundur_p_12.75.xlsx', 'kundur_p_13.91.
,→xlsx']
Cases are processed in the following order:

"kundur_p_11.59.xlsx"
<Toggle 1>: Line.Line_8 status changed to 0 at t=2.0 sec.<Toggle 1>: Line.
,→Line_8 status changed to 0 at t=2.0 sec.

Log saved to "/tmp/andes-lmohp4sw/andes.log".
systems[0]
<andes.system.System at 0x7fbaa050a070>
systems
[<andes.system.System at 0x7fbaa050a070>,
<andes.system.System at 0x7fba7bca2c70>,
<andes.system.System at 0x7fba7bc9db80>]
2.6. Batch Processing - Generate Cases 203

Example plots
Plotting or data analyses can be carried out as usual.
ss = systems[0]
systems[0].TDS.plotter.plot(ss.GENROU.omega, latex=False)
(<Figure size 480x320 with 1 Axes>, <AxesSubplot:xlabel='Time [s]'>)
systems[2].TDS.plotter.plot(ss.GENROU.omega, latex=False)

!andes misc -C
!rm -rf batch_cases
No output file found in the working directory.
2.7 Batch Processing - in Memory
This notebook shows examples for batch power flow and time-domain calculations. Readers are supposed to
have read the previous examples, especially Example 7 for parallel simulations.
import andes
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
2.7. Batch Processing - in Memory 205

2.7.1 Batch Power Flow Calculation
Use the Kundur's system as the example. Suppose we want to calculate power flow for the same system structure
but for different load levels.
kundur = andes.utils.get_case('kundur/kundur_full.xlsx')
ss = andes.run(kundur,
no_output=True,
default_config=True,
verbose=30, # set logging level to WARNING
)
There are two PQ loads in the Kundur's system with idxes of PQ_0 and PQ_1.
ss.PQ.as_df(vin=True)
idx u name bus Vn p0 q0 vmax vmin owner

uid
0 PQ_0 1.0 PQ_0 7 230.0 11.59 -0.735 1.1 0.9 1
1 PQ_1 1.0 PQ_1 8 230.0 15.75 -0.899 1.1 0.9 1
If we have a range of active power for each load, such as
n_samples = 3 # Note: increase `n_samples` for higher data resolution
pq0_values = np.linspace(10, 12, n_samples)

pq1_values = np.linspace(12, 18, n_samples)
where there are 3 samples for PQ_0.p0 between [10, 12] and 3 samples for PQ_1.p0 between (12,
18).
We can use a for loop to set the load values and calculate power flow for each point.
Suppose we want to retrieve the voltage magnitude for each case, we use v_results the voltage results.
Results that are not saved will be discarded.
v_results = np.zeros((ss.Bus.n, n_samples ** 2))

idx = 0
for ii in pq0_values:
ss.PQ.alter("p0", "PQ_0", ii)
for jj in pq1_values:
ss.PQ.alter("p0", "PQ_1", jj)
ss.PFlow.run()
v_results[:, idx] = ss.dae.y[ss.Bus.v.a]
idx += 1

Let's plot the results.
lines = plt.plot(v_results)
xl = plt.xlabel('Bus Name')
yl = plt.ylabel('Voltage [p.u.]')
tk = plt.xticks(np.arange(ss.Bus.n), ss.Bus.name.v)
One should be aware that the for-loop based approach is single-threaded. It does not take advantage of multi-
core processors.
If the total number of scenarios are huge, one should refer to Example 7 to save all scenarios to excel files and
use multi-processing.
2.7.2 Batch Time-Domain Simulation
The next example shows how to run batch time-domain simulations for different events.
Suppose we want to create one scenario for each line trip event, which is actuated through Toggle. For the
same system, we want to add Toggles for each line, run the simulation, and save results.
kundur = andes.utils.get_case('kundur/kundur_full.xlsx')
We use andes.load() with setup=False to load the test case.

It is important to note that one must pass setup=False so that adding Toggles can be allowed.
ss = andes.load(kundur, setup=False)

The idxes of all available lines to trip are in ss.Line.idx.v:
idxes = ss.Line.idx.v
ss.Toggle.as_df()
idx u name model dev t

uid
0 1 1 Toggle_1 Line Line_8 2
We use ss.add() to add two Toggles for each line at 1 second and 1.1 seconds to simulate a line opening
and closing. ss.add() takes a model name, "Toggle", as the positional argument, and a dictionary for the
Toggle device parameters.
A note for this particular test case is that kundur_full.xlsx already comes with a Toggle with idx==1.
To not to interfere with our scenarios, we need to disable it using ss.Toggle.alter.
After adding Toggle devices, we need to manually call ss.setup() to finish the data structure setup. Then,
power flow and time-domain simulation can be performed.
We store the results in a dictionary where keys are the line names and values are the systems. Code is as follows.
results = dict()
for idx in idxes:

ss = andes.load(kundur, setup=False)
ss.add('Toggle', dict(model="Line", dev=idx, t=1.0))

ss.add('Toggle', dict(model="Line", dev=idx, t=1.1))
ss.setup() # no `ss.add()` calls are allowed after␣

,→setup()
ss.Toggle.alter('u', 1, 0.0) # disable the existing Toggle with idx=1␣
,→(this is for the particular case)
ss.PFlow.run()
ss.TDS.config.tf = 5 # simulate for 5 seconds to save time
ss.TDS.config.no_tqdm = 1 # disable progres bar printing
ss.TDS.run()
results[idx] = ss



Time step reduced to zero. Convergence is not likely.

Simulation terminated at t=1.1001 s.

Jacobian matrix is singular.

Suspect diagonal elements: [55, 61]
NaN found in solution. Convergence is not likely
Simulation terminated at t=1.5808 s.
Not all cases will solve due to system instability. For the converged cases, one can export the data or plot results
following Example 1.
for idx, ss in results.items():

ss.TDS.plt.plot(ss.GENROU.omega, title=f'{idx} trip', latex=False, dpi=80)








!rm -rf batch_cases/
2.8 Changing Setpoints
This notebook shows an example of changing the generator setpoints in a time-domain simulation. Data in this
example is trivial, but the example can be retrofitted for scenarios such as economic dispatch incorporation or
reinforcement learning.
Steps are the folllwing:
1. Initialize a system by running the power flow,
2. Set the first simulation stop time in TDS.config.tf,
3. Run the simulation,
4. Update the setpoints,
5. Set the new simulation stop time and repeat from 3 until the end.
2.8. Changing Setpoints 217

2.8.1 Step 1: Case Setup
import andes
from andes.utils import get_case
kundur = get_case('kundur/kundur_full.xlsx')
ss = andes.run(kundur)

,→xlsx"...

Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745104027e-07
# disable the Toggle in this case

ss.Toggle.alter('u', 1, 0)

2.8.2 Step 2: Set the First Stop Time
# simulate to t=1 sec
# specify the first stop in `ss.TDS.config.tf`

ss.TDS.config.tf = 1
2.8.3 Step 3: Run Simulation
ss.TDS.run()

Sparse Solver: KLU
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]

True
2.8.4 Step 4. Apply the auxiliary power setpoints to TGOV1.paux0.v
First, let's check the equations of TGOV1. ss.TGOV1.paux0 is associated with equation 0 = paux -
paux0, in which paux is added to the power input equation.
print(ss.TGOV1.doc())
Model <TGOV1> in Group <TurbineGov>

TGOV1 turbine governor model.
Implements the PSS/E TGOV1 model without deadband.
Parameters
Name | Description | Default | Unit | Properties

-------+-----------------------------------+---------+------+-----------------
idx | unique device idx | | |
u | connection status | 1 | bool |
name | device name | | |
syn | Synchronous generator idx | | | mandatory,unique
Tn | Turbine power rating. Equal to | | MVA |
| `Sn` if not provided. | | |


wref0 | Base speed reference | 1 | p.u. |
R | Speed regulation gain (mach. base | 0.050 | p.u. | ipower
| default) | | |
VMAX | Maximum valve position | 1.200 | p.u. | power
VMIN | Minimum valve position | 0 | p.u. | power
T1 | Valve time constant | 0.100 | |
T2 | Lead-lag lead time constant | 0.200 | |
T3 | Lead-lag lag time constant | 10 | |
Dt | Turbine damping coefficient | 0 | | power
Sg | Rated power from generator | 0 | MVA |
ug | Generator connection status | 0 | bool |
Vn | Rated voltage from generator | 0 | kV |
Variables
Name | Type | Description | Unit | Properties

-------+----------+--------------------------------------+------+-----------
LAG_y | State | State in lag TF | | v_str
LL_x | State | State in lead-lag | | v_str
omega | ExtState | Generator speed | p.u. |
paux | Algeb | Auxiliary power input | | v_str
pout | Algeb | Turbine final output power | | v_str
wref | Algeb | Speed reference variable | | v_str
pref | Algeb | Reference power input | | v_str
wd | Algeb | Generator speed deviation | p.u. | v_str
pd | Algeb | Pref plus speed deviation times gain | p.u. | v_str
LL_y | Algeb | Output of lead-lag | | v_str
tm | ExtAlgeb | Mechanical power interface to SynGen | |
Name | Type | Initial Value

-------+----------+--------------
LAG_y | State | pd * 1 / 1
LL_x | State | LAG_y
omega | ExtState |
paux | Algeb | paux0
pout | Algeb | ue * tm0
wref | Algeb | wref0
pref | Algeb | tm0 * R
wd | Algeb | 0
pd | Algeb | ue * tm0
LL_y | Algeb | LAG_y
tm | ExtAlgeb |
Differential Equations
Name | Type | RHS of Equation "T x' = f(x, y)" | T (LHS)

-------+----------+----------------------------------+--------
LAG_y | State | 1 * pd - 1 * LAG_y | T1
LL_x | State | (LAG_y - LL_x) | T3
omega | ExtState | |

Algebraic Equations

------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------
paux | Algeb | paux0 - paux
pout | Algeb | ue * (LL_y - Dt * wd) - pout
wref | Algeb | wref0 - wref
pref | Algeb | pref0 * R - pref
wd | Algeb | ue * (omega - wref) - wd
pd | Algeb | ue*(- wd + pref + paux) * gain - pd
LL_y | Algeb | 1 * T2 * (LAG_y - LL_x) + 1 * LL_x * T3 - LL_y * T3+
| | LL_LT1_z1 * LL_LT2_z1 * (LL_y - 1 * LL_x)
tm | ExtAlgeb | ue * (pout - tm0)
Services
Name | Equation | Type

-------+----------+-------------
ue | u * ug | ConstService
pref0 | tm0 | ConstService
paux0 | 0 | ConstService
gain | ue/R | ConstService
Discretes
Name | Type | Info

---------+------------+---------------
LAG_lim | AntiWindup | Limiter in Lag
LL_LT1 | LessThan |
LL_LT2 | LessThan |
Blocks
Name | Type | Info

-----+---------------+-----
LAG | LagAntiWindup |
LL | LeadLag |
Config Fields in [TGOV1]
Option | Value | Info | Acceptable values

--------------+-------+------------------------------------+------------------
allow_adjust | 1 | allow adjusting upper or lower | (0, 1)
| | limits |
adjust_lower | 0 | adjust lower limit | (0, 1)
adjust_upper | 1 | adjust upper limit | (0, 1)
ss.TGOV1.paux0.v

array([0., 0., 0., 0.])
# look up the original values of TGOV1 make sure they are as expected
ss.TGOV1.paux0.v
array([0., 0., 0., 0.])
# MUST use in-place assignments.

# Here, we increase the setpoint of the 0-th generator
# method 1: use in-place assignment again
ss.TGOV1.paux0.v[0] = 0.05
# method 2: use ``ss.TGOV1.alter()``
# ss.TGOV1.alter('paux0', 1, 0.05)
ss.TGOV1.paux0.v
array([0.05, 0. , 0. , 0. ])
Continue to simulate to 2 seconds.
ss.TDS.run()
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]

True
ss.TDS.plotter.plot(ss.TGOV1.paux)

ss.TDS.plotter.plot(ss.TGOV1.pout)

ss.TDS.plotter.plot(ss.GENROU.omega)
2.8.5 Step 5: Set Another New Setpoints and New Ending TIme.
In this example, we clear the auxiliary power previously set to TGOV1.paux0.v
# method 1: use in-place assignment again
ss.TGOV1.paux0.v[0] = 0.
# method 2: use ``ss.TGOV1.alter()``
# ss.TGOV1.alter('paux0', 1, 0)
# set the new ending time to 10 sec.

ss.TDS.run()
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]


True
ss.TDS.plotter.plot(ss.TGOV1.paux)
ss.TDS.plotter.plot(ss.GENROU.omega)

!andes misc -C
2.9 Load Frequency Control
This examples shows (1) how to trip a generator, and (2) how to drive frequency back by load shedding.
import andes
import numpy as np

2.9.1 Tripping a Generator in the IEEE 14-Bus System
# using the IEEE 14-bus model as an example.

# The example here contains a variety of models: generators, exciters,␣
,→turbine governors, and PSS
# To speed up, one can remove unneeded ones, e.g., PSS
ieee14_raw = andes.get_case("ieee14/ieee14.raw")
ieee14_dyr = andes.get_case("ieee14/ieee14.dyr")
# use àndes.load` to load the test system

# Need to set `setup=False` to be able to add new Toggles that turns off␣
,→generators.
ss = andes.load(ieee14_raw, addfile=ieee14_dyr, setup=False)

Parsing input file "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/ieee14/ieee14.raw"...
03/06/14 CONTO 100.0 1962 W
Parsing additional file "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/ieee14/ieee14.dyr
,→"...
# Add a Toggle that disconnects `GENROU_2` at t=1 s
ss.add("Toggle", dict(model='SynGen', dev="GENROU_2", t=1.0))
'Toggle_3'
# Call setup manually
ss.setup()
IEEEST <IEEEST_1> added BusFreq <BusFreq_1> linked to bus <3.0>

ST2CUT <ST2CUT_2> added BusFreq <BusFreq_2> linked to bus <1.0>
True
# double check that Toggles are set up correctly

# Check ù` of the Toggles - the first two line switches are disabled, and␣
,→the generator trip is enabled
ss.Toggle.as_df()
2.9. Load Frequency Control 227

idx u name model dev t

uid
0 Toggle_1 1.0 Toggle_1 Line Line_1 1.0
1 Toggle_2 1.0 Toggle_2 Line Line_1 1.1
2 Toggle_3 1.0 Toggle_3 SynGen GENROU_2 1.0
# disable existing line switches

# The IEEE 14-bus system contains predefined line switches. Disabling them to␣
,→study generator trip only.
ss.Toggle.u.v[[0, 1]] = 0
# calculate power flow
# use constant power model for PQ (we will come back to this later)
ss.PQ.config.p2p = 1
ss.PQ.config.q2q = 1
ss.PQ.config.p2z = 0
ss.PQ.config.q2z = 0
# turn off under-voltage PQ-to-Z conversion

ss.PQ.pq2z = 0
ss.PFlow.run()


Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 0.5605182134
1: |F(x)| = 0.006202200332
2: |F(x)| = 5.819382824e-06
3: |F(x)| = 6.96508129e-12
Report saved to "ieee14_out.txt" in 0.0083 seconds.
True
# set the first simulation stop and run it


ss.TDS.config.criteria = 0 # temporarily turn off stability criteria based␣
,→on angle separation
ss.TDS.run()

Sparse Solver: KLU
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]
<Toggle Toggle_3>: SynGen.GENROU_2 status changed to 0 at t=1.0 sec.

Outputs to "ieee14_out.lst" and "ieee14_out.npz".
True
# Show the frequency response of online generators
# Refer to `plot` documentation by using `help(ss.TDS.plt.plot)` and `help(ss.

,→TDS.plt.plot_data)`
ss.TDS.load_plotter()
ss.TDS.plt.plot(ss.GENROU.omega,
a=(0, 2, 3, 4),
ytimes=60,
)

2.9.2 Adjusting Load to Compensate for the Generation Loss
Check the power of the lost generator by inspecting the power flow inputs:
ss.PV.as_df()
idx u name Sn Vn bus busr p0 q0 pmax pmin qmax \

uid
0 2 0.0 2 100.0 69.0 2 None 0.40 0.15 0.5 0.1 0.15
1 3 0.0 3 100.0 69.0 3 None 0.40 0.15 0.5 0.1 0.15
2 4 0.0 4 100.0 138.0 6 None 0.30 0.10 0.5 0.1 0.10
3 5 0.0 5 100.0 69.0 8 None 0.35 0.10 0.5 0.1 0.10
qmin v0 vmax vmin ra xs

uid
0 -0.40 1.03 1.4 0.6 0.0 0.13
1 -0.10 1.01 1.4 0.6 0.0 0.13
2 -0.06 1.03 1.4 0.6 0.0 0.12
3 -0.06 1.03 1.4 0.6 0.0 0.12
The tripped GENROU_2 correspond to the first PV (GENROU_1 corresponds to Slack). Thus, the lost active
power is 0.40 pu.
Let's compensate for that by shedding 0.4 pu of active power load at t=2.0 s.
By checking the equation documentation of PQ (using print(ss.PQ.doc()), we can tell that the imposed
active power for time-domain simulation is from Ppf, because we used the constant power model with p2p

= 1.
Algebraic Equations

-----+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------
a | ExtAlgeb | u * (dae_t <= 0) * (p0 * vcmp_zi + Rlb * vcmp_zl * v**2 +
| | Rub * vcmp_zu * v**2) + u * (dae_t > 0) * (p2p * Ppf + p2i *
| | Ipeq * v + p2z * Req * v**2)
v | ExtAlgeb | u * (dae_t <= 0) * (q0 * vcmp_zi + Xlb * vcmp_zl * v**2 +
| | Xub * vcmp_zu * v**2) + u * (dae_t > 0) * (q2q * Qpf + q2i *
| | Iqeq * v + q2z * Xeq * v**2)
Ppf may be different from p0 specified in the data file.
# active power from power flow solution - make a copy
Ppf = np.array(ss.PQ.Ppf.v)
Ppf
array([0.217, 0.5 , 0.478, 0.076, 0.15 , 0.295, 0.09 , 0.035, 0.061,

0.135, 0.2 ])
Reload the system and add the generator trip.
ss = andes.load(ieee14_raw, addfile=ieee14_dyr, setup=False)
ss.add("Toggle", dict(model='SynGen', dev="GENROU_2", t=1.0))

ss.setup()
ss.Toggle.u.v[[0, 1]] = 0
ss.PQ.config.p2p = 1
ss.PQ.config.q2q = 1
ss.PQ.pq2z = 0
ss.PFlow.run()

Parsing input file "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/ieee14/ieee14.raw"...
03/06/14 CONTO 100.0 1962 W
Parsing additional file "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/ieee14/ieee14.dyr
,→"...
IEEEST <IEEEST_1> added BusFreq <BusFreq_1> linked to bus <3.0>



Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 0.5605182134
1: |F(x)| = 0.006202200332
2: |F(x)| = 5.819382824e-06
3: |F(x)| = 6.96508129e-12
Report saved to "ieee14_out.txt" in 0.0028 seconds.
True
But let's run to 2 seconds.

ss.TDS.config.tf = 2.0
ss.TDS.config.criteria = 0 # temporarily turn off stability criteria based␣
,→on angle separation
ss.TDS.run()

Sparse Solver: KLU
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]
<Toggle Toggle_3>: SynGen.GENROU_2 status changed to 0 at t=1.0 sec.

True
# all `Ppf` before shedding


ss.PQ.Ppf.v
array([0.217, 0.5 , 0.478, 0.076, 0.15 , 0.295, 0.09 , 0.035, 0.061,

0.135, 0.2 ])
And then apply the load shedding on buses 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9.
shed_buses = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9]
# find the ìdx` of the loads on these buses
pq_shed_idx = ss.PQ.find_idx(keys='bus', values=shed_buses)

pq_shed_idx
['PQ_1', 'PQ_2', 'PQ_3', 'PQ_4', 'PQ_5', 'PQ_6']
# get `Ppf` on these buses before shedding
pq_p = ss.PQ.get(src='Ppf', idx=pq_shed_idx, attr='v')

pq_p
array([0.217, 0.5 , 0.478, 0.076, 0.15 , 0.295])
pq_p_new = pq_p - 0.4 / len(shed_buses)
ss.PQ.set(src='Ppf', idx=pq_shed_idx, attr='v', value=pq_p_new)
True
# double check
ss.PQ.Ppf.v
array([0.15033333, 0.43333333, 0.41133333, 0.00933333, 0.08333333,

0.22833333, 0.09 , 0.035 , 0.061 , 0.135 ,
0.2 ])
ss.TDS.run()
ss.TDS.plt.plot(ss.GENROU.omega,
a=(0, 2, 3, 4),
ytimes=60,
)
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]


!andes misc -C
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/ieee14_out.txt" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/ieee14_out.lst" removed.
"/home/hacui/repos/andes/examples/ieee14_out.npz" removed.
The result shows the generator speed (frequency) returns to 60 Hz after load shedding.
2.10 Profile in Notebook
2.10.1 Profiling with Python CProfiler
Before getting started, this example requires the config flag PFlow.init_tds to be 0, which is the default
value.
import andes

Passing profile=True, no_output = True to run will enable the profiler and have the results
printed.
ss = andes.run(case_path, profile=True, routine='tds', no_output=True)

Loaded config from file "/home/hacui/.andes/andes.rc"
Loaded generated Python code in "/home/hacui/.andes/pycode".
,→xlsx"...
A total of 1 island(s) detected.

Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 3.371691245
3: |F(x)| = 3.38335788
4: |F(x)| = 1.643469337
5: |F(x)| = 0.2341714002
6: |F(x)| = 0.03397375079
7: |F(x)| = 0.0009863888463
8: |F(x)| = 1.354810848e-06
9: |F(x)| = 2.629008122e-12

Sparse Solver: KLU
PQ.vcmp out of limits <vmin>
idx | Flag | Input Value | Limit

------+------+-------------+------
PQ_1 | zl | 0.833 | 0.900


100%|███████████████████████████████| 100/100 [00:00<00:00, 142.57%/s]
2.10. Profile in Notebook 235

2468624 function calls (2438847 primitive calls) in 1.587 seconds
Ordered by: cumulative time

List reduced from 7730 to 40 due to restriction <40>
ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)

1 0.004 0.004 0.824 0.824 /home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/
,→routines/tds.py:280(run)
,→routines/tds.py:416(itm_step)
,→routines/daeint.py:27(step)
,→system.py:1658(call_models)
,→routines/tds.py:703(fg_update)
1164/205 0.003 0.000 0.498 0.002 <frozen importlib._bootstrap>
,→:1002(_find_and_load)
,→:967(_find_and_load_unlocked)
988/57 0.001 0.000 0.493 0.009 <frozen importlib._bootstrap_
,→external>:844(exec_module)
,→:220(_call_with_frames_removed)
,→:659(_load_unlocked)
1062/115 0.002 0.000 0.490 0.004 {built-in method builtins.exec}
,→main.py:270(load)

,→io/__init__.py:98(parse)
,→io/xlsx.py:87(read)
,→routines/pflow.py:169(run)

,→utils/lazyimport.py:61(__maybe_import__)
,→utils/lazyimport.py:73(__getattr__)
,→system.py:1004(g_update)

,→routines/pflow.py:62(init)
,→core/model.py:1324(g_update)


,→system.py:757(init)
356/229 0.001 0.000 0.211 0.001 {built-in method builtins.__

,→import__}
43 0.000 0.000 0.202 0.005 /home/hacui/mambaforge/envs/a/
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/util/_decorators.py:302(wrapper)
,→system.py:682(_init_numba)

,→core/model.py:1698(numba_jitify)
,→core/model.py:2019(to_jit)
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/numba/__init__.py:1(<module>)

,→:1033(_handle_fromlist)
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/excel/_base.py:330(read_excel)
94/93 0.000 0.000 0.181 0.002 /home/hacui/mambaforge/envs/a/
,→lib/python3.9/importlib/__init__.py:109(import_module)

,→:1018(_gcd_import)
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/excel/_base.py:1166(__init__)
,→system.py:93(__init__)

,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/excel/_openpyxl.py:506(__init__)
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/numba/core/dispatcher.py:340(_compile_for_args)
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/compat/_optional.py:64(import_optional_
,→dependency)
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/numba/core/dispatcher.py:864(compile)
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/openpyxl/__init__.py:4(<module>)
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/numba/core/caching.py:636(load_overload)
,→lib/python3.9/site-packages/openpyxl/workbook/__init__.py:4(<module>)

2.10.2 Profiling with line_profiler.
line_profiler provides line-based profiling results for functions.

Install with pip install line_profiler and restart the notebook.
import andes
Profile power flow
Pass the function name to profile to the magic %lprun, followed by a call to the function itself or an upper-level
function.
Results will be shown in a popup window.
%load_ext line_profiler
%lprun -f andes.routines.pflow.PFlow.run andes.run(case_path, no_output=True,␣

,→default_config=True)

Reloaded generated Python code of module "pycode".
,→xlsx"...

Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745103977e-07
Alternatively, do
ss = andes.run(case_path, no_output=True, default_config=True)


Reloaded generated Python code of module "pycode".
,→xlsx"...

Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745103977e-07
ss.reset()
%lprun -f ss.PFlow.run ss.PFlow.run()


Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745103977e-07
To dig into the Newton Raphson iteration steps, profile each step instead with:
ss.reset()
%lprun -f ss.PFlow.nr_step ss.PFlow.run()




Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 14.9282832
1: |F(x)| = 3.608627841
2: |F(x)| = 0.1701107882
3: |F(x)| = 0.002038626956
4: |F(x)| = 3.745103977e-07
Profile time-domain simulation
%lprun -f ss.TDS.itm_step ss.TDS.run()

Sparse Solver: KLU

100%|███████████████████████████████| 100/100 [00:00<00:00, 101.60%/s]
2.10.3 Cleanup
!andes misc -C
_ _ | Version 1.5.7.post27.dev0+g9e0e253e
/ _ \| ' \/ _` / -_|_-< |
No output file found in the working directory.

2.11 MATPOWER Interface
See also the API reference for andes.interop.matpower.
import andes
from andes.interop.matpower import (start_instance,

to_matpower, from_matpower)
2.11.1 Create an Octave/MATLAB instance
m = start_instance()
2.11.2 Convert to MATPOWER
ss = andes.system.example() # load an ieee14 example case
mpc = to_matpower(m, 'mpc', ss)
Test if the power flow of mpc can be solved
m.eval("runpf(mpc)")
warning: error caught while executing handle class delete method:

'osqp_mex' undefined near line 40 column 13
OSQP Error!
MATPOWER Version 7.1, 08-Oct-2020 -- AC Power Flow (Newton)
Newton's method power flow (power balance, polar) converged in 3 iterations.
Converged in 0.01 seconds

================================================================================
| System Summary ␣
,→ |
================================================================================
How many? How much? P (MW) Q (MVAr)

--------------------- ------------------- ------------- -----------------
Buses 14 Total Gen Capacity 400.0 -112.0 to 150.0
Generators 5 On-line Capacity 400.0 -112.0 to 150.0
Committed Gens 5 Generation (actual) 226.4 49.8
Loads 11 Load 223.7 95.4
Fixed 11 Fixed 223.7 95.4
Dispatchable 0 Dispatchable -0.0 of -0.0 -0.0
Shunts 2 Shunt (inj) -0.0 35.3
Branches 20 Losses (I^2 * Z) 2.73 13.52
2.11. MATPOWER Interface 241


Transformers 20 Branch Charging (inj) - 23.8
Inter-ties 0 Total Inter-tie Flow 0.0 0.0
Areas 1
Minimum Maximum
------------------------- --------------------------------
Voltage Magnitude 1.010 p.u. @ bus 3 1.030 p.u. @ bus 2
Voltage Angle -9.48 deg @ bus 14 0.00 deg @ bus 1
P Losses (I^2*R) - 0.50 MW @ line 1-2
Q Losses (I^2*X) - 2.11 MVAr @ line 8-7
================================================================================
| Bus Data ␣
,→ |
================================================================================
Bus Voltage Generation Load
# Mag(pu) Ang(deg) P (MW) Q (MVAr) P (MW) Q (MVAr)
----- ------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1.030 0.000* 81.43 -21.62 - -
2 1.030 -1.764 40.00 30.44 21.70 12.70
3 1.010 -3.537 40.00 12.60 50.00 25.00
4 1.011 -4.410 - - 47.80 10.00
5 1.017 -3.843 - - 7.60 1.60
6 1.030 -6.453 30.00 20.99 15.00 7.50
7 1.022 -4.885 - - - -
8 1.030 -1.540 35.00 7.40 - -
9 1.022 -7.246 - - 29.50 16.60
10 1.016 -7.415 - - 9.00 5.80
11 1.019 -7.080 - - 3.50 1.80
12 1.017 -7.473 - - 6.10 1.60
13 1.014 -7.721 - - 13.50 5.80
14 1.016 -9.481 - - 20.00 7.00
-------- -------- -------- --------
Total: 226.43 49.80 223.70 95.40
================================================================================
| Branch Data ␣
,→ |
================================================================================
Brnch From To From Bus Injection To Bus Injection Loss (I^2 * Z)
# Bus Bus P (MW) Q (MVAr) P (MW) Q (MVAr) P (MW) Q␣
,→(MVAr)
----- ----- ----- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
,→-
1 1 2 50.10 -18.36 -49.60 14.29 0.503 1.53

2 1 5 31.33 -3.26 -30.83 0.17 0.500 2.06
3 2 3 17.79 4.11 -17.63 -8.00 0.158 0.67
4 2 4 28.02 0.46 -27.58 -2.69 0.433 1.31
5 2 5 22.09 -1.13 -21.83 -1.70 0.262 0.80
6 3 4 7.63 -4.40 -7.58 3.21 0.047 0.12
7 4 5 -25.97 -5.70 26.07 5.99 0.092 0.29
8 6 11 6.91 2.37 -6.86 -2.27 0.048 0.10


9 6 12 7.93 1.32 -7.86 -1.17 0.075 0.16
10 6 13 19.15 2.76 -18.92 -2.31 0.234 0.46
11 7 9 39.12 1.46 -39.12 0.15 0.000 1.61
12 9 10 5.67 5.40 -5.65 -5.35 0.019 0.05
13 9 14 13.17 -3.85 -12.94 4.34 0.229 0.49
14 10 11 -3.35 -0.45 3.36 0.47 0.009 0.02
15 12 13 1.76 -0.43 -1.75 0.44 0.007 0.01
16 13 14 7.17 -3.93 -7.06 4.16 0.111 0.23
17 4 7 4.12 -3.76 -4.12 3.83 -0.000 0.06
18 4 9 9.22 -1.06 -9.22 1.53 0.000 0.47
19 6 5 -18.99 7.03 18.99 -6.06 0.000 0.97
20 8 7 35.00 7.40 -35.00 -5.29 0.000 2.11
-------- -------
,→ -
Total: 2.727 13.52
mpc_sol = m.pull("mpc") # retrieve the solution
One can also save the case to a MATPOWER .m file from Octave/MATLAB. Comment in and run the fol-
lowing code:
# m.eval("savecase('case14_andes.m', mpc)")
2.11.3 Convert from MATPOWER
system = from_matpower(m, 'mpc')
m.pull() won't work if one has run OPF in Octave/MATLAB because Oct2Py does not support custom
class objects created by MATPOWER.
from _matpower() will read the individual fields to construct an mpc dict internally before creating a
system.
2.11.4 Add dynamic data
One can create an Excel file with dynamic data only and use the xlsx parser to load data into system:
from andes.io import xlsx
xlsx.read(system, andes.get_case('ieee14/ieee14_dyn_only.xlsx'))
<andes.system.System at 0x7f8684043520>
system.setup()
system.PFlow.run()
2.11. MATPOWER Interface 243

system.TDS.run()
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]
<Fault 1>: Applying fault on Bus (idx=7) at t=1.0 sec.

<Fault 1>: Clearing fault on Bus (idx=7) at t=1.03333 sec.
True
system.TDS.plt.plot(system.GENROU.omega)
Since the data in ieee14_dyn_only.xlsx is stripped from ieee14/ieee14_fault.xlsx, the

above results is identical to the simulation of the latter case:
ss = andes.run(andes.get_case("ieee14/ieee14_fault.xlsx"),
routine='tds', verbose=30,
no_output=True, default_config=True)
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]
<Fault 1>: Applying fault on Bus (idx=9) at t=1.0 sec.

<Fault 1>: Clearing fault on Bus (idx=9) at t=1.1 sec.

ss.TDS.plt.plot(ss.GENROU.omega)
2.12 pandapower Interface
This example (1) shows how to convert an ANDES system (ssa) to a pandapower network (ssp), (2) bench-
marks the powerflow results, (3) shows how to alter ssa active power setpoints according to ssp results.
The following clarafications you might need to know:
1. This interface tracks static power flow model in ANDES: Bus, Line, PQ, Shunt, PV, and Slack.
The dynamic model in ANDES is not tracked, including but not limited to TurbineGov, SynGen,
and Exciter.
2. The interface converts the Slack in ANDES to gen in pandapower rather than ext_gen.
3. MUST NOT verify power flow after initializing TDS in ANDES. ANDES does not allow running
PFlow for systems with initialized TDS as it will break variable addressing.
4. If you want to track dynamic model outputs in ANDES and feedback into pandapower, you might need
to manually transfer the results from ANDES to pandapower.
This interface is mainly developed by Jinning Wang.
import andes
from andes.interop.pandapower import to_pandapower, \

2.12. pandapower Interface 245


make_link_table, runopp_map, add_gencost
andes.config_logger(20)
import pandapower as pp
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from math import pi
2.12.1 Load case
Here we use the same ANDES system ss0 to do the pandapower conversion, which leaves the ssa untouched.
This will be useful if you need to modify the ssa parametes or setpoints.
ssa = andes.load(andes.get_case('ieee14/ieee14_ieeet1.xlsx'),
setup=False,
no_output=True,
default_config=True)
ssa.Toggle.u.v = [0, 0]
ssa.setup()
ss0 = andes.load(andes.get_case('ieee14/ieee14_ieeet1.xlsx'),
setup=False,
no_output=True,
default_config=True)
ss0.Toggle.u.v = [0, 0]
ss0.setup()
Working directory: "/Users/jinningwang/Documents/work/andes/docs/source/

,→examples"
> Loaded generated Python code in "/Users/jinningwang/.andes/pycode".
Generated code for <PQ> is stale.
Numerical code generation (rapid incremental mode) started...
Generating code for 1 models on 8 processes.
Saved generated pycode to "/Users/jinningwang/.andes/pycode"

Generated numerical code for 1 models in 0.1328 seconds.
Parsing input file "/Users/jinningwang/Documents/work/andes/andes/cases/
,→ieee14/ieee14_ieeet1.xlsx"...
Working directory: "/Users/jinningwang/Documents/work/andes/docs/source/
,→examples"


Generated code for <PQ> is stale.
Numerical code generation (rapid incremental mode) started...
Generating code for 1 models on 8 processes.
Saved generated pycode to "/Users/jinningwang/.andes/pycode"

Generated numerical code for 1 models in 0.2553 seconds.
Parsing input file "/Users/jinningwang/Documents/work/andes/andes/cases/
,→ieee14/ieee14_ieeet1.xlsx"...
True
2.12.2 Convert to pandapower net
Convert ADNES system ssa to pandapower net ssp.

ssp = to_pandapower(ss0)


Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 0.5605182134
1: |F(x)| = 0.006202200332
2: |F(x)| = 5.819382825e-06
3: |F(x)| = 6.957087684e-12
Power flow results are consistent. Conversion is successful.
Add generator cost data.

gen_cost = np.array([
[2, 0, 0, 3, 0.0430293, 20, 0],
[2, 0, 0, 3, 0.25, 20, 0],
[2, 0, 0, 3, 0.01, 40, 0],
[2, 0, 0, 3, 0.01, 40, 0],
[2, 0, 0, 3, 0.01, 40, 0]
])
add_gencost(ssp, gen_cost)

True
Inspect the pandapower net ssp.
ssp
This pandapower network includes the following parameter tables:

- bus (14 elements)
- load (11 elements)
- gen (5 elements)
- shunt (2 elements)
- line (16 elements)
- trafo (4 elements)
- poly_cost (5 elements)
and the following results tables:
- res_bus (14 elements)
- res_line (16 elements)
- res_trafo (4 elements)
- res_load (11 elements)
- res_shunt (2 elements)
- res_gen (5 elements)
2.12.3 Comapre Power Flow Results
Run power flow of ssa.
ssa.PFlow.run()


Numba: Off
Sparse solver: KLU
0: |F(x)| = 0.5605182134
1: |F(x)| = 0.006202200332
2: |F(x)| = 5.819382825e-06
3: |F(x)| = 6.957087684e-12
True
# ssa
ssa_res_gen = pd.DataFrame(columns=['name', 'p_mw', 'q_mvar', 'va_degree',
,→'vm_pu'])


ssa_res_gen['name'] = ssa.PV.as_df()['name']
ssa_res_gen['p_mw'] = ssa.PV.p.v * ssa.config.mva
ssa_res_gen['q_mvar'] = ssa.PV.q.v * ssa.config.mva
ssa_res_gen['va_degree'] = ssa.PV.a.v * 180 / pi
ssa_res_gen['vm_pu'] = ssa.PV.v.v
ssa_res_slack = pd.DataFrame([[ssa.Slack.name.v[0], ssa.Slack.p.v[0] * ssa.
,→config.mva,
ssa.Slack.q.v[0] * ssa.config.mva, ssa.Slack.a.
,→v[0] * 180 / pi,
ssa.Slack.v.v[0]]],
columns=ssa_res_gen.columns,
)
ssa_res_gen = pd.concat([ssa_res_gen, ssa_res_slack]).reset_index(drop=True)
# ssp
pp.runpp(ssp)
ssp_res_gen = pd.concat([ssp.gen['name'], ssp.res_gen], axis=1)
res_gen_concat = pd.concat([ssa_res_gen, ssp_res_gen], axis=1)
# ssa
ssa_pf_bus = ssa.Bus.as_df()[["name"]].copy()
ssa_pf_bus['v_andes'] = ssa.Bus.v.v
ssa_pf_bus['a_andes'] = ssa.Bus.a.v * 180 / pi
# ssp
ssp_pf_bus = ssa.Bus.as_df()[["name"]].copy()
ssp_pf_bus['v_pp'] = ssp.res_bus['vm_pu']
ssp_pf_bus['a_pp'] = ssp.res_bus['va_degree']
pf_bus_concat = pd.concat([ssa_pf_bus, ssp_pf_bus], axis=1)
Generation
In the table below, the left half are ANDES results, and the right half are from pandapower
res_gen_concat.round(4)
name p_mw q_mvar va_degree vm_pu name p_mw q_mvar va_degree ␣

,→ \
0 2 40.0000 30.4361 -1.7641 1.03 2 40.0000 30.4361 -1.7641
1 3 40.0000 12.5971 -3.5371 1.01 3 40.0000 12.5971 -3.5371
2 4 30.0000 20.9866 -6.4527 1.03 4 30.0000 20.9866 -6.4527
3 5 35.0000 7.3964 -1.5400 1.03 5 35.0000 7.3964 -1.5400
4 1 81.4272 -21.6171 0.0000 1.03 1 81.4272 -21.6171 0.0000
vm_pu
0 1.03
1 1.01
2 1.03


3 1.03
4 1.03
Bus voltage and angle
Likewise, the left half are ANDES results, and the right half are from pandapower
pf_bus_concat.round(4)
name v_andes a_andes name v_pp a_pp

uid
0 BUS1 1.0300 0.0000 BUS1 1.0300 0.0000
1 BUS2 1.0300 -1.7641 BUS2 1.0300 -1.7641
2 BUS3 1.0100 -3.5371 BUS3 1.0100 -3.5371
3 BUS4 1.0114 -4.4098 BUS4 1.0114 -4.4098
4 BUS5 1.0173 -3.8430 BUS5 1.0173 -3.8430
5 BUS6 1.0300 -6.4527 BUS6 1.0300 -6.4527
6 BUS7 1.0225 -4.8852 BUS7 1.0225 -4.8852
7 BUS8 1.0300 -1.5400 BUS8 1.0300 -1.5400
8 BUS9 1.0218 -7.2459 BUS9 1.0218 -7.2459
9 BUS10 1.0155 -7.4155 BUS10 1.0155 -7.4155
10 BUS11 1.0191 -7.0797 BUS11 1.0191 -7.0797
11 BUS12 1.0174 -7.4730 BUS12 1.0174 -7.4730
12 BUS13 1.0145 -7.7208 BUS13 1.0145 -7.7208
13 BUS14 1.0163 -9.4811 BUS14 1.0163 -9.4811
2.12.4 Generator dispatch based on OPF from pandapower
Prepare the link table.
# Asign the StaticGen with OPF, in this case, all the SynGen are GENROU
link_table = make_link_table(ssa)
link_table
stg_name stg_u stg_idx bus_idx dg_idx rg_idx rexc_idx syg_idx exc_idx \

0 1 1.0 1 1 NaN NaN NaN GENROU_1 ESST3A_2
1 2 1.0 2 2 NaN NaN NaN GENROU_2 EXST1_1
4 5 1.0 5 8 NaN NaN NaN GENROU_5 1
gov_idx bus_name gammap gammaq

0 TGOV1_1 BUS1 1.0 1.0
1 TGOV1_2 BUS2 1.0 1.0
2 TGOV1_3 BUS3 1.0 1.0


3 TGOV1_4 BUS6 1.0 1.0
4 TGOV1_5 BUS8 1.0 1.0
Note: some Jupyter notebooks may not support inline plots. You can use the following command to enable it.
import matplotlib
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib
%matplotlib inline
Run the TDS in ADNES to 2s.
ssa.TDS.config.tf = 2
ssa.TDS.run()
ssa.TDS.plt.plot(ssa.GENROU.Pe)

Sparse Solver: KLU
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]
Simulation to t=2.00 sec completed in 0.0623 seconds.

Get the OPF results from pandapower. The ssp_res has been converted to p.u..
ssp_res = runopp_map(ssp, link_table)

ssp_res
ACOPF is solved.
stg_idx p q vm_pu bus_idx controllable dg_idx rg_idx \

0 2 0.5 0.129107 1.096903 2 True NaN NaN
1 3 0.41275 0.149997 1.082551 3 True NaN NaN
2 4 0.34426 0.099998 1.086084 6 True NaN NaN
3 5 0.495878 0.085204 1.099996 8 True NaN NaN
4 1 0.5 -0.079016 1.100000 1 True NaN NaN
syg_idx gov_idx exc_idx

0 GENROU_2 TGOV1_2 EXST1_1
1 GENROU_3 TGOV1_3 ESST3A_3
3 GENROU_5 TGOV1_5 1
Now dispatch the resutls into ssa, where the active power setpoitns are updated to TurbinGov.pref0.

ssa_gov_idx = list(ssp_res['gov_idx'][~ssp_res['gov_idx'].isna()])
ssa.TurbineGov.set(src='pref0', idx=ssa_gov_idx, attr='v', value=ssp_res['p
,→'][~ssp_res['gov_idx'].isna()])
ssa.TurbineGov.get(src='pref0', idx=ssa_gov_idx, attr='v')
array([0.49999998, 0.41274963, 0.34426 , 0.49587786, 0.50000031])
Now run the TDS to 50s.
ssa.TDS.config.tf = 50
ssa.TDS.run()
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?%/s]
Simulation to t=50.00 sec completed in 1.9001 seconds.
True
We can see the outputs of GENROU are rearranged by the OPF results.
ssa.TDS.plt.plot(ssa.GENROU.Pe)

2.13 pypowsybl Interface
"PowSyBl (Power System Blocks) is an open source framework written in Java, dedicated to electrical grid
modelling and simulation, licensed under the Mozilla Public License version 2.0. It is part of LF Energy, an
open source foundation focused on the power systems sector, hosted within The Linux Foundation."
pypowsybl is the Python interface to PowSybl. For more information, please visit:
https://www.powsybl.org/pages/overview/
ANDES provides a simple interface to pypowsybl. The main goal is to leverage pypowsybl for drawing
single-line diagrams and area diagrams for systems loaded in ANDES.
2.13.1 Imports
import andes
import pypowsybl as pp
from andes.interop.pypowsybl import to_pypowsybl
ss = andes.load(andes.get_case("ieee14/ieee14_linetrip.xlsx"))
2.13.2 Conversion
Convert to a pypowsybl network:
n = to_pypowsybl(ss)
Run power flow in pypowsybl:
results = pp.loadflow.run_ac(n)
2.13.3 Diagrams
pypowsybl provides two functions to draw diagrams:

• get_network_area_diagram(VOLTAGE_LEVEL_ID = None, DEPTH = 0)
• get_single_line_diagram(CONTAINER_ID)
These function names are self explanatory. To draw the diagram for the whole network, do
n.get_network_area_diagram()
<pypowsybl.network.Svg at 0x7f1f905b33d0>
To draw the SLD for bus 6, do

n.get_single_line_diagram("VL6")
<pypowsybl.network.Svg at 0x7f1e879e2760>
where VL6 is the voltage level container created for Bus 6. Voltage level container is named as VL + bus idx.
To find out how to work with pypowsybl, visit its documentation at https://pypowsybl.readthedocs.io
2.13. pypowsybl Interface 255


CHAPTER
THREE
DEVELOPMENT
This chapter contains advanced topics on modeling and simulation and how they are implemented in ANDES.
It aims to provide an in-depth explanation of how the ANDES framework is set up for symbolic modeling and
numerical simulation. It also provides an example for interested users to implement customized DAE models.
3.1 System
3.1.1 Overview
System is the top-level class for organizing power system models and orchestrating calculations. The full API
reference of System is found at andes.system.System.
Dynamic Imports
System dynamically imports groups, models, and routines at creation. To add new models, groups or routines,
edit the corresponding file by adding entries following examples.
andes.system.System.import_models(self)
Import and instantiate models as System member attributes.
Models defined in models/__init__.py will be instantiated sequentially as attributes with the same
name as the class name. In addition, all models will be stored in dictionary System.models with
model names as keys and the corresponding instances as values.
Examples
system.Bus stores the Bus object, and system.GENCLS stores the classical generator object,
system.models['Bus'] points the same instance as system.Bus.
andes.system.System.import_groups(self)
Import all groups classes defined in models/group.py.
Groups will be stored as instances with the name as class names. All groups will be stored to dictionary
System.groups.
257
andes.system.System.import_routines(self)
Import routines as defined in routines/__init__.py.
Routines will be stored as instances with the name as class names. All routines will be stored to dictionary
System.routines.
Examples
System.PFlow is the power flow routine instance, and System.TDS and System.EIG are time-
domain analysis and eigenvalue analysis routines, respectively.
Code Generation
Under the hood, all models whose equations are provided in strings need be processed to generate executable
functions for simulations. We call this process "code generation". Code generation utilizes SymPy, a symbolic
toolbox, and can take up to one minute.
Code generation is automatically triggered upon the first ANDES run or whenever model changes are detected.
Code generation only needs to run once unless the generated code is removed or model edits are detected. The
generated code is then stored and reused for speed up.
The generated Python code is called pycode. It is a Python package (folder) with each module (a .py file)
storing the executable Python code and metadata for numerical simulation. The default path to store pycode
is HOME_DIR/.andes, where HOME_DIR is one's home directory.
Note: Code generation has been done if one has executed andes, andes selftest, or andes pre-
pare.
Warning: For developers: when models are modified (such as adding new models or changing equation
strings), code generation needs to be executed again for consistency. ANDES can automatically detect
changes, and it can be manually triggered from command line using andes prepare -i.
andes.system.System.prepare(self, quick=False, incremental=False, models=None, nomp=False,

ncpu=1)
Generate numerical functions from symbolically defined models.
All procedures in this function must be independent of test case.
Parameters
quick [bool, optional] True to skip pretty-print generation to reduce code generation
time.
incremental [bool, optional] True to generate only for modified models, incrementally.
models [list, OrderedDict, None] List or OrderedList of models to prepare
nomp [bool] True to disable multiprocessing
258 Chapter 3. Development

Warning: Generated lambda functions will be serialized to file, but pretty prints (SymPy objects)
can only exist in the System instance on which prepare is called.
Notes
Option incremental compares the md5 checksum of all var and service strings, and only regenerate
for updated models.
Examples
If one needs to print out LaTeX-formatted equations in a Jupyter Notebook, one need to generate such
equations with
import andes
sys = andes.prepare()
Alternatively, one can explicitly create a System and generate the code
import andes
sys = andes.System()
sys.prepare()
andes.system.System.undill(self, autogen_stale=True)
Reload generated function functions, from either the $HOME/.andes/pycode folder.
If no change is made to models, future calls to prepare() can be replaced with undill() for
acceleration.
Parameters
autogen_stale: bool True to automatically call code generation if stale code is detected.
Regardless of this option, codegen is trigger if importing existing code fails.
3.1.2 DAE Storage
System.dae is an instance of the numerical DAE class.

andes.variables.dae.DAE(system)
Class for storing numerical values of the DAE system, including variables, equations and first order
derivatives (Jacobian matrices).
Variable values and equation values are stored as numpy.ndarray, while Jacobians are stored as
kvxopt.spmatrix. The defined arrays and descriptions are as follows:
3.1. System 259

DAE Array Description

x Array for state variable values
y Array for algebraic variable values
z Array for 0/1 limiter states (if enabled)
f Array for differential equation derivatives
Tf Left-hand side time constant array for f
g Array for algebraic equation mismatches
The defined scalar member attributes to store array sizes are
Scalar Description
m The number of algebraic variables/equations
n The number of algebraic variables/equations
o The number of limiter state flags
The derivatives of f and g with respect to x and y are stored in four kvxopt.spmatrix sparse ma-
trices: fx, fy, gx, and gy, where the first letter is the equation name, and the second letter is the variable
name.
Notes
DAE in ANDES is defined in the form of

T ẋ = f (x, y)
0 = g(x, y)
DAE does not keep track of the association of variable and address. Only a variable instance keeps track
of its addresses.
3.1.3 Model and DAE Values
ANDES uses a decentralized architecture between models and DAE value arrays. In this architecture, variables
are initialized and equations are evaluated inside each model. Then, System provides methods for collecting
initial values and equation values into DAE, as well as copying solved values to each model.
The collection of values from models needs to follow protocols to avoid conflicts. Details are given in the
subsection Variables.
andes.system.System.vars_to_dae(self, model)
Copy variables values from models to System.dae.
This function clears DAE.x and DAE.y and collects values from models.
andes.system.System.vars_to_models(self)
Copy variable values from System.dae to models.

andes.system.System._e_to_dae(self, eq_name: Union[str, Tuple] = ('f', 'g'))

Helper function for collecting equation values into System.dae.f and System.dae.g.
Parameters
eq_name ['x' or 'y' or tuple] Equation type name
Matrix Sparsity Patterns
The largest overhead in building and solving nonlinear equations is the building of Jacobian matrices. This
is especially relevant when we use the implicit integration approach which algebraized the differential equa-
tions. Given the unique data structure of power system models, the sparse matrices for Jacobians are built
incrementally, model after model.
There are two common approaches to incrementally build a sparse matrix. The first one is to use simple in-place
add on sparse matrices, such as doing
self.fx += spmatrix(v, i, j, (n, n), 'd')
Although the implementation is simple, it involves creating and discarding temporary objects on the right hand
side and, even worse, changing the sparse pattern of self.fx.
The second approach is to store the rows, columns and values in an array-like object and construct the Jacobians
at the end. This approach is very efficient but has one caveat: it does not allow accessing the sparse matrix while
building.
ANDES uses a pre-allocation approach to avoid the change of sparse patterns by filling values into a known
the sparse matrix pattern matrix. System collects the indices of rows and columns for each Jacobian matrix.
Before in-place additions, ANDES builds a temporary zero-filled spmatrix, to which the actual Jacobian values
are written later. Since these in-place add operations are only modifying existing values, it does not change
the pattern and thus avoids memory copying. In addition, updating sparse matrices can be done with the exact
same code as the first approach.
Still, this approach creates and discards temporary objects. It is however feasible to write a C function which
takes three array-likes and modify the sparse matrices in place. This is feature to be developed, and our
prototype shows a promising acceleration up to 50%.
andes.system.System.store_sparse_pattern(self, models: collections.OrderedDict)
Collect and store the sparsity pattern of Jacobian matrices.
This is a runtime function specific to cases.
3.1. System 261

Notes
For gy matrix, always make sure the diagonal is reserved. It is a safeguard if the modeling user omitted
the diagonal term in the equations.
3.1.4 Calling Model Methods
System is an orchestrator for calling shared methods of models. These API methods are defined for initializa-
tion, equation update, Jacobian update, and discrete flags update.
The following methods take an argument models, which should be an OrderedDict of models with names as
keys and instances as values.
andes.system.System.init(self, models: collections.OrderedDict, routine: str)
Initialize the variables for each of the specified models.
For each model, the initialization procedure is:
• Get values for all ExtService.
• Call the model init() method, which initializes internal variables.
• Copy variables to DAE and then back to the model.
andes.system.System.e_clear(self, models: collections.OrderedDict)
Clear equation arrays in DAE and model variables.
This step must be called before calling f_update or g_update to flush existing values.
andes.system.System.l_update_var(self, models: collections.OrderedDict, niter=0, err=None)
Update variable-based limiter discrete states by calling l_update_var of models.
This function is must be called before any equation evaluation.
andes.system.System.f_update(self, models: collections.OrderedDict)
Call the differential equation update method for models in sequence.
Notes
Updated equation values remain in models and have not been collected into DAE at the end of this step.
andes.system.System.l_update_eq(self, models: collections.OrderedDict, init=False, niter=0)
Update equation-dependent limiter discrete components by calling l_check_eq of models. Force set
equations after evaluating equations.
This function is must be called after differential equation updates.
andes.system.System.g_update(self, models: collections.OrderedDict)
Call the algebraic equation update method for models in sequence.

Notes
Like f_update, updated values have not collected into DAE at the end of the step.
andes.system.System.j_update(self, models: collections.OrderedDict, info=None)
Call the Jacobian update method for models in sequence.
The procedure is - Restore the sparsity pattern with andes.variables.dae.DAE.
restore_sparse() - For each sparse matrix in (fx, fy, gx, gy), evaluate the Jacobian function calls
and add values.
Notes
Updated Jacobians are immediately reflected in the DAE sparse matrices (fx, fy, gx, gy).
3.1.5 Configuration
System, models and routines have a member attribute config for model-specific or routine-specific configura-
tions. System manages all configs, including saving to a config file and loading back.
andes.system.System.save_config(self, file_path=None, overwrite=False)
Save all system, model, and routine configurations to an rc-formatted file.
Parameters
file_path [str, optional] path to the configuration file default to ~/andes/andes.rc.
overwrite [bool, optional] If file exists, True to overwrite without confirmation. Oth-
erwise prompt for confirmation.
Warning: Saved config is loaded back and populated at system instance creation time. Configs from
the config file takes precedence over default config values.
Warning: It is important to note that configs from files is passed to model constructors during instantiation.
If one needs to modify config for a run, it needs to be done before instantiating System, or before running
andes from command line. Directly modifying Model.config may not take effect or have side effect
as for the current implementation.
3.1. System 263

3.2 Group
A group is a collection of similar functional models with common variables and parameters. It is manda-
tory to enforce the common variables and parameters when develop new models. The common variables and
parameters are typically the interface when connecting different group models.
For example, the Group RenGen has variables Pe and Qe, which are active power output and reactive power
output. Such common variables can be retrieved by other models, such as one in the Group RenExciter for
further calculation.
In such a way, the same variable interface is realized so that all model in the same group could carry out similar
function.
GroupBase() Base class for groups.
3.2.1 andes.models.group.GroupBase
class andes.models.group.GroupBase
Base class for groups.
__init__()
Methods
add(idx, model) Register an idx from model_name to the group

add_model(name, instance) Add a Model instance to group.
doc([export]) Return the documentation of the group in a string.
doc_all([export]) Return documentation of the group and its mod-
els.
find_idx(keys, values[, allow_none, default]) Find indices of devices that satisfy the given
key=value condition.
get(src, idx[, attr, allow_none, default]) Based on the indexer, get the attr field of the src
parameter or variable.
get_field(src, idx, field) Helper function for retrieving an attribute of a
member variable shared by models in this group.
get_next_idx([idx, model_name]) Get a no-conflict idx for a new device.
idx2model(idx[, allow_none]) Find model name for the given idx.
idx2uid(idx) Convert idx to the 0-indexed unique index.
set(src, idx, attr, value) Set the value of an attribute of a group property.
set_backref(name, from_idx, to_idx) Set idxes to BackRef, and set them to models.

GroupBase.add
GroupBase.add(idx, model)
Register an idx from model_name to the group
Parameters
idx: Union[str, float, int] Register an element to a model
model: Model instance of the model
Returns
GroupBase.add_model
GroupBase.add_model(name: str, instance)

Add a Model instance to group.
Parameters
name [str] Model name
instance [Model] Model instance
Returns
None
GroupBase.doc
GroupBase.doc(export='plain')
Return the documentation of the group in a string.
GroupBase.doc_all
GroupBase.doc_all(export='plain')
Return documentation of the group and its models.
Parameters
export ['plain' or 'rest'] Export format, plain-text or RestructuredText
Returns
str
3.2. Group 265

GroupBase.find_idx
GroupBase.find_idx(keys, values, allow_none=False, default=None)

Find indices of devices that satisfy the given key=value condition.
This method iterates over all models in this group.
GroupBase.get
GroupBase.get(src: str, idx, attr: str = 'v', allow_none=False, default=0.0)

Based on the indexer, get the attr field of the src parameter or variable.
Parameters
src [str] param or var name
idx [array-like] device idx
attr The attribute of the param or var to retrieve
allow_none [bool] True to allow None values in the indexer
default [float] If allow_none is true, the default value to use for None indexer.
Returns
The requested param or variable attribute. If idx is a list, return a list of values.
If idx is a single element, return a single value.
GroupBase.get_field
GroupBase.get_field(src: str, idx, field: str)

Helper function for retrieving an attribute of a member variable shared by models in this group.
Returns
list A list with the length equal to len(idx).
GroupBase.get_next_idx
GroupBase.get_next_idx(idx=None, model_name=None)
Get a no-conflict idx for a new device. Use the provided idx if no conflict. Generate a new one
otherwise.
Parameters
idx [str or None] Proposed idx. If None, assign a new one.
model_name [str or None] Model name. If not, prepend the group name.
Returns

str New device name.
GroupBase.idx2model
GroupBase.idx2model(idx, allow_none=False)
Find model name for the given idx.
Parameters
idx [float, int, str, array-like] idx or idx-es of devices.
allow_none [bool] If True, return None at the positions where idx is not found.
Returns
If idx is a list, return a list of model instances.
If idx is a single element, return a model instance.
GroupBase.idx2uid
GroupBase.idx2uid(idx)
Convert idx to the 0-indexed unique index.
Parameters
idx [array-like, numbers, or str] idx of devices
Returns
list A list containing the unique indices of the devices
GroupBase.set
GroupBase.set(src: str, idx, attr, value)

Set the value of an attribute of a group property. Performs self.<src>.<attr>[idx] =
value.
The user needs to ensure that the property is shared by all models in this group.
Parameters
src [str] Name of property.
idx [str, int, float, array-like] Indices of devices.
attr [str, optional, default='v'] The internal attribute of the property to get. v for
values, a for address, and e for equation value.
value [array-like] New values to be set
Returns
bool True when successful.
3.2. Group 267

GroupBase.set_backref
GroupBase.set_backref(name, from_idx, to_idx)

Set idxes to BackRef, and set them to models.
Attributes
class_name
n Total number of devices.
GroupBase.class_name
property GroupBase.class_name
GroupBase.n
property GroupBase.n
Total number of devices.
3.3 Models
This section introduces the modeling of power system devices. The terminology "model" is used to describe
the mathematical representation of a type of device, such as synchronous generators or turbine governors. The
terminology "device" is used to describe a particular instance of a model, for example, a specific generator.
To define a model in ANDES, two classes, ModelData and Model need to be utilized. Class ModelData is
used for defining parameters that will be provided from input files. It provides API for adding data from devices
and managing the data. Class Model is used for defining other non-input parameters, service variables, and
DAE variables. It provides API for converting symbolic equations, storing Jacobian patterns, and updating
equations.
The following classes are related to models:
ModelData(*args[, three_params]) Class for holding parameter data for a model.

Model([system, config]) Base class for power system DAE models.
ModelCache() Class for caching the return value of callback func-
tions.
ModelCall() Class for storing generated function calls, Jacobian
calls, and arguments.

3.3.1 andes.core.model.ModelData
class andes.core.model.ModelData(*args, three_params=True, **kwargs)

Class for holding parameter data for a model.
This class is designed to hold the parameter data separately from model equations. Models should inherit
this class to define the parameters from input files.
Inherit this class to create the specific class for holding input parameters for a new model. The rec-
ommended name for the derived class is the model name with Data. For example, data for GENROU
should be named GENROUData.
Parameters should be defined in the __init__ function of the derived class.
Refer to andes.core.param for available parameter types.
Notes
Three default parameters are pre-defined in ModelData and will be inherited by all models. They are
• idx, unique device idx of type andes.core.param.DataParam
• u, connection status of type andes.core.param.NumParam
• name, (device name of type andes.core.param.DataParam
In rare cases one does not want to define these three parameters, one can pass three_params=True to the
constructor of ModelData.
Examples
If we want to build a class PQData (for static PQ load) with three parameters, Vn, p0 and q0, we can
use the following
from andes.core.model import ModelData, Model

from andes.core.param import IdxParam, NumParam
class PQData(ModelData):
super().__init__()
self.Vn = NumParam(default=110,
info="AC voltage rating",
unit='kV', non_zero=True,
tex_name=r'V_n')
self.p0 = NumParam(default=0,
info='active power load in system base',
tex_name=r'p_0', unit='p.u.')
self.q0 = NumParam(default=0,
info='reactive power load in system base',
tex_name=r'q_0', unit='p.u.')
3.3. Models 269

In this example, all the three parameters are defined as andes.core.param.NumParam. In the
full PQData class, other types of parameters also exist. For example, to store the idx of owner, PQData
uses
self.owner = IdxParam(model='Owner', info="owner idx")
Attributes
cache A cache instance for different views of the internal data.
flags [dict] Flags to control the routine and functions that get called. If the model is
using user-defined numerical calls, set f_num, g_num and j_num properly.
__init__(*args, three_params=True, **kwargs)
Methods
add(**kwargs) Add a device (an instance) to this model.

as_df([vin]) Export all parameters as a pandas.DataFrame
object.
as_df_local() Export local variable values and services to a
DataFrame.
as_dict([vin]) Export all parameters as a dict.
find_idx(keys, values[, allow_none, default]) Find idx of devices whose values match the given
pattern.
find_param(prop) Find params with the given property and return
in an OrderedDict.
update_from_df(df[, vin]) Update parameter values from a DataFrame.
ModelData.add
ModelData.add(**kwargs)
Add a device (an instance) to this model.
Parameters
kwargs model parameters are collected into the kwargs dictionary
Warning: This function is not intended to be used directly. Use the add method from System
so that the index can be registered correctly.

ModelData.as_df
ModelData.as_df(vin=False)
Export all parameters as a pandas.DataFrame object. This function utilizes as_dict for preparing
data.
Returns
DataFrame A dataframe containing all model data. An uid column is added.
vin [bool] If True, export all parameters from original input (vin).
ModelData.as_df_local
ModelData.as_df_local()
Export local variable values and services to a DataFrame.
ModelData.as_dict
ModelData.as_dict(vin=False)
Export all parameters as a dict.
Returns
dict a dict with the keys being the ModelData parameter names and the values being
an array-like of data in the order of adding. An additional uid key is added with
the value default to range(n).
ModelData.find_idx
ModelData.find_idx(keys, values, allow_none=False, default=False)

Find idx of devices whose values match the given pattern.
Parameters
keys [str, array-like, Sized] A string or an array-like of strings containing the names
of parameters for the search criteria
values [array, array of arrays, Sized] Values for the corresponding key to search for.
If keys is a str, values should be an array of elements. If keys is a list, values should
be an array of arrays, each corresponds to the key.
allow_none [bool, Sized] Allow key, value to be not found. Used by groups.
default [bool] Default idx to return if not found (missing)
Returns
list indices of devices
3.3. Models 271

ModelData.find_param
ModelData.find_param(prop)
Find params with the given property and return in an OrderedDict.
Parameters
prop [str] Property name
Returns
OrderedDict
ModelData.update_from_df
ModelData.update_from_df(df, vin=False)
Update parameter values from a DataFrame.
Adding devices are not allowed.
3.3.2 andes.core.model.Model
class andes.core.model.Model(system=None, config=None)

Base class for power system DAE models.
After subclassing ModelData, subclass Model` to complete a DAE model. Subclasses of Model define
DAE variables, services, and other types of parameters, in the constructor __init__.
Examples
Take the static PQ as an example, the subclass of Model, PQ, should look like
class PQ(PQData, Model):

def __init__(self, system, config):
PQData.__init__(self) Model.__init__(self, system, config)
Since PQ is calling the base class constructors, it is meant to be the final class and not further derived.
It inherits from PQData and Model and must call constructors in the order of PQData and Model. If the
derived class of Model needs to be further derived, it should only derive from Model and use a name
ending with Base. See andes.models.synchronous.genbase.GENBase.
Next, in PQ.__init__, set proper flags to indicate the routines in which the model will be used
self.flags.update({'pflow': True})
Currently, flags pflow and tds are supported. Both are False by default, meaning the model is neither used
in power flow nor in time-domain simulation. A very common pitfall is forgetting to set the flag.
Next, the group name can be provided. A group is a collection of models with common parameters and
variables. Devices' idx of all models in the same group must be unique. To provide a group name, use

self.group = 'StaticLoad'
The group name must be an existing class name in andes.models.group. The model will be added
to the specified group and subject to the variable and parameter policy of the group. If not provided with
a group class name, the model will be placed in the Undefined group.
Next, additional configuration flags can be added. Configuration flags for models are load-time vari-
ables, specifying the behavior of a model. They can be exported to an andes.rc file and automatically
loaded when creating the System. Configuration flags can be used in equation strings, as long as they are
numerical values. To add config flags, use
self.config.add(OrderedDict((('pq2z', 1), )))
It is recommended to use OrderedDict instead of dict, although the syntax is verbose. Note that booleans
should be provided as integers (1 or 0), since True or False is interpreted as a string when loaded from
the rc file and will cause an error.
Next, it's time for variables and equations! The PQ class does not have internal variables itself. It uses its
bus parameter to fetch the corresponding a and v variables of buses. Equation wise, it imposes an active
power and a reactive power load equation.
To define external variables from Bus, use
self.a = ExtAlgeb(model='Bus', src='a',

indexer=self.bus, tex_name=r'\theta')
self.v = ExtAlgeb(model='Bus', src='v',
indexer=self.bus, tex_name=r'V')
Refer to the subsection Variables for more details.

The simplest PQ model will impose constant P and Q, coded as
self.a.e_str = "u * p"

self.v.e_str = "u * q"
where the e_str attribute is the equation string attribute. u is the connectivity status. Any parameter,
config, service or variable can be used in equation strings.
Three additional scalars can be used in equations: - dae_t for the current simulation time (can be used if
the model has flag tds). - sys_f for system frequency (from system.config.freq). - sys_mva
for system base mva (from system.config.mva).
The above example is overly simplified. Our PQ model wants a feature to switch itself to a constant
impedance if the voltage is out of the range (vmin, vmax). To implement this, we need to introduce
a discrete component called Limiter, which yields three arrays of binary flags, zi, zl, and zu indicating
in-range, below lower-limit, and above upper-limit, respectively.
First, create an attribute vcmp as a Limiter instance
self.vcmp = Limiter(u=self.v, lower=self.vmin, upper=self.vmax,

enable=self.config.pq2z)
3.3. Models 273

where self.config.pq2z is a flag to turn this feature on or off. After this line, we can use vcmp_zi, vcmp_zl,
and vcmp_zu in other equation strings.
self.a.e_str = "u * (p0 * vcmp_zi + " \

"p0 * vcmp_zl * (v ** 2 / vmin ** 2) + " \
"p0 * vcmp_zu * (v ** 2 / vmax ** 2))"
self.v.e_str = "u * (q0 * vcmp_zi + " \

"q0 * vcmp_zl * (v ** 2 / vmin ** 2) + "\
"q0 * vcmp_zu * (v ** 2 / vmax ** 2))"
Note that PQ.a.e_str can use the three variables from vcmp even before defining PQ.vcmp, as long as
PQ.vcmp is defined, because vcmp_zi is just a string literal in e_str.
The two equations above implement a piece-wise power injection equation. It selects the original power
demand if within range, and uses the calculated power when out of range.
Finally, to let ANDES pick up the model, the model name needs to be added to models/__init__.py.
Follow the examples in the OrderedDict, where the key is the file name, and the value is the class name.
Attributes
num_params [OrderedDict] {name: instance} of numerical parameters, including in-
ternal and external ones
__init__(system=None, config=None)
Methods
a_reset() Reset addresses to empty and reset flags.address

to False.
alter(src, idx, value) Alter values of input parameters or constant ser-
vice.
doc([max_width, export]) Retrieve model documentation as a string.
e_clear() Clear equation value arrays associated with all in-
ternal variables.
externalize() Externalize internal data as a snapshot.
f_numeric(**kwargs) Custom fcall functions.
f_update() Evaluate differential equations.
g_numeric(**kwargs) Custom gcall functions.
g_update() Evaluate algebraic equations.
get(src, idx[, attr, allow_none, default]) Get the value of an attribute of a model property.
get_init_order() Get variable initialization order and send to log-
ger.info.
get_inputs([refresh]) Get an OrderedDict of the inputs to the numerical
function calls.
get_md5() Return the md5 hash of concatenated equation
strings.


get_times() Get event switch_times from TimerParam.
idx2uid(idx) Convert idx to the 0-indexed unique index.
init(routine) Numerical initialization of a model.
internalize() Internalize snapshot data.
j_numeric(**kwargs) Custom numeric update functions.
j_update() Update Jacobian elements.
l_check_eq([init, niter]) Call the check_eq method of discrete compo-
nents to update equation-dependent flags.
l_update_var(dae_t, *args[, niter, err]) Call the check_var method of discrete com-
ponents to update the internal status flags.
list2array() Convert all the value attributes v to NumPy ar-
rays.
mock_refresh_inputs() Use mock data to fill the inputs.
numba_jitify([parallel, cache, nopython]) Convert equation residual calls, Jacobian calls,
and variable service calls into JIT compiled func-
tions.
post_init_check() Post init checking.
precompile() Trigger numba compilation for this model.
prepare([quick, pycode_path, yapf_pycode]) Symbolic processing and code generation.
refresh_inputs() This is the helper function to refresh inputs.
refresh_inputs_arg() Refresh inputs for each function with individual
argument list.
register_debug_equation(var_name) Helper function to register a variable for debug-
ging the initialization.
s_numeric(**kwargs) Custom service value functions.
s_numeric_var(**kwargs) Custom variable service value functions.
s_update() Update service equation values.
s_update_post() Update post-initialization services.
s_update_var() Update values of andes.core.service.
VarService.
set(src, idx, attr, value) Set the value of an attribute of a model property.
set_backref(name, from_idx, to_idx) Helper function for setting idx-es to BackRef.
set_in_use() Set the in_use attribute.
solve_iter(name, kwargs) Solve iterative initialization.
solve_iter_single(name, inputs, pos) Solve iterative initialization for one given device.
store_sparse_pattern() Store rows and columns of the non-zeros in the
Jacobians for building the sparsity pattern.
switch_action(dae_t) Call the switch actions.
v_numeric(**kwargs) Custom variable initialization function.
3.3. Models 275

Model.a_reset
Model.a_reset()
Reset addresses to empty and reset flags.address to False.
Model.alter
Model.alter(src, idx, value)

Alter values of input parameters or constant service.
If the method operates on an input parameter, the new data should be in the same base as that in
the input file. This function will convert value to per unit in the system base whenever necessary.
The values for storing the input data, i.e., the parameter's vin field, will be overwritten. As a
result, altered values will be reflected in the dumped case file.
Parameters
src [str] The parameter name to alter
idx [str, float, int] The device to alter
value [float] The desired value
Model.doc
Model.doc(max_width=78, export='plain')
Retrieve model documentation as a string.
Model.e_clear
Model.e_clear()
Clear equation value arrays associated with all internal variables.
Model.externalize
Model.externalize()
Externalize internal data as a snapshot.

Model.f_numeric
Model.f_numeric(**kwargs)
Custom fcall functions. Modify equations directly.
Model.f_update
Model.f_update()
Evaluate differential equations.
Notes
In-place equations: added to the corresponding DAE array. Non-in-place equations: in-place set
to internal array to overwrite old values (and avoid clearing).
Model.g_numeric
Model.g_numeric(**kwargs)
Custom gcall functions. Modify equations directly.
Model.g_update
Model.g_update()
Evaluate algebraic equations.
Model.get
Model.get(src: str, idx, attr: str = 'v', allow_none=False, default=0.0)

Get the value of an attribute of a model property.
The return value is self.<src>.<attr>[idx]
Parameters
src [str] Name of the model property
idx [str, int, float, array-like] Indices of the devices
attr [str, optional, default='v'] The attribute of the property to get. v for values, a
for address, and e for equation value.
allow_none [bool] True to allow None values in the indexer
default [float] If allow_none is true, the default value to use for None indexer.
Returns
array-like self.<src>.<attr>[idx]
3.3. Models 277

Model.get_init_order
Model.get_init_order()
Get variable initialization order and send to logger.info.
Model.get_inputs
Model.get_inputs(refresh=False)
Get an OrderedDict of the inputs to the numerical function calls.
Parameters
refresh [bool] Refresh the values in the dictionary. This is only used when the mem-
ory addresses of arrays change. After initialization, all array assignments are in
place. To avoid overhead, refresh should not be used after initialization.
Returns
OrderedDict The input name and value array pairs in an OrderedDict
Notes
dae.t is now a numpy.ndarray which has stable memory. There is no need to refresh dat_t in this
version.
Model.get_md5
Model.get_md5()
Return the md5 hash of concatenated equation strings.
Model.get_times
Model.get_times()
Get event switch_times from TimerParam.
Returns
list A list containing all switching times defined in TimerParams

Model.idx2uid
Model.idx2uid(idx)
Convert idx to the 0-indexed unique index.
Parameters
idx [array-like, numbers, or str] idx of devices
Returns
list A list containing the unique indices of the devices
Model.init
Model.init(routine)
Numerical initialization of a model.
Initialization sequence: 1. Sequential initialization based on the order of definition 2. Use Newton-
Krylov method for iterative initialization 3. Custom init
Model.internalize
Model.internalize()
Internalize snapshot data.
Model.j_numeric
Model.j_numeric(**kwargs)
Custom numeric update functions.
This function should append indices to _ifx, _jfx, and append anonymous functions to _vfx. It is
only called once by store_sparse_pattern.
Model.j_update
Model.j_update()
Update Jacobian elements.
Values are stored to Model.triplets[jname], where jname is a jacobian name.
Returns
None
3.3. Models 279

Model.l_check_eq
Model.l_check_eq(init=False, niter=0, **kwargs)

Call the check_eq method of discrete components to update equation-dependent flags.
This function should be called after equation updates. AntiWindup limiters use it to append pegged
states to the x_set list.
Returns
None
Model.l_update_var
Model.l_update_var(dae_t, *args, niter=None, err=None, **kwargs)

Call the check_var method of discrete components to update the internal status flags.
The function is variable-dependent and should be called before updating equations.
Returns
None
Model.list2array
Model.list2array()
Convert all the value attributes v to NumPy arrays.
Value attribute arrays should remain in the same address afterwards. Namely, all assignments to
value array should be operated in place (e.g., with [:]).
Model.mock_refresh_inputs
Model.mock_refresh_inputs()
Use mock data to fill the inputs.
This function is used to generate input data of the desired type to trigger JIT compilation.
Model.numba_jitify
Model.numba_jitify(parallel=False, cache=True, nopython=True)

Convert equation residual calls, Jacobian calls, and variable service calls into JIT compiled func-
tions.
This function can be enabled by setting System.config.numba = 1.

Model.post_init_check
Model.post_init_check()
Post init checking. Warns if values of InitChecker are not True.
Model.precompile
Model.precompile()
Trigger numba compilation for this model.
This function requires the system to be setup, i.e., memory allocated for storage.
Model.prepare
Model.prepare(quick=False, pycode_path=None, yapf_pycode=False)

Symbolic processing and code generation.
Model.refresh_inputs
Model.refresh_inputs()
This is the helper function to refresh inputs.
The functions collects object references into OrderedDict self._input and self._input_z.
Returns
None
Model.refresh_inputs_arg
Model.refresh_inputs_arg()
Refresh inputs for each function with individual argument list.
Model.register_debug_equation
Model.register_debug_equation(var_name)
Helper function to register a variable for debugging the initialization.
This function needs to be called before calling TDS.init(), and logging level needs to be set to
DEBUG.
3.3. Models 281

Model.s_numeric
Model.s_numeric(**kwargs)
Custom service value functions. Modify Service.v directly.
Model.s_numeric_var
Model.s_numeric_var(**kwargs)
Custom variable service value functions. Modify VarService.v directly.
This custom numerical function is evaluated at each step/iteration before equation update.
Model.s_update
Model.s_update()
Update service equation values.
This function is only evaluated at initialization. Service values are updated sequentially. The v
attribute of services will be assigned at a new memory address.
Model.s_update_post
Model.s_update_post()
Update post-initialization services.
Model.s_update_var
Model.s_update_var()
Update values of andes.core.service.VarService.
Model.set
Model.set(src, idx, attr, value)

Set the value of an attribute of a model property.
Performs self.<src>.<attr>[idx] = value. This method will not modify the input
values from the case file that have not been converted to the system base. As a result, changes
applied by this method will not affect the dumped case file.
To alter parameters and reflect it in the case file, use alter() instead.
Parameters
src [str] Name of the model property
idx [str, int, float, array-like] Indices of the devices

attr [str, optional, default='v'] The internal attribute of the property to get. v for
values, a for address, and e for equation value.
value [array-like] New values to be set
Returns
bool True when successful.
Model.set_backref
Model.set_backref(name, from_idx, to_idx)

Helper function for setting idx-es to BackRef.
Model.set_in_use
Model.set_in_use()
Set the in_use attribute. Called at the end of System.collect_ref.
This function is overloaded by models with BackRef to disable calls when no model is referencing.
Models with no back references will have internal variable addresses assigned but external addresses
being empty.
For internal equations that have external variables, the row indices will be non-zeros, while the col
indices will be empty, which causes an error when updating Jacobians.
Setting self.in_use to False when len(back_ref_instance.v) == 0 avoids this error. See COI.
Model.solve_iter
Model.solve_iter(name, kwargs)
Solve iterative initialization.
Model.solve_iter_single
Model.solve_iter_single(name, inputs, pos)

Solve iterative initialization for one given device.
3.3. Models 283

Model.store_sparse_pattern
Model.store_sparse_pattern()
Store rows and columns of the non-zeros in the Jacobians for building the sparsity pattern.
This function converts the internal 0-indexed equation/variable address to the numerical addresses
for the loaded system.
Calling sequence: For each Jacobian name, fx, fy, gx and gy, store by a) generated constant and
variable Jacobians c) user-provided constant and variable Jacobians, d) user-provided block con-
stant and variable Jacobians
Notes
If self.n == 0, skipping this function will avoid appending empty lists/arrays and non-empty values,
which, as a combination, is not accepted by kvxopt.spmatrix.
Model.switch_action
Model.switch_action(dae_t)
Call the switch actions.
Parameters
dae_t [float] Current simulation time
Returns
None
Warning: Timer exported from blocks are supposed to work but have not been tested.
Model.v_numeric
Model.v_numeric(**kwargs)
Custom variable initialization function.
Attributes
class_name Return the class name

Model.class_name
property Model.class_name
Return the class name
3.3.3 andes.core.model.ModelCache
class andes.core.model.ModelCache
Class for caching the return value of callback functions.
Check ModelCache.__dict__.keys() for fields.
__init__()
Methods
add_callback(name, callback) Add a cache attribute and a callback function for

updating the attribute.
refresh([name]) Refresh the cached values
ModelCache.add_callback
ModelCache.add_callback(name: str, callback)

Add a cache attribute and a callback function for updating the attribute.
Parameters
name [str] name of the cached function return value
callback [callable] callback function for updating the cached attribute
ModelCache.refresh
ModelCache.refresh(name=None)
Refresh the cached values
Parameters
name [str, list, optional] name or list of cached to refresh, by default None for re-
freshing all
3.3. Models 285

3.3.4 andes.core.model.ModelCall
class andes.core.model.ModelCall
Class for storing generated function calls, Jacobian calls, and arguments.
__init__()
Methods
append_ijv(j_full_name, ii, jj, vv)
clear_ijv()
zip_ijv(j_full_name) Return a zipped iterator for the rows, cols and vals
for the specified matrix name.
ModelCall.append_ijv
ModelCall.append_ijv(j_full_name, ii, jj, vv)
ModelCall.clear_ijv
ModelCall.clear_ijv()
ModelCall.zip_ijv
ModelCall.zip_ijv(j_full_name)
Return a zipped iterator for the rows, cols and vals for the specified matrix name.
3.3.5 Cache
ModelData uses a lightweight class andes.core.model.ModelCache for caching its data as a dictionary
or a pandas DataFrame. Four attributes are defined in ModelData.cache:
• dict: all data in a dictionary with the parameter names as keys and v values as arrays.
• dict_in: the same as dict except that the values are from v_in, the original input.
• df: all data in a pandas DataFrame.
• df_in: the same as df except that the values are from v_in.
Other attributes can be added by registering with cache.add_callback.

andes.core.model.ModelCache.add_callback(self, name: str, callback)

Add a cache attribute and a callback function for updating the attribute.
Parameters
name [str] name of the cached function return value
callback [callable] callback function for updating the cached attribute
3.3.6 Define Voltage Ratings
If a model is connected to an AC Bus or a DC Node, namely, if bus, bus1, node or node1 exists as
parameter, it must provide the corresponding parameter, Vn, Vn1, Vdcn or Vdcn1, for rated voltages.
Controllers not connected to Bus or Node will have its rated voltages omitted and thus Vb = Vn = 1, unless
one uses andes.core.param.ExtParam to retrieve the bus/node values.
As a rule of thumb, controllers not directly connected to the network shall use system-base per unit for voltage
and current parameters. Controllers (such as a turbine governor) may inherit rated power from controlled
models and thus power parameters will be converted consistently.
Define a DAE Model
class andes.core.model.Model(system=None, config=None)

Base class for power system DAE models.
After subclassing ModelData, subclass Model` to complete a DAE model. Subclasses of Model define
DAE variables, services, and other types of parameters, in the constructor __init__.
Examples
Take the static PQ as an example, the subclass of Model, PQ, should look like
class PQ(PQData, Model):

PQData.__init__(self) Model.__init__(self, system, config)
Since PQ is calling the base class constructors, it is meant to be the final class and not further derived.
It inherits from PQData and Model and must call constructors in the order of PQData and Model. If the
derived class of Model needs to be further derived, it should only derive from Model and use a name
ending with Base. See andes.models.synchronous.genbase.GENBase.
Next, in PQ.__init__, set proper flags to indicate the routines in which the model will be used
self.flags.update({'pflow': True})
Currently, flags pflow and tds are supported. Both are False by default, meaning the model is neither used
in power flow nor in time-domain simulation. A very common pitfall is forgetting to set the flag.
3.3. Models 287

Next, the group name can be provided. A group is a collection of models with common parameters and
variables. Devices' idx of all models in the same group must be unique. To provide a group name, use
self.group = 'StaticLoad'
The group name must be an existing class name in andes.models.group. The model will be added
to the specified group and subject to the variable and parameter policy of the group. If not provided with
a group class name, the model will be placed in the Undefined group.
Next, additional configuration flags can be added. Configuration flags for models are load-time vari-
ables, specifying the behavior of a model. They can be exported to an andes.rc file and automatically
loaded when creating the System. Configuration flags can be used in equation strings, as long as they are
numerical values. To add config flags, use
self.config.add(OrderedDict((('pq2z', 1), )))
It is recommended to use OrderedDict instead of dict, although the syntax is verbose. Note that booleans
should be provided as integers (1 or 0), since True or False is interpreted as a string when loaded from
the rc file and will cause an error.
Next, it's time for variables and equations! The PQ class does not have internal variables itself. It uses its
bus parameter to fetch the corresponding a and v variables of buses. Equation wise, it imposes an active
power and a reactive power load equation.
To define external variables from Bus, use
self.a = ExtAlgeb(model='Bus', src='a',

indexer=self.bus, tex_name=r'\theta')
indexer=self.bus, tex_name=r'V')
Refer to the subsection Variables for more details.

The simplest PQ model will impose constant P and Q, coded as
self.a.e_str = "u * p"

self.v.e_str = "u * q"
where the e_str attribute is the equation string attribute. u is the connectivity status. Any parameter,
config, service or variable can be used in equation strings.
Three additional scalars can be used in equations: - dae_t for the current simulation time (can be used if
the model has flag tds). - sys_f for system frequency (from system.config.freq). - sys_mva
for system base mva (from system.config.mva).
The above example is overly simplified. Our PQ model wants a feature to switch itself to a constant
impedance if the voltage is out of the range (vmin, vmax). To implement this, we need to introduce
a discrete component called Limiter, which yields three arrays of binary flags, zi, zl, and zu indicating
in-range, below lower-limit, and above upper-limit, respectively.
First, create an attribute vcmp as a Limiter instance

self.vcmp = Limiter(u=self.v, lower=self.vmin, upper=self.vmax,

enable=self.config.pq2z)
where self.config.pq2z is a flag to turn this feature on or off. After this line, we can use vcmp_zi, vcmp_zl,
and vcmp_zu in other equation strings.
self.a.e_str = "u * (p0 * vcmp_zi + " \

"p0 * vcmp_zl * (v ** 2 / vmin ** 2) + " \
"p0 * vcmp_zu * (v ** 2 / vmax ** 2))"
self.v.e_str = "u * (q0 * vcmp_zi + " \

"q0 * vcmp_zl * (v ** 2 / vmin ** 2) + "\
"q0 * vcmp_zu * (v ** 2 / vmax ** 2))"
Note that PQ.a.e_str can use the three variables from vcmp even before defining PQ.vcmp, as long as
PQ.vcmp is defined, because vcmp_zi is just a string literal in e_str.
The two equations above implement a piece-wise power injection equation. It selects the original power
demand if within range, and uses the calculated power when out of range.
Finally, to let ANDES pick up the model, the model name needs to be added to models/__init__.py.
Follow the examples in the OrderedDict, where the key is the file name, and the value is the class name.
Attributes
num_params [OrderedDict] {name: instance} of numerical parameters, including in-
ternal and external ones
Dynamicity Under the Hood
The magic for automatic creation of variables are all hidden in andes.core.model.Model.
__setattr__(), and the code is incredible simple. It sets the name, tex_name, and owner model of the
attribute instance and, more importantly, does the book keeping. In particular, when the attribute is a andes.
core.block.Block subclass, __setattr__ captures the exported instances, recursively, and prepends
the block name to exported ones. All these convenience owe to the dynamic feature of Python.
During the code generation phase, the symbols are created by checking the book-keeping attributes, such as
states, algebs, and attributes in Model.cache.
In the numerical evaluation phase, Model provides a method, andes.core.model.get_inputs(), to
collect the variable value arrays in a dictionary, which can be effortlessly passed as arguments to numerical
functions.
3.3. Models 289

3.3.7 Commonly Used Attributes in Models
The following Model attributes are commonly used for debugging. If the attribute is an OrderedDict, the keys
are attribute names in str, and corresponding values are the instances.
• params and params_ext, two OrderedDict for internal (both numerical and non-numerical) and
external parameters, respectively.
• num_params for numerical parameters, both internal and external.
• states and algebs, two OrderedDict for state variables and algebraic variables, respectively.
• states_ext and algebs_ext, two OrderedDict for external states and algebraics.
• discrete, an OrderedDict for discrete components.
• blocks, an OrderedDict for blocks.
• services, an OrderedDict for services with v_str.
• services_ext, an OrderedDict for externally retrieved services.
3.3.8 Attributes in Model.cache
Attributes in Model.cache are additional book-keeping structures for variables, parameters and services. The
following attributes are defined.
• all_vars: all the variables.
• all_vars_names, a list of all variable names.
• all_params, all parameters.
• all_params_names, a list of all parameter names.
• algebs_and_ext, an OrderedDict of internal and external algebraic variables.
• states_and_ext, an OrderedDict of internal and external differential variables.
• services_and_ext, an OrderedDict of internal and external service variables.
• vars_int, an OrderedDict of all internal variables, states and then algebs.
• vars_ext, an OrderedDict of all external variables, states and then algebs.
Equation Generation
Model.syms, an instance of SymProcessor, handles the symbolic to numeric generation when called.
The equation generation is a multi-step process with symbol preparation, equation generation, Jacobian gener-
ation, initializer generation, and pretty print generation.
class andes.core.SymProcessor(parent)
A helper class for symbolic processing and code generation.
Parameters

parent [Model] The Model instance to process

Attributes
xy [sympy.Matrix] variables pretty print in the order of State, ExtState, Algeb, ExtAlgeb
f [sympy.Matrix] differential equations pretty print
g [sympy.Matrix] algebraic equations pretty print
df [sympy.SparseMatrix] df /d (xy) pretty print
dg [sympy.SparseMatrix] dg /d (xy) pretty print
inputs_dict [OrderedDict] All possible symbols in equations, including variables, pa-
rameters, discrete flags, and config flags. It has the same variables as what
get_inputs() returns.
vars_dict [OrderedDict] variable-only symbols, which are useful when getting the Ja-
cobian matrices.
generate_equations()
Generate equations.
The pretty-print equations in matrices can be accessed in self.f_matrix and self.
g_matrix.
generate_init()
Generate initialization equations.
generate_jacobians(diag_eps=1e-08)
Generate Jacobians and store to corresponding triplets.
The internal indices of equations and variables are stored, alongside the lambda functions.
For example, dg/dy is a sparse matrix whose elements are (row, col, val), where row and
col are the internal indices, and val is the numerical lambda function. They will be stored to
row -> self.calls._igy col -> self.calls._jgy val -> self.calls._vgy
generate_symbols()
Generate symbols for symbolic equation generations.
This function should run before other generate equations.
Attributes
inputs_dict [OrderedDict] name-symbol pair of all parameters, variables and con-
figs
vars_dict [OrderedDict] name-symbol pair of all variables, in the order of
(states_and_ext + algebs_and_ext)
Next, function generate_equation converts each DAE equation set to one numerical function calls and
store it in Model.calls. The attributes for differential equation set and algebraic equation set are f and
g. Differently, service variables will be generated one by one and store in an OrderedDict in Model.
calls.s.
3.3. Models 291

Jacobian Storage
3.3.9 Abstract Jacobian Storage
Using the .jacobian method on sympy.Matrix, the symbolic Jacobians can be easily obtained. The
complexity lies in the storage of the Jacobian elements. Observed that the Jacobian equation generation happens
before any system is loaded, thus only the variable indices in the variable array is available. For each non-zero
item in each Jacobian matrix, ANDES stores the equation index, variable index, and the Jacobian value (either
a constant number or a callable function returning an array).
Note that, again, a non-zero entry in a Jacobian matrix can be either a constant or an expression. For efficiency,
constant numbers and lambdified callables are stored separately. Constant numbers, therefore, can be loaded
into the sparse matrix pattern when a particular system is given.
Warning: Data structure for the Jacobian storage has changed. Pending documentation update. Please
check andes.core.common.JacTriplet class for more details.
The triplets, the equation (row) index, variable (column) index, and values (constant numbers or callable) are
stored in Model attributes with the name of _{i, j, v}{Jacobian Name}{c or None}, where
{i, j, v} is a single character for row, column or value, {Jacobian Name} is a two-character Jacobian
name chosen from fx, fy, gx, and gy, and {c or None} is either character c or no character,
indicating whether it corresponds to the constants or non-constants in the Jacobian.
For example, the triplets for the constants in Jacobian gy are stored in _igyc, _jgyc, and _vgyc.
In terms of the non-constant entries in Jacobians, the callable functions are stored in the corresponding
_v{Jacobian Name} array. Note the differences between, for example, _vgy an _vgyc: _vgy is a
list of callables, while _vgyc is a list of constant numbers.
3.3.10 Concrete Jacobian Storage
When a specific system is loaded and the addresses are assigned to variables, the abstract Jacobian triplets, more
specifically, the rows and columns, are replaced with the array of addresses. The new addresses and values will
be stored in Model attributes with the names {i, j, v}{Jacobian Name}{c or None}. Note that
there is no underscore for the concrete Jacobian triplets.
For example, if model PV has a list of variables [p, q, a, v] . The equation associated with p is - u
* p0, and the equation associated with q is u * (v0 - v). Therefore, the derivative of equation v0 -
v over v is -u. Note that u is unknown at generation time, thus the value is NOT a constant and should to go
vgy.
The values in _igy, _jgy and _vgy contains, respectively, 1, 3, and a lambda function which returns -u.
When a specific system is loaded, for example, a 5-bus system, the addresses for the q and v are [11, 13,
15, and [5, 7, 9]. PV.igy and PV.jgy will thus query the corresponding address list based on PV.
_igy and PV._jgy and store [11, 13, 15, and [5, 7, 9].

Initialization
Value providers such as services and DAE variables need to be initialized. Services are initialized before any
DAE variable. Both Services and DAE Variables are initialized sequentially in the order of declaration.
Each Service, in addition to the standard v_str for symbolic initialization, provides a v_numeric hook for
specifying a custom function for initialization. Custom initialization functions for DAE variables, are lumped
in a single function in Model.v_numeric.
ANDES has an experimental Newton-Krylov method based iterative initialization. All DAE variables with
v_iter will be initialized using the iterative approach
Additional Numerical Equations
Addition numerical equations are allowed to complete the "hybrid symbolic-numeric" framework. Numerical
function calls are useful when the model DAE is non-standard or hard to be generalized. Since the symbolic-
to-numeric generation is an additional layer on top of the numerical simulation, it is fundamentally the same as
user-provided numerical function calls.
ANDES provides the following hook functions in each Model subclass for custom numerical functions:
• v_numeric: custom initialization function
• s_numeric: custom service value function
• g_numeric: custom algebraic equations; update the e of the corresponding variable.
• f_numeric: custom differential equations; update the e of the corresponding variable.
• j_numeric: custom Jacobian equations; the function should append to _i, _j and _v structures.
For most models, numerical function calls are unnecessary and not recommended as it increases code com-
plexity. However, when the data structure or the DAE are difficult to generalize in the symbolic framework,
the numerical equations can be used.
For interested readers, see the COI symbolic implementation which calculated the center-of-inertia speed of
generators. The COI could have been implemented numerically with for loops instead of NumReduce, Num-
Repeat and external variables.
3.4 Atomic Types
ANDES contains three types of atom classes for building DAE models. These types are parameter, variable
and service.
3.4. Atomic Types 293

3.4.1 Value Provider
Before addressing specific atom classes, the terminology v-provider, and e-provider are discussed. A value
provider class (or v-provider for short) references any class with a member attribute named v, which should be
a list or a 1-dimensional array of values. For example, all parameter classes are v-providers, since a parameter
class should provide values for that parameter.
Note: In fact, all types of atom classes are v-providers, meaning that an instance of an atom class must contain
values.
The values in the v attribute of a particular instance are values that will substitute the instance for computation.
If in a model, one has a parameter
self.v0 = NumParam()
self.b = NumParam()
# where self.v0.v = np.array([1., 1.05, 1.1]

# and self.b.v = np.array([10., 10., 10.]
Later, this parameter is used in an equation, such as

indexer=self.bus,
e_str='v0 **2 * b')
While computing v0 ** 2 * b, v0 and b will be substituted with the values in self.v0.v and self.b.v.
Sharing this interface v allows interoperability among parameters and variables and services. In the above
example, if one defines v0 as a ConstService instance, such as
self.v0 = ConstService(v_str='1.0')
Calculations will still work without modification.
3.4.2 Equation Provider
Similarly, an equation provider class (or e-provider) references any class with a member attribute named e,
which should be a 1-dimensional array of values. The values in the e array are the results from the equation
and will be summed to the numerical DAE at the addresses specified by the attribute a.
Note: Currently, only variables are e-provider types.
If a model has an external variable that links to Bus.v (voltage), such as

indexer=self.bus,
e_str='v0 **2 * b')

The addresses of the corresponding voltage variables will be retrieved into self.v.a, and the equation evaluation
results will be stored in self.v.e
3.5 Parameters
3.5.1 Background
Parameter is a type of building atom for DAE models. Most parameters are read directly from an input file
and passed to equation, and other parameters can be calculated from existing parameters.
The base class for parameters in ANDES is BaseParam, which defines interfaces for adding values and checking
the number of values. BaseParam has its values stored in a plain list, the member attribute v. Subclasses such
as NumParam stores values using a NumPy ndarray.
An overview of supported parameters is given below.
BaseParam([default, name, tex_name, info, ...]) The base parameter class.

DataParam([default, name, tex_name, info, ...]) An alias of the BaseParam class.
IdxParam([default, name, tex_name, info, ...]) An alias of BaseParam with an additional storage of
the owner model name
NumParam(default, str, ...) A computational numerical parameter.
ExtParam(model, src[, indexer, vtype, ...]) A parameter whose values are retrieved from an ex-
ternal model or group.
TimerParam([callback, default, name, ...]) A parameter whose values are event occurrence
times during the simulation.
andes.core.param.BaseParam
class andes.core.param.BaseParam(default: Optional[Union[float, str, int]] = None, name:

Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None,
info: Optional[str] = None, unit: Optional[str] = None,
mandatory: bool = False, export: bool = True, iconvert:
Optional[Callable] = None, oconvert: Optional[Callable] =
None)
The base parameter class.
This class provides the basic data structure and interfaces for all types of parameters. Parameters are
from input files and in general constant once initialized.
Subclasses should overload the n() method for the total count of elements in the value array.
Parameters
default [str or float, optional] The default value of this parameter if None is provided
name [str, optional] Parameter name. If not provided, it will be automatically set to the
attribute name defined in the owner model.
3.5. Parameters 295

tex_name [str, optional] LaTeX-formatted parameter name. If not provided, tex_name

will be assigned the same as name.
info [str, optional] Descriptive information of parameter
mandatory [bool] True if this parameter is mandatory
export [bool] True if the parameter will be exported when dumping data into files. True
for most parameters. False for BackRef.
Other Parameters
iconvert [Callable] Converter to be applied to input data when a device is being added.
oconvert [callable] Converter to be applied to internal data when outputting.
Warning: The most distinct feature of BaseParam, DataParam and IdxParam is that values are
stored in a list without conversion to array. BaseParam, DataParam or IdxParam are not allowed in
equations.
Attributes
v [list] A list holding all the values. The BaseParam class does not convert the v
attribute into NumPy arrays.
property [dict] A dict containing the truth values of the model properties.
__init__(default: Optional[Union[float, str, int]] = None, name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name:

Optional[str] = None, info: Optional[str] = None, unit: Optional[str] = None, mandatory:
bool = False, export: bool = True, iconvert: Optional[Callable] = None, oconvert:
Optional[Callable] = None)
Methods
add([value]) Add a new parameter value (from a new device

of the owner model) to the v list.
get_names() Return self.name in a list.
get_property(property_name) Check the boolean value of the given property.
set(pos, attr, value) Set attributes of the BaseParam class to new val-
ues at the given positions.
set_all(attr, value) Set attributes of the BaseParam class to new val-
ues for all positions.

BaseParam.add
BaseParam.add(value=None)
Add a new parameter value (from a new device of the owner model) to the v list.
Parameters
value [str or float, optional] Parameter value of the new element. If None, the default
will be used.
Notes
If the value is math.nan, it will set to None.
BaseParam.get_names
BaseParam.get_names()
Return self.name in a list.
This is a helper function to provide the same API as blocks or discrete components.
Returns
list A list only containing the name of the parameter
BaseParam.get_property
BaseParam.get_property(property_name: str)
Check the boolean value of the given property. If the property does not exist in the dictionary,
False will be returned.
Parameters
property_name [str] Property name
Returns
The truth value of the property.
BaseParam.set
BaseParam.set(pos, attr, value)

Set attributes of the BaseParam class to new values at the given positions.
Parameters
pos [int, list of integers] Positions in arrays where the values should be set
attr ['v', 'vin'] Name of the attribute to be set
3.5. Parameters 297

value [str, float or list of above] New values
BaseParam.set_all
BaseParam.set_all(attr, value)
Set attributes of the BaseParam class to new values for all positions.
Parameters
value [list of str, float or int] New values
Attributes
class_name Return the class name.

n Return the count of elements in the value array.
BaseParam.class_name
property BaseParam.class_name
Return the class name.
BaseParam.n
property BaseParam.n
Return the count of elements in the value array.
andes.core.param.DataParam
class andes.core.param.DataParam(default: Optional[Union[float, str, int]] = None, name:

mandatory: bool = False, export: bool = True, iconvert:
None)
An alias of the BaseParam class.
This class is used for string parameters or non-computational numerical parameters. This class does not
provide a to_array method. All input values will be stored in v as a list.
See also:
andes.core.param.BaseParam Base parameter class


bool = False, export: bool = True, iconvert: Optional[Callable] = None, oconvert:
Optional[Callable] = None)
Methods

DataParam.add
DataParam.add(value=None)
Parameters
will be used.
Notes
DataParam.get_names
DataParam.get_names()
Returns
3.5. Parameters 299

DataParam.get_property
DataParam.get_property(property_name: str)
Parameters
Returns
DataParam.set
DataParam.set(pos, attr, value)

Parameters
DataParam.set_all
DataParam.set_all(attr, value)
Parameters
Attributes


DataParam.class_name
property DataParam.class_name
DataParam.n
property DataParam.n
andes.core.param.IdxParam
class andes.core.param.IdxParam(default: Optional[Union[float, str, int]] = None, name:

Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, info:
Optional[str] = None, unit: Optional[str] = None,
mandatory: bool = False, unique: bool = False, export: bool
= True, model: Optional[str] = None, iconvert:
None)
An alias of BaseParam with an additional storage of the owner model name
This class is intended for storing idx into other models. It can be used in the future for data consistency
check.
Notes
This will be useful when, for example, one connects two TGs to one SynGen.
Examples
A PQ model connected to Bus model will have the following code
class PQModel(...):
def __init__(...):
...
self.bus = IdxParam(model='Bus')

bool = False, unique: bool = False, export: bool = True, model: Optional[str] = None,
iconvert: Optional[Callable] = None, oconvert: Optional[Callable] = None)
3.5. Parameters 301

Methods

IdxParam.add
IdxParam.add(value=None)
Parameters
will be used.
Notes
IdxParam.get_names
IdxParam.get_names()
Returns
IdxParam.get_property
IdxParam.get_property(property_name: str)
Parameters

Returns
IdxParam.set
IdxParam.set(pos, attr, value)

Parameters
IdxParam.set_all
IdxParam.set_all(attr, value)
Parameters
Attributes

IdxParam.class_name
property IdxParam.class_name
3.5. Parameters 303

IdxParam.n
property IdxParam.n
andes.core.param.NumParam
class andes.core.param.NumParam(default: typing.Optional[typing.Union[float, str,

typing.Callable]] = None, name: typing.Optional[str] =
None, tex_name: typing.Optional[str] = None, info:
typing.Optional[str] = None, unit: typing.Optional[str] =
None, vrange: typing.Optional[typing.Union[typing.List,
typing.Tuple]] = None, vtype: typing.Optional[typing.Type]
= <class 'float'>, iconvert: typing.Optional[typing.Callable]
= None, oconvert: typing.Optional[typing.Callable] = None,
non_zero: bool = False, non_positive: bool = False,
non_negative: bool = False, mandatory: bool = False,
power: bool = False, ipower: bool = False, voltage: bool =
False, current: bool = False, z: bool = False, y: bool = False,
r: bool = False, g: bool = False, dc_voltage: bool = False,
dc_current: bool = False, export: bool = True)
A computational numerical parameter.
Parameters defined using this class will have their v field converted to a NumPy array after adding.
The original input values will be copied to vin, and the system-base per-unit conversion coefficients
(through multiplication) will be stored in pu_coeff.
Parameters
default [str or float, optional] The default value of this parameter if no value is provided
name [str, optional] Name of this parameter. If not provided, name will be set to the
attribute name of the owner model.
tex_name [str, optional] LaTeX-formatted parameter name. If not provided, tex_name
will be assigned the same as name.
info [str, optional] A description of this parameter
mandatory [bool] True if this parameter is mandatory
unit [str, optional] Unit of the parameter
vrange [list, tuple, optional] Typical value range
vtype [type, optional] Type of the v field. The default is float.
Other Parameters
Sn [str] Name of the parameter for the device base power.
Vn [str] Name of the parameter for the device base voltage.

non_zero [bool] True if this parameter must be non-zero. non_zero can be combined
with non_positive or non_negative.
non_positive [bool] True if this parameter must be non-positive.
non_negative [bool] True if this parameter must be non-negative.
mandatory [bool] True if this parameter must not be None.
power [bool] True if this parameter is a power per-unit quantity under the device base.
iconvert [callable] Callable to convert input data from excel or others to the internal v
field.
oconvert [callable] Callable to convert input data from internal type to a serializable
type.
ipower [bool] True if this parameter is an inverse-power per-unit quantity under the
device base.
voltage [bool] True if the parameter is a voltage pu quantity under the device base.
current [bool] True if the parameter is a current pu quantity under the device base.
z [bool] True if the parameter is an AC impedance pu quantity under the device base.
y [bool] True if the parameter is an AC admittance pu quantity under the device base.
r [bool] True if the parameter is a DC resistance pu quantity under the device base.
g [bool] True if the parameter is a DC conductance pu quantity under the device base.
dc_current [bool] True if the parameter is a DC current pu quantity under device base.
dc_voltage [bool] True if the parameter is a DC voltage pu quantity under device base.
__init__(default: typing.Optional[typing.Union[float, str, typing.Callable]] = None, name:
typing.Optional[str] = None, tex_name: typing.Optional[str] = None, info:
typing.Optional[str] = None, unit: typing.Optional[str] = None, vrange:
typing.Optional[typing.Union[typing.List, typing.Tuple]] = None, vtype:
typing.Optional[typing.Type] = <class 'float'>, iconvert: typing.Optional[typing.Callable]
= None, oconvert: typing.Optional[typing.Callable] = None, non_zero: bool = False,
non_positive: bool = False, non_negative: bool = False, mandatory: bool = False, power:
bool = False, ipower: bool = False, voltage: bool = False, current: bool = False, z: bool =
False, y: bool = False, r: bool = False, g: bool = False, dc_voltage: bool = False,
dc_current: bool = False, export: bool = True)
3.5. Parameters 305

Methods
add([value]) Add a value to the parameter value list.

restore() Restore parameter to the original input by copy-
ing self.vin to self.v.
set_pu_coeff(coeff) Store p.u.
to_array() Converts field v to the NumPy array type.
NumParam.add
NumParam.add(value=None)
Add a value to the parameter value list.
In addition to BaseParam.add, this method checks for non-zero property and reset to default
if is zero.
See also:
BaseParam.add the add method of BaseParam
NumParam.get_names
NumParam.get_names()
Returns
NumParam.get_property
NumParam.get_property(property_name: str)
Parameters

Returns
NumParam.restore
NumParam.restore()
Restore parameter to the original input by copying self.vin to self.v.
pu_coeff will not be overwritten.
NumParam.set
NumParam.set(pos, attr, value)

Parameters
NumParam.set_all
NumParam.set_all(attr, value)
Parameters
NumParam.set_pu_coeff
NumParam.set_pu_coeff(coeff)
Store p.u. conversion coefficient into self.pu_coeff and calculate the system-base per unit
with self.v = self.vin * self.pu_coeff.
This function must be called after self.to_array.
Parameters
coeff [np.ndarray] An array with the pu conversion coefficients
3.5. Parameters 307

NumParam.to_array
NumParam.to_array()
Converts field v to the NumPy array type. to enable array-based calculation.
Must be called after adding all elements. Store a copy of original input values to field vin. Set
pu_coeff to all ones.
Warning: After this call, add will not be allowed to avoid unexpected issues.
Attributes

NumParam.class_name
property NumParam.class_name
NumParam.n
property NumParam.n
andes.core.param.ExtParam
class andes.core.param.ExtParam(model: str, src: str, indexer=None, vtype=<class 'float'>,

allow_none=False, default=0.0, **kwargs)
A parameter whose values are retrieved from an external model or group.
Parameters
model [str] Name of the model or group providing the original parameter
src [str] The source parameter name
indexer [BaseParam] A parameter defined in the model defining this ExtParam in-
stance. indexer.v should contain indices into model.src.v. If is None, the source
parameter values will be fully copied. If model is a group name, the indexer cannot
be None.
vtype [type, optional, default to float] Type of each element to be retrieved. Can be
str if the ExtParam is used to access an IdxParam.

Attributes
parent_model [Model] The parent model providing the original parameter.
__init__(model: str, src: str, indexer=None, vtype=<class 'float'>, allow_none=False, default=0.0,
**kwargs)
Methods
add([value]) ExtParam has an empty add method.

link_external(ext_model) Update parameter values provided by external
models.
restore() ExtParam has an empty restore method
to_array() Convert to array when d_type is not str
ExtParam.add
ExtParam.add(value=None)
ExtParam has an empty add method.
ExtParam.get_names
ExtParam.get_names()
Returns
3.5. Parameters 309

ExtParam.get_property
ExtParam.get_property(property_name: str)
Parameters
Returns
ExtParam.link_external
ExtParam.link_external(ext_model)
Update parameter values provided by external models. This needs to be called before pu conversion.
Parameters
ext_model [Model, Group] Instance of the parent model or group, provided by the
System calling this method.
ExtParam.restore
ExtParam.restore()
ExtParam has an empty restore method
ExtParam.set
ExtParam.set(pos, attr, value)

Parameters

ExtParam.set_all
ExtParam.set_all(attr, value)
Parameters
ExtParam.set_pu_coeff
ExtParam.set_pu_coeff(coeff)
Parameters
ExtParam.to_array
ExtParam.to_array()
Convert to array when d_type is not str
Attributes

ExtParam.class_name
property ExtParam.class_name
3.5. Parameters 311

ExtParam.n
property ExtParam.n
andes.core.param.TimerParam
class andes.core.param.TimerParam(callback: Optional[Callable] = None, default:

Optional[Union[float, str, Callable]] = None, name:
non_zero: bool = False, mandatory: bool = False, export:
bool = True)
A parameter whose values are event occurrence times during the simulation.
The constructor takes an additional Callable self.callback for the action of the event. TimerParam has a
default value of -1, meaning deactivated.
Examples
A connectivity status toggle class Toggle takes a parameter t for the toggle time. Inside Toggle.
__init__, one would have
self.t = TimerParam()
The Toggle class also needs to define a method for togging the connectivity status
def _u_switch(self, is_time: np.ndarray):

action = False
for i in range(self.n):
if is_time[i] and (self.u.v[i] == 1):
instance = self.system.__dict__[self.model.v[i]]
# get the original status and flip the value
u0 = instance.get(src='u', attr='v', idx=self.dev.v[i])
instance.set(src='u',
attr='v',
idx=self.dev.v[i],
value=1-u0)
action = True
return action
Finally, in Toggle.__init__, assign the function as the callback for self.t
self.t.callback = self._u_switch
__init__(callback: Optional[Callable] = None, default: Optional[Union[float, str, Callable]] =

None, name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, info: Optional[str] =
None, unit: Optional[str] = None, non_zero: bool = False, mandatory: bool = False,
export: bool = True)

Methods
add([value]) Add a value to the parameter value list.

is_time(dae_t) Element-wise check if the DAE time is the same
as the parameter value.
restore() Restore parameter to the original input by copy-
ing self.vin to self.v.
to_array() Converts field v to the NumPy array type.
TimerParam.add
TimerParam.add(value=None)
Add a value to the parameter value list.
In addition to BaseParam.add, this method checks for non-zero property and reset to default
if is zero.
See also:
BaseParam.add the add method of BaseParam
TimerParam.get_names
TimerParam.get_names()
Returns
3.5. Parameters 313

TimerParam.get_property
TimerParam.get_property(property_name: str)
Parameters
Returns
TimerParam.is_time
TimerParam.is_time(dae_t)
Element-wise check if the DAE time is the same as the parameter value. The current implemen-
tation uses np.equal.
Parameters
dae_t [float] Current simulation time
Returns
np.ndarray The array containing the truth value of if the DAE time is close to the
parameter value.
Notes
The previous implementation with np.isclose with default rtol=1e-5 mistakes the immediate pre-
and post-event time as in-event when simulation time is greater than 10.
TimerParam.restore
TimerParam.restore()
Restore parameter to the original input by copying self.vin to self.v.
pu_coeff will not be overwritten.

TimerParam.set
TimerParam.set(pos, attr, value)

Parameters
TimerParam.set_all
TimerParam.set_all(attr, value)
Parameters
TimerParam.set_pu_coeff
TimerParam.set_pu_coeff(coeff)
Parameters
TimerParam.to_array
TimerParam.to_array()
Converts field v to the NumPy array type. to enable array-based calculation.
Must be called after adding all elements. Store a copy of original input values to field vin. Set
pu_coeff to all ones.
Warning: After this call, add will not be allowed to avoid unexpected issues.
3.5. Parameters 315

Attributes

TimerParam.class_name
property TimerParam.class_name
TimerParam.n
property TimerParam.n
3.6 Variables
DAE Variables, or variables for short, are unknowns to be solved using numerical or analytical methods. A
variable stores values, equation values, and addresses in the DAE array. The base class for variables is BaseVar.
In this subsection, BaseVar is used to represent any subclass of VarBase list in the table below.
BaseVar([name, tex_name, info, unit, v_str, ...]) Base variable class.

ExtVar(model, src[, indexer, allow_none, ...]) Algebraic variable that links to an external model.
State([name, tex_name, info, unit, v_str, ...]) Differential variable class, an alias of the BaseVar.
Algeb([name, tex_name, info, unit, v_str, ...]) Algebraic variable class, an alias of andes.core.
var.BaseVar.
ExtState(model, src[, indexer, allow_none, ...]) External state variable type.
ExtAlgeb(model, src[, indexer, allow_none, ...]) External algebraic variable type.
AliasState(var, **kwargs) Alias state variable.
AliasAlgeb(var, **kwargs) Alias algebraic variable.
3.6.1 andes.core.var.BaseVar

class andes.core.var.BaseVar(name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None,

info: Optional[str] = None, unit: Optional[str] = None, v_str:
Optional[Union[str, float]] = None, v_iter: Optional[str] = None,
e_str: Optional[str] = None, discrete:
Optional[andes.core.discrete.Discrete] = None, v_setter:
Optional[bool] = False, e_setter: Optional[bool] = False,
v_str_add: Optional[bool] = False, addressable: Optional[bool]
= True, export: Optional[bool] = True, diag_eps: Optional[float]
= 0.0, deps: Optional[List] = None, is_output: Optional[bool] =
False)
Base variable class.
Derived classes State and Algeb should be used to build model variables.
Parameters
info [str, optional] Descriptive information
unit [str, optional] Unit
tex_name [str] LaTeX-formatted variable symbol. If is None, the value of name will
be used.
discrete [Discrete] Discrete component on which this variable depends. ANDES will
call check_var() of the discrete component before initializing this variable.
name [str, optional] Variable name. One should typically assigning the name directly
because it will be automatically assigned by the model. The value of name will be
the symbol name to be used in expressions.
Attributes
a [array-like] variable address
v [array-like] local-storage of the variable value
e [array-like] local-storage of the corresponding equation value
e_str [str] the string/symbolic representation of the equation
v_str [str] explicit initialization equation
v_str_add [bool] True if the value of v_str will be added to the variable. Useful when
other models access this variable and set part of the initial value
v_iter [str] implicit iterative equation in the form of 0 = v_iter
__init__(name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, info: Optional[str] = None,
unit: Optional[str] = None, v_str: Optional[Union[str, float]] = None, v_iter:
Optional[str] = None, e_str: Optional[str] = None, discrete:
Optional[andes.core.discrete.Discrete] = None, v_setter: Optional[bool] = False, e_setter:
Optional[bool] = False, v_str_add: Optional[bool] = False, addressable: Optional[bool]
= True, export: Optional[bool] = True, diag_eps: Optional[float] = 0.0, deps:
Optional[List] = None, is_output: Optional[bool] = False)
3.6. Variables 317

Methods
get_names()
reset() Reset the internal numpy arrays and flags.

set_address(addr[, contiguous]) Set the address of internal variables.
set_arrays(dae[, inplace, alloc]) Set the equation and values arrays.
BaseVar.get_names
BaseVar.get_names()
BaseVar.reset
BaseVar.reset()
Reset the internal numpy arrays and flags.
BaseVar.set_address
BaseVar.set_address(addr: numpy.ndarray, contiguous=False)

Set the address of internal variables.
Parameters
addr [np.ndarray] The assigned address for this variable
contiguous [bool, optional] If the addresses are contiguous
BaseVar.set_arrays
BaseVar.set_arrays(dae, inplace=True, alloc=True)

Set the equation and values arrays.
Parameters
dae [DAE] Reference to System.dae

Attributes
class_name
BaseVar.class_name
property BaseVar.class_name
3.6.2 andes.core.var.ExtVar
class andes.core.var.ExtVar(model: str, src: str, indexer: Optional[Union[List, numpy.ndarray,

andes.core.param.BaseParam, andes.core.service.BaseService]] =
None, allow_none: Optional[bool] = False, name: Optional[str] =
None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, ename: Optional[str] =
None, tex_ename: Optional[str] = None, info: Optional[str] =
None, unit: Optional[str] = None, v_str: Optional[Union[str,
float]] = None, v_iter: Optional[str] = None, e_str: Optional[str] =
None, v_setter: Optional[bool] = False, e_setter: Optional[bool] =
False, addressable: Optional[bool] = True, export: Optional[bool]
= True, diag_eps: Optional[float] = 0.0, is_input: Optional[bool]
= False)
Algebraic variable that links to an external model.
This class is used to retrieve the addresses of a variable defined in an external model. An equation can be
defined for the ExtVar. The evaluated value for the equation will be stored in the ExtVar.e attribute
and added to the equations corresponding to the external variables.
Parameters
model [str] Name of the source model
src [str] Source variable name
indexer [BaseParam, BaseService] A parameter of the hosting model, used as indices
into the source model and variable. If is None, the source variable address will be
fully copied.
allow_none [bool, optional, default=False] True to allow None in indexer
e_str [string, optional, default=None] Equation string, the evaluated value of which will
be added to the source residual equation
Attributes
parent_model [Model] The parent model providing the original parameter.
uid [array-like] An array containing the absolute indices into the parent_instance values.
e_code [str] Equation code string; copied from the parent instance.
3.6. Variables 319

v_code [str] Variable code string; copied from the parent instance.
__init__(model: str, src: str, indexer: Optional[Union[List, numpy.ndarray,
andes.core.param.BaseParam, andes.core.service.BaseService]] = None, allow_none:
Optional[bool] = False, name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None,
ename: Optional[str] = None, tex_ename: Optional[str] = None, info: Optional[str] =
None, unit: Optional[str] = None, v_str: Optional[Union[str, float]] = None, v_iter:
Optional[str] = None, e_str: Optional[str] = None, v_setter: Optional[bool] = False,
e_setter: Optional[bool] = False, addressable: Optional[bool] = True, export:
Optional[bool] = True, diag_eps: Optional[float] = 0.0, is_input: Optional[bool] = False)
Methods
get_names()
link_external(ext_model) Update variable addresses provided by external

models
set_address(addr[, contiguous]) Assigns address for equation RHS.
set_arrays(dae[, inplace, alloc]) Access dae.h or dae.i for the RHS of exter-
nal variables when e_str exists..
ExtVar.get_names
ExtVar.get_names()
ExtVar.link_external
ExtVar.link_external(ext_model)
Update variable addresses provided by external models
This method sets attributes including parent_model, parent_instance, uid, a, n, e_code and v_code.
It initializes the e and v to zero.
Parameters
ext_model [Model] Instance of the parent model
Returns
None
Warning: link_external does not check if the ExtVar type is the same as the original variable
to reduce performance overhead. It will be a silent error (a dimension too small error from
dae.build_pattern) if a model uses ExtAlgeb to access a State, or vice versa.

ExtVar.reset
ExtVar.reset()
ExtVar.set_address
ExtVar.set_address(addr, contiguous=False)
Assigns address for equation RHS.
ExtVar.set_arrays
ExtVar.set_arrays(dae, inplace=True, alloc=True)

Access dae.h or dae.i for the RHS of external variables when e_str exists..
Attributes
class_name
ExtVar.class_name
property ExtVar.class_name
3.6.3 andes.core.var.State
class andes.core.var.State(name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, info:

Optional[str] = None, unit: Optional[str] = None, v_str:
Optional[andes.core.discrete.Discrete] = None, t_const:
Optional[Union[andes.core.param.BaseParam,
andes.core.common.DummyValue, andes.core.service.BaseService]]
= None, check_init: Optional[bool] = True, v_setter: Optional[bool]
= False, e_setter: Optional[bool] = False, addressable:
Optional[bool] = True, export: Optional[bool] = True, diag_eps:
Optional[float] = 0.0, deps: Optional[List] = None)
Differential variable class, an alias of the BaseVar.
Parameters
3.6. Variables 321

t_const [BaseParam, DummyValue] Left-hand time constant for the differential equa-
tion. They will be collected to array dae.Tf. Time constants will not be used
when evaluating the right-hand side specified in e_str but will be applied to the
left-hand side.
check_init [bool] True to check if the equation right-hand-side is zero initially. Dis-
abling the checking can be used for integrators when the initial input may not be
zero.
Examples
To implement the swing equation
M ω̇ = τm − τe − D(ω − 1)
Do the following in the __init__() of a model class:
self.omega = State(e_str = 'tm - te - D * (omega - 1)',

t_const = self.M,
...
)
Note that self.M, the inertia parameter is given through t_const and is not part of e_str.
Attributes
e_code [str] Equation code string, equals string literal f
v_code [str] Variable code string, equals string literal x
Optional[andes.core.discrete.Discrete] = None, t_const:
Optional[Union[andes.core.param.BaseParam, andes.core.common.DummyValue,
andes.core.service.BaseService]] = None, check_init: Optional[bool] = True, v_setter:
Optional[bool] = False, e_setter: Optional[bool] = False, addressable: Optional[bool] =
True, export: Optional[bool] = True, diag_eps: Optional[float] = 0.0, deps:
Optional[List] = None)
Methods
get_names()


State.get_names
State.get_names()
State.reset
State.reset()
State.set_address
State.set_address(addr: numpy.ndarray, contiguous=False)

Parameters
State.set_arrays
State.set_arrays(dae, inplace=True, alloc=True)

Parameters
Attributes
class_name
e_code
v_code
3.6. Variables 323

State.class_name
property State.class_name
State.e_code
State.e_code = 'f'
State.v_code
State.v_code = 'x'
3.6.4 andes.core.var.Algeb
class andes.core.var.Algeb(name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, info:

Optional[str] = None, unit: Optional[str] = None, v_str:
Optional[andes.core.discrete.Discrete] = None, v_setter:
Optional[bool] = False, e_setter: Optional[bool] = False, v_str_add:
Optional[bool] = False, addressable: Optional[bool] = True, export:
Optional[bool] = True, diag_eps: Optional[float] = 0.0, deps:
Algebraic variable class, an alias of andes.core.var.BaseVar.
Note that residual equations corresponding to algebraic variables are given in an implicit form.
Examples
When an algebraic variable y and the equation y = x + z shall be defined, use
e_str = 'x + z - y'
because it expresses the equation x + z - y = 0. It is a common mistake to use e_str = 'x +

z', which will result in a singular Jacobian matrix because d(x + z) / d(y) is zero.
Attributes
e_code [str] Equation code string, equals string literal g
v_code [str] Variable code string, equals string literal y


Optional[andes.core.discrete.Discrete] = None, v_setter: Optional[bool] = False, e_setter:
Optional[bool] = False, v_str_add: Optional[bool] = False, addressable: Optional[bool]
= True, export: Optional[bool] = True, diag_eps: Optional[float] = 0.0, deps:
Methods
get_names()

Algeb.get_names
Algeb.get_names()
Algeb.reset
Algeb.reset()
Algeb.set_address
Algeb.set_address(addr: numpy.ndarray, contiguous=False)

Parameters
3.6. Variables 325

Algeb.set_arrays
Algeb.set_arrays(dae, inplace=True, alloc=True)

Parameters
Attributes
class_name
e_code
v_code
Algeb.class_name
property Algeb.class_name
Algeb.e_code
Algeb.e_code = 'g'
Algeb.v_code
Algeb.v_code = 'y'
3.6.5 andes.core.var.ExtState
class andes.core.var.ExtState(model: str, src: str, indexer: Optional[Union[List,

numpy.ndarray, andes.core.param.BaseParam,
andes.core.service.BaseService]] = None, allow_none:
Optional[bool] = False, name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name:
Optional[str] = None, ename: Optional[str] = None, tex_ename:
Optional[str] = None, info: Optional[str] = None, unit:
Optional[str] = None, v_str: Optional[Union[str, float]] =
None, v_iter: Optional[str] = None, e_str: Optional[str] = None,
v_setter: Optional[bool] = False, e_setter: Optional[bool] =
False, addressable: Optional[bool] = True, export:
Optional[bool] = True, diag_eps: Optional[float] = 0.0,
is_input: Optional[bool] = False)
External state variable type.
Warning: ExtState is not allowed to set t_const, as it may conflict with the source State
variable.
Only in rare cases should one set e_str for ExtState. The t_const of the source State variable
is used.

Methods
get_names()

models
ExtState.get_names
ExtState.get_names()
ExtState.link_external
ExtState.link_external(ext_model)
Parameters
3.6. Variables 327

Returns
None
ExtState.reset
ExtState.reset()
ExtState.set_address
ExtState.set_address(addr, contiguous=False)
ExtState.set_arrays
ExtState.set_arrays(dae, inplace=True, alloc=True)

Attributes
class_name
e_code
r_code
t_const
v_code

ExtState.class_name
property ExtState.class_name
ExtState.e_code
ExtState.e_code = 'f'
ExtState.r_code
ExtState.r_code = 'h'
ExtState.t_const
ExtState.t_const = None
ExtState.v_code
ExtState.v_code = 'x'
3.6.6 andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb
class andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb(model: str, src: str, indexer: Optional[Union[List,

numpy.ndarray, andes.core.param.BaseParam,
andes.core.service.BaseService]] = None, allow_none:
Optional[bool] = False, name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name:
Optional[str] = None, ename: Optional[str] = None, tex_ename:
Optional[str] = None, v_str: Optional[Union[str, float]] =
None, v_iter: Optional[str] = None, e_str: Optional[str] = None,
v_setter: Optional[bool] = False, e_setter: Optional[bool] =
False, addressable: Optional[bool] = True, export:
Optional[bool] = True, diag_eps: Optional[float] = 0.0,
is_input: Optional[bool] = False)
External algebraic variable type.
3.6. Variables 329
Methods
get_names()

models
ExtAlgeb.get_names
ExtAlgeb.get_names()
ExtAlgeb.link_external
ExtAlgeb.link_external(ext_model)
Parameters
Returns
None

ExtAlgeb.reset
ExtAlgeb.reset()
ExtAlgeb.set_address
ExtAlgeb.set_address(addr, contiguous=False)
ExtAlgeb.set_arrays
ExtAlgeb.set_arrays(dae, inplace=True, alloc=True)

Attributes
class_name
e_code
r_code
v_code
ExtAlgeb.class_name
property ExtAlgeb.class_name
ExtAlgeb.e_code
ExtAlgeb.e_code = 'g'
3.6. Variables 331

ExtAlgeb.r_code
ExtAlgeb.r_code = 'i'
ExtAlgeb.v_code
ExtAlgeb.v_code = 'y'
3.6.7 andes.core.var.AliasState
class andes.core.var.AliasState(var, **kwargs)

Alias state variable.
Refer to the docs of AliasAlgeb.
__init__(var, **kwargs)
Methods
get_names()

models
AliasState.get_names
AliasState.get_names()
AliasState.link_external
AliasState.link_external(ext_model)
Parameters

Returns
None
AliasState.reset
AliasState.reset()
AliasState.set_address
AliasState.set_address(addr, contiguous=False)
AliasState.set_arrays
AliasState.set_arrays(dae, inplace=True, alloc=True)

Attributes
class_name
e_code
r_code
t_const
v_code
3.6. Variables 333

AliasState.class_name
property AliasState.class_name
AliasState.e_code
AliasState.e_code = 'f'
AliasState.r_code
AliasState.r_code = 'h'
AliasState.t_const
AliasState.t_const = None
AliasState.v_code
AliasState.v_code = 'x'
3.6.8 andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb
class andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb(var, **kwargs)

Alias algebraic variable. Essentially ExtAlgeb that links to a a model's own variable.
AliasAlgeb is useful when the final output of a model is from a block, but the model must provide
the final output in a pre-defined name. Using AliasAlgeb, A model can avoid adding an additional
variable with a dummy equations.
Like ExtVar, labels of AliasAlgeb will not be saved in the final output. When plotting from file,
one need to look up the original variable name.
__init__(var, **kwargs)

Methods
get_names()

models
AliasAlgeb.get_names
AliasAlgeb.get_names()
AliasAlgeb.link_external
AliasAlgeb.link_external(ext_model)
Parameters
Returns
None
AliasAlgeb.reset
AliasAlgeb.reset()
3.6. Variables 335

AliasAlgeb.set_address
AliasAlgeb.set_address(addr, contiguous=False)
AliasAlgeb.set_arrays
AliasAlgeb.set_arrays(dae, inplace=True, alloc=True)

Attributes
class_name
e_code
r_code
v_code
AliasAlgeb.class_name
property AliasAlgeb.class_name
AliasAlgeb.e_code
AliasAlgeb.e_code = 'g'
AliasAlgeb.r_code
AliasAlgeb.r_code = 'i'

AliasAlgeb.v_code
AliasAlgeb.v_code = 'y'
Note that equations associated with state variables are in the form of Mẋ = f(x, y), where x are the differential
variables, y are the algebraic variables, and M is the mass matrix, and f are the right-hand side of differential
equations. Equations associated with algebraic variables take the form of 0 = g, where g are the equation
right-hand side
BaseVar has two types: the differential variable type State and the algebraic variable type Algeb. State variables
are described by differential equations, whereas algebraic variables are described by algebraic equations. State
variables can only change continuously, while algebraic variables can be discontinuous.
Based on the model the variable is defined, variables can be internal or external. Most variables are internal
and only appear in equations in the same model. Some models have "public" variables that can be accessed by
other models. For example, a Bus defines v for the voltage magnitude. Each device attached to a particular bus
needs to access the value and impose the reactive power injection. It can be done with ExtAlgeb or ExtState,
which links with an existing variable from a model or a group.
3.6.9 Variable, Equation and Address
Subclasses of BaseVar are value providers and equation providers. Each BaseVar has member attributes v and
e for variable values and equation values, respectively. The initial value of v is set by the initialization routine,
and the initial value of e is set to zero. In the process of power flow calculation or time domain simulation, v
is not directly modifiable by models but rather updated after solving non-linear equations. e is updated by the
models and summed up before solving equations.
Each BaseVar also stores addresses of this variable, for all devices, in its member attribute a. The addresses
are 0-based indices into the numerical DAE array, f or g, based on the variable type.
For example, Bus has self.a = Algeb() as the voltage phase angle variable. For a 5-bus system, Bus.
a.a stores the addresses of the a variable for all the five Bus devices. Conventionally, Bus.a.a will be assigned
np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4]).
3.6.10 Value and Equation Strings
The most important feature of the symbolic framework is allowing to define equations using strings. There are
three types of strings for a variable, stored in the following member attributes, respectively:
• v_str: equation string for explicit initialization in the form of v = v_str(x, y).
• v_iter: equation string for implicit initialization in the form of v_iter(x, y) = 0
• e_str: equation string for (full or part of) the differential or algebraic equation.
The difference between v_str and v_iter should be clearly noted. v_str evaluates directly into the initial value,
while all v_iter equations are solved numerically using the Newton-Krylov iterative method.
3.6. Variables 337

3.6.11 Values Between DAE and Models
ANDES adopts a decentralized architecture which provides each model a copy of variable values before equa-
tion evaluation. This architecture allows to parallelize the equation evaluation (in theory, or in practice if
one works round the Python GIL). However, this architecture requires a coherent protocol for updating the
DAE arrays and the BaseVar arrays. More specifically, how the variable and equations values from model
VarBase should be summed up or forcefully set at the DAE arrays needs to be defined.
The protocol is relevant when a model defines subclasses of BaseVar that are supposed to be "public". Other
models share this variable with ExtAlgeb or ExtState.
By default, all v and e at the same address are summed up. This is the most common case, such as a Bus
connected by multiple devices: power injections from devices should be summed up.
In addition, BaseVar provides two flags, v_setter and e_setter, for cases when one VarBase needs to overwrite
the variable or equation values.
3.6.12 Flags for Value Overwriting
BaseVar have special flags for handling value initialization and equation values. This is only relevant for public
or external variables. The v_setter is used to indicate whether a particular BaseVar instance sets the initial value.
The e_setter flag indicates whether the equation associated with a BaseVar sets the equation value.
The v_setter flag is checked when collecting data from models to the numerical DAE array. If v_setter is False,
variable values of the same address will be added. If one of the variable or external variable has v_setter is
True, it will, at the end, set the values in the DAE array to its value. Only one BaseVar of the same address is
allowed to have v_setter == True.
3.6.13 A v_setter Example
A Bus is allowed to default the initial voltage magnitude to 1 and the voltage phase angle to 0. If a PV device
is connected to a Bus device, the PV should be allowed to override the voltage initial value with the voltage set
point.
In Bus.__init__(), one has
self.v = Algeb(v_str='1')
In PV.__init__, one can use
self.v0 = Param()
self.bus = IdxParam(model='Bus')
self.v = ExtAlgeb(src='v',
model='Bus',
indexer=self.bus,
v_str='v0',
v_setter=True)

where an ExtAlgeb is defined to access Bus.v using indexer self.bus. The v_str line sets the initial value to v0.
In the variable initialization phase for PV, PV.v.v is set to v0.
During the value collection into DAE.y by the System class, PV.v, as a final v_setter, will overwrite the voltage
magnitude for Bus devices with the indices provided in PV.bus.
3.7 Services
Services are helper variables outside the DAE variable list. Services are most often used for storing intermediate
constants but can be used for special operations to work around restrictions in the symbolic framework. Services
are value providers, meaning each service has an attribute v for storing service values. The base class of services
is :py:mod`BaseService`, and the supported services are listed as follows.
BaseService([name, tex_name, unit, info, Base class for Service.

vtype])
OperationService([name, tex_name, info]) Base class for a type of Service which performs spe-
cific operations.
3.7.1 andes.core.service.BaseService
class andes.core.service.BaseService(name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name:

Optional[str] = None, unit: Optional[str] = None,
info: Optional[str] = None, vtype: Optional[Type] =
None)
Base class for Service.
Service is a v-provider type for holding internal and temporary values. Subclasses need to implement v
as a member attribute or using a property decorator.
Parameters
name [str] Instance name
Attributes
owner [Model] The hosting/owner model instance
__init__(name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, unit: Optional[str] = None,
info: Optional[str] = None, vtype: Optional[Type] = None)
3.7. Services 339

Methods
assign_memory(n) Assign memory for self.v and set the array to

zero.
get_names() Return name in a list
BaseService.assign_memory
BaseService.assign_memory(n)
Assign memory for self.v and set the array to zero.
Parameters
n [int] Number of elements of the value array. Provided by caller (Model.list2array).
BaseService.get_names
BaseService.get_names()
Return name in a list
Returns
list A list only containing the name of the service variable
Attributes

n Return the count of values in self.v.
BaseService.class_name
property BaseService.class_name
BaseService.n
property BaseService.n
Return the count of values in self.v.
Needs to be overloaded if v of subclasses is not a 1-dimensional array.
Returns
int The count of elements in this variable

3.7.2 andes.core.service.OperationService
class andes.core.service.OperationService(name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)

Base class for a type of Service which performs specific operations. OperationService may not use the
assign_memory from BaseService, because it can have a different size.
This class cannot be used by itself.
See also:
NumReduce Service for Reducing linearly stored 2-D services into 1-D
NumRepeat Service for repeating 1-D NumParam/ v-array following a
sub-pattern
IdxRepeat Service for repeating 1-D IdxParam/ v-list following a
sub-pattern
__init__(name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)
Methods
assign_memory(n) Assign memory for self.v and set the array to

zero.
get_names() Return name in a list
OperationService.assign_memory
OperationService.assign_memory(n)
Assign memory for self.v and set the array to zero.
Parameters
n [int] Number of elements of the value array. Provided by caller (Model.list2array).
OperationService.get_names
OperationService.get_names()
Return name in a list
Returns
list A list only containing the name of the service variable
3.7. Services 341

Attributes

n Return the count of values in self.v.
v Return values stored in self._v.
OperationService.class_name
property OperationService.class_name
OperationService.n
property OperationService.n
Return the count of values in self.v.
Needs to be overloaded if v of subclasses is not a 1-dimensional array.
Returns
int The count of elements in this variable
OperationService.v
property OperationService.v
Return values stored in self._v. May be overloaded by subclasses.

Class Description
ConstService Internal service for constant values.
VarService Variable service updated at each iteration before equations.
ExtService External service for retrieving values from value providers.
PostInitService Constant service evaluated after TDS initialization
NumReduce The service type for reducing linear 2-D arrays into 1-D arrays
NumRepeat The service type for repeating a 1-D array to linear 2-D arrays
IdxRepeat The service type for repeating a 1-D list to linear 2-D list
EventFlag Service type for flagging changes in inputs as an event
VarHold Hold input value when a hold signal is active
ExtendedEvent Extend an event signal for a given period of time
DataSelect Select optional str data if provided or use the fallback
NumSelect Select optional numerical data if provided
DeviceFinder Finds or creates devices linked to the given devices
BackRef Collects idx-es for the backward references
RefFlatten Converts BackRef list of lists into a 1-D list
InitChecker Checks initial values against typical values
FlagValue Flags values that equals the given value
Replace Replace values that returns True for the given lambda func
3.7.3 Internal Constants
The most commonly used service is ConstService. It is used to store an array of constants, whose value is
evaluated from a provided symbolic string. They are only evaluated once in the model initialization phase,
ahead of variable initialization. ConstService comes handy when one wants to calculate intermediate constants
from parameters.
For example, a turbine governor has a NumParam R for the droop. ConstService allows to calculate the inverse
of the droop, the gain, and use it in equations. The snippet from a turbine governor's __init__() may look
like
self.R = NumParam()
self.G = ConstService(v_str='u/R')
where u is the online status parameter. The model can thus use G in subsequent variable or equation strings.
class andes.core.service.ConstService(v_str: Optional[str] = None, v_numeric:
Optional[Callable] = None, vtype: Optional[type]
= None, name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name:
Optional[str] = None, info: Optional[str] = None,
unit: Optional[str] = None)
A type of Service that stays constant once initialized.
ConstService are usually constants calculated from parameters. They are only evaluated once in the
initialization phase before variables are initialized. Therefore, uninitialized variables must not be used
in v_str`.
3.7. Services 343

ConstService are evaluated in sequence after getting external variables and parameters and before ini-
tializing internal variables.
Parameters
name [str] Name of the ConstService
v_str [str] An equation string to calculate the variable value.
v_numeric [Callable, optional] A callable which returns the value of the ConstService
v_type: type, optional, default to float Type of element in the value array in float or
complex
Attributes
v [array-like or a scalar] ConstService value
class andes.core.service.VarService(v_str: Optional[str] = None, v_numeric:
Optional[Callable] = None, vtype: Optional[type] =
None, name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name:
Optional[str] = None, sequential: Optional[bool] =
True)
Variable service that gets updated in each step/iteration before computing the residual equations. As
a results, variable values from the k-th step are used to compute a VarService that will be used to
compute the residual for the (k+1)-th step.
This class is useful when one has non-differentiable algebraic equations, which make use of abs(), re
and im. Instead of creating Algeb, one can put the equation in VarService, which will be updated before
solving algebraic equations.
Parameters
sequential [bool, optional, default to True] True if this VarService depends on previ-
ously defined VarService and should be evaluated in sequence. False if this VarSer-
vice only uses known variables.
Warning: VarService is not solved with other algebraic equations, meaning that there is one step
"delay" between the algebraic variables and VarService. Use an algebraic variable whenever possible.
Examples
In ESST3A model, the voltage and current sensors (vd + jvq), (Id + jIq) estimate the sensed VE using
equation
V E = |KP C ∗ (vd + 1jvq ) + 1j(KI + KP C ∗ XL ) ∗ (Id + 1jIq )|
One can use VarService to implement this equation

self.VE = VarService(
tex_name='V_E', info='VE', v_str='Abs(KPC*(vd + 1j*vq) + 1j*(KI +
KPC*XL)*(Id + 1j*Iq))', )
class andes.core.service.PostInitService(v_str: Optional[str] = None, v_numeric:

Optional[Callable] = None, vtype:
Optional[type] = None, name: Optional[str] =
None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, info:
Optional[str] = None, unit: Optional[str] =
None)
Constant service that gets stored once after init.
This service is useful when one need to store initialization values stored in variables.
Examples
In ESST3A model, the vf variable is initialized followed by other variables. One can store the initial vf
into vf0 so that equation vf - vf0 = 0 will hold.
self.vref0 = PostInitService(info='Initial reference voltage input',

tex_name='V_{ref0}', v_str='vref', )
Since all ConstService are evaluated before equation evaluation, without using PostInitService, one will
need to create lots of ConstService to store values in the initialization path towards vf0, in order to cor-
rectly initialize vf.
3.7.4 External Constants
Service constants whose value is retrieved from an external model or group. Using ExtService is similar to
using external variables. The values of ExtService will be retrieved once during the initialization phase before
ConstService evaluation.
For example, a synchronous generator needs to retrieve the p and q values from static generators for initial-
ization. ExtService is used for this purpose. In the __init__() of a synchronous generator model, one can
define the following to retrieve StaticGen.p as p0:
self.p0 = ExtService(src='p',
model='StaticGen',
indexer=self.gen,
tex_name='P_0')
class andes.core.service.ExtService(model: str, src: str, indexer:

Union[andes.core.param.BaseParam,
andes.core.service.BaseService], attr: str = 'v',
allow_none: bool = False, default=0, name:
Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] =
None, vtype=None, info: Optional[str] = None)
Service constants whose value is from an external model or group.
3.7. Services 345

Parameters
src [str] Variable or parameter name in the source model or group
model [str] A model name or a group name
indexer [IdxParam or BaseParam] An "Indexer" instance whose v field contains the
idx of devices in the model or group.
Examples
A synchronous generator needs to retrieve the p and q values from static generators for initialization.
ExtService is used for this purpose.
In a synchronous generator, one can define the following to retrieve StaticGen.p as p0:
class GENCLSModel(Model):
def __init__(...):
...
self.p0 = ExtService(src='p',
model='StaticGen',
indexer=self.gen,
tex_name='P_0')
3.7.5 Shape Manipulators
This section is for advanced model developer.

All generated equations operate on 1-dimensional arrays and can use algebraic calculations only. In some cases,
one model would use BackRef to retrieve 2-dimensional indices and will use such indices to retrieve variable
addresses. The retrieved addresses usually has a different length of the referencing model and cannot be used
directly for calculation. Shape manipulator services can be used in such case.
NumReduce is a helper Service type which reduces a linearly stored 2-D ExtParam into 1-D Service. NumRepeat
is a helper Service type which repeats a 1-D value into linearly stored 2-D value based on the shape from a
BackRef.
class andes.core.service.BackRef(**kwargs)
A special type of reference collector.
BackRef is used for collecting device indices of other models referencing the parent model of the Back-
Ref. The v``field will be a list of lists, each containing the ìdx of other models referencing each device
of the parent model.
BackRef can be passed as indexer for params and vars, or shape for NumReduce and NumRepeat. See
examples for illustration.
See also:
andes.core.service.NumReduce A more complete example using BackRef to build the COI

model

Examples
A Bus device has an IdxParam of area, storing the idx of area to which the bus device belongs. In
Bus.__init__(), one has
self.area = IdxParam(model='Area')
Suppose Bus has the following data
idx area Vn
1 1 110
2 2 220
3 1 345
4 1 500
The Area model wants to collect the indices of Bus devices which points to the corresponding Area
device. In Area.__init__, one defines
self.Bus = BackRef()
where the member attribute name Bus needs to match exactly model name that Area wants to collect
idx for. Similarly, one can define self.ACTopology = BackRef() to collect devices in the
ACTopology group that references Area.
The collection of idx happens in andes.system.System._collect_ref_param(). It has to
be noted that the specific Area entry must exist to collect model idx-dx referencing it. For example, if
Area has the following data
idx 1
Then, only Bus 1, 3, and 4 will be collected into self.Bus.v, namely, self.Bus.v == [ [1, 3,
4] ].
If Area has data
idx 1 2
Then, self.Bus.v will end up with [ [1, 3, 4], [2] ].

class andes.core.service.NumReduce(u, ref: andes.core.service.BackRef, fun: Callable,
name=None, tex_name=None, info=None,
cache=True)
A helper Service type which reduces a linearly stored 2-D ExtParam into 1-D Service.
NumReduce works with ExtParam whose v field is a list of lists. A reduce function which takes an
array-like and returns a scalar need to be supplied. NumReduce calls the reduce function on each of the
lists and return all the scalars in an array.
Parameters
u [ExtParam] Input ExtParam whose v contains linearly stored 2-dimensional values
3.7. Services 347

ref [BackRef] The BackRef whose 2-dimensional shapes are used for indexing
fun [Callable] The callable for converting a 1-D array-like to a scalar
Examples
Suppose one wants to calculate the mean value of the Vn in one Area. In the Area class, one defines
class AreaModel(...):
def __init__(...):
...
# backward reference from `Bus`
# collect the Vn in an 1-D array

self.Vn = ExtParam(model='Bus',
src='Vn',
indexer=self.Bus)
self.Vn_mean = NumReduce(u=self.Vn,
fun=np.mean,
ref=self.Bus)
Suppose we define two areas, 1 and 2, the Bus data looks like
idx area Vn
1 1 110
2 2 220
3 1 345
4 1 500
Then, self.Bus.v is a list of two lists [ [1, 3, 4], [2] ]. self.Vn.v will be retrieved and linearly
stored as [110, 345, 500, 220]. Based on the shape from self.Bus, numpy.mean() will be
called on [110, 345, 500] and [220] respectively. Thus, self.Vn_mean.v will become [318.
33, 220].
class andes.core.service.NumRepeat(u, ref, **kwargs)
A helper Service type which repeats a v-provider's value based on the shape from a BackRef
Examples
NumRepeat was originally designed for computing the inertia-weighted average rotor speed (center of
inertia speed). COI speed is computed with
∑
Mi ∗ ωi
ωCOI = ∑
Mi
The numerator can be calculated with a mix of BackRef, ExtParam and ExtState. The denominator
needs to be calculated with NumReduce and Service Repeat. That is, use NumReduce to calculate the
sum, and use NumRepeat to repeat the summed value for each device.

In the COI class, one would have
class COIModel(...):
def __init__(...):
...
self.SynGen = BackRef()
self.SynGenIdx = RefFlatten(ref=self.SynGen)
self.M = ExtParam(model='SynGen',
src='M',
indexer=self.SynGenIdx)
self.wgen = ExtState(model='SynGen',
src='omega',
indexer=self.SynGenIdx)
self.Mt = NumReduce(u=self.M,
fun=np.sum,
ref=self.SynGen)
self.Mtr = NumRepeat(u=self.Mt,
ref=self.SynGen)
self.pidx = IdxRepeat(u=self.idx,ref=self.SynGen)
Finally, one would define the center of inertia speed as
self.wcoi = Algeb(v_str='1', e_str='-wcoi')
self.wcoi_sub = ExtAlgeb(model='COI',
src='wcoi',
e_str='M * wgen / Mtr',
v_str='M / Mtr',
indexer=self.pidx,
)
It is very worth noting that the implementation uses∑a trick to separate the average weighted sum into
n sub-equations, each calculating the (Mi ∗ ωi )/( Mi ). Since all the variables are preserved in the
sub-equation, the derivatives can be calculated correctly.
class andes.core.service.IdxRepeat(u, ref, **kwargs)
Helper class to repeat IdxParam.
This class has the same functionality as andes.core.service.NumRepeat but only operates on
IdxParam, DataParam or NumParam.
class andes.core.service.RefFlatten(ref, **kwargs)
A service type for flattening andes.core.service.BackRef into a 1-D list.
3.7. Services 349

Examples
This class is used when one wants to pass BackRef values as indexer.
andes.models.coi.COI collects referencing andes.models.group.SynGen with
self.SynGen = BackRef(info='SynGen idx lists', export=False)
After collecting BackRefs, self.SynGen.v will become a two-level list of indices, where the first level
correspond to each COI and the second level correspond to generators of the COI.
Convert self.SynGen into 1-d as self.SynGenIdx, which can be passed as indexer for retrieving other
parameters and variables
self.M = ExtParam(model='SynGen', src='M',

indexer=self.SynGenIdx, export=False,
)
3.7.6 Value Manipulation
class andes.core.service.Replace(old_val, flt, new_val, name=None, tex_name=None,

info=None, cache=True)
Replace parameters with new values if the function returns True
class andes.core.service.ParamCalc(param1, param2, func, name=None, tex_name=None,
Parameter calculation service.
Useful to create parameters calculated instantly from existing ones.
3.7.7 Idx and References
class andes.core.service.DeviceFinder(u, link, idx_name: str, default_model: str,

auto_find: Optional[bool] = True, auto_add:
Optional[bool] = True, name: Optional[str] =
Optional[str] = None)
Service for finding idx of devices which are linked to the given devices.
The auto_find parameter controls if the device idx should be automatically looked up. The
auto_add parameter controls if the device will be automatically added. The two parameters are not
exclusive. One can skip finding the device but automatically adding it.
If auto_find is True and the idx is None, DeviceFinder will look up for the device. If not found
and auto_add is True, DevFinder will then automatically add the devices. The idx of the devices
that are found or added will be stored to the DeviceFinder instance, so that DeviceFinder can be used
like any IdxParam.

Adding new devices are called at the beginning of andes.system.System.setup().
Examples
The IEEEST stabilizer takes an optional parameter busf of the type IdxParam for specifying the con-
nected bus frequency measurement device, which is needed for mode 6. To avoid reimplementing Bus-
Freq within IEEEST, one can do
self.busfreq = DeviceFinder(self.busf,
link=self.buss, idx_name='bus',
default_model='BusFreq')
where self.busf is for the optional parameter for the idx of bus frequency estimation devices
(e.g., BusFreq), self.buss is for the idx of buses that self.busf devices should measure, and
idx_name is the name of the BusFreq parameter through which the indices of measured buses are
given.
For each None or invalid values in self.busf, a BusFreq device will be created with its bus set to
the corresponding value in self.buss. That is, BusFreq.[idx_name].v = [link].
At the end, the DeviceFinder instance will contain the list of BusFreq that are are connected to self.buss,
respectively.
In the case of any valid value in self.busf, that is, the value is an existing BusFreq device, De-
viceFinder will return it as is without checking if the BusFreq device actually measures the bus specified
by self.buss. It allows to use the measurement at a different location, but the user have to perform
the data consistency check.
class andes.core.service.BackRef(**kwargs)
A special type of reference collector.
BackRef is used for collecting device indices of other models referencing the parent model of the Back-
Ref. The v``field will be a list of lists, each containing the ìdx of other models referencing each device
of the parent model.
BackRef can be passed as indexer for params and vars, or shape for NumReduce and NumRepeat. See
examples for illustration.
See also:
andes.core.service.NumReduce A more complete example using BackRef to build the COI

model
3.7. Services 351

Examples
A Bus device has an IdxParam of area, storing the idx of area to which the bus device belongs. In
Bus.__init__(), one has
self.area = IdxParam(model='Area')
Suppose Bus has the following data
idx area Vn
1 1 110
2 2 220
3 1 345
4 1 500
The Area model wants to collect the indices of Bus devices which points to the corresponding Area
device. In Area.__init__, one defines
where the member attribute name Bus needs to match exactly model name that Area wants to collect
idx for. Similarly, one can define self.ACTopology = BackRef() to collect devices in the
ACTopology group that references Area.
The collection of idx happens in andes.system.System._collect_ref_param(). It has to
be noted that the specific Area entry must exist to collect model idx-dx referencing it. For example, if
Area has the following data
idx 1
Then, only Bus 1, 3, and 4 will be collected into self.Bus.v, namely, self.Bus.v == [ [1, 3,
4] ].
If Area has data
idx 1 2
Then, self.Bus.v will end up with [ [1, 3, 4], [2] ].

class andes.core.service.RefFlatten(ref, **kwargs)
A service type for flattening andes.core.service.BackRef into a 1-D list.

Examples
This class is used when one wants to pass BackRef values as indexer.
andes.models.coi.COI collects referencing andes.models.group.SynGen with
self.SynGen = BackRef(info='SynGen idx lists', export=False)
After collecting BackRefs, self.SynGen.v will become a two-level list of indices, where the first level
correspond to each COI and the second level correspond to generators of the COI.
Convert self.SynGen into 1-d as self.SynGenIdx, which can be passed as indexer for retrieving other
parameters and variables
self.M = ExtParam(model='SynGen', src='M',

indexer=self.SynGenIdx, export=False,
)
3.7.8 Events
class andes.core.service.EventFlag(u, vtype: Optional[type] = None, name: Optional[str] =

None, tex_name=None, info=None)
Service to flag events when the input value changes. The typical input is a v-provider with binary values.
Implemented by providing self.check(**kwargs) as v_numeric. EventFlag.v stores the values of the input
variable in the most recent iteration/step.
After the evaluation of self.check(), self.v will be updated.
class andes.core.service.ExtendedEvent(u, t_ext: Union[int, float,
andes.core.param.BaseParam,
andes.core.service.BaseService] = 0.0, trig: str =
'rise', enable=True, v_disabled=0,
extend_only=False, vtype: Optional[type] = None,
name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name=None,
info=None)
Service for indicating an event for an extended, predefined period of time following the event disappear-
ance.
The triggering of an event, whether the rise or fall edge, is specified through trig. For example, if trig =
rise, the change of the input from 0 to 1 will be considered as an input, whereas the subsequent change
back to 0 will be considered as the event end.
ExtendedEvent.v stores the flags whether the extended time has completed. Outputs will become 1 once
the event starts and return to 0 when the extended time ends.
Parameters
u [v-provider] Triggering signal where the values are 0 or 1.
3.7. Services 353

trig [str in ("rise", "fall")] Triggering edge for the beginning of an event. rise by default.
enable [bool or v-provider] If disabled, the output will be v_disabled
extend_only [bool] Only output during the extended period, not the event period.
Warning: The performance of this class needs to be optimized.
class andes.core.service.VarHold(u, hold, vtype=None, name=None, tex_name=None,

info=None)
Service for holding the input when the hold signal is on.
Parameters
hold [v-provider, binary] Hold signal array with length equal to the input. For elements
that are 1, the corresponding inputs are held until the hold signal returns to 0.
3.7.9 Flags
class andes.core.service.FlagCondition(u, func, flag=1, name=None, tex_name=None,

Class for flagging values based on a condition function.
By default, values whose condition function output equal that equal to True/1 will be flagged as 1. 0
otherwise.
Parameters
u Input parameter
func A condition function that returns True or False.
flag [1 by default, only 0 or 1 is accepted.] The flag for the inputs whose condition
output is True.
Warning: This class is not ready.

FlagCondition can only be applied to BaseParam with cache=True. Applying to Service will fail
unless cache is False (at a performance cost).
class andes.core.service.FlagGreaterThan(u, value=0.0, flag=1, equal=False,

cache=True)
Service for flagging parameters > or >= the given value element-wise.
Parameters that satisfy the comparison (u > or >= value) will flagged as flag (1 by default).
class andes.core.service.FlagLessThan(u, value=0.0, flag=1, equal=False, name=None,
tex_name=None, info=None, cache=True)

Service for flagging parameters < or <= the given value element-wise.
Parameters that satisfy the comparison (u < or <= value) will flagged as flag (1 by default).
class andes.core.service.FlagValue(u, value, flag=0, name=None, tex_name=None,
Class for flagging values that equal to the given value.
By default, values that equal to value will be flagged as 0. Non-matching values will be flagged as 1.
Parameters
u Input parameter
value Value to flag. Can be None, string, or a number.
flag [0 by default, only 0 or 1 is accepted.] The flag for the matched ones
Warning: FlagNotNone can only be applied to BaseParam with cache=True. Applying to Service
will fail unless cache is False (at a performance cost).
3.7.10 Data Select
class andes.core.service.DataSelect(optional, fallback, name: Optional[str] = None,

tex_name: Optional[str] = None, info: Optional[str] =
None)
Class for selecting values for optional DataParam or NumParam.
This service is a v-provider that uses optional DataParam when available. Otherwise, use the fallback
value.
DataParam will be tested for None, and NumParam will be tested with np.isnan().
Notes
An use case of DataSelect is remote bus. One can do
self.buss = DataSelect(option=self.busr, fallback=self.bus)
Then, pass self.buss instead of self.bus as indexer to retrieve voltages.

Another use case is to allow an optional turbine rating. One can do
self.Tn = NumParam(default=None)
self.Sg = ExtParam(...)
self.Sn = DataSelect(Tn, Sg)
3.7. Services 355

class andes.core.service.NumSelect(optional, fallback, name: typing.Optional[str] = None,

tex_name: typing.Optional[str] = None, info:
typing.Optional[str] = None, ignore_cond:
typing.Optional[typing.Callable] =
functools.partial(<ufunc 'equal'>, 0))
Class for selecting values for optional NumParam.
NumSelect works with internal and external parameters.
Any values equal to np.nan will always be ignored. If one needs to ignore values based on additional
conditions, pass it through ignore_cond. For example, to ignore zero values, use ignore_cond
= partial(np.equal, 0).
Examples
One use case is to allow an optional turbine rating. One can do
self.Tn = NumParam(default=None) self.Sg = ExtParam(...) self.Sn =

DataSelect(Tn, Sg)
3.7.11 Miscellaneous
class andes.core.service.InitChecker(u, lower=None, upper=None, equal=None,

not_equal=None, enable=True, error_out=False,
**kwargs)
Class for checking init values against known typical values.
Instances will be stored in Model.services_post and Model.services_icheck, which will be checked in
Model.post_init_check() after initialization.
Parameters
u v-provider to be checked
lower [float, BaseParam, BaseVar, BaseService] lower bound
upper [float, BaseParam, BaseVar, BaseService] upper bound
equal [float, BaseParam, BaseVar, BaseService] values that the value from v_str should
equal
not_equal [float, BaseParam, BaseVar, BaseService] values that should not equal
enable [bool] True to enable checking

Examples
Let's say generator excitation voltages are known to be in the range of 1.6 - 3.0 per unit. One can add
the following instance to GENBase
self._vfc = InitChecker(u=self.vf,
info='vf range',
lower=1.8,
upper=3.0,
)
lower and upper can also take v-providers instead of float values.
One can also pass float values from Config to make it adjustable as in our implementation of GENBase.
_vfc.
class andes.core.service.ApplyFunc(u, func, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None,
cache=True)
Class for applying a numerical function on a parameter..
Parameters
u Input parameter
func A condition function that returns True or False.
Warning: This class is not ready.
class andes.core.service.CurrentSign(bus, bus1, bus2, name=None, tex_name=None,

info=None)
Service for computing the sign of the current flowing through a series device.
With a given line connecting bus1 and bus2, one can compute the current flow using (v1*exp(1j*a1)
- v2*exp(1j*a2)) / (r + jx) whose value is the outflow on bus1.
CurrentSign can be used to compute the sign to be multiplied depending on the observing bus. For each
value in bus, the sign will be +1 if it appears in bus1 or -1 otherwise.
bus1 bus2
*------>>-----*
bus(+) bus(-)
class andes.core.service.RandomService(func=<built-in method rand of

numpy.random.mtrand.RandomState object>,
**kwargs)
A service type for generating random numbers.
Parameters
name [str] Name
func [Callable] A callable for generating the random variable.
3.7. Services 357

Warning: The value will be randomized every time it is accessed. Do not use it if the value needs
to be stable for each simulation step.
class andes.core.service.SwBlock(*, init, ns, blocks, ext_sel=None, name=None,

tex_name=None, info=None)
Service type for switched shunt blocks.
3.8 Discrete
3.8.1 Background
The discrete component library contains a special type of block for modeling the discontinuity in power system
devices. Such continuities can be device-level physical constraints or algorithmic limits imposed on controllers.
The base class for discrete components is andes.core.discrete.Discrete.
Discrete([name, tex_name, info, no_warn, ...]) Base discrete class.
andes.core.discrete.Discrete
class andes.core.discrete.Discrete(name=None, tex_name=None, info=None,

no_warn=False, min_iter=2, err_tol=0.01)
Base discrete class.
Discrete classes export flag arrays (usually boolean) .
__init__(name=None, tex_name=None, info=None, no_warn=False, min_iter=2, err_tol=0.01)

Methods
check_eq(**kwargs) This function is called in l_check_eq after up-

dating equations.
check_iter_err([niter, err]) Check if the minimum iteration or maximum er-
ror is reached so that this discrete block should
be enabled.
check_var(*args, **kwargs) This function is called in l_update_var be-
fore evaluating equations.
get_names() Available symbols from this class
get_tex_names() Return tex_names of exported flags.
get_values()
list2array(n) Allocate memory for the discrete flags specified

in self.export_flags.
warn_init_limit() Warn if associated variables are initialized at lim-
its.
Discrete.check_eq
Discrete.check_eq(**kwargs)
This function is called in l_check_eq after updating equations.
It updates internal flags, set differential equations, and record pegged variables.
Discrete.check_iter_err
Discrete.check_iter_err(niter=None, err=None)
Check if the minimum iteration or maximum error is reached so that this discrete block should be
enabled.
Only when both niter and err are given, (niter < min_iter) , and (err > err_tol) it will return False.
This logic will start checking the discrete states if called from an external solver that does not feed
niter or err at each step.
Returns
bool True if it should be enabled, False otherwise
3.8. Discrete 359

Discrete.check_var
Discrete.check_var(*args, **kwargs)
This function is called in l_update_var before evaluating equations.
It should update internal flags only.
Parameters
adjust_upper [bool] True to adjust the upper limit to the value of the variable.
Supported by limiters.
adjust_lower [bool] True to adjust the lower limit to the value of the variable. Sup-
ported by limiters.
Discrete.get_names
Discrete.get_names()
Available symbols from this class
Returns
Discrete.get_tex_names
Discrete.get_tex_names()
Return tex_names of exported flags.
TODO: Fix the bug described in the warning below.
Returns
list A list of tex_names for all exported flags.
Warning: If underscore _ appears in both flag tex_name and self.tex_name (for example,
when this discrete is within a block), the exported tex_name will become invalid for SymPy.
Variable name substitution will fail.
Discrete.get_values
Discrete.get_values()

Discrete.list2array
Discrete.list2array(n)
Allocate memory for the discrete flags specified in self.export_flags.
Parameters
n [int] Number of elements in the array. Provided by the calling function.
Discrete.warn_init_limit
Discrete.warn_init_limit()
Warn if associated variables are initialized at limits.
Attributes
class_name
Discrete.class_name
property Discrete.class_name
The uniqueness of discrete components is the way it works. Discrete components take inputs, criteria, and
exports a set of flags with the component-defined meanings. These exported flags can be used in algebraic or
differential equations to build piece-wise equations.
For example, Limiter takes a v-provider as input, two v-providers as the upper and the lower bound. It exports
three flags: zi (within bound), zl (below lower bound), and zu (above upper bound). See the code example in
models/pv.py for an example voltage-based PQ-to-Z conversion.
It is important to note when the flags are updated. Discrete subclasses can use three methods to check and
update the value and equations. Among these methods, check_var is called before equation evaluation, but
check_eq and set_eq are called after equation update. In the current implementation, check_var updates flags
for variable-based discrete components (such as Limiter). check_eq updates flags for equation-involved discrete
components (such as AntiWindup). set_var` is currently only used by AntiWindup to store the pegged states.
ANDES includes the following types of discrete components.
3.8. Discrete 361

3.8.2 Limiters
class andes.core.discrete.Limiter(u, lower, upper, enable=True, name: Optional[str] =

Optional[str] = None, min_iter: int = 2, err_tol: float =
0.01, allow_adjust: bool = True, no_lower=False,
no_upper=False, sign_lower=1, sign_upper=1,
equal=True, no_warn=False, zu=0.0, zl=0.0, zi=1.0)
Base limiter class.
This class compares values and sets limit values. Exported flags are zi, zl and zu.
Parameters
u [BaseVar] Input Variable instance
lower [BaseParam] Parameter instance for the lower limit
upper [BaseParam] Parameter instance for the upper limit
no_lower [bool] True to only use the upper limit
no_upper [bool] True to only use the lower limit
sign_lower: 1 or -1 Sign to be multiplied to the lower limit
sign_upper: bool Sign to be multiplied to the upper limit
equal [bool] True to include equal signs in comparison (>= or <=).
no_warn [bool] Disable initial limit warnings
zu [0 or 1] Default value for zu if not enabled
zl [0 or 1] Default value for zl if not enabled
zi [0 or 1] Default value for zi if not enabled
Notes
If not enabled, the default flags are zu = zl = 0, zi = 1.

Attributes
zl [array-like] Flags of elements violating the lower limit; A array of zeros and/or ones.
zi [array-like] Flags for within the limits
zu [array-like] Flags for violating the upper limit
class andes.core.discrete.SortedLimiter(u, lower, upper, n_select: int = 5, name=None,
tex_name=None, enable=True,
abs_violation=True, min_iter: int = 2, err_tol:
float = 0.01, allow_adjust: bool = True, zu=0.0,
zl=0.0, zi=1.0, ql=0.0, qu=0.0)
A limiter that sorts inputs based on the absolute or relative amount of limit violations.

Parameters
n_select [int] the number of violations to be flagged, for each of over-limit and under-
limit cases. If n_select == 1, at most one over-limit and one under-limit inputs will
be flagged. If n_select is zero, heuristics will be used.
abs_violation [bool] True to use the absolute violation. False if the relative violation
abs(violation/limit) is used for sorting. Since most variables are in per unit, absolute
violation is recommended.
class andes.core.discrete.HardLimiter(u, lower, upper, enable=True, name: Optional[str]
= None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None, info:
Optional[str] = None, min_iter: int = 2, err_tol:
float = 0.01, allow_adjust: bool = True,
no_lower=False, no_upper=False, sign_lower=1,
sign_upper=1, equal=True, no_warn=False,
zu=0.0, zl=0.0, zi=1.0)
Hard limiter for algebraic or differential variable. This class is an alias of Limiter.
class andes.core.discrete.RateLimiter(u, lower, upper, enable=True, no_lower=False,
no_upper=False, lower_cond=1, upper_cond=1,
name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)
Rate limiter for a differential variable.
RateLimiter does not export any variable. It directly modifies the differential equation value.
Warning: RateLimiter cannot be applied to a state variable that already undergoes an AntiWindup
limiter. Use AntiWindupRate for a rate-limited anti-windup limiter.
Notes
RateLimiter inherits from Discrete to avoid internal naming conflicts with Limiter.
class andes.core.discrete.AntiWindup(u, lower, upper, enable=True, no_warn=False,
no_lower=False, no_upper=False, sign_lower=1,
sign_upper=1, name=None, tex_name=None,
info=None, state=None, allow_adjust: bool = True)
Anti-windup limiter.
Anti-windup limiter prevents the wind-up effect of a differential variable. The derivative of the differ-
ential variable is reset if it continues to increase in the same direction after exceeding the limits. During
the derivative return, the limiter will be inactive
if x > xmax and x dot > 0: x = xmax and x dot = 0

if x < xmin and x dot < 0: x = xmin and x dot = 0
This class takes one more optional parameter for specifying the equation.
Parameters
3.8. Discrete 363

state [State, ExtState] A State (or ExtState) whose equation value will be checked and,
when condition satisfies, will be reset by the anti-windup-limiter.
class andes.core.discrete.AntiWindupRate(u, lower, upper, rate_lower, rate_upper,
no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
rate_no_lower=False, rate_no_upper=False,
rate_lower_cond=None,
rate_upper_cond=None, enable=True,
allow_adjust: bool = True)
Anti-windup limiter with rate limits
3.8.3 Comparers
class andes.core.discrete.LessThan(u, bound, equal=False, enable=True, name=None,

tex_name=None, info: Optional[str] = None, cache:
bool = False, z0=0, z1=1)
Less than (<) comparison function that tests if u < bound.
Exports two flags: z1 and z0. For elements satisfying the less-than condition, the corresponding z1 = 1.
z0 is the element-wise negation of z1.
Notes
The default z0 and z1, if not enabled, can be set through the constructor. By default, the model will not
adjust the limit.
class andes.core.discrete.Selector(*args, fun, tex_name=None, info=None)
Selection between two variables using the provided reduce function.
The reduce function should take the given number of arguments. An example function is
np.maximum.reduce which can be used to select the maximum.
Names are in s0, s1.
Warning: A potential bug when more than two inputs are provided, and values in different inputs
are equal. Only two inputs are allowed.
Deprecated since version 1.5.9: Use of this class for comparison-based output is discouraged. In-
stead, use LessThan and Limiter to construct piesewise equations.
See the new implementation of HVGate and LVGate.
See also:
numpy.ufunc.reduce NumPy reduce function

Notes
A common pitfall is the 0-based indexing in the Selector flags. Note that exported flags start from 0.
Namely, s0 corresponds to the first variable provided for the Selector constructor.
Examples
Example 1: select the largest value between v0 and v1 and put it into vmax.
After the definitions of v0 and v1, define the algebraic variable vmax for the largest value, and a selector
vs
self.vmax = Algeb(v_str='maximum(v0, v1)',

tex_name='v_{max}',
e_str='vs_s0 * v0 + vs_s1 * v1 - vmax')
self.vs = Selector(self.v0, self.v1, fun=np.maximum.reduce)
The initial value of vmax is calculated by maximum(v0, v1), which is the element-wise maximum
in SymPy and will be generated into np.maximum(v0, v1). The equation of vmax is to select the
values based on vs_s0 and vs_s1.
class andes.core.discrete.Switcher(u, options: Union[list, Tuple], info: Optional[str] =
None, name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name:
Optional[str] = None, cache=True)
Switcher based on an input parameter.
The switch class takes one v-provider, compares the input with each value in the option list, and exports
one flag array for each option. The flags are 0-indexed.
Exported flags are named with _s0, _s1, ..., with a total number of len(options). See the examples section.
Notes
Switches needs to be distinguished from Selector.

Switcher is for generating flags indicating option selection based on an input parameter. Selector is for
generating flags at run time based on variable values and a selection function.
Examples
The IEEEST model takes an input for selecting the signal. Options are 1 through 6. One can construct
self.IC = NumParam(info='input code 1-6') # input code

self.SW = Switcher(u=self.IC, options=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
If the IC values from the data file ends up being
3.8. Discrete 365

self.IC.v = np.array([1, 2, 2, 4, 6])
Then, the exported flag arrays will be
{'IC_s0': np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0]),

'IC_s1': np.array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0]),
'IC_s2': np.array([0, 1, 1, 0, 0]),
'IC_s3': np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0]),
'IC_s4': np.array([0, 0, 0, 1, 0]),
'IC_s5': np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0]),
'IC_s6': np.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 1])
}
where IC_s0 is used for padding so that following flags align with the options.
3.8.4 Deadband
class andes.core.discrete.DeadBand(u, center, lower, upper, enable=True, equal=False,

zu=0.0, zl=0.0, zi=0.0, name=None, tex_name=None,
info=None)
The basic deadband type.
Parameters
u [NumParam] The pre-deadband input variable
center [NumParam] Neutral value of the output
lower [NumParam] Lower bound
upper [NumParam] Upper bound
enable [bool] Enabled if True; Disabled and works as a pass-through if False.
Notes
Input changes within a deadband will incur no output changes. This component computes and exports
three flags.
Three flags computed from the current input:
• zl: True if the input is below the lower threshold
• zi: True if the input is within the deadband
• zu: True if is above the lower threshold
Initial condition:
All three flags are initialized to zero. All flags are updated during check_var when enabled. If the
deadband component is not enabled, all of them will remain zero.

Examples
Exported deadband flags need to be used in the algebraic equation corresponding to the post-deadband
variable. Assume the pre-deadband input variable is var_in and the post-deadband variable is var_out.
First, define a deadband instance db in the model using
self.db = DeadBand(u=self.var_in, center=self.dbc,

lower=self.dbl, upper=self.dbu)
To implement a no-memory deadband whose output returns to center when the input is within the band,
the equation for var can be written as
var_out.e_str = 'var_in * (1 - db_zi) + \

(dbc * db_zi) - var_out'
class andes.core.discrete.DeadBandRT(u, center, lower, upper, enable=True)

Deadband with flags for directions of return.
Parameters
u [NumParam] The pre-deadband input variable
center [NumParam] Neutral value of the output
lower [NumParam] Lower bound
upper [NumParam] Upper bound
enable [bool] Enabled if True; Disabled and works as a pass-through if False.
Notes
Input changes within a deadband will incur no output changes. This component computes and exports
five flags. The additional two flags on top of DeadBand indicate the direction of return:
• zur: True if the input is/has been within the deadband and was returned from the upper threshold
• zlr: True if the input is/has been within the deadband and was returned from the lower threshold
Initial condition:
All five flags are initialized to zero. All flags are updated during check_var when enabled. If the deadband
component is not enabled, all of them will remain zero.
3.8. Discrete 367

Examples
To implement a deadband whose output is pegged at the nearest deadband bounds, the equation for var
can be provided as
var_out.e_str = 'var_in * (1 - db_zi) + \

dbl * db_zlr + \
dbu * db_zur - var_out'
3.8.5 Others
class andes.core.discrete.Average(u, mode='step', delay=0, name=None, tex_name=None,

info=None)
Compute the average value of a BaseVar over a period of time or a number of simulation steps.
Average is based on the memory implemented in the Delay class. The same modes as in Delay are
supported.
The output of the Average class is named <INSTANCE_NAME>_v, where <INSTANCE_NAME> is the
instance name of Average.
class andes.core.discrete.Delay(u, mode='step', delay=0, name=None, tex_name=None,
info=None)
The delay class.
Delay allows to impose a predefined and fixed "delay" (in either steps or seconds) for an input variable.
The amount of delay must be a scalar and has to be given when instantiating the Delay class when defining
the model.
Delay implements an internal memorize to store past variable values.
The default delay mode is step but can be set to time. In the time mode, the value at the current time
- delay will be interpolated based on the two nearest times and values.
Delay can be applied to a state or an algebraic variable. The exported variable is named
<INSTANCE_NAME>_v, where <INSTANCE_NAME> is the name of the Delay instance.
class andes.core.discrete.Derivative(u, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)
Compute the derivative of a variable using numerical differentiation.
Derivative is based on the storage implemented in the Delay class. The delay is set to 1 step so that the
current and the previous step are used.
A simple first order derivative is computed using u(t) - u(t-1) / tstep, where tstep is the
current step size.
Derivative is intended to be used for algebraic variables because of discontinuity. It can be applied to a
state variable, but one should instead implement the right-hand side equation of the state variable in an
algebraic equation to obtain the accurate derivative.
Alternatively, the washout filter (andes.core.block.Washout) can be used to implement a nu-
merically stable derivative.

The output of the Derivative class is named <INSTANCE_NAME>_v just like Delay.
class andes.core.discrete.Sampling(u, interval=1.0, offset=0.0, name=None,
Sample and hold
Sample an input variable periodically at the given time interval and hold the value until the next sample
time.
For example, this class can be used to implement a 4-second sampling of the AGC signal.
The output of Sampling is named <INSTANCE_NAME>_v, where <INSTANCE_NAME> is the Sam-
pling instance name.
class andes.core.discrete.ShuntAdjust(*, v, lower, upper, bsw, gsw, dt, u, enable=True,
min_iter=2, err_tol=0.01, name=None,
tex_name=None, info=None, no_warn=False)
Class for adjusting switchable shunts.
Parameters
v [BaseVar] Voltage measurement
lower [BaseParam] Lower voltage bound
upper [BaseParam] Upper voltage bound
bsw [SwBlock] SwBlock instance for susceptance
gsw [SwBlock] SwBlock instance for conductance
dt [NumParam] Delay time
u [NumParam] Connection status
min_iter [int] Minimum iteration number to enable shunt switching
err_tol [float] Minimum iteration tolerance to enable switching
3.9 Blocks
3.9.1 Background
The block library contains commonly used blocks (such as transfer functions and nonlinear functions). Variables
and equations are pre-defined for blocks to be used as "lego pieces" for scripting DAE models. The base class
for blocks is andes.core.block.Block.
The supported blocks include Lag, LeadLag, Washout, LeadLagLimit, PIController. In ad-
dition, the base class for piece-wise nonlinear functions, Piecewise is provided. Piecewise is used
for implementing the quadratic saturation function MagneticQuadSat and exponential saturation function
MagneticExpSat.
3.9. Blocks 369

All variables in a block must be defined as attributes in the constructor, just like variable definition in models.
The difference is that the variables are "exported" from a block to the capturing model. All exported variables
need to placed in a dictionary, self.vars at the end of the block constructor.
Blocks can be nested as advanced usage. See the following API documentation for more details.
class andes.core.block.Block(name: Optional[str] = None, tex_name: Optional[str] = None,
info: Optional[str] = None, namespace: str = 'local')
Base class for control blocks.
Blocks are meant to be instantiated as Model attributes to provide pre-defined equation sets. Subclasses
must overload the __init__ method to take custom inputs. Subclasses of Block must overload the define
method to provide initialization and equation strings. Exported variables, services and blocks must be
constructed into a dictionary self.vars at the end of the constructor.
Blocks can be nested. A block can have blocks but itself as attributes and therefore reuse equations.
When a block has sub-blocks, the outer block must be constructed with a``name``.
Nested block works in the following way: the parent block modifies the sub-block's name attribute by
prepending the parent block's name at the construction phase. The parent block then exports the sub-
block as a whole. When the parent Model class picks up the block, it will recursively import the variables
in the block and the sub-blocks correctly. See the example section for details.
Parameters
name [str, optional] Block name
tex_name [str, optional] Block LaTeX name
info [str, optional] Block description.
namespace [str, local or parent] Namespace of the exported elements. If 'local', the
block name will be prepended by the parent. If 'parent', the original element name
will be used when exporting.
Warning: It is a good practice to avoid more than one level of nesting, to avoid multi-underscore
variable names.
Examples
Example for two-level nested blocks. Suppose we have the following hierarchy
SomeModel instance M contains an instance of LeadLag block named A, which contains a Lag instance
named B. Both A and B exports two variables x and y.
In the code for SomeModel, the following code is used to instantiate LeadLag
class SomeModel:
def __init__(...)
... self.A = LeadLag(name='A',
u=self.foo1, T1=self.foo2, T2=self.foo3)

To use Lag in the LeadLag code, the following lines are found in the constructor of LeadLag
class LeadLag:
def __init__(name, ...)
... self.B = Lag(u=self.y, K=self.K, T=self.T)
# register `self.B` with the name À` self.vars = {..., 'B':

self.B}
When instantiating any block instance, its __setattr__ function assigns names to exported variables
and blocks. For the LeadLag instance with the name A, its member attribute B is assigned the name A_B
by convention. That is, A_B will be set to B.name.
When A is picked up by SomeModel.__setattr__, B is captured from A's exports with the name
A_B. Recursively, B's variables are exported, Recall that B.name is now A_B, following the naming rule
(parent block's name + variable name), B's internal variables become A_B_x and A_B_y.
Again, the LeadLag instance name (A.name in this example) must be given when instantiating in
SomeModel's constructor to ensure correct name propagation. If there is more than one level of nesting,
other than the terminal-level block, all names of the parent blocks must be provided at instantiation.
In such a way, B's define() needs no modification since the naming rule is the same. For example,
B's internal y is always {self.name}_y, although the nested B has gotten a new name A_B.
define()
Function for setting the initialization and equation strings for internal variables. This method must
be implemented by subclasses.
The equations should be written with the "final" variable names. Let's say the block instance is
named blk (kept at self.name of the block), and an internal variable v is defined. The internal
variable will be captured as blk_v by the parent model. Therefore, all equations should use
{self.name}_v to represent variable v, where {self.name} is the name of the block at
run time.
On the other hand, the names of externally provided parameters or variables are obtained by directly
accessing the name attribute. For example, if self.T is a parameter provided through the block
constructor, {self.T.name} should be used in the equation.
See also:
PIController.define Equations for the PI Controller block
Examples
An internal variable v has a trivial equation T = v, where T is a parameter provided to the block
constructor.
In the model, one has
class SomeModel():
def __init__(...)
3.9. Blocks 371


self.input = Algeb()
self.T = Param()
self.blk = ExampleBlock(u=self.input, T=self.T)
In the ExampleBlock function, the internal variable is defined in the constructor as
class ExampleBlock():
def __init__(...):
self.v = Algeb()
self.vars = {'v', self.v}
In the define, the equation is provided as
def define(self):
self.v.v_str = '{self.T.name}'
self.v.e_str = '{self.T.name} - {self.name}_v'
In the parent model, v from the block will be captured as blk_v, and the equation will evaluate
into
self.blk_v.v_str = 'T'
self.blk_v.e_str = 'T - blk_v'
3.9.2 Transfer Functions
The following transfer function blocks have been implemented. They can be imported to build new models.
Linear
class andes.core.block.Gain(u, K, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)

Gain block.
┌───┐
u -> │ K │ -> y
└───┘
Exports an algebraic output y.

define()
Implemented equation and the initial condition are
y = Ku
y (0) = Ku(0)

class andes.core.block.GainLimiter(u, K, R, lower, upper, no_lower=False,

no_upper=False, sign_lower=1, sign_upper=1,
Gain followed by a limiter and another gain.
Exports the limited output y, unlimited output x, and HardLimiter lim.
┌─────┐ upper ┌─────┐

│ │ /¯¯¯¯¯ │ │
u -> │ K │ -> x / -> │ R │ -> y
│ │ _____/ │ │
└─────┘ lower └─────┘
Parameters
u [str, BaseVar] Input variable, or an equation string for constructing an anonymous
variable
K [str, BaseParam, BaseService] Initial gain for u before limiter
R [str, BaseParam, BaseService] Post limiter gain
define()
TODO: write docstring
class andes.core.block.Piecewise(u, points: Union[List, Tuple], funs: Union[List, Tuple],
Piecewise block. Outputs an algebraic variable y.
This block takes a list of N points, [x0, x1, ...x_{n-1}] to define N+1 ranges, namely (-inf, x0), (x0, x1),
..., (x_{n-1}, +inf). and a list of N+1 function strings [fun0, ..., fun_n].
Inputs that fall within each range applies the corresponding function. The first range (-inf, x0) applies
fun_0, and the last range (x_{n-1}, +inf) applies the last function fun_n.
The function returns zero if no condition is met.
Parameters
points [list, tuple] A list of piecewise points. Need to be provided in the constructor
function.
funs [list, tuple] A list of strings for the piecewise functions. Need to be provided in
the overloaded define function.
define()
Build the equation string for the piecewise equations.
self.funs needs to be provided with the function strings corresponding to each range.
class andes.core.block.HVGate(u1, u2, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)
High Value Gate. Outputs the maximum of two inputs.
3.9. Blocks 373

┌─────────┐
u1 -> │ HV Gate │
│ │ -> y
u2 -> │ (MAX) │
└─────────┘
class andes.core.block.LVGate(u1, u2, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)

Low Value Gate. Outputs the minimum of the two inputs.
┌─────────┐
u1 -> │ LV Gate |
│ | -> y
u2 -> │ (MIN) |
└─────────┘
class andes.core.block.DeadBand1(u, center, lower, upper, gain=1.0, enable=True,

namespace='local')
Deadband type 1 (linear, non-step).
Parameters
center Default value when within the deadband. If the input is an error signal, center
should be set to zero.
gain Gain multiplied to DeadBand discrete block's output.
Notes
Block diagram
| /
______|__/___ -> Gain -> DeadBand1_y
/ |
/ |
First Order
class andes.core.block.Integrator(u, T, K, y0, check_init=True, name=None,

Integrator block.
┌──────┐
u -> │ K/sT │ -> y
└──────┘
Exports a differential variable y.

The initial output needs to be specified through y0.

define()
ẏ = Ku
y (0) = 0
class andes.core.block.IntegratorAntiWindup(u, T, K, y0, lower, upper, name=None,

tex_name=None, info=None,
no_warn=False)
Integrator block with anti-windup limiter.
upper
/¯¯¯¯¯
┌──────┐
u -> │ K/sT │ -> y
└──────┘
_____/
lower
Exports a differential variable y and an AntiWindup lim. The initial output must be specified through y0.
define()
ẏ = Ku
y (0) = 0
class andes.core.block.Lag(u, T, K, D=1, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)

Lag (low pass filter) transfer function.
┌────────┐
│ K │
u -> │ ────── │ -> y
│ D + sT │
└────────┘
Exports one state variable y as the output.

Parameters
K Gain
T Time constant
D Constant
u Input variable
define()
3.9. Blocks 375

Notes
Equations and initial values are
T ẏ = (Ku − Dy)
y (0) = Ku/D
class andes.core.block.LagAntiWindup(u, T, K, lower, upper, D=1, name=None,

Lag (low pass filter) transfer function block with an anti-windup limiter.
upper
/¯¯¯¯¯¯
┌────────┐
│ K │
u -> │ ────── │ -> y
│ D + sT │
└────────┘
______/
lower
Exports one state variable y as the output and one AntiWindup instance lim.
Parameters
K Gain
T Time constant
D Constant
u Input variable
define()
Notes
T ẏ = (Ku − Dy)
y (0) = Ku/D
class andes.core.block.LagFreeze(u, T, K, freeze, D=1, name=None, tex_name=None,

info=None)
Lag with an input to freeze the state.
During the period when the freeze signal is 1, the LagFreeze output will be frozen.
define()

Notes
T ẏ = (1 − f reeze) ∗ (Ku − y)
y (0) = Ku
class andes.core.block.LagAWFreeze(u, T, K, lower, upper, freeze, D=1, name=None,

Lag with anti-windup limiter and state freeze.
Note that the output y is a state variable.
define()
Notes
T ẏ = (1 − f reeze)(Ku − y)
y (0) = Ku
y undergoes an anti-windup limiter.

class andes.core.block.LagRate(u, T, K, rate_lower, rate_upper, D=1, rate_no_lower=False,
rate_no_upper=False, rate_lower_cond=None,
rate_upper_cond=None, name=None, tex_name=None,
info=None)
Lag (low pass filter) transfer function block with a rate limiter.
/ rate_upper
┌────────┐
│ K │
u -> │ ────── │ -> y
│ D + sT │
└────────┘
rate_lower /
Exports one state variable y as the output and one AntiWindupRate instance lim.
Parameters
K Gain
T Time constant
D Constant
u Input variable
define()
3.9. Blocks 377

Notes
T ẏ = (Ku − y)
y (0) = Ku
class andes.core.block.LagAntiWindupRate(u, T, K, lower, upper, rate_lower, rate_upper,

D=1, no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
rate_no_lower=False, rate_no_upper=False,
rate_lower_cond=None,
rate_upper_cond=None, name=None,
Lag (low pass filter) transfer function block with a rate limiter and an anti-windup limiter.
upper
rate_upper /¯¯¯¯¯¯
┌────────┐
│ K │
u -> │ ────── │ -> y
│ D + sT │
└────────┘
______/ rate_lower
lower
Exports one state variable y as the output and one AntiWindupRate instance lim.
Parameters
K Gain
T Time constant
D Constant
u Input variable
define()
Notes
T ẏ = (Ku − Dy)
y (0) = Ku/D
class andes.core.block.Washout(u, T, K, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)

Washout filter (high pass) block.

┌────────┐
│ sK │
u -> │ ────── │ -> y
│ 1 + sT │
└────────┘
Exports state x (symbol x') and output algebraic variable y.

define()
Notes
Equations and initial values:
T ẋ′ = (u − x′ )
T y = K(u − x′ )
x′(0) = u
y (0) = 0
class andes.core.block.WashoutOrLag(u, T, K, name=None, zero_out=True,

Washout with the capability to convert to Lag when K = 0.
Can be enabled with zero_out. Need to provide name to construct.
Exports state x (symbol x'), output algebraic variable y, and a LessThan block LT.
Parameters
zero_out [bool, optional] If True, sT will become 1, and the washout will become a
low-pass filter. If False, functions as a regular Washout.
define()
Notes
Equations and initial values:
T ẋ′ = (u − x′ )
T y = z0 K(u − x′ ) + z1 T x
x′(0) = u
y (0) = 0
where z_0 is a flag array for the greater-than-zero elements, and z_1 is that for the less-than or
equal-to zero elements.
3.9. Blocks 379

class andes.core.block.LeadLag(u, T1, T2, K=1, zero_out=True, name=None,

Lead-Lag transfer function block in series implementation.
┌───────────┐
│ 1 + sT1 │
u -> │ K ─────── │ -> y
│ 1 + sT2 │
└───────────┘
Exports two variables: internal state x and output algebraic variable y.

Parameters
T1 [BaseParam] Time constant 1
T2 [BaseParam] Time constant 2
zero_out [bool] True to allow zeroing out lead-lag as a pass through (when T1=T2=0)
Notes
To allow zeroing out lead-lag as a pure gain, set zero_out to True.

define()
Notes
Implemented equations and initial values

T2 ẋ′ = (u − x′ )
T2 y = KT1 (u − x′ ) + KT2 x′ + E2 , where
{
(y − Kx′ ) if T1 = T2 = 0&zero_out = T rue
E2 =
0 otherwise
x′(0) = u
y (0) = Ku
class andes.core.block.LeadLagLimit(u, T1, T2, lower, upper, name=None,

Lead-Lag transfer function block with hard limiter (series implementation).
┌─────────┐ upper
│ 1 + sT1 │ /¯¯¯¯¯
u -> │ ─────── │ -> ynl / -> y
│ 1 + sT2 │ _____/
└─────────┘ lower
Exports four variables: state x, output before hard limiter ynl, output y, and AntiWindup lim.
define()

Notes
Implemented control block equations (without limiter) and initial values
T2 ẋ′ = (u − x′ )
T2 y = T1 (u − x′ ) + T2 x′
x′(0) = y (0) = u
Second Order
class andes.core.block.Lag2ndOrd(u, K, T1, T2, name=None, tex_name=None, info=None)

Second order lag transfer function (low-pass filter).
┌──────────────────┐
│ K │
u -> │ ──────────────── │ -> y
│ 1 + sT1 + s^2 T2 │
└──────────────────┘
Exports one two state variables (x, y), where y is the output.
Parameters
u Input
K Gain
T1 First order time constant
T2 Second order time constant
define()
Notes
Implemented equations and initial values are
T2 ẋ = Ku − y − T1 x
ẏ = x
x(0) = 0
y (0) = Ku
class andes.core.block.LeadLag2ndOrd(u, T1, T2, T3, T4, zero_out=False, name=None,

Second-order lead-lag transfer function block.
3.9. Blocks 381

┌──────────────────┐
│ 1 + sT3 + s^2 T4 │
u -> │ ──────────────── │ -> y
│ 1 + sT1 + s^2 T2 │
└──────────────────┘
Exports two internal states (x1 and x2) and output algebraic variable y.
The current implementation allows any or all parameters to be zero. Four LessThan blocks are used
to check if the parameter values are all zero. If yes, y = u will be imposed in the algebraic equation.
define()
Notes
Implemented equations and initial values are
T2 ẋ1 = u − x2 − T1 x1
ẋ2 = x1
T2 y = T2 x2 + T2 T3 x1 + T4 (u − x2 − T1 x1 ) + E2 , where
{
(y − x2 ) if T1 = T2 = T3 = T4 = 0&zero_out = T rue
E2 =
0 otherwise
(0)
x1 = 0
(0)
x2 = y (0) = u
PI Controllers
class andes.core.block.PIController(u, kp, ki, ref=0.0, x0=0.0, name=None,

Proportional Integral Controller.
The controller takes an error signal as the input. It takes an optional ref signal, which will be subtracted
from the input.
Parameters
u [BaseVar] The input variable instance
kp [BaseParam] The proportional gain parameter instance
ki [[type]] The integral gain parameter instance
define()
Define equations for the PI Controller.

Notes
One state variable xi and one algebraic variable y are added.

Equations implemented are
ẋi = ki ∗ (u − ref )
y = xi + kp ∗ (u − ref )
class andes.core.block.PIAWHardLimit(u, kp, ki, aw_lower, aw_upper, lower, upper,

no_lower=False, no_upper=False, ref=0.0, x0=0.0,
PI controller with anti-windup limiter on the integrator and hard limit on the output.
Limits lower and upper are on the final output, and aw_lower aw_upper are on the integrator.
define()
Notes

ẋi = ki ∗ (u − ref )
y = xi + kp ∗ (u − ref )
class andes.core.block.PITrackAW(u, kp, ki, ks, lower, upper, no_lower=False,

no_upper=False, ref=0.0, x0=0.0, name=None,
PI with tracking anti-windup limiter
define()
run time.
See also:
3.9. Blocks 383

Examples
constructor.
class SomeModel():
def __init__(...)
self.T = Param()
def __init__(...):
self.v = Algeb()
def define(self):
into
class andes.core.block.PIFreeze(u, kp, ki, freeze, ref=0.0, x0=0.0, name=None,

PI controller with state freeze.
Freezes state when the corresponding freeze == 1.
Notes
Tested in experimental.TestPITrackAW.PIFreeze.
define()

Notes

ẋi = ki ∗ (u − ref )
y = (1 − f reeze) ∗ (xi + kp ∗ (u − ref )) + f reeze ∗ y
class andes.core.block.PITrackAWFreeze(u, kp, ki, ks, lower, upper, freeze, no_lower=False,

PI controller with tracking anti-windup limiter and state freeze.
define()
run time.
See also:
Examples
constructor.
class SomeModel():
def __init__(...)
self.T = Param()
3.9. Blocks 385

def __init__(...):
self.v = Algeb()
def define(self):
into
class andes.core.block.PIDController(u, kp, ki, kd, Td, name, ref=0.0, x0=0.0,

Proportional Integral Derivative Controller.
┌────────────────────┐
│ ki skd │
u -> │kp + ─── + ─────── │ -> y
│ s 1 + sTd │
└────────────────────┘
The controller takes an error signal as the input. It takes an optional ref signal, which will be subtracted
from the input.
The name is suggessted to be specified the same as the instance name.
This block assembles a PIController and a Washout.
Parameters
ki [BaseParam] The integral gain parameter instance
kd [BaseParam] The derivative gain parameter instance
Td [BaseParam] The derivative time constant parameter instance
define()
Define equations for the PID Controller.

Notes
One PIController PIC, one Washout xd, and one algebraic variable y are added.
ẋi = ki ∗ (u − ref )
xd = W ashout(u − ref )y
= xi + kp ∗ (u − ref ) + xd
class andes.core.block.PIDAWHardLimit(u, kp, ki, kd, Td, aw_lower, aw_upper, lower,

upper, name, no_lower=False, no_upper=False,
ref=0.0, x0=0.0, tex_name=None, info=None)
PID controller with anti-windup limiter on the integrator and hard limit on the output.
upper
/¯¯¯¯¯¯
┌────────────────────┐
│ ki skd │
u -> │kp + ─── + ─────── │ -> y
│ s 1 + sTd │
└────────────────────┘
______/
lower
The controller takes an error signal as the input.

Limits lower and upper are on the final output, and aw_lower aw_upper are on the integrator.
The name is suggessted to be specified the same as the instance name.
Parameters
ki [BaseParam] The integral gain parameter instance
kd [BaseParam] The derivative gain parameter instance
Td [BaseParam] The derivative time constant parameter instance
define()
3.9. Blocks 387

Notes

ẋi = ki ∗ (u − ref )
y = xi + kp ∗ (u − ref )
class andes.core.block.PIDTrackAW(u, kp, ki, kd, Td, ks, lower, upper, no_lower=False,
PID with tracking anti-windup limiter
define()
run time.
See also:
Examples
constructor.
class SomeModel():
def __init__(...)
self.T = Param()

def __init__(...):
self.v = Algeb()
def define(self):
into
3.9.3 Saturation
class andes.models.exciter.ExcExpSat(E1, SE1, E2, SE2, name=None, tex_name=None,

info=None)
Exponential exciter saturation block to calculate A and B from E1, SE1, E2 and SE2. Input parameters
will be corrected and the user will be warned. To disable saturation, set either E1 or E2 to 0.
Parameters
E1 [BaseParam] First point of excitation field voltage
SE1: BaseParam Coefficient corresponding to E1
E2 [BaseParam] Second point of excitation field voltage
SE2: BaseParam Coefficient corresponding to E2
define()
Notes
The implementation solves for coefficients A and B which satisfy
E1 SE1 = AeE1×B E2 SE2 = AeE2×B
The solutions are given by

(
E2 SE2
) ( )
E2 SE2
E1 log
E1 SE1 log E1 SE1
E1 SE1 e E1 −E2 −
E1 − E2
3.9. Blocks 389

3.9.4 Naming Convention
We loosely follow a naming convention when using modeling blocks. An instance of a modeling block is named
with a two-letter acronym, followed by a number or a meaningful but short variaiable name. The acronym and
the name are spelled in one word without underscore, as the output of the block already contains _y.
For example, two washout filters can be names WO1 and WO2. In another case, a first-order lag function for
voltage sensing can be called LGv, or even LG if there is only one Lag instance in the model.
Naming conventions are not strictly enforced. Expressiveness and concision are encouraged.
3.10 Examples
We show two examples to demonstrate modeling from equations and modeling from control block diagrams.
• The TGOV1 example shows code snippet for equation-based modeling and, as well as code for block-
based modeling.
• The IEEEST example walks through the source code and explains the complete setup, including optional
parameters, input selection, and manual per-unit conversion.
3.10.1 TGOV1
The TGOV1 turbine governor model is shown as a practical example using the library.
This model is composed of a lead-lag transfer function and a first-order lag transfer function with an anti-
windup limiter, which are sufficiently complex for demonstration. The corresponding differential equations

and algebraic equations are given below.

[
] [ LG ]
ẋLG zi,lim (Pd − xLG ) /T1
=
ẋLL (xLG − xLL ) /T3
   
0 (1 − ω) − ωd
0  R × τm0 − Pref 
   
0  (Pref + ωd ) /R − Pd 
 = 
0  
   T Dt ωd + yLL − POU T 
0  2 (xLG − xLL ) + xLL − yLL 
T3
0 u (POU T − τm0 )
where LG and LL denote the lag block and the lead-lag block, ẋLG and ẋLL are the internal states, yLL is the
lead-lag output, ω the generator speed, ωd the generator under-speed, Pd the droop output, τm0 the steady-state
torque input, and POU T the turbine output that will be summed at the generator.
The code to describe the above model using equations is given below. The complete code can be found in class
TGOV1ModelAlt in andes/models/governor.py.

# 1. Declare parameters from case file inputs.
self.R = NumParam(info='Turbine governor droop',
non_zero=True, ipower=True)
# Other parameters are omitted.
# 2. Declare external variables from generators.

self.omega = ExtState(src='omega',
model='SynGen',
indexer=self.syn,
info='Generator speed')
self.tm = ExtAlgeb(src='tm',
model='SynGen',
indexer=self.syn,
e_str='u*(pout-tm0)',
info='Generator torque input')
# 3. Declare initial values from generators.

self.tm0 = ExtService(src='tm',
model='SynGen',
indexer=self.syn,
info='Initial torque input')
# 4. Declare variables and equations.

self.pref = Algeb(info='Reference power input',
v_str='tm0*R',
e_str='tm0*R-pref')
self.wd = Algeb(info='Generator under speed',
e_str='(1-omega)-wd')
self.pd = Algeb(info='Droop output',
v_str='tm0',
e_str='(wd+pref)/R-pd')
self.LG_x = State(info='State in the lag TF',
v_str='pd',
3.10. Examples 391


e_str='LG_lim_zi*(pd-LG_x)/T1')
self.LG_lim = AntiWindup(u=self.LG_x,
lower=self.VMIN,
upper=self.VMAX)
self.LL_x = State(info='State in the lead-lag TF',
v_str='LG_x',
e_str='(LG_x-LL_x)/T3')
self.LL_y = Algeb(info='Lead-lag Output',
v_str='LG_x',
e_str='T2/T3*(LG_x-LL_x)+LL_x-LL_y')
self.pout = Algeb(info='Turbine output power',
v_str='tm0',
e_str='(LL_y+Dt*wd)-pout')
Another implementation of TGOV1 makes extensive use of the modeling blocks. The resulting code is more
readable as follows.

TGBase.__init__(self, system, config)
self.gain = ConstService(v_str='u/R')
self.pref = Algeb(info='Reference power input',

tex_name='P_{ref}',
v_str='tm0 * R',
e_str='tm0 * R - pref',
)
self.wd = Algeb(info='Generator under speed',

unit='p.u.',
tex_name=r'\omega_{dev}',
v_str='0',
e_str='(wref - omega) - wd',
)
self.pd = Algeb(info='Pref plus under speed times gain',
unit='p.u.',
tex_name="P_d",
v_str='u * tm0',
e_str='u*(wd + pref + paux) * gain - pd')
self.LAG = LagAntiWindup(u=self.pd,
K=1,
T=self.T1,
lower=self.VMIN,
upper=self.VMAX,
)
self.LL = LeadLag(u=self.LAG_y,
T1=self.T2,
T2=self.T3,
)

self.pout.e_str = '(LL_y + Dt * wd) - pout'
The complete code can be found in class TGOV1Model in andes/models/governor.py.
3.10.2 IEEEST
In this example, we will explain step-by-step how IEEEST is programmed. The block diagram of IEEEST is
given as follows. We recommend you to open up the source code in andes/models/pss.py and then
continue reading.
First of all, modeling components are imported at the beginning.

Next, PSSBaseData is defined to hold parameters shared by all PSSs. PSSBaseData inherits from Mod-
elData and calls the base constructor. There is only one field avr defined for the linked exciter idx.
Then, IEEESTData defines the input parameters for IEEEST. Use IdxParam for fields that store idx-es of
devices that IEEEST devices link to. Use NumParam for numerical parameters.
PSSBase
PSSBase is defined for the common (external) parameters, services and variables shared by all PSSs. The
class and constructor signatures are
class PSSBase(Model):
super().__init__(system, config)
PSSBase inherits from Model and calls the base constructor. Note that the call to Model's constructor takes
two positional arguments, system and config of types System and ModelConfig. Next, the group is
specified, and the model flags are set.
Note: It is important to set the TDS flag to register the model. If not set, data for the model will be successfully
loaded, but the variables in the model will not receive any address, and the model equations will be skipped.
3.10. Examples 393

There is a similar flag self.flags.pflow for models to participate in power flow calculations. Most
dynamic models, however, are initialized after power flow.
self.group = 'PSS'
self.flags.tds = True
Next, Replace is used to replace input parameters that satisfy a lambda function with new values.
self.VCUr = Replace(self.VCU, lambda x: np.equal(x, 0.0), 999)

self.VCLr = Replace(self.VCL, lambda x: np.equal(x, 0.0), -999)
The value replacement happens when VCUr and VCLr is first accessed. Replace is executed in the model
initialization phase (at the end of services update).
Next, the indices of connected generators, buses, and bus frequency measurements are retrieved. Synchronous
generator idx is retrieved with
self.syn = ExtParam(model='Exciter', src='syn', indexer=self.avr,␣

,→export=False,
info='Retrieved generator idx', vtype=str)
Using the retrieved self.syn, it retrieves the buses to which the generators are connected.
self.bus = ExtParam(model='SynGen', src='bus', indexer=self.syn, export=False,

info='Retrieved bus idx', vtype=str, default=None,
)
PSS models support an optional remote bus specified through parameter busr. When busr is None, the
generator-connected bus should be used. The following code uses DataSelect to select busr if available
but falls back to bus otherwise.
self.buss = DataSelect(self.busr, self.bus, info='selected bus (bus or busr)')
Each PSS links to a bus frequency measurement device. If the input data does not specify one or the specified
one does not exist, DeviceFinder can find the correct measurement device for the bus where frequency
measurements should be taken.
self.busfreq = DeviceFinder(self.busf, link=self.buss, idx_name='bus')
where busf is the optional frequency measurement device idx, buss is the bus idx for which measurement
device needs to be found or created.
Next, external parameters, variables and services are retrieved. Note that the PSS output vsout is pre-
allocated but the equation string is left to specific models.

IEEESTModel
IEEESTModel inherits from PSSBase and adds specific model components. After calling PSSBase's con-
structor, IEEESTModel adds config entries to allow specifying the model for frequency measurement, because
there may be multiple frequency measurement models in the future.
self.config.add(OrderedDict([('freq_model', 'BusFreq')]))
self.config.add_extra('_help', {'freq_model': 'default freq. measurement model
,→'})
self.config.add_extra('_alt', {'freq_model': ('BusFreq',)})
We set the chosen measurement model to busf so that DeviceFinder knows which model to use if it
needs to create new devices.
self.busf.model = self.config.freq_model
Next, because bus voltage is an algebraic variable, we use Derivative to calculate the finite difference to
approximate its derivative.
self.dv = Derivative(self.v, tex_name='dV/dt', info='Finite difference of bus␣

,→voltage')
Then, we retrieve the coefficient to convert power from machine base to system base using ConstService,
given by Sb / Sn. This is needed for input mode 3, electric power in machine base.
self.SnSb = ExtService(model='SynGen', src='M', indexer=self.syn, attr='pu_

,→coeff',
info='Machine base to sys base factor for power',
tex_name='(Sb/Sn)')
Note that the ExtService access the pu_coeff field of the M variables of synchronous generators. Since M
is a machine-base power quantity, M.pu_coeff stores the multiplication coefficient to convert each of them
from machine bases to the system base, which is Sb / Sn.
The input mode is parsed into boolean flags using Switcher:
self.SW = Switcher(u=self.MODE,
options=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
)
where the input u is the MODE parameter, and options is a list of accepted values. Switcher boolean
arrays s0, s1, ..., sN, where N = len(options) - 1. We added 0 to options for padding so that
SW_s1 corresponds to MODE 1. It improves the readability of the code as we will see next.
The input signal sig is an algebraic variable given by
self.sig = Algeb(tex_name='S_{ig}',
info='Input signal',
)
self.sig.v_str = 'SW_s1*(omega-1) + SW_s2*0 + SW_s3*(tm0/SnSb) + ' \

3.10. Examples 395


'SW_s4*(tm-tm0) + SW_s5*v + SW_s6*0'
self.sig.e_str = 'SW_s1*(omega-1) + SW_s2*(f-1) + SW_s3*(te/SnSb) + ' \

'SW_s4*(tm-tm0) + SW_s5*v + SW_s6*dv_v - sig'
The v_str and e_str are separated from the constructor to improve readability. They construct piece-wise
functions to select the correct initial values and equations based on mode. For any variables in v_str, they
must be defined before sig so that they will be initialized ahead of sig. Clearly, omega, tm, and v are
defined in PSSBase and thus come before sig.
The following comes the most effective part: modeling using transfer function blocks. We utilized several
blocks to describe the model from the diagram. Note that the output of a block is always the block name
followed by _y. For example, the input of F2 is the output of F1, given by F1_y.
self.F1 = Lag2ndOrd(u=self.sig, K=1, T1=self.A1, T2=self.A2)
self.F2 = LeadLag2ndOrd(u=self.F1_y, T1=self.A3, T2=self.A4,

T3=self.A5, T4=self.A6, zero_out=True)
self.LL1 = LeadLag(u=self.F2_y, T1=self.T1, T2=self.T2, zero_out=True)
self.LL2 = LeadLag(u=self.LL1_y, T1=self.T3, T2=self.T4, zero_out=True)
self.Vks = Gain(u=self.LL2_y, K=self.KS)
self.WO = WashoutOrLag(u=self.Vks_y, T=self.T6, K=self.T5, name='WO',

zero_out=True) # WO_y == Vss
self.VLIM = Limiter(u=self.WO_y, lower=self.LSMIN, upper=self.LSMAX,

info='Vss limiter')
self.Vss = Algeb(tex_name='V_{ss}', info='Voltage output before output limiter

,→',
e_str='VLIM_zi * WO_y + VLIM_zu * LSMAX + VLIM_zl * LSMIN -␣

,→Vss')
self.OLIM = Limiter(u=self.v, lower=self.VCLr, upper=self.VCUr,

info='output limiter')
self.vsout.e_str = 'OLIM_zi * Vss - vsout'
In the end, the output equation is assigned to vsout.e_str. It completes the equations of the IEEEST
model.

Finalize
Assemble IEEESTData and IEEESTModel into IEEEST:
class IEEEST(IEEESTData, IEEESTModel):

IEEESTData.__init__(self)
IEEESTModel.__init__(self, system, config)
Locate and edit the file andes/models/__init__.py. The variable file_classes is a list of tuples
that stores the source file and class names in strings. In each tuple, the first element is the .py file name in the
models folder, and the second element is a list of class names to be imported from that file.
Find the line with pss, then add IEEEST to the corresponding list of model names. The line will look like
file_classes = list([
...
('pss', ['IEEEST', 'ST2CUT']),
...
])
Note in the above that the string 'IEEEST' is used. The line above is valid as long as from andes.
models.pss import IEEEST is valid. If the source file name does not exist in any line of
file_classes, one may add it after all prerequisite models. For example, the pss line should be added
after exciters (and generators, of course).
Finally, locate andes/models/group.py, check if the class PSS exist. It needs to match the group name
of IEEEST. If not, create one by inheriting from GroupBase:
class PSS(GroupBase):
"""Power system stabilizer group."""
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.common_vars.extend(('vsout',))
where we added vsout to the common_vars list. All models in the PSS group must have a variable named
vsout, which is defined in PSSBase.
This completes the IEEEST model. When developing new models, use andes prepare to generate nu-
merical code and start debugging.
3.10. Examples 397


CHAPTER
FOUR
RELEASE NOTES
The APIs before v3.0.0 are in beta and may change without prior notice.
4.1 v1.8 Notes
4.1.1 v1.8.10 (2023-08-10)
• An internal change to the xlsx parser option. Previously, the index column was set to 0, which assumes
the existence of uid as the header. Manually input sheets without uid will fail. This version unsets the
index column when using pandas to parse the xlsx file.
• Jumper is included for connectivity check.
• Add curly brackets for LaTeX symbols from sub-blocks. Nested symbols with subscripts and superscripts
now display properly.
4.1.2 v1.8.9 (2023-06-22)
• Fix Model.alter() for parameters that are time constants for differential equations. Altered time constants
are now properly updated in dae.Tf and will be correctly reflected in simulation results.
• Fix a bug in connectivity check.
• Support numba for Python 3.11.
4.1.3 v1.8.8 (2023-04-24)
• Repository transferred to github.com/curent/andes.

• Fix for frequency-dependent load model FLoad by not exporting the external bus parameter.
399
4.1.4 v1.8.7 (2023-03-10)
• Added IEEE 39-bus test case with dynamics in the ANDES xlsx format. Contributed by @jinningwang.
• In interop.pandapower, the _verify_pf function will not be called if TDS has been initialized. This
prevents the breaking of variable addresses.
4.1.5 v1.8.6 (2023-02-13)
• Minor fix in timeseries.py for backward compatibility with Python 3.6.
4.1.6 v1.8.5 (2022-12-22)
• Fixed an issue to properly handle turning off a Jumper.

• New interface to GridCal by @JosepFanals. GridCal installation required.
• Bug fixes in WTARA1.
4.1.7 v1.8.4 (2022-11-23)
• Fixed a bug in time stepping where step sizes were not properly reduced when the solver failed to con-
verge.
4.1.8 v1.8.3 (2022-11-15)
• Support Python 3.11. The average performance gain is a few percent.

• Made numba an optional dependency because it does not yet support Python 3.11.
• Fixes a bug in the time stepping logic that causes resumed simulations to overwrite the result of the
previous final step.
4.1.9 v1.8.2 (2022-10-30)
This is a minor release to support SymPy 1.11.x.

Internally, ModelData contains a new member field index_bases to record the variables by which other
variables are indexed. Most variables, by default, are indexed by idx. Some models (such as COI) whose
device can link to multiple other devices can have multiple index bases.
Index bases are currently placeholders and have not been used in the current version.
400 Chapter 4. Release notes

4.1.10 v1.8.1 (2022-09-24)
• New turbine governor model HYGOV4. Thanks to Zaid Mahmood for the contribution.
• Bug fixes to saving data to xlsx file.
4.1.11 v1.8.0 (2022-08-30)
• Internal change: drop the support for reloading generated code from calls.pkl. All generated code
are serialized into Python files and reloaded as a pycode module.
• Fix an issue where cases in multiprocessing fail to serialize due to not being able to find pycode.
pycode is now properly imported by the main process.
• When one needs to serialize a System object, such as during multiprocessing, one needs to manually
import pycode. This can be done by calling andes.system.import_pycode().
• Internal change: serializing with dill is not set to recursive by default.
4.2 v1.7 Notes
4.2.1 v1.7.8 (2022-08-24)
• Support marking tests as extra so that they are not run by default. The function names for extra tests
should contain extra_test. To run all tests, use andes st -e or andes selftest --extra.
• Add the new_A flag for sparse solvers to trigger actions. Currently, only the spsolve solver will need
to rebuild and refactorize the sparse matrix.
4.2.2 v1.7.7 (2022-08-02)
• Implemented a chattering detection and stop algorithm by increasing the step size when chattering is
detected.
• TimeSeries.get_data() works for systems with Output.
• Allow freezing states associated with anti-windup limiters after a certain number of iterations to prevent
chattering.
Models:
• New exciter models: ESDC1A, EXAC2.
• New grid-forming inverter models: REGF1, REGF2, REGF3.
• For IEEEG1, normalize K1 through K8 if they do not sum up to 1.0
4.2. v1.7 Notes 401

4.2.3 v1.7.6 (2022-07-11)
• In eigenvalue analysis, added parameter sweeping and scatter plot for root loci. See revised Example 4.
• Documentation improvements.
4.2.4 v1.7.5 (2022-07-05)
• Added Fortescue model to support symmetric component calculation. The model allows interfacing a
positive-sequence bus with three buses representing three phases. See the model description for details.
• Added PLL2 for the Synchronously-rotating Reference Frame (SRF)-based PLL.
• REGCP1 works identically to REGCA1 when the pll parameter is empty and works with a PLL.
• REECA1 is updated to work with vd of the converter. If using the REGCA1 model, vd = v.
• Reverted a change in Line parameter that caused SMIB case to crash.
4.2.5 v1.7.4 (2022-07-01)
• Renamed model Toggler to Toggle.

• New model: ESAC5A. (Contributed by Ahmad Ali).
• Added documentation for creating disturbances.
• Updated documentation for modeling blocks.
4.2.6 v1.7.3 (2022-06-25)
Bug fix:
• Fix Ipcmd initialization equation of REGCA1.
Improved the interface to pandapower:
• Improved to_pandapower performance using vectorized conversion.
• Enhanced make_link_table to include group RenGen.
4.2.7 v1.7.2 (2022-06-07)
• Improved documentation and examples.

4.2.8 v1.7.1 (2022-05-31)
This release contains minor fixes to the documentation.

Other changes:
• In PVD1, Enable pmx limiting by default.
• In ST2CUT, fix the type of busr2 and busr to IdxParam.
4.2.9 v1.7.0 (2022-05-22)
Allow incrementally offloading simulation data from memory to the output file:
• [TDS].limit_store is a boolean value to enable the limit for in-memory time-series storage. If
set to 1, data will be offloaded to the npz file every [TDS].max_store steps. Offloaded data will
then be erased from memory.
• If you need to interact with the time-series data in memory, you need to keep [TDS].limit_store
to 0.
Allow specifying models, variables, and/or devices to output:
• See Output. The model field is mandatory. Leaving varname or dev blank indicates the selection of all
applicable elements. For example, specifying model and varname without dev means that the variable
for all devices will be exported.
• Plot tool works with in-memory time-series data specified by Output.
Simulation output control:
• Allow controlling the save frequency for output data in [TDS].save_every. The default value is 1,
which means that every step will be saved. Setting it to 4, for example, will save data every four steps.
This setting applies to the in-memory storage and the output data file.
• Setting save_every = 0 will immediately discard all data after each simulation step.
• Added the option [TDS].save_mode to change the automatic simulation data dumping to manual.
Accepted values are auto and manual. This option shall only be adjusted to manual when one is
manually stepping the simulation and wants to avoid writing to the output file when the simulation reaches
TDS.config.tf. One will need to call TDS.save_output() when the full simulation concludes
to avoid losing unsaved data.
Other changes:
• Fix the initialization of offline synchronous generators.
• Allow styles to be set for plots using the argument style. To generate figures for IEEE publications,
use style=ieee (require package scienceplots).
• Moved the writing of the lst file to the first step of simulation.
• andes misc -C will not remove _out.csv file as it is considered data for post-processing just like
exported figures.
4.2. v1.7 Notes 403

4.3 v1.6 Notes
4.3.1 v1.6.6 (2022-04-30)
• Rename [System] call_stats to [System] save_stats for clarity. If turned on, one can
retrieve statistics of function calls in TDS.call_stats.
• Store routine execution time to routine member execution_time.
• Fix PSS/E parsing issues with GAST.
• Fix issues and update default parameters for REGCV1 and REGCV2.
• Allow adjusting limits for state variables during initialization. Like for algebraic variables, the default
setting automatically adjusts the upper limit but not the lower one.
4.3.2 v1.6.5 (2022-04-19)
• Added a TDS stop criteria based on rotor angle separation with reference to Power System Analysis
Toolbox.
• Fix a bug for snapshot save and load. It now supports writing to and reading from io.BytesIO().
4.3.3 v1.6.4 (2022-04-17)
Breaking change:
• PV model no longer has p as a variable in the DAE. p copies the value of p0. This change affects the
addresses of variables.
• Changed models.file_classes to a list to improve the control over the class initialization se-
quence in the same package.
Operator splitting for internal algebraic variables:
• VarService can be evaluated model-internal algebraic variables outside the DAE system. This ap-
proach is known as operator splitting and is commonly used in other simulation tools.
• Operator splitting reduces the size of the DAE system but introduces a one-iteration lag between the
internal algebraic variables and others in the DAE system.
• VarService shall be avoided for singular functions (non-continuous) and shall not be adopted to
circumvent initializing algebraic equations.
• VarService takes an argument sequential, which is True by default. Non-sequential VarSer-
vice shall not depend on other VarService calculated at the same step as they will be evaluated
simultaneously.
• andes.interop.pandapower.to_pandapower() set all generators as controllable by de-
fault. Generators in converted the pandapower case are named using the idx of StaticGen.
• Bug fixes in interop.pandapower.make_link_table().

Other changes:
• Added a new service type andes.core.service.SubsService for temporary symbols that will
be substituted at code generation time.
• TDS.plt.plot() now accepts a list of variable objects. For example, ss.TDS.plt.plot([ss.
GENROU.omega, ss.GENROU.delta], a=[0, 1]) will plot the rotor speed and angles of
the 0-th and the 1-st generator.
• Added REGCP1 model for generic converters with PLL support.
• Fixed PSS/E parser for HYGOV.
4.3.4 v1.6.3 (2022-04-06)
• Adjustments in the Pandapower interface. Added make_GSF() for the generation shift factor matrix.
• Reduced import overhead for the command-line tool.
4.3.5 v1.6.2 (2022-03-27)
Interoperability:
• Added interoperability modules for MATPOWER (through Oct2Py), pandapower and pypowsybl.
• Added Examples and API reference for the interoperability module.
• Improved the setup script to support extra dependencies. The following extras groups are supported:
dev and interop. See Extra support package for more information.
• Added tests for power flow calculation against MATPOWER.
Others:
• Added a shorthand command andes.system.example() to return a disposable system. It can be
useful for quick prototyping.
• Improved the formatting and navigation of Model references.
• Models store the base values for per-unit conversion in Model.bases.
4.3.6 v1.6.1 (2022-03-13)
• Revamped documentation with a much improved "Getting started" section.
4.3. v1.6 Notes 405

4.3.7 v1.6.0 (2022-03-11)
• Migrated documentation to the pydata template.

• Added compatibility with SymPy 1.9 and 1.10.
4.4 v1.5 Notes
4.4.1 v1.5.12 (2022-03-05)
• Improved PSS/E parsers for WTDTA1 model to follow PSS/E parameter definition.
• Included the Jupyter notebook examples in the documentation.
• Tweaks to the plot utility.
4.4.2 v1.5.11 (2022-02-23)
• Reduced the tolerance for tiny variable increments to be treated as zero.

• Fixed PSS/E parsers for renewable models.
• Minor renewable model fixes.
4.4.3 v1.5.10 (2022-02-01)
• Fixed one equation in REGC_A.
4.4.4 v1.5.9 (2022-01-31)
• Added PLL1, a simple PLL model.

• Renamed REGCVSG to REGCV1 and REGCVSG2 to REGCV2.
• Added an alias list for model names. See models/__init__.py.
• Multiprocessing now executes on all CPUs that are physical, instead of logical. A new package psutil
needs to be installed.
• Use of Selector is deprecated.

4.4.5 v1.5.8 (2021-12-21)
• Full initialization debug message will be printed only when -v 10 and run --init are both used.
• Improved warning of out-of-limit initialization. Variables initialized at limits will be shown only at the
debug level.
• Initialization improvements for models REGCA1 and REECA1.
• Added model HYGOV.
• Changed the default vout of offline exciters to zeros. All vout equations need to be multipled by ue.
4.4.6 v1.5.7 (2021-12-11)
This minor release highlights the improved debugging of initialization.

Highly verbose initialization output can be enabled when the verbose level is 10 or less. For example,
andes -v 10 run test.xlsx -r tds --init
will set the verbose level to 10 and run test.xlsx in the current folder, proceed to time-domain simulation
but only initialize the models. Outputs will be printed to the shell where the command is executed.
To save the output to a file, use the following in a UNIX shell:
andes -v 10 run test.xlsx -r tds --init > info.txt 2>&1
where the first > pipes the output to a file named info.txt, and 2>&1 appends stderr (2) to stdout (1).
The other main improvement is allowing automatic limit adjustment during initialization. Due to parameter
errors, some variables will be initialized to values outside the given limits. Most commercial software does not
attempt to fix the parameter but rather adjust the limit in run time.
The same approach is followed in ANDES by automatically adjusting the upper limit, if exceeded, to variable
initial values. The lower limit, however, is kept unadjusted by default.
Discrete components now take an argument named allow_adjust so that the model developer can specify
if its limits can be adjusted or must be kept as is. Each model is allowed to specify three config flags to
customize runtime behaviors: allow_adjust, adjust_lower, and adjust_uppwer. By default,
allow_adjust=True, adjust_upper=True, and adjust_lower=False. One can modify the
config file to enable or disable the limit adjustments for specific models.
Other fixes include:
• Bug fixes for GAST parameter AT.
• Bug fixes for IEEET3, GAST, ESAC1A and ESST1A when device is off to avoid matrix singularity.
4.4. v1.5 Notes 407

4.4.7 v1.5.6 (2021-11-25)
• Allow specifying config options through command-line arguments --config-option.

• Added a voltage and frequency playback model PLBVFU1.
• Bug fixes to an SEXS equation.
4.4.8 v1.5.5 (2021-11-13)
• Added a Timeseries model for reading timeseries data from xlsx.

• Converted several models into Python packages.
• Bug fixes to TGOV1 equations (#226)
4.4.9 v1.5.4 (2021-11-02)
• Fixed a bug in generated select functions that omitted the coefficients of __ones.
4.4.10 v1.5.3 (2021-10-31)
• Revered special arguments for the generated select function.

• Stabilized the argument list of pycode. If the pycode is identical to existing ones, the existing file will
not be overwritten. As a result, compiled code is fully cached.
• Partially seperated time-domain integration method into daeint.py.
4.4.11 v1.5.2 (2021-10-27)
• Removed CVXOPT dependency.

• Removed __zeros and __ones as they are no longer needed.
• Added andes prep -c to precompile the generated code.
• Added utility functions for saving and loading system snapshots. See andes/utils/snapshot.py.
• Compiled numba code is always cached.
• Bug fixes.

4.4.12 v1.5.1 (2021-10-23)
• Restored compatibility with SymPy 1.6.

• Added a group for voltage compensators.
• New models: IEEEVC and GAST.
4.4.13 v1.5.0 (2021-10-13)
• Support numba just-in-time compilation of all equation and Jacobian calls.

This option accelerates simulations by up to 30%. The acceleration is visible in medium-scale systems with
multiple models. Such systems involve heavy function calls but a rather moderate load for linear equation
solvers. The speed up is less significant in large-scale systems where solving equations is the major time con-
sumer.
Numba is required and can be installed with pip install numba or conda install numba.
To turn on numba for ANDES, in the ANDES configuration under [System], set numba = 1 and
numba_cache = 1.
The just-in-time compilation will compile the code upon the first execution based on the input types. When
compilation is triggered, ANDES may appear frozen due to the compilation lag. The option numba_cache
= 1 will cache compiled machine code, so that the lag only occurs once until the next andes prep.
• Allow BackRef to populate to models through Group.
When model A stores an IdxParam pointing to a group, if BackRef with the name A are declared in both
the group and the model, both BackRef will retrieve the backward references from model A.
• Allow BaseVar to accept partial initializations.
If BaseVar.v_str_add = True, the value of v_str will be added in place to variable value. An example is
that voltage compensator sets part of the input voltage, and exciter reads the bus voltage. Exciter has v.v_str_add
= True so that when compensators exist, the input voltage will be bus voltage (vbus) plus (Eterm - vbus). If no
compensator exists, exciter will use bus voltages and function as expected.
• Added reserved variable names __ones and __zeros for ones and zeros with length equal to the
device number.
__ones and __zeros are useful for vectorizing choicelist in Piecewise functions.
4.5 v1.4 Notes
4.5.1 v1.4.4 (2021-10-05)
• Bug fixes for refreshing generated code.
4.5. v1.4 Notes 409

4.5.2 v1.4.3 (2021-09-25)
This release features parallel processing that cuts the time for andes prepare by more than half.
• andes prepare supports multiprocessing and uses it by default.
• Added aliases andes st and andes prep for andes selftest and andes prepare.
• andes.config_logger supports setting new stream_level and file_level.
New exciter models are contributed by Jinning Wang.
• Added AC8B, IEEET3 and ESAC1A.
Other changes include disallowing numba's nopython mode.
4.5.3 v1.4.2 (2021-09-12)
• Bug fixes
• Dropped support for cvxoptklu.
4.5.4 v1.4.1 (2021-09-12)
• Bug fixes.
• Overhaul of the prepare and undill methods.
• andes prepare can be called for specific models through -m, which takes one or many model names
as arguments.
4.5.5 v1.4.0 (2021-09-08)
This release highlights the distributed energy resource protection model.

• Added DGPRCT1 model to provide DG models with voltage- and frequency-based protection following
IEEE 1547-2018.
• REECA1E supports frequency droop on power.
• Throws TypeError if type mismatches when using ExtAlgeb and ExtState.
4.6 v1.3 Notes
4.6.1 v1.3.12 (2021-08-22)
Plot enhancements:
• plot() takes an argument mark for masking y-axis data based on the left and right range pa-
rameters.

• TDS.plt provides a panoview method for plotting an panoramic view for selected variables and
devices of a model.
Models:
• Added WIP EV models and protection models.
Test case: - Added CURENT EI test system. - Added a number of IEEE 14 bus test systems for specific
models.
4.6.2 v1.3.11 (2021-07-27)
• Added REECA1E model with inertia emulation.

• Fixed an issue where the vtype of services was ignored.
• Changed default DPI for plotting to 100.
4.6.3 v1.3.10 (2021-06-08)
• Bug fixes for controllers when generators are off.
4.6.4 v1.3.9 (2021-06-02)
• Bug fixes in exciters when generators are offline.

• Added safe_div function for initialization equations.
4.6.5 v1.3.8 (2021-06-02)
• Added REGCVSG model for voltage-source controlled renewables.

• Turbine governors are now aware of the generator connection status.
4.6.6 v1.3.7 (2021-05-03)
• Allow manually specifying variables needing initialization preceding a variable. Specify a list of variable
names through BaseVar.deps.
4.6. v1.3 Notes 411

4.6.7 v1.3.6 (2021-04-23)
• Patched ESD1 model. Converted distributed.py into a package.

• Bug fixes.
4.6.8 v1.3.5 (2021-03-20)
• Fixed a bug in connectivity check when bus 0 is islanded.

• Updated notebook examples.
• Updated tutorials.
4.6.9 v1.3.4 (2021-03-13)
• Fixed a bug for the generated renewable energy code.
4.6.10 v1.3.2 (2021-03-08)
• Relaxed the version requirements for NumPy and SymPy.
4.6.11 v1.3.1 (2021-03-07)
• Writes all generated Python code to ~/.andes/pycode by default.

• Uses generated Python code by default instead of calls.pkl.
• Works with NumPy 1.20; works on Apple Silicon (use miniforge) to install native Python and NumPy
for Apple Silicon.
• Generalized model initialization: automatically determines the initialization sequence and solve equations
iteratively when necessary.
• In System.config, save_pycode and use_pycode are now deprecated.
4.6.12 v1.3.0 (2021-02-20)
• Allow State variable set check_init=False to skip initialization test. One use case is for integrators with
non-zero inputs (such as state-of-charge integration).
• Solves power flow for systems with multiple areas, each with one Slack generator.
• Added Jumper for connecting two buses with zero impedance.
• REGCA1 and synchronous generators can take power ratio parameters gammap and gammaq.
• New models: IEESGO and IEEET1, EXAC4.
• Refactored exciters, turbine governors, and renewable models into modules.

4.7 v1.2 Notes
4.7.1 v1.2.9 (2021-01-16)
• Added system connectivity check for islanded buses.

• Depend on openpyxl for reading excel files since xlrd dropped support for any format but xlsx since v2.0.0.
4.7.2 v1.2.7 (2020-12-08)
• Time-domain integration now evaluates anti-windup limiter before algebraic residuals. It assures that
algebraic residuals are calculated with the new state values if pegged at limits.
• Fixed the conditions for Iq ramping in REGC; removed Iqmax and Iqmin.
• Added a new plot function plotn to allow multiple subplots in one figure.
• TDS.config.g_scale is now now used as a factor for scaling algebraic equations for better con-
vergence. Setting it to 1.0 functions the same as before.
4.7.3 v1.2.6 (2020-12-01)
• Added TGOV1N model which sums pref and paux after the 1/droop block.
• Added ZIP and FLoad for dynamic analysis. Need to be initialized after power flow.
• Added DAETimeSeries.get_data() method.
• Added IEEE 14-bus test cases with solar PV (ieee14_solar.xlsx) and Generic Type 3 wind
(ieee14_wt3.xlsx).
4.7.4 v1.2.5 (2020-11-19)
• Added Summary model to allow arbitrary information for a test case. Works in xlsx and json formats.
• PV reactive power limit works. Automatically determines the number of PVs to convert if npv2pq=0.
• Limiter and AntiWindup limiter can use sign_upper=-1 and sign_lower=-1 to negate the provided limits.
• Improved error messages for inconsistent data.
• DAETimeSeries functions refactored.
4.7. v1.2 Notes 413

4.7.5 v1.2.4 (2020-11-13)
• Added switched shunt class ShuntSw.

• BaseParam takes inconvert and oconvert for converting parameter elements from and to files.
4.7.6 v1.2.3 (2020-11-02)
• Support variable sys_mva (system base mva) in equation strings.

• Default support for KVXOPT through pip installation.
4.7.7 v1.2.2 (2020-11-01)
New Models:
• PVD1 model, WECC distributed PV model. Supports multiple PVD1 devices on the same bus.
• Added ACEc model, ACE calculation with continuous freq.
Changes and fixes:
• Renamed TDS._itm_step to TDS.itm_step as a public API.
• Allow variable sys_f (system frequency) in equation strings.
• Fixed ACE equation. measurement.
• Support kvxopt as a drop-in replacement for cvxopt to bring KLU to Windows (and other platforms).
• Added kvxopt as a dependency for PyPI installation.
4.7.8 v1.2.1 (2020-10-11)
• Renamed models.non_jit to models.file_classes.

• Removed models/jit.py as models have to be loaded and instantiated anyway before undill.
• Skip generating empty equation calls.
4.7.9 v1.2.0 (2020-10-10)
This version contains major refactor for speed improvement.

• Refactored Jacobian calls generation so that for each model, one call is generated for each Jacobian type.
• Refactored Service equation generation so that the exact arguments are passed.
Also contains an experimental Python code dump function.
• Controlled in System.config, one can turn on save_pycode to dump equation and Jacobian calls
to ~/.andes/pycode. Requires one call to andes prepare.

• The Python code dump can be reformatted with yapf through the config option yapf_pycode. Re-
quires separate installation.
• The dumped Python code can be used for subsequent simulations through the config option
use_pycode.
4.8 v1.1 Notes
4.8.1 v1.1.5 (2020-10-08)
• Allow plotting to existing axes with the same plot API.

• Added TGOV1DB model (TGOV1 with an input dead-band).
• Added an experimental numba support.
• Patched LazyImport for a snappier command-line interface.
• andes selftest -q now skips code generation.
4.8.2 v1.1.4 (2020-09-22)
• Support BackRef for groups.

• Added CLI --pool to use multiprocess.Pool for multiple cases. When combined with
--shell, --pool returns System Objects in the list system.
• Fixed bugs and improved manual.
4.8.3 v1.1.3 (2020-09-05)
• Improved documentation.
• Minor bug fixes.
4.8.4 v1.1.2 (2020-09-03)
• Patched time-domain for continuing simulation.
4.8. v1.1 Notes 415

4.8.5 v1.1.1 (2020-09-02)
• Added back quasi-real-time speed control through --qrt and --kqrt KQRT.
• Patched the time-domain routine for the final step.
4.8.6 v1.1.0 (2020-09-01)
• Defaulted BaseVar.diag_eps to System.Config.diag_eps.

• Added option TDS.config.g_scale to allow for scaling the algebraic mismatch with step size.
• Added induction motor models Motor3 and Motor5 (PSAT models).
• Allow a PFlow-TDS model to skip TDS initialization by setting ModelFlags.tds_init to False.
• Added Motor models Motor3 and Motor5.
• Imported get_case and list_cases to the root package level.
• Added test cases (Kundur's system) with wind.
Added Generic Type 3 wind turbine component models:
• Drive-train models WTDTA1 (dual-mass model) and WTDS (single-mass model).
• Aerodynamic model WTARA1.
• Pitch controller model WTPTA1.
• Torque (a.k.a. Pref) model WTTQA1.
4.9 v1.0 Notes
4.9.1 v1.0.8 (2020-07-29)
New features and models:

• Added renewable energy models REECA1 and REPCA1.
• Added service EventFlag which automatically calls events if its input changes.
• Added service ExtendedEvent which flags an extended event for a given time.
• Added service ApplyFunc to apply a numeric function. For the most cases where one would need Apply-
Func, consider using ConstService first.
• Allow selftest -q for quick selftest by skipping codegen.
• Improved time stepping logic and convergence tests.
• Updated examples.
Default behavior changes include:

• andes prepare now takes three mutually exclusive arguments, full, quick and incremental. The
command-line now defaults to the quick mode. andes.prepare() still uses the full mode.
• Model.s_update now evaluates the generated and the user-provided calls in sequence for each ser-
vice in order.
• Renamed model REGCAU1 to REGCA1.
4.9.2 v1.0.7 (2020-07-18)
• Use in-place assignment when updating Jacobian values in Triplets.

• Patched a major but simple bug where the Jacobian refactorization flag is set to the wrong place.
• New models: PMU, REGCAU1 (tests pending).
• New blocks: DeadBand1, PIFreeze, PITrackAW, PITrackAWFreeze (tests pending), and LagFreeze
(tests pending).
• andes plot supports dashed horizontal and vertical lines through hline1, hline2, vline1 and vline2.
• Discrete: renamed DeadBand to DeadBandRT (deadband with return).
• Service: renamed FlagNotNone to FlagValue with an option to flip the flags.
• Other tweaks.
4.9.3 v1.0.6 (2020-07-08)
• Patched step size adjustment algorithm.

• Added Area Control Error (ACE) model.
4.9.4 v1.0.5 (2020-07-02)
• Minor bug fixes for service initialization.

• Added a wrapper to call TDS.fg_update to allow passing variables from caller.
• Added pre-event time to the switch_times.
4.9.5 v1.0.4 (2020-06-26)
• Implemented compressed NumPy format (npz) for time-domain simulation output data file.
• Implemented optional attribute vtype for specifying data type for Service.
• Patched COI speed initialization.
• Patched PSS/E parser for two-winding transformer winding and impedance modes.
4.9. v1.0 Notes 417

4.9.6 v1.0.3 (2020-06-02)
• Patches PQ model equations where the "or" logic "|" is ignored in equation strings. To adjust PQ load in
time domain simulation, refer to the note in pq.py.
• Allow Model.alter to update service values.
4.9.7 v1.0.2 (2020-06-01)
• Patches the conda-forge script to use SymPy < 1.6. After SymPy version 1.5.1, comparison operations
cannot be sympified. Pip installations are not affected.
4.9.8 v1.0.1 (2020-05-27)
• Generate one lambda function for each of f and g, instead of generating one for each single f/g equation.
Requires to run andes prepare after updating.
4.9.9 v1.0.0 (2020-05-25)
This release is going to be tagged as v0.9.5 and later tagged as v1.0.0.

• Added verification results using IEEE 14-bus, NPCC, and WECC systems under folder examples.
• Patches GENROU and EXDC2 models.
• Updated test cases for WECC, NPCC IEEE 14-bus.
• Documentation improvements.
• Various tweaks.
4.10 Pre-v1.0.0
4.10.1 v0.9.4 (2020-05-20)
• Added exciter models EXST1, ESST3A, ESDC2A, SEXS, and IEEEX1, turbine governor model
IEEEG1 (dual-machine support), and stabilizer model ST2CUT.
• Added blocks HVGate and LVGate with a work-around for sympy.maximum/ minimum.
• Added services PostInitService (for storing initialized values), and VarService (variable services that get
updated) after limiters and before equations).
• Added service InitChecker for checking initialization values against typical values. Warnings will be
issued when out of bound or equality/ inequality conditions are not met.
• Allow internal variables to be associated with a discrete component which will be updated before ini-
tialization (through BaseVar.discrete).

• Allow turbine governors to specify an optional Tn (turbine rating). If not provided, turbine rating will
fall back to Sn (generator rating).
• Renamed OptionalSelect to DataSelect; Added NumSelect, the array-based version of DataSelect.
• Allow to regenerate code for updated models through andes prepare -qi.
• Various patches to allow zeroing out time constants in transfer functions.
4.10.2 v0.9.3 (2020-05-05)
This version contains bug fixes and performance tweaks.

• Fixed an AntiWindup issue that causes variables to stuck at limits.
• Allow TDS.run() to resume from a stopped simulation and run to the new end time in TDS.config.
tf.
• Improved TDS data dump speed by not constructing DataFrame by default.
• Added tests for kundur_full.xlsx and kundur_aw.xlsx to ensure results are the same as known values.
• Other bug fixes.
4.10.3 v0.9.1 (2020-05-02)
This version accelerates computations by about 35%.

• Models with flag collate=False, which is the new default, will slice DAE arrays for all internal vars
to reduce copying back and forth.
• The change above greatly reduced computation time. For kundur_ieeest.xlsx, simulation time
is down from 2.50 sec to 1.64 sec.
• The side-effects include a change in variable ordering in output lst file. It also eliminated the feasibility
of evaluating model equations in parallel, which has not been implemented and does not seem promising
in Python.
• Separated symbolic processor and documentation generator from Model into SymProcessor and
Documenter classes.
• andes prepare now shows progress in the console.
• Store exit code in System.exit_code and returns to system when called from CLI.
• Refactored the solver interface.
• Patched Config.check for routines.
• SciPy Newton-Krylov power flow solver is no longer supported.
• Patched a bug in v0.9.0 related to dae.Tf.
4.10. Pre-v1.0.0 419

4.10.4 v0.8.8 (2020-04-28)
This update contains a quick but significant fix to boost the simulation speed by avoiding calls to empty user-
defined numerical calls.
• In Model.flags and Block.flags, added f_num, g_num and j_num to indicate if user-defined numerical
calls exist.
• In Model.f_update, Model.g_update and Model.j_update, check the above flags to avoid unnecessary calls
to empty numeric functions.
• For the kundur_ieeest.xlsx case, simulation time was reduced from 3.5s to 2.7s.
4.10.5 v0.8.7 (2020-04-28)
• Changed RefParam to a service type called BackRef.

• Added DeviceFinder, a service type to find device idx when not provided. DeviceFinder will also auto-
matically add devices if not found.
• Added OptionalSelect, a service type to select optional parameters if provided and select fallback ones
otherwise.
• Added discrete types Derivative, Delay, and Average,
• Implemented full IEEEST stabilizer.
• Implemented COI for generator speed and angle measurement.
4.10.6 v0.8.6 (2020-04-21)
This release contains important documentation fixes and two new blocks.
• Fixed documentations in andes doc to address a misplacement of symbols and equations.
• Converted all blocks to the division-free formulation (with dae.zf renamed to dae.Tf).
• Fixed equation errors in the block documentation.
• Implemented two new blocks: Lag2ndOrd and LeadLag2ndOrd.
• Added a prototype for IEEEST stabilizer with some fixes needed.
4.10.7 v0.8.5 (2020-04-17)
• Converted the differential equations to the form of T \dot{x} = f(x, y), where T is supplied to
t_const of State/ExtState.
• Added the support for Config fields in documentation (in andes doc and on readthedocs).
• Added Config consistency checking.
• Converted Model.idx from a list to DataParam.

• Renamed the API of routines (summary, init, run, report).

• Automatically generated indices now start at 1 (i.e., "GENCLS_1" is the first GENCLS device).
• Added test cases for WECC system. The model with classical generators is verified against TSAT.
• Minor features: andes -v 1 for debug output with levels and line numbers.
4.10.8 v0.8.4 (2020-04-07)
• Added support for JSON case files. Convert existing case file to JSON with --convert json.
• Added support for PSS/E dyr files, loadable with -addfile ADDFILE.
• Added andes plot --xargs for searching variable name and plotting. See example 6.
• Various bug fixes: Fault power injection fix;
4.10.9 v0.8.3 (2020-03-25)
• Improved storage for Jacobian triplets (see andes.core.triplet.JacTriplet).

• On-the-fly parameter alteration for power flow calculations (Model.alter method).
• Exported frequently used functions to the root package (andes.config_logger, andes.run,
andes.prepare and andes.load).
• Return a list of System objects when multiprocessing in an interactive environment.
• Exported classes to andes.core.
• Various bug fixes and documentation improvements.
4.10.10 v0.8.0 (2020-02-12)
• First release of the hybrid symbolic-numeric framework in ANDES.

• A new framework is used to describe DAE models, generate equation documentation, and generate code
for numerical simulation.
• Models are written in the new framework. Supported models include GENCLS, GENROU, EXDC2,
TGOV1, TG2
• PSS/E raw parser, MATPOWER parser, and ANDES xlsx parser.
• Newton-Raphson power flow, trapezoidal rule for numerical integration, and full eigenvalue analysis.
4.10. Pre-v1.0.0 421

4.10.11 v0.6.9 (2020-02-12)
• Version 0.6.9 is the last version for the numeric-only modeling framework.
• This version will not be updated any more. But, models, routines and functions will be ported to the new
version.

CHAPTER
FIVE
MODEL REFERENCE
Use the left navigation pane to locate the group and model and view details.
Group Models
ACLine Line
ACShort Jumper
ACTopology Bus
Calculation ACE, ACEc, COI
Collection Area
DCLink Ground, R, L, C, RCp, RCs, RLs, RLCs, RLCp
DCTopology Node
DG PVD1, ESD1, EV1, EV2
DGProtection DGPRCT1, DGPRCTExt
DataSeries TimeSeries
DynLoad ZIP, FLoad
Exciter EXDC2, IEEEX1, ESDC1A, ESDC2A, EXST1, ESST3A, SEXS, IEEET1, EXAC1, EXAC2, EXAC4, ESST
FreqMeasurement BusFreq, BusROCOF
Information Summary
Interface Fortescue
Motor Motor3, Motor5
OutputSelect Output
PLL PLL1, PLL2
PSS IEEEST, ST2CUT
PhasorMeasurement PMU
RenAerodynamics WTARA1, WTARV1
RenExciter REECA1, REECA1E, REECA1G
RenGen REGCA1, REGCP1, REGCV1, REGCV2, REGF1, REGF2, REGF3
RenGovernor WTDTA1, WTDS
RenPitch WTPTA1
RenPlant REPCA1
RenTorque WTTQA1
StaticACDC VSCShunt
StaticGen PV, Slack
423

Group Models
StaticLoad PQ
StaticShunt Shunt, ShuntTD, ShuntSw
SynGen GENCLS, GENROU, PLBVFU1
TimedEvent Toggle, Fault, Alter
TurbineGov TG2, TGOV1, TGOV1DB, TGOV1N, TGOV1NDB, IEEEG1, IEESGO, GAST, HYGOV, HYGOVDB, HY
VoltComp IEEEVC
5.1 ACLine
Common Parameters: u, name, bus1, bus2, r, x

Common Variables: v1, v2, a1, a2
Available models: Line
5.1.1 Line
AC transmission line model.

The model is also used for two-winding transformer. Transformers can set the tap ratio in tap and/or phase
shift angle phi.
To reduce the number of variables, line injections are summed at bus equations and are not stored. Current
injections are not computed.
424 Chapter 5. Model reference

Parameters
Name Symbol Description Default Unit Properties

idx unique device idx
u u connection status 1 bool
name device name
bus1 idx of from bus
bus2 idx of to bus
Sn Sn Power rating 100 MW non_zero
fn f rated frequency 60 Hz
Vn1 Vn1 AC voltage rating 110 kV non_zero
Vn2 Vn2 rated voltage of bus2 110 kV non_zero
r r line resistance 0.000 p.u. z
x x line reactance 0.000 p.u. non_zero,z
b shared shunt susceptance 0 p.u. y
g shared shunt conductance 0 p.u. y
b1 b1 from-side susceptance 0 p.u. y
g1 g1 from-side conductance 0 p.u. y
b2 b2 to-side susceptance 0 p.u. y
g2 g2 to-side conductance 0 p.u. y
trans transformer branch flag 0 bool
tap tap transformer branch tap ratio 1 float non_negative
phi ϕ transformer branch phase shift in rad 0 radian
rate_a RAT EA long-term flow limit (placeholder) 0 MVA
rate_b RAT EB short-term flow limit (placeholder) 0 MVA
rate_c RAT EC emergency flow limit (placeholder) 0 MVA
owner owner code
xcoord x coordinates
ycoord y coordinates
Variables
Name Symbol Type Description Unit Properties

a1 a1 ExtAlgeb phase angle of the from bus
a2 a2 ExtAlgeb phase angle of the to bus
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb voltage magnitude of the from bus
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb voltage magnitude of the to bus
5.1. ACLine 425

Name Symbol Type Initial Value

a1 a1 ExtAlgeb
a2 a2 ExtAlgeb
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations
Name Sym- Type RHS of Equation "0 = g(x, y)"

bol ( )
a1 a1 ExtAl- u −1/tap v1 v2 (−bhk sin (ϕ − a1 + a2 ) + ghk cos (ϕ − a1 + a2 )) + 1/t2ap v12 (gh + ghk )
geb ( )
a2 a2 ExtAl- u −1/tap v1 v2 (bhk sin (ϕ − a1 + a2 ) + ghk cos (ϕ − a1 + a2 )) + v22 (gh + ghk )
geb ( )
v1 v1 ExtAl- u −1/tap v1 v2 (−bhk cos (ϕ − a1 + a2 ) − ghk sin (ϕ − a1 + a2 )) − 1/t2ap v12 (bh + bhk )
geb ( )
v2 v2 ExtAl- u 1/tap v1 v2 (bhk cos (ϕ − a1 + a2 ) − ghk sin (ϕ − a1 + a2 )) − v22 (bh + bhk )
geb
Services
Name Symbol Equation Type

gh gh 0.5g + g1 ConstService
bh bh 0.5b + b1 ConstService
gk gk 0.5g + g2 ConstService
bk bk 0.5b + b2 ConstService
yh yh u (ibh + gh ) ConstService
yk yk u (ibk + gk ) ConstService
u
yhk yhk r+i(x+1.0·10−8 )+1.0·10−8
ConstService
ghk ghk re (yhk ) ConstService
bhk bhk im (yhk ) ConstService
1
itap 1/tap tap ConstService
1
itap2 1/t2ap t2ap
ConstService
Config Fields in [Line]
Option Symbol Value Info Accepted values

allow_adjust 1 allow adjusting upper or lower limits (0, 1)
adjust_lower 0 adjust lower limit (0, 1)
adjust_upper 1 adjust upper limit (0, 1)

5.2 ACShort
Common Parameters: u, name, bus1, bus2

Common Variables: v1, v2, a1, a2
Available models: Jumper
5.2.1 Jumper
Jumper is a device to short two buses (merging two buses into one).
Jumper can connect two buses satisfying one of the following conditions:
• neither bus is voltage-controlled
• either bus is voltage-controlled
• both buses are voltage-controlled, and the voltages are the same.
If the buses are controlled in different voltages, power flow will not solve (as the power flow through the jumper
will be infinite).
In the solutions, the p and q are flowing out of bus1 and flowing into bus2.
Setting a Jumper's connectivity status u to zero will disconnect the two buses. In the case of a system split, one
will need to call System.connectivity() immediately following the split to detect islands.
Parameters

name device name
bus1 idx of from bus
bus2 idx of to bus
Variables

p P Algeb active power (1 to 2)
q Q Algeb active power (1 to 2)
a1 a1 ExtAlgeb phase angle of the from bus
a2 a2 ExtAlgeb phase angle of the to bus
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb voltage magnitude of the from bus
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb voltage magnitude of the to bus
5.2. ACShort 427


p P Algeb
q Q Algeb
a1 a1 ExtAlgeb
a2 a2 ExtAlgeb
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations
Name Symbol Type RHS of Equation "0 = g(x, y)"

p P Algeb P (1 − u) + u (a1 − a2 )
q Q Algeb P (1 − u) + u (v1 − v2 )
a1 a1 ExtAlgeb P
a2 a2 ExtAlgeb −P
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb Q
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb −Q
Config Fields in [Jumper]

5.3 ACTopology
Common Parameters: u, name

Common Variables: a, v
Available models: Bus

5.3.1 Bus
AC Bus model.
Power balance equation have the form of load - injection = 0. Namely, load is positively summed,
while injections are negative.
Parameters

name device name
Vn Vn AC voltage rating 110 kV non_zero
vmax Vmax Voltage upper limit 1.100 p.u.
vmin Vmin Voltage lower limit 0.900 p.u.
v0 V0 initial voltage magnitude 1 p.u. non_zero
a0 θ0 initial voltage phase angle 0 rad
xcoord x coordinate (longitude) 0
ycoord y coordinate (latitude) 0
area Area code
zone Zone code
owner Owner code
Variables

a θ Algeb voltage angle rad v_str
v V Algeb voltage magnitude p.u. v_str

a θ Algeb θ0 · (1 − zf lat ) + 1.0 · 10−8 zf lat
v V Algeb V0 · (1 − zf lat ) + zf lat
5.3. ACTopology 429

Algebraic Equations

a θ Algeb 0
v V Algeb 0
Config Fields in [Bus]

flat_start zf lat 0 flat start for voltages (0, 1)
5.4 Calculation
Group of classes that calculates based on other models.

Available models: ACE, ACEc, COI
5.4.1 ACE
Area Control Error model.

Discrete frequency sampling. System base frequency from system.config.freq is used.
Frequency sampling period (in seconds) can be specified in ACE.config.interval. The sampling start
time (in seconds) can be specified in ACE.config.offset.
Note: area idx is automatically retrieved from bus.
Parameters

name device name
bus bus idx for freq. measurement mandatory
bias β bias parameter 1 MW/0.1Hz power
busf Optional BusFreq device idx
area 0

Variables

ace ace Algeb area control error p.u. (MW)
f f ExtAlgeb Bus frequency p.u. (Hz)

ace ace Algeb
f f ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations
Name Symbol Type RHS of Equation ("0 = g(x,)y)"

ace ace Algeb 10 · 1/Sb,sys βfsys v fs − 1 − ace
f f ExtAlgeb 0
Services

1
imva 1/Sb,sys Sb,sys ConstService
Discretes
Name Symbol Type Info

fs fs Sampling Sampled freq.
Config Fields in [ACE]

freq_model BusFreq default freq. measurement model ('BusFreq',)
interval 4 sampling time interval
offset 0 sampling time offset
5.4. Calculation 431

5.4.2 ACEc
Area Control Error model.

Continuous frequency sampling. System base frequency from system.config.freq is used.
Note: area idx is automatically retrieved from bus.
Parameters

name device name
bus bus idx for freq. measurement mandatory
bias β bias parameter 1 MW/0.1Hz power
busf Optional BusFreq device idx
area 0
Variables

ace ace Algeb area control error p.u. (MW)
f f ExtAlgeb Bus frequency p.u. (Hz)

ace ace Algeb
f f ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

ace ace Algeb 10 · 1/Sb,sys βfsys (f − 1) − ace
f f ExtAlgeb 0

Services

1
imva 1/Sb,sys Sb,sys ConstService
Config Fields in [ACEc]

5.4.3 COI
Center of inertia calculation class.
Parameters

name device name
M Linearly stored SynGen.M 0
Variables
Name Sym- Type Description Unit Properties

bol
wgen ωgen ExtState Linearly stored SynGen.omega
agen δgen ExtState Linearly stored SynGen.delta
omega ωcoi Algeb COI speed v_str,v_setter
delta δcoi Algeb COI rotor angle v_str,v_setter
omega_sub ωsub ExtAl- COI frequency contribution of each generator
geb
delta_sub δsub ExtAl- COI angle contribution of each generator
geb
5.4. Calculation 433


wgen ωgen ExtState
agen δgen ExtState
omega ωcoi Algeb ωgen,0,avg
delta δcoi Algeb δgen,0,avg
omega_sub ωsub ExtAlgeb
delta_sub δsub ExtAlgeb
Differential Equations
Name Symbol Type RHS of Equation "T x' = f(x, y)" T (LHS)
wgen ωgen ExtState 0
agen δgen ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

omega ωcoi Algeb −ωcoi
delta δcoi Algeb −δcoi
omega_sub ωsub ExtAlgeb Mw ωgen
delta_sub δsub ExtAlgeb Mw δgen
Services

M
Mw Mw Mtr ConstService
d0w δgen,0,w Mw δgen,0 ConstService
a0w ωgen,0,w Mw ωgen,0 ConstService
Config Fields in [COI]


5.5 Collection
Collection of topology models

Available models: Area
5.5.1 Area
Area model.
Area collects back references from the Bus model and the ACTopology group.
Parameters

name device name
Config Fields in [Area]

5.6 DCLink
Basic DC links
Available models: Ground, R, L, C, RCp, RCs, RLs, RLCs, RLCp
5.6.1 Ground
Ground model that sets the voltage of the connected DC node.
5.5. Collection 435

Parameters

name device name
node Node index mandatory
voltage V0 Ground voltage (typically 0) 0 p.u.
Variables

Idc Idc Algeb Ficticious current injection from ground v_str
v v ExtAlgeb

Idc Idc Algeb 0
v v ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

Idc Idc Algeb u (−V0 + v)
v v ExtAlgeb −Idc
Config Fields in [Ground]


5.6.2 R
Resistive dc line
Parameters

name device name
node1 Node 1 index mandatory
Vdcn1 Vdcn1 DC voltage rating on node 1 100 kV non_zero
Idcn Idcn DC current rating 1 kA non_zero
R DC line resistance 0.010 p.u. non_zero,r
Variables

Idc Idc Algeb Current from node 2 to 1 p.u. v_str
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb DC voltage on node 1

u(−v1 +v2 )
Idc Idc Algeb R
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

Idc Idc Algeb −Idc + u(−vR1 +v2 )
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb −Idc
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb Idc
Config Fields in [R]
5.6. DCLink 437


5.6.3 L
Inductive dc line
Parameters

name device name
L DC line inductance 0.001 p.u. non_zero,r
Variables

IL IL State Inductance current p.u. v_str

IL IL State 0
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb

IL IL State −u (v1 − v2 )
Algebraic Equations

v1 v1 ExtAlgeb −IL
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb IL
Config Fields in [L]

5.6.4 C
Capacitive dc branch
Parameters

name device name
C DC capacitance 0.001 p.u. non_zero,g
5.6. DCLink 439

Variables

vC vC State Capacitor current p.u. v_str

vC vC State 0
Idc Idc Algeb 0
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
vC vC State −Idc u
Algebraic Equations

Idc Idc Algeb Idc (1 − u) + u (−v1 + v2 + vC )
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb Idc
Config Fields in [C]


5.6.5 RCp
Parameters

name device name
R R DC line resistance 0.010 p.u. non_zero,r
C C DC capacitance 0.001 p.u. non_zero,g
Variables


vC vC State v1 − v2
−v1 +v2
Idc Idc Algeb R
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
Name Symbol Type RHS

( of Equation
) "T x' = f(x, y)" T (LHS)
vC vC State −u Idc − R
vC
C
5.6. DCLink 441

Algebraic Equations

v2 v2 ExtAlgeb Idc
Config Fields in [RCp]

5.6.6 RCs
Parameters

name device name
Variables



−v1 +v2
Idc Idc Algeb R
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
vC vC State −Idc u C
Algebraic Equations

Idc Idc Algeb Idc (1 − u) + u (−Idc R − v1 + v2 + vC )
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb Idc
Config Fields in [RCs]

5.6. DCLink 443

5.6.7 RLs
Parameters

name device name
L L DC line inductance 0.001 p.u. non_zero,r
Variables


v1 −v2
IL IL State R
Idc Idc Algeb − u(v1R−v2 )
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
IL IL State u (−IL R + v1 − v2 ) L

Algebraic Equations

Idc Idc Algeb −IL u − Idc
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb Idc
Config Fields in [RLs]

5.6.8 RLCs
Parameters

name device name
Variables

5.6. DCLink 445


IL IL State 0
Idc Idc Algeb 0
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
IL IL State u (−IL R + v1 − v2 − vC ) L
vC vC State IL u C
Algebraic Equations

Idc Idc Algeb −IL − Idc
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb Idc
Config Fields in [RLCs]

5.6.9 RLCp

Parameters

name device name
Variables


IL IL State 0
−v1 +v2
Idc Idc Algeb R
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
IL IL State uvC( ) L
vC vC State −u −IL + Idc − vRC C
5.6. DCLink 447

Algebraic Equations

v2 v2 ExtAlgeb Idc
Config Fields in [RLCp]

5.7 DCTopology

Common Variables: v
Available models: Node
5.7.1 Node
DC Node model.
A DC Node is like an AC Bus. DC devices need to be connected to Nodes to inject power flow.
Parameters

name device name
Vdcn Vdcn DC voltage rating 100 kV non_zero
v0 Vdc0 initial voltage magnitude 1 p.u.
xcoord x coordinate (longitude) 0
ycoord y coordinate (latitude) 0
area Area code
zone Zone code
owner Owner code

Variables

v Vdc Algeb voltage magnitude p.u. v_str

v Vdc Algeb Vdc0 · (1 − zf lat ) + zf lat
Algebraic Equations

v Vdc Algeb 0
Config Fields in [Node]

flat_start zf lat 0 flat start for voltages (0, 1)
5.8 DG
Distributed generation (small-scale).

See SynGen for the notes on replacing StaticGen and setting the power ratio parameters.
Common Parameters: u, name, bus, fn
Available models: PVD1, ESD1, EV1, EV2
5.8.1 PVD1
WECC Distributed PV model.

Device power rating is specified in Sn. Output currents are named Ipout_y and Iqout_y. Output power can be
computed as Pe = Ipout_y * v and Qe = Iqout_y * v.
Frequency tripping response points ft0, ft1, ft2, and ft3 must be monotinically increasing. Same rule applies to
the voltage tripping response points vt0, vt1, vt2, and vt3. The program does not check these values, and the
user is responsible for the parameter validity.
5.8. DG 449
Frequency and voltage recovery latching is yet to be implemented.

Modifications to the active and reactive power references, typically by an external scheduling program, should
write to pref0.v and qref0.v in place. AGC signals should write to pext0.v in place.
Maximum power limit pmx can be disabled by editing the configuration file by setting plim=0. It cannot be
modified in runtime.
Reference: [1] ESIG, WECC Distributed and Small PV Plants Generic Model (PVD1), [Online], Available:
https://www.esig.energy/wiki-main-page/wecc-distributed-and-small-pv-plants-generic-model-pvd1/
Parameters

name device name
bus interface bus id mandatory
gen static generator index mandatory
Sn Sn device MVA rating 100 MVA
fn fn nominal frequency 60 Hz
busf Optional BusFreq measurement device idx
xc xc coupling reactance 0 p.u. z
pqflag P/Q priority for I limit; 0-Q priority, 1-P priority bool mandatory
igreg Remote bus idx for droop response, None for local
qmx qmx Max. reactive power command 0.330 pu power
qmn qmn Min. reactive power command -0.330 pu power
pmx pmx maximum power limit 9999 pu power
v0 v0 Lower limit of deadband for Vdroop response 0.800 pu non_zero
v1 v1 Upper limit of deadband for Vdroop response 1.100 pu non_zero
dqdv dq/dv Q-V droop characteristics (negative) -1 non_zero,power
fdbd fdbd frequency deviation deadband -0.017 Hz non_positive
ddn Ddn Gain after f deadband 0 pu (MW)/Hz non_negative,powe
ialim Ialim Apparent power limit 1.300 non_zero,non_neg
vt0 Vt0 Voltage tripping response curve point 0 0.880 p.u. non_zero,non_neg
vrflag zV R V-trip is latching (0) or self-resetting (0-1) 0
ft0 ft0 Frequency tripping response curve point 0 59.500 Hz non_zero,non_neg
frflag zF R f-trip is latching (0) or self-resetting (0-1) 0
tip Tip Inverter active current lag time constant 0.020 s non_negative
continues on


tiq Tiq Inverter reactive current lag time constant 0.020 s non_negative
gammap γp Ratio of PVD1.pref0 w.r.t to that of static PV 1
gammaq γq Ratio of PVD1.qref0 w.r.t to that of static PV 1
recflag zrec Enable flag for voltage and frequency recovery limiters 1
Variables

Ipout_y yIpout State State in lag transfer function v_str
Iqout_y yIqout State State in lag transfer function v_str
fHz fHz Algeb frequency in Hz Hz v_str
Ffl Ff l Algeb Coeff. for under frequency v_str
Ffh Ff h Algeb Coeff. for over frequency v_str
Fdev fdev Algeb Frequency deviation Hz v_str
DB_y yDB Algeb Deadband type 1 output v_str
Fvl Fvl Algeb Coeff. for under voltage v_str
Fvh Fvh Algeb Coeff. for over voltage v_str
vp Vp Algeb Sensed positive voltage v_str
Pext Pext Algeb External power signal (for AGC) v_str
Pref Pref Algeb Reference power signal (for scheduling setpoint) v_str
Psum Ptot Algeb Sum of P signals v_str
Qdrp Qdrp Algeb External power signal (for AGC) v_str
Qref Qref Algeb Reference power signal (for scheduling setpoint) v_str
Qsum Qtot Algeb Sum of Q signals v_str
Ipul Ip,ul Algeb Ipcmd before Ip hard limit v_str
Iqul Iq,ul Algeb Iqcmd before Iq hard limit v_str
Ipmax Ipmax Algeb Upper limit of Ip v_str
Iqmax Iqmax Algeb Upper limit of Iq v_str
Ipcmd_x xI pcmd Algeb Value before limiter v_str
Ipcmd_y yI pcmd Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
Iqcmd_x xI qcmd Algeb Value before limiter v_str
Iqcmd_y yI qcmd Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
a θ ExtAlgeb bus (or igreg) phase angle rad.
v V ExtAlgeb bus (or igreg) terminal voltage p.u.
f f ExtAlgeb Bus frequency p.u.
5.8. DG 451

Name Sym- Type Initial Value

bol
Ipout_yyIpout State 1.0yI pcmd
Iqout_yyIqout State 1.0yI qcmd
fHz fHz Al- f fn
geb
Ffl Ff l Al- Kf t01 ziF L1 (fHz − ft0 ) + zuF L1
geb
Ffh Ff h Al- ziF L2 (Kf t23 (−fHz + ft2 ) + 1) + zlF L2
geb
Fdev fdev Al- fn − fHz
geb ( )
DB_y yDB Al- Ddn fdev zudbDB + zldbDB (−fdbd + fdev )
geb
Fvl Fvl Al- Kvt01 ziV L1 (V − Vt0 ) + zuV L1
geb
Fvh Fvh Al- ziV L2 (Kvt23 (−V + Vt2 ) + 1) + zlV L2
geb
vp Vp Al- V ziV Lo + 0.01zlV Lo
geb
Pext Pext Al- Pext0 u
geb
Pref Pref Al- Pref 0 u
geb
Psum Ptot Al- u (Pext + Pref + yDB )
geb
Qdrp Qdrp Al- dq/dvuziV Q2 (−Vcomp + v1 ) + qmn zuV Q2 + qmx uzlV Q1 +
geb uziV Q1 (dq/dv (−Vcomp + Vqu ) + qmx )
Qref Qref Al- Qref 0 u
geb (
Qsum Qtot Al- u Qref 0 + dq/dvuziV Q2 (−Vcomp + v1 ) + qmn zuV Q2 + qmx uzlV Q1 + uziV Q1 (dq/dv (−Vcomp + Vq
geb
Ptot ziP HL +pmx zu
P HL
Ipul Ip,ul Al- Vp
geb
Qtot
Iqul Iq,ul Al- Vp
geb √
SWP Q 2 SW
Ip- Ipmax Al- Ialim s1 + Ipmax0 s0 P Q
max geb √
SWP Q 2 SW
Iq- Iqmax Al- Ialim s0 + Iqmax0 s1 P Q
max geb
Ipcmd_xxI pcmd Al- Ip,ul
geb
limI pcmd
Ipcmd_yyI pcmd Al- Ipmax zu (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) +
geb lim pcmd
xI pcmd zi I (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1)
5.8. DG
Iqcmd_xxI qcmd Al- Iq,ul 453
geb
limI qcmd
Iqcmd_yyI qcmd Al- −Iqmax zl (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) +
Ipout_y yIpout State 1.0yI pcmd − yIpout Tip
Iqout_y yIqout State 1.0yI qcmd − yIqout Tiq

Algebraic Equations

bol
fHz fHz Al- f fn − fHz
geb
Ffl Ff l Al- −Ff l + Kf t01 ziF L1 (fHz − ft0 ) + zuF L1
geb
Ffh Ff h Al- −Ff h + ziF L2 (Kf t23 (−fHz + ft2 ) + 1) + zlF L2
geb
Fdev fdev Al- fn − fHz − fdev
geb ( )
DB_y yDB Al- Ddn fdev zudbDB + zldbDB (−fdbd + fdev ) − yDB
geb
Fvl Fvl Al- −Fvl + Kvt01 ziV L1 (V − Vt0 ) + zuV L1
geb
Fvh Fvh Al- −Fvh + ziV L2 (Kvt23 (−V + Vt2 ) + 1) + zlV L2
geb
vp Vp Al- V ziV Lo − Vp + 0.01zlV Lo
geb
Pext Pext Al- Pext0 u − Pext
geb
Pref Pref Al- Pref 0 u − Pref
geb
Psum Ptot Al- −Ptot + u (Pext + Pref + yDB )
geb
Qdrp Qdrp Al- −Qdrp + dq/dvuziV Q2 (−Vcomp + v1 ) + qmn zuV Q2 + qmx uzlV Q1 +
Qref Qref Al- Qref 0 u − Qref
geb
Qsum Qtot Al- −Qtot + u (Qdrp + Qref )
geb
Ptot ziP HL +pmx zu
P HL
Ipul Ip,ul Al- −Ip,ul + Vp
geb
Qtot
Iqul Iq,ul Al- −Iq,ul + Vp
geb √
SWP Q SWP Q
Ip- Ipmax Al- Ialim s1 − Ipmax + 2
Ipmax s0
max geb √
SWP Q SW
Iq- Iqmax Al- Ialim s0 − Iqmax + 2
Iqmax s1 P Q
max geb
Ipcmd_x
xI pcmd Al- Ip,ul − xI pcmd
geb
limI pcmd
Ipcmd_y
yI pcmd Al- Ipmax zu (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) +
geb lim pcmd
xI pcmd zi I (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) − yI pcmd
Iqcmd_x
xI qcmd Al- Iq,ul − xI qcmd
geb
limI qcmd
5.8. DGyI qcmd Al-
Iqcmd_y −Iqmax zl (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) 455
+
geb limI qcmd
Iqmax zu (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) +
limI qcmd
xI qcmd zi (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) − yI qcmd
Services
Name Sym- Equation Type

bol
pref0 Pref 0 P0s γp ConstSer-
vice
qref0 Qref 0 Q0s γq ConstSer-
vice
1
Kft01 Kf t01 −ft0 +ft1 ConstSer-
vice
1
vice
1
Kvt01 Kvt01 −Vt0 +Vt1 ConstSer-
vice
1
vice
Pext0 Pext0 0 ConstSer-
vice
Vcomp Vcomp V eiθ + ixc (yIpout + iyIqout ) VarService
Q 0 −qmn
Vqu Vqu v1 − refdq/dv ConstSer-
vice
−Qref 0 +qmx
Vql Vql v0 + dq/dv ConstSer-
(( ) ( vice
))
Ipmaxsq 2
Ipmax FixPiecewise 2
0, Ialim − (yI qcmd )2 ≤ 0 , Ialim
2 − (yI qcmd )2 , TrueVarService
(( ) ( ))
Q2ref 0 u2 Q2ref 0 u2
Ip- 2
Ipmax0 FixPiecewise 0, Ialim − V 2 ≤ 0 , Ialim − V 2 , True ConstSer-
2 2
maxsq0 (( ) ( vice
))
Iqmaxsq 2
Iqmax FixPiecewise 0, I 2 − (yI pcmd )2 ≤ 0 , Ialim
2 − (yI pcmd )2 , TrueVarService
(( alim 2 2
) ( 2 2
))
Pref 0u Pref 0u
Iq- 2
Iqmax0 FixPiecewise 0, Ialim − V 2 ≤ 0 , Ialim − V 2 , True ConstSer-
2 2
maxsq0 vice

Discretes

SWPQ SWP Q Switcher
FL1 F L1 Limiter Under frequency comparer
FL2 F L2 Limiter Over frequency comparer
DB_db dbDB DeadBand
VL1 V L1 Limiter Under voltage comparer
VL2 V L2 Limiter Over voltage comparer
VLo V Lo Limiter Voltage lower limit (0.01) flag
PHL P HL Limiter limiter for Psum in [0, pmx]
VQ1 V Q1 Limiter Under voltage comparer for Q droop
VQ2 V Q2 Limiter Over voltage comparer for Q droop
Ipcmd_lim limI pcmd HardLimiter
Iqcmd_lim limI qcmd HardLimiter
Blocks

DB DB DeadBand1 frequency deviation deadband with gain
Ipcmd I pcmd GainLimiter Ip with limiter and coeff.
Iqcmd I qcmd GainLimiter Iq with limiter and coeff.
Ipout Ipout Lag Output Ip filter
Iqout Iqout Lag Output Iq filter
Config Fields in [PVD1]
Option Sym- Value Info Accepted val-

bol ues
ad- 1 adjust upper limit (0, 1)
just_upper
plim Plim 1 enable input power limit check bound by [0, pmx] (0, 1)
5.8. DG 457
5.8.2 ESD1
Distributed energy storage model.

A state-of-charge limit is added to the PVD1 model. This limit is applied to Ipmax and Ipmin. The state of
charge is in state variable SOC, which is an alias of pIG_y.
Reference: [1] Powerworld, Renewable Energy Electrical Control Model REEC_C Available:
https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/TransientModels_HTML/Exciter%20REEC_C.htm
Parameters

name device name
ddn Ddn Gain after f deadband 0 pu (MW)/Hz non_negative,pow
ialim Ialim Apparent power limit 1.300 non_zero,non_ne
vt0 Vt0 Voltage tripping response curve point 0 0.880 p.u. non_zero,non_ne
ft0 ft0 Frequency tripping response curve point 0 59.500 Hz non_zero,non_ne
continues


Tf Tf Integrator constant for SOC model 1
SOCmin SOCmin Minimum required value for SOC in limiter 0
SOCmax SOCmax Maximum allowed value for SOC in limiter 1
SOCinit SOCinit Initial state of charge 0.500
En En Rated energy capacity 100 MWh
EtaC EtaC Efficiency during charging 1
EtaD EtaD Efficiency during discharging 1
Variables

pIG_y ypIG State Integrator output v_str
SOC SOC AliasState Alias for state of charge
Ipmin Ipmin Algeb Minimum value of Ip v_str
5.8. DG 459


Ipout_y yIpout State 1.0yI pcmd
Iqout_y yIqout State 1.0yI qcmd
pIG_y ypIG State SOCinit
SOC SOC AliasState
fHz fHz Algeb f fn
Ffl Ff l Algeb Kf t01 ziF L1 (fHz − ft0 ) + zuF L1
Ffh Ff h Algeb ziF L2 (Kf t23 (−fHz + ft2 ) + 1) + zlF L2
Fdev fdev Algeb fn −(fHz )
DB_y yDB Algeb Ddn fdev zudbDB + zldbDB (−fdbd + fdev )
Fvl Fvl Algeb Kvt01 ziV L1 (V − Vt0 ) + zuV L1
Fvh Fvh Algeb ziV L2 (Kvt23 (−V + Vt2 ) + 1) + zlV L2
vp Vp Algeb V ziV Lo + 0.01zlV Lo
Pext Pext Algeb Pext0 u
Pref Pref Algeb Pref 0 u
Psum Ptot Algeb u (Pext + Pref + yDB )
Qdrp Qdrp Algeb dq/dvuziV Q2 (−Vcomp + v1 ) + qmn zuV Q2 + qmx uzlV Q1 + uziV Q1 (dq/dv (−Vcomp + V
Qref Qref Algeb Q( ref 0 u
Qsum Qtot Algeb u Qref 0 + dq/dvuziV Q2 (−Vcomp + v1 ) + qmn zuV Q2 + qmx uzlV Q1 + uziV Q1 (dq/dv (
P HL
Ptot ziP HL +pmx zu
Ipul Ip,ul Algeb Vp
Qtot
Iqul Iq,ul Algeb
)( √ )
Vp
( SW SW
Ipmax Ipmax Algeb 1 − zlSOClim Ialim s1 P Q + 2
Ipmax0 s0 P Q
√
SW 2 SW
Iqmax Iqmax Algeb Ialim s0 P Q + Iqmax0 s1 P Q
Ipcmd_x xI pcmd Algeb Ip,ul
limI pcmd limI pcmd
Ipcmd_y yI pcmd Algeb Ipmax zu (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) + xI pcmd zi (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec
Iqcmd_x xI qcmd Algeb Iq,ul
lim limI qcmd
zrec − zrec + 1))+ Iqmax zu
−Iqmax zl I ( (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl√
qcmd
Iqcmd_y yI qcmd Algeb (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zre
( SOClim ) SWP Q SW
Ipmin Ipmin Algeb zu − 1 Ialim s1 2
+ Ipmax0 s0 P Q
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
f f ExtAlgeb

( LT N )
Vy z0
Sb,sys −HC V yIpout z1LT N − Ipout
HD
pIG_y ypIG State 3600En Tf
SOC SOC AliasState 0
5.8. DG 461
Algebraic Equations

bol
geb
geb
geb
geb ( )
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
Ptot ziP HL +pmx zu
P HL
geb
Qtot
geb
( )( SW
√
SW
)
Ip- Ipmax Al- −Ipmax + 1 − zlSOClim Ialim s1 P Q + Ipmax
2 s0 P Q
max geb √
SWP Q SW
Iqmax s1 P Q
max geb
Ipcmd_x
geb
limI pcmd
Ipcmd_y
geb lim pcmd
Iqcmd_x
geb
limI qcmd
462
Iqcmd_y
yI qcmd Al- −Iqmax zl (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) Chapter 5. Model reference
+
geb limI qcmd
limI qcmd
xI qcmd zi (Ff h Ff l Fvh(Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) − yI qcmd )
Services

bol
vice
vice
1
vice
1
vice
1
vice
1
vice
vice
Q 0 −qmn
vice
−Qref 0 +qmx
(( ) ( vice
))
Ipmaxsq 2
(( ) ( ))
Ip- 2
2 2
maxsq0 (( ) ( vice
))
Iqmaxsq 2
(( alim 2 2
) ( 2 2
))
Pref 0u Pref 0u
Iq- 2
2 2
maxsq0 vice
5.8. DG 463
Discretes

SWPQ SWP Q Switcher
DB_db dbDB DeadBand
PHL P HL Limiter limiter for Psum in [0, pmx]
LTN LT N LessThan
SOClim SOClim HardLimiter
Blocks

pIG pIG Integrator State of charge
Config Fields in [ESD1]

bol ues
just_upper

5.8.3 EV1
Electric vehicle model type 1.

Modified from ESD1 model by adding the minumum power limit pmn. Like pmx, pmn acts on Psum, the sum
of the active power references.
The limiter that uses pmx and pmn is enabled by default.
Parameters

name device name
continues
5.8. DG 465

pmn pmn minimum power limit -999 pu power
Variables




SOC SOC AliasState
fHz fHz Algeb f fn
Qdrp Qdrp Algeb dq/dvuziV Q2 (−Vcomp + v1 ) + qmn zuV Q2 + qmx uzlV Q1 + uziV Q1 (dq/dv (−Vcomp + V
Qsum Qtot Algeb u Qref 0 + dq/dvuziV Q2 (−Vcomp + v1 ) + qmn zuV Q2 + qmx uzlV Q1 + uziV Q1 (dq/dv (
P HL
Ptot ziP HL +pmn zlP HL +pmx zu
Ipul Ip,ul Algeb Vp
Qtot
Iqul Iq,ul Algeb
)( √ )
Vp
( SW SW
Ipmax Ipmax Algeb 1 − zlSOClim Ialim s1 P Q + 2
Ipmax0 s0 P Q
√
SW 2 SW
limI pcmd limI pcmd
Ipcmd_y yI pcmd Algeb Ipmax zu (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) + xI pcmd zi (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec
lim limI qcmd
qcmd
Iqcmd_y yI qcmd Algeb (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zre
( SOClim ) SWP Q SW
+ Ipmax0 s0 P Q
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
f f ExtAlgeb
5.8. DG 467
( LT N )
Vy z0
HD

Algebraic Equations

bol
geb
geb
geb
geb ( )
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
Ptot ziP HL +pmn zlP HL +pmx zu
P HL
geb
Qtot
geb
( )( SW
√
SW
)
2 s0 P Q
max geb √
SWP Q SW
Iqmax s1 P Q
max geb
Ipcmd_x
geb
limI pcmd
Ipcmd_y
geb lim pcmd
Iqcmd_x
geb
limI qcmd
5.8. DG
Iqcmd_y
yI qcmd Al- −Iqmax zl (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) 469
+
geb limI qcmd
limI qcmd
Services

bol
vice
vice
1
vice
1
vice
1
vice
1
vice
vice
Q 0 −qmn
vice
−Qref 0 +qmx
(( ) ( vice
))
Ipmaxsq 2
(( ) ( ))
Ip- 2
2 2
maxsq0 (( ) ( vice
))
Iqmaxsq 2
(( alim 2 2
) ( 2 2
))
Pref 0u Pref 0u
Iq- 2
2 2
maxsq0 vice

Discretes

SWPQ SWP Q Switcher
DB_db dbDB DeadBand
PHL P HL Limiter limiter for Psum in [pmn, pmx]
LTN LT N LessThan
Blocks

Config Fields in [EV1]

bol ues
just_upper
5.8. DG 471
5.8.4 EV2
Electric vehicle model type 2.

Derived from EV1, EV2 introduces pcap multiplied to pmx.
Psum will be limited to [pmn, pmx * pcap].
The model does not check the signs or values of pmn, pmx, or pcap. The input data is required to satisfy pmn
<= pmx * pcap.
Parameters

name device name
continues


pmn pmn minimum power limit -999 pu power
pcap pcap power ratio multiplied to pmx in [-1, 1] 0
Variables

5.8. DG 473

PHLup P HLupper Algeb PHL upper limit v_str

SOC SOC AliasState
fHz fHz Algeb f fn
Qdrp Qdrp Algeb dq/dvuziV Q2 (−Vcomp + v1 ) + qmn zuV Q2 + qmx uzlV Q1 + uziV Q1 (dq/dv (−Vcomp +
Qsum Qtot Algeb u Qref 0 + dq/dvuziV Q2 (−Vcomp + v1 ) + qmn zuV Q2 + qmx uzlV Q1 + uziV Q1 (dq/d
P HL2 +P
P HLupper zu P HL2 +p P HL2
tot zi mn zl
Ipul Ip,ul Algeb Vp
Qtot
Iqul Iq,ul Algeb
)( √ )
Vp
( SW SW
Ipmax Ipmax Algeb 1 − zlSOClim Ialim s1 P Q + Ipmax0 2 s0 P Q
√
SW 2 SW
limI pcmd limI pcmd
Ipcmd_y yI pcmd Algeb Ipmax zu (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1) + xI pcmd zi (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zr
lim limI qcmd
qcmd
Iqcmd_y yI qcmd Algeb (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl z
( SOClim ) SWP Q SW
+ Ipmax0 s0 P Q
PHLup P HLupper Algeb pcap pmx
a θ ExtAlgeb


v V ExtAlgeb
f f ExtAlgeb
( LT N )
Vy z0
HD
5.8. DG 475
Algebraic Equations

bol
geb
geb
geb
geb ( )
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
geb
P HL2 +P
P HLupper zu P HL2 +p P HL2
tot zi mn zl
geb
Qtot
geb
( )( SW
√
SW
)
2 s0 P Q
max geb √
SWP Q SW
Iqmax s1 P Q
max geb
Ipcmd_x
geb
limI pcmd
Ipcmd_y
geb lim pcmd
Iqcmd_x
geb
limI qcmd
476
Iqcmd_y
yI qcmd Al- −Iqmax zl (Ff h Ff l Fvh Fvl zrec − zrec + 1)Chapter 5. Model reference
+
geb limI qcmd
limI qcmd
Services

bol
vice
vice
1
vice
1
vice
1
vice
1
vice
vice
Q 0 −qmn
vice
−Qref 0 +qmx
(( ) ( vice
))
Ipmaxsq 2
(( ) ( ))
Ip- 2
2 2
maxsq0 (( ) ( vice
))
Iqmaxsq 2
(( alim 2 2
) ( 2 2
))
Pref 0u Pref 0u
Iq- 2
2 2
maxsq0 vice
5.8. DG 477
Discretes

SWPQ SWP Q Switcher
DB_db dbDB DeadBand
PHL P HL Limiter limiter for Psum in [pmn, pmx]
LTN LT N LessThan
PHL2 P HL2 Limiter limiter for Psum in [pmn, pcap * pmx]
Blocks

Config Fields in [EV2]

bol ues
just_upper

5.9 DGProtection
Protection model for DG.

Available models: DGPRCT1, DGPRCTExt
5.9.1 DGPRCT1
DGPRCT1 model, follow IEEE-1547-2018. DGPRCT stands for DG protection.

A demo is provided: examples/demonstration/1.1 demo_DGPRCT1.ipynb
Target device (limited to DG group) Psum and Qsum will decrease to zero immediately when frequency/voltage
protection flag is raised. Once the lock is released, Psum and Qsum will return to normal immediately.
DG group base model PVD1 already has a degrading function which is used to degrade output under abnormal
condition. it is recommended to turn it off by setting recflag = 0.
fen and Ven are protection enabling parameters. 1/0 is on/off.
ue is lock flag signal.
It should be noted that, the lock only lock the fHz (frequency read value) of DG model. The source values
(which come from BusFreq f remain unchanged.)
Protection sensors (e.g., IAWfl1) are instances of IntergratorAntiWindup. All the protection sensors
will be reset after ue returns to 0. Resetting action takes Tres to finish.
The model does not check the shedding points sequence. The input parameters are required to satisfy fl3 <
fl2 < fl1 < fu1 < fu2 < fu3, and ul4 < ul3 < ul2 < ul1 < uu1 < uu2 < uu3.
Default settings:
Frequency (Hz):
(fl3, fl2), Tfl2 [(50.0, 57.5), 10s]
(fl2, fl1), Tfl1 [(57.5, 59.2), 300s]
(fu1, fu2), Tfu1 [(60.5, 61.5), 300s]
(fu2, fu3), Tfu2 [(61.5, 70.0), 10s]
Voltage (p.u.):
(vl4, vl3), Tvl3 [(0.10, 0.45), 0.16s]
(vl3, vl2), Tvl2 [(0.45, 0.60), 1s]
(vl2, vl1), Tvl1 [(0.60, 0.88), 2s]
(vu1, vu2), Tvu1 [(1.10, 1.20), 1s]
(vu2, vu3), Tvu2 [(1.20, 2.00), 0.16s]
Reference:
5.9. DGProtection 479

NERC. Bulk Power System Reliability Perspectives on the Adoption of IEEE 1547-2018. March 2020. Avail-
able:
https://www.nerc.com/comm/PC_Reliability_Guidelines_DL/Guideline_IEEE_1547-2018_BPS_
Perspectives.pdf
Parameters

name device name
dev idx of the target device mandatory
busfreq Target device interface bus measurement device idx
fen f en Frequency deviation protection enable. 1 for enable, 0 for disable. 1
Ven V en Voltage deviation protection enable. 1 for enable, 0 for disable. 0
fl3 f l3 Under frequency shadding point 3 50 Hz
fl2 f l2 Over frequency shadding point 2 57.500 Hz
fl1 f l1 Under frequency shadding point 1 59.200 Hz
fu1 f u1 Over frequency shadding point 1 60.500 Hz
fu3 f u3 Over frequency shadding point 3 70 Hz
Tfl1 Tf l1 Stand time for (fl2, fl1) 300 non_negative
Tfu1 Tf u1 Stand time for (fu1, fu2) 300 non_negative
vl4 vl4 Under voltage shadding point 4 0.100 p.u.
vu1 vu1 Over voltage shadding point 1 1.100 p.u.
vu3 vu3 Over voltage shadding point 3 2 p.u.
Tvl1 Tvl1 Stand time for (vl2, vl1) 2 non_negative
Tvl3 Tvl3 Stand time for (vl4, vl3) 0.160 non_negative
Tvu1 Tvu1 Stand time for (vu1, vu2) 1 non_negative
Tvu2 Tvu2 Stand time for (vu2, vu3) 0.160 non_negative
Tres Integrator reset time 0.050
bus 0
fn 0

Variables

IAWfl1_y yIAW f l1 State AW Integrator output v_str
IAWfu1_y yIAW f u1 State AW Integrator output v_str
IAWVl1_y yIAW V l1 State AW Integrator output v_str
IAWVu1_y yIAW V u1 State AW Integrator output v_str
fHz fHz Algeb frequency in Hz v_str
dsum dtot Algeb lock signal summation v_str
ue ue Algeb lock flag v_str
f f ExtAlgeb DG frequency read value p.u.
fin f in ExtAlgeb original f from DG
fHzl f Hzl ExtAlgeb Frequency measure lock
Pext P ext ExtAlgeb original Pext from DG
Pref P ref ExtAlgeb original Pref from DG
Pdrp P drp ExtAlgeb original Pdrp from DG
Psum P sum ExtAlgeb Active power lock
Qdrp Qdrp ExtAlgeb original Qdrp from DG
Qref Qref ExtAlgeb original Qref from DG
Qsum Qsum ExtAlgeb Reactive power lock
v v ExtAlgeb Bus voltage p.u.


IAWfl1_y yIAW f l1 State 0
IAWfu1_y yIAW f u1 State 0
IAWVl1_y yIAW V l1 State 0
IAWVu1_y yIAW V u1 State 0
fHz fHz Algeb ffn
dsum dtot Algeb 0
ue ue Algeb 0
f f ExtAlgeb
fin f in ExtAlgeb
fHzl f Hzl ExtAlgeb
Pext P ext ExtAlgeb
Pref P ref ExtAlgeb
Pdrp P drp ExtAlgeb
Psum P sum ExtAlgeb
Qdrp Qdrp ExtAlgeb
Qref Qref ExtAlgeb
Qsum Qsum ExtAlgeb
v v ExtAlgeb
T res
IAWfl1_y yIAW f l1 State − Tf l1res + ziLf l1 · (1 − res) 1
T res
T res
IAWfu1_y yIAW f u1 State − fTu1res + ziLf u1 · (1 − res) 1
T res
IAWfu2_y yIAW f u2 State − fTu2res + ziLf l2 · (1 − res) 1
IAWVl1_y yIAW V l1 State − TTvl1res
res
+ ziLV l1 · (1 − res) 1
res
+ ziLV l2 · (1 − res) 1
IAWVl3_y yIAW V l3 State − T res + ziLV l2 · (1 − res)
Tvl3 res
1
IAWVu1_y yIAW V u1 State − Tvu1 res
T res + zi
LV u1 · (1 − res) 1
T res + zi
LV u2 · (1 − res) 1

Algebraic Equations
NameSym- Type RHS of Equation "0 = g(x, y)"

bol
fHz fHz Al- f f n − fHz
geb ( l1 z limIAW V l1 + z LV l2 z limIAW V l2 + z LV l3 z limIAW V l3 + z LV u1 z limIAW V u1 + z LV u2 z limIAW V
dsum dtot Al- V en ziLV ( u i u i u i u )i u
geb dtot +f en z Lf l1 zulimIAW f l1 + z Lf l2 zulimIAW f l2 + z Lf u1 zulimIAW f u1 + z Lf u2 zulimIAW f u2
i i i i
ue ue Al- −ue + zuLdsum
geb
f f Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
fin f in Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
fHzl f Hzl Ex- −f f nue
tAl-
geb
Pext P ext Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Pref P ref Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Pdrp P drp Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Psum P sumEx- −ue (P drp + P ext + P ref )
tAl-
geb
Qdrp Qdrp Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Qref Qref Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Qsum QsumEx- −ue (Qdrp + Qref )
tAl-
geb
v v Ex- 0
tAl-
geb

Services

ltu ltu 0.8 ConstService
ltl ltl 0.2 ConstService
zero zero 0 ConstService
res res 0 ExtendedEvent
Discretes

Ldsum Ldsum Limiter lock signal comparer, zu is to act
Lfl1 Lf l1 Limiter Frequency comparer for (fl3, fl1)
Lfu1 Lf u1 Limiter Frequency comparer for (fu1, fu3)
IAWfl1_lim limIAW f l1 AntiWindup Limiter in integrator
IAWfu1_lim limIAW f u1 AntiWindup Limiter in integrator
LVl1 LV l1 Limiter Voltage comparer for (vl4, vl1)
LVu1 LV u1 Limiter Voltage comparer for (vu1, vu3)
IAWVl1_lim limIAW V l1 AntiWindup Limiter in integrator
IAWVu1_lim limIAW V u1 AntiWindup Limiter in integrator
Blocks

IAWfl1 IAW f l1 IntegratorAntiWindup condition check for (fl3, fl1)
IAWfu1 IAW f u1 IntegratorAntiWindup condition check for (fu1, fu3)
IAWVl1 IAW V l1 IntegratorAntiWindup condition check for (Vl3, Vl1)
IAWVu1 IAW V u1 IntegratorAntiWindup condition check for (Vu1, Vu3)

Config Fields in [DGPRCT1]

5.9.2 DGPRCTExt
DGPRCT External model, follow IEEE-1547-2018. DGPRCT stands for DG protection.

Similar to DGPRCT1, but the measured voltage can be manipulated.
A demo is provided: examples/demonstration/1.2 demo_DGPRCTExt.ipynb
This model can be applied to co-simulation, where you can input the external votage signal into ANDES. If no
extertal value is applied, the votalge will remain as the initialized value.
Target device (limited to DG group) Psum and Qsum will decrease to zero immediately when frequency/voltage
protection flag is raised. Once the lock is released, Psum and Qsum will return to normal immediately.
DG group base model PVD1 already has a degrading function which is used to degrade output under abnormal
condition. it is recommended to turn it off by setting recflag = 0.
fen and Ven are protection enabling parameters. 1/0 is on/off.
ue is lock flag signal.
It should be noted that, the lock only lock the fHz (frequency read value) of DG model. The source values
(which come from BusFreq f remain unchanged.)
Protection sensors (e.g., IAWfl1) are instances of IntergratorAntiWindup. All the protection sensors
will be reset after ue returns to 0. Resetting action takes Tres to finish.
The model does not check the shedding points sequence. The input parameters are required to satisfy fl3 <
fl2 < fl1 < fu1 < fu2 < fu3, and ul4 < ul3 < ul2 < ul1 < uu1 < uu2 < uu3.
Default settings:
Frequency (Hz):
(fl3, fl2), Tfl2 [(50.0, 57.5), 10s]
(fl2, fl1), Tfl1 [(57.5, 59.2), 300s]
(fu1, fu2), Tfu1 [(60.5, 61.5), 300s]
(fu2, fu3), Tfu2 [(61.5, 70.0), 10s]
Voltage (p.u.):
(vl4, vl3), Tvl3 [(0.10, 0.45), 0.16s]
(vl3, vl2), Tvl2 [(0.45, 0.60), 1s]
(vl2, vl1), Tvl1 [(0.60, 0.88), 2s]

(vu1, vu2), Tvu1 [(1.10, 1.20), 1s]

(vu2, vu3), Tvu2 [(1.20, 2.00), 0.16s]
Reference:
NERC. Bulk Power System Reliability Perspectives on the Adoption of IEEE 1547-2018. March 2020. Avail-
able:
https://www.nerc.com/comm/PC_Reliability_Guidelines_DL/Guideline_IEEE_1547-2018_BPS_
Perspectives.pdf
Parameters

name device name
dev idx of the target device mandatory
busfreq Target device interface bus measurement device idx
fen f en Frequency deviation protection enable. 1 for enable, 0 for disable. 1
Ven V en Voltage deviation protection enable. 1 for enable, 0 for disable. 0
fl3 f l3 Under frequency shadding point 3 50 Hz
fl2 f l2 Over frequency shadding point 2 57.500 Hz
fl1 f l1 Under frequency shadding point 1 59.200 Hz
fu3 f u3 Over frequency shadding point 3 70 Hz
vu3 vu3 Over voltage shadding point 3 2 p.u.
Tvl3 Tvl3 Stand time for (vl4, vl3) 0.160 non_negative
Tvu1 Tvu1 Stand time for (vu1, vu2) 1 non_negative
Tvu2 Tvu2 Stand time for (vu2, vu3) 0.160 non_negative
Tres Integrator reset time 0.050
bus 0


fn 0
Variables

fHz fHz Algeb frequency in Hz v_str
dsum dtot Algeb lock signal summation v_str
ue ue Algeb lock flag v_str
f f ExtAlgeb DG frequency read value p.u.
fin f in ExtAlgeb original f from DG
fHzl f Hzl ExtAlgeb Frequency measure lock
Pext P ext ExtAlgeb original Pext from DG
Pref P ref ExtAlgeb original Pref from DG
Pdrp P drp ExtAlgeb original Pdrp from DG
Psum P sum ExtAlgeb Active power lock
Qdrp Qdrp ExtAlgeb original Qdrp from DG
Qref Qref ExtAlgeb original Qref from DG
Qsum Qsum ExtAlgeb Reactive power lock


fHz fHz Algeb ffn
dsum dtot Algeb 0
ue ue Algeb 0
f f ExtAlgeb
fin f in ExtAlgeb
fHzl f Hzl ExtAlgeb
Pext P ext ExtAlgeb
Pref P ref ExtAlgeb
Pdrp P drp ExtAlgeb
Psum P sum ExtAlgeb
Qdrp Qdrp ExtAlgeb
Qref Qref ExtAlgeb
Qsum Qsum ExtAlgeb
T res
T res
T res
IAWfu1_y yIAW f u1 State − fTu1res + ziLf u1 · (1 − res) 1
Tf u2 res
IAWfu2_y yIAW f u2 State − T res + ziLf l2 · (1 − res) 1
res
+ ziLV l1 · (1 − res) 1
IAWVl2_y yIAW V l2 State − T res + ziLV l2 · (1 − res)
Tvl2 res
1
res
+ ziLV l2 · (1 − res) 1
IAWVu1_y yIAW V u1 State − T res + ziLV u1 · (1 − res)
Tvu1 res
1
T res + zi
LV u2 · (1 − res) 1

Algebraic Equations

bol
fHz fHz Al- f f n − fHz
geb ( l1 z limIAW V l1 + z LV l2 z limIAW V l2 + z LV l3 z limIAW V l3 + z LV u1 z limIAW V u1 + z LV u2 z limIAW V
dsum dtot Al- V en ziLV ( u i u i u i u )i u
geb dtot +f en z Lf l1 zulimIAW f l1 + z Lf l2 zulimIAW f l2 + z Lf u1 zulimIAW f u1 + z Lf u2 zulimIAW f u2
i i i i
ue ue Al- −ue + zuLdsum
geb
f f Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
fin f in Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
fHzl f Hzl Ex- −f f nue
tAl-
geb
Pext P ext Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Pref P ref Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Pdrp P drp Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Psum P sumEx- −ue (P drp + P ext + P ref )
tAl-
geb
Qdrp Qdrp Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Qref Qref Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
Qsum QsumEx- −ue (Qdrp + Qref )
tAl-
geb

Services

ltu ltu 0.8 ConstService
ltl ltl 0.2 ConstService
res res 0 ExtendedEvent
Discretes

Ldsum Ldsum Limiter lock signal comparer, zu is to act
Blocks


Config Fields in [DGPRCTExt]

5.10 DataSeries
Group for TimeSeries models.

Available models: TimeSeries
5.10.1 TimeSeries
Model for applying time-series data.

A TimeSeries device takes a xlsx data spreadsheet and applies the data to the specified device. The spreadsheet
can contain multiple sheets, each with a column named t and multiple user-defined columns for the data. The
values will be applied at the exact time instant.
The xlsx data spreadsheet is assumed in the same folder as the case file.
Regarding the parameters for the TimeSeries device:
• The column names in the xlsx data file need to be specified through the fields parameter, separated
by commas.
• The parameter/service names of the device which is to be updated need to be specified through the
dests parameter, separated by commas.
There are a few caveats with the current TimeSeries implementation:
• TimeSeries will not be applied power flow.
• The interpolation mode has yet to be implemented.
5.10. DataSeries 491

Parameters
Name Sym- Description De- Unit Proper-

bol fault ties
name device name
mode Mode for applying timeseries. 1: exact time, 2: interpo- 1
lated
path Path to timeseries xlsx file. manda-
tory
sheet Sheet name to use manda-
tory
fields comma-separated field names in timeseries data manda-
tory
tkey Key for timestamps t
model Model to link to manda-
tory
dev Idx of device to link to manda-
tory
dests comma-separated device fields as destinations manda-
tory
Discretes

SW SW Switcher mode switcher
Config Fields in [TimeSeries]

silent 1 suppress output messages if is not zero (0, 1)

5.11 DynLoad
Dynamic load group.

Available models: ZIP, FLoad
5.11.1 ZIP
ZIP load model (polynomial load). This model is initialized after power flow.
Please check the config of PQ to avoid double counting. If this ZIP model is in use, one should typically set
p2p=1.0 and q2q=1.0 while leaving the others (p2i, p2z, q2i, q2z, and pq2z) as zeros. This setting allows one
to impose the desired powers by the static PQ and to convert them based on the percentage specified in the
ZIP.
The percentages for active power, (kpp, kpi, and kpz) must sum up to 100. Otherwise, initialization will fail.
The same applies to the reactive power percentages.
Parameters

name device name
pq idx of the PQ to replace mandatory
kpp Kpp Percentage of active power mandatory
kpi Kpi Percentage of active current mandatory
kpz Kpz Percentage of conductance mandatory
kqp Kqp Percentage of reactive power mandatory
kqi Kqi Percentage of reactive current mandatory
kqz Kqz Percentage of susceptance mandatory
bus retrieved bux idx 0
Variables

a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
5.11. DynLoad 493


a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

a θ ExtAlgeb Pi0 V + Pp0 + Pz0 V 2
v V ExtAlgeb Qi0 V + Qp0 + Qz0 V 2
Services

kps Kpsum Kpi + Kpp + Kpz ConstService
kqs Kqsum Kqi + Kqp + Kqz ConstService
Kpp u
rpp rpp 100 ConstService
Kpi u
rpi rpi 100 ConstService
Kpz u
rpz rpz 100 ConstService
Kqp u
rqp rqp 100 ConstService
Kqi u
rqi rqi 100 ConstService
Kqz u
rqz rqz 100 ConstService
pp0 Pp0 P0 rpp ConstService
P0 rpi
pi0 Pi0 V0 ConstService
P0 rpz
pz0 Pz0 V02
ConstService
qp0 Qp0 Q0 rqp ConstService
Q0 rqi
qi0 Qi0 V0 ConstService
Q0 rqz
qz0 Qz0 V02
ConstService
Config Fields in [ZIP]


5.11.2 FLoad
Voltage and frequency dependent load.
Parameters

name device name
pq idx of the PQ to replace mandatory
busf optional idx of the BusFreq device to use
kp active power percentage 100 %
kq active power percentage 100 %
Tf filter time constant 0.020 s non_negative
ap active power voltage exponent 1
aq reactive power voltage exponent 0
bp active power frequency exponent 0
bq reactive power frequency exponent 0
bus 0
Variables

f f ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb

f f ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
5.11. DynLoad 495

Algebraic Equations

f f ExtAlgeb 0
a θ ExtAlgeb V ap f bp pv0
v V ExtAlgeb V aq f bq qv0
Services

P0 V0−ap kpu
pv0 pv0 100 ConstService
Q0 V0−aq kqu
qv0 qv0 100 ConstService
Config Fields in [FLoad]

5.12 Exciter
Exciter group for synchronous generators.

Common Parameters: u, name, syn
Common Variables: vout, vi
Available models: EXDC2, IEEEX1, ESDC1A, ESDC2A, EXST1, ESST3A, SEXS, IEEET1, EXAC1, EXAC2,
EXAC4, ESST4B, AC8B, IEEET3, ESAC1A, ESST1A, ESAC5A
5.12.1 EXDC2
EXDC2 model.

Parameters

name device name
syn Synchronous generator idx mandatory
TR TR Sensing time constant 0.010 p.u.
TA TA Lag time constant in anti-windup lag 0.040 p.u.
TC TC Lead time constant in lead-lag 1 p.u.
TB TB Lag time constant in lead-lag 1 p.u.
TE TE Exciter integrator time constant 0.800 p.u.
TF1 TF 1 Feedback washout time constant 1 p.u. non_zero
KF1 KF 1 Feedback washout gain 0.030 p.u.
KA KA Gain in anti-windup lag TF 40 p.u.
KE KE Gain added to saturation 1 p.u.
VRMAX VRM AX Maximum excitation limit 7.300 p.u.
VRMIN VRM IN Minimum excitation limit -7.300 p.u.
E1 E1 First saturation point 0 p.u.
SE1 SE1 Value at first saturation point 0 p.u.
E2 E2 Second saturation point 1 p.u.
SE2 SE2 Value at second saturation point 1 p.u.
ug ug Generator online status 0 bool
Sn Sm Rated power from generator 0 MVA
Vn Vm Rated voltage from generator 0 kV
bus bus Bus idx of the generators 0
5.12. Exciter 497

Variables
Name Symbol Type Description Unit Proper-

ties
vp Vp State Voltage after saturation feedback, before speed p.u. v_str
term
LS_y yLS State State in lag transfer function v_str
LL_x x′LL State State in lead-lag v_str
LA_y yLA State State in lag TF v_str
W_x x′W State State in washout filter v_str
omega ω ExtState Generator speed
v Eterm Algeb Input to exciter (bus v or Eterm) v_str
vout vout Algeb Exciter final output voltage v_str
vref Vref Algeb Reference voltage input p.u. v_str
Se Se (|Vout |) Algeb saturation output v_str
vi Vi Algeb Total input voltages p.u. v_str
LL_y yLL Algeb Output of lead-lag v_str
W_y yW Algeb Output of washout filter v_str
vf vf ExtAl- Excitation field voltage to generator
geb
Xad- Xad If d ExtAl- Armature excitation current
Ifd geb
a θ ExtAl- Bus voltage phase angle
geb
vbus V ExtAl- Bus voltage magnitude
geb


vp Vp State vf 0
LS_y yLS State 1.0Eterm
LL_x x′LL State Vi
LA_y yLA State KA yLL
W_x x′W State Vp
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
vout vout Algeb ue vf 0
vref Vref Algeb Eterm + Vb0
Se Se (|Vout |) Algeb Se0
vi Vi Algeb Vb0
LL_y yLL Algeb Vi
W_y yW Algeb 0
vf vf ExtAlgeb
XadIfd Xad If d ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb
vp Vp State ue (−KE Vp − Se (|Vout |)Vp + yLA ) TE
LS_y yLS State 1.0Eterm − yLS TR
LL_x x′LL State Vi − x′LL TB
LA_y yLA State KA yLL − yLA TA
W_x x′W State Vp − x′W TF 1
omega ω ExtState 0
5.12. Exciter 499

Algebraic Equations

v Eterm Algeb −Eterm + V
vout vout Algeb Vp ωue − vout
vref Vref Algeb Vref 0 − Vref
q ( )2
Se Se (|Vout |) Algeb BSAT z0SL −AqSAT + Vp − Se (|Vout |)Vp
vi Vi Algeb −Vi + Vref − yLS − yW
( )2
LL_y yLL Algeb TB x′LL − TB yLL + TC (Vi − x′LL ) + z1LTLL (−x′LL + yLL )
W_y yW Algeb KF 1 (Vp − x′W ) − TF 1 yW
vf vf ExtAlgeb ue (−vf 0 + vout )
XadIfd Xad If d ExtAlgeb 0
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
vbus V ExtAlgeb 0
Services

bol
ue ue uug ConstService
1c
SAT_E1 ESAT E1 ConstService
2c
SAT_E2 ESAT E2 − 2zSAT
SE2 + 2 ConstService
1c
SAT_SE1 SESAT SE1 ConstService
2c
SAT_SE2 SESAT S
√E2 − 2z SE2 + 2
SAT ConstService
1c 1c
ESAT SESAT ( ( 2c
) ( 2c
))
SAT_a aSAT E 2c SE 2c
Indicator SESAT > 0 + Indicator SESAT < 0 ConstService
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
ESAT − SAT aSAT −1 ConstService
2
SAT −1) (Indicator (aSAT >0)+Indicator (aSAT <0))
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
1c −E 2c 2 ConstService
(ESAT SAT )
2
BSAT (ASAT −vf 0 ) Indicator (vf 0 >AqSAT )
q q
Se0 Se0 −ug +vf 0 +1 ConstService
vr0 Vr0 vf 0 (KE + Se0 ) ConstService
Vr0
vb0 Vb0 KA ConstService
vref0 Vref 0 Vref PostInitSer-
vice

Discretes

SL SL LessThan
LL_LT1 LTLL LessThan
LA_lim limLA AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
Blocks

SAT SAT ExcQuadSat Field voltage saturation
LS LS Lag Sensing lag TF
LL LL LeadLag Lead-lag for internal delays
LA LA LagAntiWindup Anti-windup lag
W W Washout Signal conditioner
Config Fields in [EXDC2]

5.12.2 IEEEX1
IEEEX1 Type 1 exciter (DC)

Derived from EXDC2 by varying the limiter bounds.
5.12. Exciter 501

Parameters

name device name
TF1 TF 1 Feedback washout time constant 1 p.u. non_zero
KF1 KF 1 Feedback washout gain 0.030 p.u.

Variables
Name Symbol Type Description Unit Proper-

ties
vp Vp State Voltage after saturation feedback, before speed p.u. v_str
term
LS_y yLS State State in lag transfer function v_str
W_x x′W State State in washout filter v_str
W_y yW Algeb Output of washout filter v_str
vf vf ExtAl- Excitation field voltage to generator
geb
Xad- Xad If d ExtAl- Armature excitation current
Ifd geb
a θ ExtAl- Bus voltage phase angle
geb
vbus V ExtAl- Bus voltage magnitude
geb
5.12. Exciter 503


vp Vp State vf 0
LS_y yLS State 1.0Eterm
W_x x′W State Vp
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
vi Vi Algeb Vb0
LL_y yLL Algeb Vi
W_y yW Algeb 0
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb
vp Vp State ue (−KE Vp − Se (|Vout |)Vp + yLA ) TE
LS_y yLS State 1.0Eterm − yLS TR
W_x x′W State Vp − x′W TF 1
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

vout vout Algeb Vp ue − vout
q ( )2
Se Se (|Vout |) Algeb BSAT z0SL −AqSAT + Vp − Se (|Vout |)Vp
vi Vi Algeb −Vi + Vref − yLS − yW
( )2
W_y yW Algeb KF 1 (Vp − x′W ) − TF 1 yW
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
vbus V ExtAlgeb 0
Services

SAT_E1 1c
ESAT E1 ConstService
SAT_E2 2c
ESAT E2 − 2zSAT + 2
SE2 ConstService
SAT_SE1 1c
SESAT SE1 ConstService
√E2 − 2zSAT + 2
SAT_SE2 2c
SESAT S SE2 ConstService
1c SE 1c
ESAT ( ( 2c ) ( 2c ))
SAT_a aSAT SAT
E 2c SE 2c
Indicator SESAT > 0 + Indicator SESAT < 0ConstService
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
2
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
(ESAT SAT )
2
BSAT (ASAT −vf 0 ) Indicator (vf 0 >AqSAT )
q q
Se0 Se0 −ug +vf 0 +1 ConstService
vr0 Vr0 vf 0 (KE + Se0 ) ConstService
Vr0
vice
VRT- VRM AX VT Eterm VRM AX VarService
MAX
VRTMIN VRM IN VT Eterm VRM IN VarService
5.12. Exciter 505

Discretes

SL SL LessThan
Blocks

LS LS Lag Sensing lag TF
LL LL LeadLag Lead-lag for internal delays
W W Washout Signal conditioner
Config Fields in [IEEEX1]

5.12.3 ESDC1A
ESDC1A model.
This model derives from ESDC2A and changes the regular limits to "VRMAX" and "VRMIN".

Parameters

name device name
KA KA Regulator gain 80
TA TA Lag time constant in regulator 0.040 p.u.
VRMAX VRM AX Max. exc. limit (0-unlimited) 7.300 p.u.
VRMIN VRM IN Min. excitation limit -7.300 p.u.
KE KE Saturation feedback gain 1 p.u.
TE TE Integrator time constant 0.800 p.u.
KF KF Feedback gain 0.100
TF1 TF 1 Feedback washout time constant 1 p.u. non_zero,non_negative
Switch Sw Switch that PSS/E did not implement 0 bool
5.12. Exciter 507

Variables

LG_y yLG State State in lag transfer function v_str
INT_y yIN T State Integrator output v_str
WF_x x′W F State State in washout filter v_str
UEL UEL Algeb Interface var for under exc. limiter v_str
HG_y yHG Algeb HVGate output v_str
Se Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |) Algeb saturation output v_str
VFE VF E Algeb Combined saturation feedback p.u. v_str
WF_y yW F Algeb Output of washout filter v_str
vf vf ExtAlgeb Excitation field voltage to generator
XadIfd Xad If d ExtAlgeb Armature excitation current
a θ ExtAlgeb Bus voltage phase angle
vbus V ExtAlgeb Bus voltage magnitude


LG_y yLG State Eterm
INT_y yIN T State vf 0
WF_x x′W F State yIN T
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
VF E0
vref Vref Algeb Eterm + KA
VF E0
vi Vi Algeb KA
LL_y yLL Algeb Vi
UEL UEL Algeb 0
HG_y yHG Algeb UEL z0N oneHG + yLL z1N oneHG
Se Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |) Algeb Se0
VFE VF E Algeb VF E0
WF_y yW F Algeb 0
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb
LG_y yLG State Eterm − yLG TR
INT_y yIN T State ue (−VF E + yLA ) TE
WF_x x′W F State −x′W F + yIN T TF 1
omega ω ExtState 0
5.12. Exciter 509

Algebraic Equations

vout vout Algeb −vout + yIN T
vi Vi Algeb −Eterm − Vi + Vref − yW F
( )2
UEL UEL Algeb −UEL
HG_y yHG Algeb UEL z0N oneHG − yHG + yLL z1N oneHG
q ( )2
Se Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |) Algeb BSAT z0SL −AqSAT + yIN T − Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
VFE VF E Algeb KE yIN T − VF E + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
WF_y yW F Algeb KF (−x′W F + yIN T ) − TF 1 yW F
vf vf ExtAl- ue (−vf 0 + vout )
geb
Xad- Xad If d ExtAl- 0
Ifd geb
a θ ExtAl- 0
geb
vbus V ExtAl- 0
geb
Services

VR- V RM AXc VRM AX − 999zV RM AX + 999 ConstService
MAXc
SAT_E1 1c
SAT_E2 2c
SE2 ConstService
SAT_SE1 1c
√E2 − 2zSAT + 2
SAT_SE2 2c
1c 1c
ESAT SESAT ( ( 2c
) ( 2c
))
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
2
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
2 ConstService
(E 1c −E 2c )
q ( )2 SAT SAT( )
Se0 Se0 BSAT AqSAT − vf 0 Indicator vf 0 > AqSAT ConstService
vfe0 VF E0 KE vf 0 + Se0 ConstService
vice
VRU VRM AX V RM AXc ConstService
VRL VRM IN VRM IN ConstService

Discretes

HG_lt N oneHG LessThan
SL SL LessThan
Blocks

LG LG Lag Transducer delay
LL LL LeadLag Lead-lag compensator
HG HG HVGate HVGate for under excitation
INT IN T Integrator Integrator
WF WF Washout Feedback to input
Config Fields in [ESDC1A]

5.12.4 ESDC2A
ESDC2A model.
This model is implemented as described in the PSS/E manual, except that the HVGate is not in use. Due to
the HVGate and saturation function, the results are close to but different from TSAT.
5.12. Exciter 511

Parameters

name device name
VRMAX VRM AX Max. exc. limit (0-unlimited) 7.300 p.u.
VRMIN VRM IN Min. excitation limit -7.300 p.u.
TE TE Integrator time constant 0.800 p.u.
TF1 TF 1 Feedback washout time constant 1 p.u. non_zero,non_negative

Variables

5.12. Exciter 513


WF_x x′W F State yIN T
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
VF E0
VF E0
vi Vi Algeb KA
LL_y yLL Algeb Vi
UEL UEL Algeb 0
HG_y yHG Algeb UEL z0N oneHG + yLL z1N oneHG
Se Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |) Algeb Se0
WF_y yW F Algeb 0
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb
WF_x x′W F State −x′W F + yIN T TF 1
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

vout vout Algeb −vout + yIN T
vi Vi Algeb −Eterm − Vi + Vref − yW F
( )2
UEL UEL Algeb −UEL
HG_y yHG Algeb UEL z0N oneHG − yHG + yLL z1N oneHG
q ( )2
Se Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |) Algeb BSAT z0SL −AqSAT + yIN T − Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
VFE VF E Algeb KE yIN T − VF E + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
WF_y yW F Algeb KF (−x′W F + yIN T ) − TF 1 yW F
geb
Ifd geb
a θ ExtAl- 0
geb
vbus V ExtAl- 0
geb
Services

MAXc
SAT_E1 1c
SAT_E2 2c
SE2 ConstService
SAT_SE1 1c
√E2 − 2zSAT + 2
SAT_SE2 2c
1c 1c
ESAT SESAT ( ( 2c
) ( 2c
))
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
2
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
2 ConstService
(E 1c −E 2c )
q ( )2 SAT SAT( )
vice
VRU VT VRM AX Eterm V RM AXc VarService
VRL VT VRM IN Eterm VRM IN VarService
5.12. Exciter 515

Discretes

SL SL LessThan
Blocks

LG LG Lag Transducer delay
WF WF Washout Feedback to input
Config Fields in [ESDC2A]

5.12.5 EXST1
EXST1-type static excitation system.

Parameters

name device name
TR TR Measurement delay 0.010
VIMAX VIM AX Max. input voltage 0.200
VIMIN VIM IN Min. input voltage 0
TC TC LL numerator 1
TB TB LL denominator 1
TA TA Regulator delay 0.050
VRMAX VRM AX Max. regulator output 8
VRMIN VRM IN Min. regulator output -3
KC KC Coef. for Ifd 0.200
TF TF Feedback delay 1 non_zero,non_negative
5.12. Exciter 517

Variables

LR_y yLR State State in lag transfer function v_str
vl Vl Algeb Input after limiter v_str
vfmax Vf max Algeb Upper bound of output limiter v_str
vfmin Vf min Algeb Lower bound of output limiter v_str

LL_x x′LL State Vl
LR_y yLR State KA yLL
WF_x x′W F State yLR
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
vf 0
vf 0
vi Vi Algeb KA
vl Vl Algeb Vi ziHLI + VIM AX zuHLI + VIM IN zlHLI
LL_y yLL Algeb Vl
WF_y yW F Algeb 0
vfmax Vf max Algeb −KC Xad If d + VRM AX
vfmin Vf min Algeb −KC Xad If d + VRM IN
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb

LL_x x′LL State Vl − x′LL TB
LR_y yLR State KA yLL − yLR TA
WF_x x′W F State −x′W F + yLR TF
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

v Eterm Algeb −E(term + V )
vout vout Algeb ue Vf max zuHLR + Vf min zlHLR + yLR ziHLR − vout
vi Vi Algeb −Vi + Vref − yLG − yW F
vl Vl Algeb Vi ziHLI − Vl + VIM AX zuHLI + VIM IN zlHLI
( )2
LL_y yLL Algeb TB x′LL − TB yLL + TC (Vl − x′LL ) + z1LTLL (−x′LL + yLL )
WF_y yW F Algeb KF (−x′W F + yLR ) − TF yW F
vfmax Vf max Algeb −KC Xad If d + VRM AX − Vf max
vfmin Vf min Algeb −KC Xad If d + VRM IN − Vf min
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
vbus V ExtAlgeb 0
Services

vref0 Vref 0 Vref PostInitService
Discretes

HLI HLI HardLimiter Hard limiter on input
HLR HLR HardLimiter Hard limiter on regulator output
5.12. Exciter 519

Blocks

LG LG Lag Sensing delay
LR LR Lag Regulator
WF WF Washout Stablizing circuit feedback
Config Fields in [EXST1]

5.12.6 ESST3A
Static exciter type 3A model

Parameters

bol fault ties
name device name
syn Synchronous generator idx manda-
tory
VIMAX VIM AX Max. input voltage 0.800
VIMIN VIM IN Min. input voltage -0.100
KM KM Forward gain constant 500
TC TC Lead time constant in lead-lag 3
TB TB Lag time constant in lead-lag 15
KA KA Gain in anti-windup lag TF 50
TA TA Lag time constant in anti-windup lag 0.100
VR- VRM AX Maximum excitation limit 8 p.u.
MAX
VRMIN VRM IN Minimum excitation limit 0 p.u.
KG KG Feedback gain of inner field regulator 1
KP KP Potential circuit gain coeff. 4
KI KI Potential circuit gain coeff. 0.100
VB- VBM AX VB upper limit 18 p.u.
MAX
KC KC Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating 0.100
reactance
XL XL Potential source reactance 0.010
VG- VGM AX VG upper limit 4 p.u.
MAX
THETAP θP Rectifier firing angle 0 de-
gree
TM KC Inner field regulator forward time constant 0.100
VM- VM M AX Maximum VM limit 1 p.u.
MAX
VM- VRM IN Minimum VM limit 0.100 p.u.
MIN
5.12. Exciter 521

Variables

LAW1_y yLAW 1 State State in lag TF v_str
LAW2_y yLAW 2 State State in lag TF v_str
IN IN Algeb Input to FEX v_str
FEX_y yF EX Algeb Output of piecewise v_str
VB_x xV B Algeb Value before limiter v_str
VB_y yV B Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
VG_x xV G Algeb Value before limiter v_str
VG_y yV G Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
vrs VRS Algeb VR subtract feedback VG v_str
vil Vil Algeb Input voltage after limit v_str
vd Vd ExtAlgeb d-axis machine voltage
vq Vq ExtAlgeb q-axis machine voltage
Id Id ExtAlgeb d-axis machine current
Iq Iq ExtAlgeb q-axis machine current


bol
LL_x x′LL State yHG
LAW1_yyLAW 1 State KA yLL
LAW2_yyLAW 2 State KM VRS
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Al- V
geb
vout vout Al- ue vf 0
geb
UEL UEL Al- UEL0
geb
IN IN Al- safediv (KC Xad If d , VE )
geb
( (√ )
FEX_y yF EX Al- FixPiecewise (1, IN ≤ 0) , (1 − 0.577IN , IN ≤ 0.433) , 0.75 − IN
2 , I ≤ 0.75 , (1.732 −
N
geb
VB_x xV B Al- VE yF EX
geb
VB_y yV B Al- VBM AX zulimV B + xV B zilimV B
geb
VG_x xV G Al- KG vout
geb
VG_y yV G Al- VGM AX zulimV G + xV G zilimV G
geb
safediv (vf 0 ,yV B )
vrs VRS Al- KM
geb
vref Vref Al- Eterm + VRSK+y A
VG
geb
vi Vi Al- −Eterm + Vref
geb
vil Vil Al- Vi ziHLI + VIM AX zuHLI + VIM IN zlHLI
geb
HG_y yHG Al- UEL z0N oneHG + Vil z1N oneHG
geb
LL_y yLL Al- yHG
geb
vf vf Ex-
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex-
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex-
tAl-
5.12. Exciter geb 523
vbus V Ex-
tAl-
LL_x x′LL State −x′LL + yHG TB
LAW1_y yLAW 1 State KA yLL − yLAW 1 TA
LAW2_y yLAW 2 State KM VRS − yLAW 2 KC
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

bol
v Eterm Al- −Eterm + V
geb
vout vout Al- ue yLAW 2 yV B − vout
geb
UEL UEL Al- UEL0 − UEL
geb
IN IN Al- ue (−IN VE + KC Xad If d )
geb
( (√ )
FEX_yyF EX Al- −yF EX +FixPiecewise (1, IN ≤ 0) , (1 − 0.577IN , IN ≤ 0.433) , 0.75 − IN
2 , I ≤ 0.75 , (
N
geb
VB_x xV B Al- VE yF EX − xV B
geb
VB_y yV B Al- VBM AX zulimV B + xV B zilimV B − yV B
geb
VG_x xV G Al- KG vout − xV G
geb
VG_y yV G Al- VGM AX zulimV G + xV G zilimV G − yV G
geb
vrs VRS Al- −VRS + yLAW 1 − yV G
geb
vref Vref Al- Vref 0 − Vref
geb
vi Vi Al- −Vi + Vref − yLG
geb
vil Vil Al- Vi ziHLI + VIM AX zuHLI + VIM IN zlHLI − Vil
geb
HG_y yHG Al- UEL z0N oneHG + Vil z1N oneHG − yHG
geb
( )2
LL_y yLL Al- TB x′LL − TB yLL + TC (−x′LL + yHG ) + z1LTLL (−x′LL + yLL )
geb
vf vf Ex- ue (−vf 0 + vout )
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex- 0
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
vbus V Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
vd Vd Ex- 0
5.12. Exciter tAl- 525
geb
vq Vq Ex- 0
Services

KPC KP C KP ei radians (θP ) ConstService
UEL0 UEL0 −9999 ConstService
VE VE |KP C (Vd + iVq ) + i (Id + iIq ) (KI + KP C XL )| VarService
Discretes

VB_lim limV B HardLimiter
VG_lim limV G HardLimiter
LAW1_lim limLAW 1 AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
HLI HLI HardLimiter Input limiter
LAW2_lim limLAW 2 AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
Blocks

LG LG Lag Voltage transducer
FEX F EX Piecewise Piecewise function FEX
VB VB GainLimiter VB with limiter
VG VG GainLimiter Feedback gain with HL
LL LL LeadLag Regulator
LAW1 LAW 1 LagAntiWindup Lag AW on VR
LAW2 LAW 2 LagAntiWindup Lag AW on VM
Config Fields in [ESST3A]


5.12.7 SEXS
Simplified Excitation System
Parameters

name device name
TATB TA /TB Time constant TA/TB 0.400
TB TB Time constant TB in LL 5
K K Gain 20 non_zero
TE TE AW Lag time constant 1
EMIN EM IN lower limit -99
EMAX EM AX upper limit 99
Variables

LAW_y yLAW State State in lag TF v_str
5.12. Exciter 527


LAW_y yLAW State KyLL
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
vf 0
vref Vref Algeb Eterm + K
vf 0
vi Vi Algeb K
LL_y yLL Algeb Vi
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb
LAW_y yLAW State KyLL − yLAW TE
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

vout vout Algeb ue yLAW − vout
vi Vi Algeb −Eterm − Vi + Vref
( )2
LL_y yLL Algeb T A (Vi − x′LL ) + TB x′LL − TB yLL + z1LTLL (−x′LL + yLL )
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
vbus V ExtAlgeb 0

Services

TA TA TA/T B TB ConstService
Discretes

LAW_lim limLAW AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
Blocks

LL LL LeadLag
LAW LAW LagAntiWindup
Config Fields in [SEXS]

5.12.8 IEEET1
IEEET1 exciter.
5.12. Exciter 529

Parameters

name device name
KA KA Regulator gain 5 p.u.
Switch Sw Switch unused in PSS/E 0 bool

Variables


LA_y yLA State KA ue (Vi − yW F )
WF_x x′W F State vout
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
vi Vi Algeb −Eterm + Vref
WF_y yW F Algeb 0
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb
5.12. Exciter 531

LA_y yLA State KA ue (Vi − yW F ) − yLA TA
WF_x x′W F State vout − x′W F TF
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

vout vout Algeb ue (−vout + yIN T )
vi Vi Algeb ue (−Vi + Vref − yLG )
VFE VF E Algeb ue (KE yIN T + Se (|Vout |) − VF E )
q ( )2
Se Se (|Vout |) Algeb BSAT z0SL −AqSAT + yIN T − Se (|Vout |)
WF_y yW F Algeb KF (vout − x′W F ) − TF yW F
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
vbus V ExtAlgeb 0

Services

MAXc
SAT_E1 1c
SAT_E2 2c
ESAT E2 − 2zSAT
SE2 + 2 ConstService
SAT_SE1 1c
SAT_SE2 2c
SESAT S
√E2 − 2z SE2 + 2
SAT ConstService
1c 1c
ESAT SESAT ( ( 2c
) ( 2c
))
SAT_a aSAT E 2c SE 2c Indicator SE SAT > 0 + Indicator SE SAT < ConstService
0
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
2
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
2 ConstService
(E 1c −E 2c )
q ( )2 SAT SAT( )
vr0 Vr0 KE vf 0 + Se0 ConstService
Vr0
vice
Discretes

SL SL LessThan
Blocks

Config Fields in [IEEET1]
5.12. Exciter 533


5.12.9 EXAC1
EXAC1 model.
Ref: https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/TransientModels_HTML/Exciter%20EXAC1.htm
Parameters
Name Sym- Description De- Unit Properties

bol fault
name device name
VR- VRM AX Maximum regulator output 8 p.u.
MAX
VR- VRM IN Minimum regulator output 0 p.u.
MIN
TE TE Exciter integrator time constant 0.800 p.u. non_negative
KC KC Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutat- 0.100
ing reactance
KD KC Ifd feedback gain 0

Variables

INT_y yIN T State Integrator output v_str,v_iter
IN IN Algeb Input to FEX v_str,v_iter
FEX_y yF EX Algeb Output of piecewise v_str,v_iter
5.12. Exciter 535


INT_yyIN T State −vf 0 + yF EX yIN T
WF_x x′W F State VF E
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Al- V
geb
geb
IN IN Al- −IN yIN T + KC Xad If d
geb
( (√
2 , I ≤ 0.75
N
geb
geb
LL_y yLL Al- Vi
geb
q ( )2 ( )
Se Vout ∗ Al- BSAT −AqSAT + yIN T Indicator yIN T > AqSAT
Se (|Vout |) geb
VFE VF E Al- KC Xad If d + KE yIN T + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
geb
vref Vref Al- Eterm + VKFAE
geb
WF_y yW F Al- 0
geb
vf vf Ex-
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex-
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex-
tAl-
geb
vbus V Ex-
tAl-
geb

WF_x x′W F State VF E − x′W F TF
omega ω ExtState 0
5.12. Exciter 537

Algebraic Equations

geb
vout vout Al- ue (−vout + yF EX yIN T )
geb
IN IN Al- ue (−IN yIN T + KC Xad If d )
geb
( (√
2 , I ≤ 0.75
N
geb
vi Vi Al- ue (−Eterm − Vi + Vref − yW F )
geb
( )2
LL_y yLL Al- TB x′LL − TB yLL + TC (Vi − x′LL ) + z1LTLL (−x′LL + yLL )
geb ( )
q ( )2
Se Vout ∗ Al- ue BSAT z0SL −AqSAT + yIN T − Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
Se (|Vout |) geb
VFE VF E Al- ue (KC Xad If d + KE yIN T − VF E + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |))
geb
geb
WF_y yW F Al- KF (VF E − x′W F ) − TF yW F
geb
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex- 0
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
vbus V Ex- 0
tAl-
geb

Services

bol
1c
2c
SAT_E2 ESAT E2 − 2zSAT + 2
SE2 ConstService
1c
√E2 − 2zSAT + 2
2c
SAT_SE2 SESAT S SE2 ConstService
1c 1c
ESAT SESAT ( ( 2c
) ( 2c
))
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
2
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
(ESAT SAT )
vice
Discretes

SL SL LessThan
Blocks

LA LA LagAntiWindup Lag AW on VR
Config Fields in [EXAC1]

5.12. Exciter 539

5.12.10 EXAC2
EXAC2 model.
Ref: https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/TransientModels_HTML/Exciter%20EXAC2.htm
Notes
VLR is an input parameter, but to initialize the LVGate, an internal VLRx will be computed as a contant upon
initialization. The constant VLRx will be used in the place of VLR in the block diagram.
Parameters

name device name
VRMAX VRM AX Maximum regulator output 8 p.u.
VRMIN VRM IN Minimum regulator output 0 p.u.
TE TE Exciter integrator time constant 0.800 p.u. non_negative
TF TF Feedback delay 1 non_zero,non_ne
KC KC Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating reactance 0.100
KD KC Ifd feedback gain 0
VAMAX VRM AX Maximum KA block output 8 p.u.
VAMIN VRM IN Minimum KA block output 0 p.u.
VLR VLR low voltage constant 0 p.u.
KL KL gain for low voltage 1 p.u.
KH KH gain for high voltage 1 p.u.
KB KB gain KB for regulator 1 p.u. non_negative
continues on next


Variables

VHA V HA Algeb v_str
VL VL Algeb v_str
LVG_y yLV G Algeb LVGate output v_str
VR_x xV R Algeb Value before limiter v_str
VR_y yV R Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
VLRx V LRx Algeb v_str
5.12. Exciter 541



INT_y yIN T State −vf 0 + yF EX yIN T
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Al- V
geb
geb
geb
( (√
2 , I ≤ 0.75
N
geb
geb
LL_y yLL Al- Vi
geb
q ( )2 ( )
Se (|Vout |) geb
VFE VF E Al- KC Xad If d + KE yIN T + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
geb
VF E
KL VF E + KB
vref Vref Al- Eterm + KA
geb
WF_y yW F Al- 0
geb
VHA V HA Al- −KH VF E + yLA
geb
VL VL Al- KL (V LRx − VF E )
geb
LVG_yyLV G Al- V HAz1N oneLV G + V Lz0N oneLV G
geb
VR_x xV R Al- KB yLV G
geb
VR_y yV R Al- VRM AX zulimV R + VRM IN zllimV R + xV R zilimV R
geb ( ) ( ) ( )
VF E VF E VF E
VLRx V LRx Al- VLR Indicator VF E + KB KL < VLR + VF E + KB KL Indicator VF E + KB KL > VLR
geb
vf vf Ex-
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex-
Ifd tAl-
a θ Ex-
tAl-
geb
INT_y yIN T State ue (−VF E + yV R ) TE
WF_x x′W F State VF E − x′W F TF
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

geb
geb
geb
( (√
2 , I ≤ 0.75
N
geb
vi Vi Al- ue (−Eterm − Vi + Vref − yW F )
geb
( )2
geb ( )
q ( )2
Se (|Vout |) geb
VFE VF E Al- ue (KC Xad If d + KE yIN T − VF E + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |))
geb
geb
WF_y yW F Al- KF (VF E − x′W F ) − TF yW F
geb
VHA V HA Al- −KH VF E − V HA + yLA
geb
VL V L Al- KL (V LRx − VF E ) − V L
geb
LVG_yyLV G Al- V HAz1N oneLV G + V Lz0N oneLV G − yLV G
geb
VR_x xV R Al- KB yLV G − xV R
geb
VR_y yV R Al- VRM AX zulimV R + VRM IN zllimV R + xV R zilimV R − yV R
geb
VLRx V LRx Al- V LR0 − V LRx
geb
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex- 0
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
vbus V Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
5.12. Exciter 545
Services

bol
1c
2c
SE2 ConstService
1c
√E2 − 2zSAT + 2
2c
1c 1c
ESAT SESAT ( ( 2c
) ( 2c
))
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
2
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
(ESAT SAT )
vice
VLR0 V LR0 V LRx PostInitSer-
vice
Discretes

SL SL LessThan
LVG_lt N oneLV G LessThan
VR_lim limV R HardLimiter
Blocks

LA LA LagAntiWindup Lag AW on VR
LVG LV G LVGate
VR VR GainLimiter


5.12.11 EXAC4
IEEE Type AC4 excitation system model.
Parameters

name device name
VIMAX VIM AX Max. input voltage 5
VRMAX VRM AX Maximum excitation limit 8 p.u.
VRMIN VRM IN Minimum excitation limit 0 p.u.
KC KC Reactive power compensation gain 0
5.12. Exciter 547

Variables

LR_y yLR State State in lag transfer function v_str
vfmax Vf max Algeb Upper bound of output limiter v_str
vfmin Vf min Algeb Lower bound of output limiter v_str

LL_x x′LL State Vi ziHLI + VIM AX zuHLI + VIM IN zlHLI
LR_y yLR State KA yLL
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
vf 0
vi Vi Algeb KA
LL_y yLL Algeb Vi ziHLI + VIM AX zuHLI + VIM IN zlHLI
vfmax Vf max Algeb −KC Xad If d + VRM AX
vfmin Vf min Algeb −KC Xad If d + VRM IN
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb

LL_x x′LL State Vi ziHLI + VIM AX zuHLI + VIM IN zlHLI − x′LL TB
LR_y yLR State KA yLL − yLR TA
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

bol
v Eterm Algeb −E(term + V )
vout vout Algeb ue Vf max zuHLR + Vf min zlHLR + yLR ziHLR − vout
vi Vi Algeb −Vi + Vref 0 − yLG ( )
LL_y yLL Algeb TB x′LL − TB yLL + TC Vi ziHLI + VIM AX zuHLI + VIM IN zlHLI − x′LL +
( )2
z1LTLL (−x′LL + yLL )
vf- Vf max Algeb −KC Xad If d + VRM AX − Vf max
max
vfmin Vf min Algeb −KC Xad If d + VRM IN − Vf min
geb
Ifd geb
a θ ExtAl- 0
geb
vbus V ExtAl- 0
geb
5.12. Exciter 549

Services

v
vref0 Vref 0 Eterm + KfA0 PostInitService
Discretes

HLI HLI HardLimiter Hard limiter on input
HLR HLR HardLimiter Hard limiter on regulator output
Blocks

LR LR Lag Regulator


5.12.12 ESST4B
Parameters

bol fault ties
name device name
tory
KPR KP R Proportional gain 1 1 p.u.
KIR KIR Integral gain 1 0 p.u.
VR- VRM AX Maximum regulator limit 8 p.u.
MAX
VRMIN VRM IN Minimum regulator limit 0 p.u.
TA TA Lag time constant 0.100
KPM KP M Proportional gain 2 1 p.u.
KIM KIM Integral gain 2 0 p.u.
VM- VRM AX Maximum inner loop limit 8 p.u.
MAX
VM- VRM IN Minimum inner loop limit 0 p.u.
MIN
KG KG Feedback gain of inner field regulator 1
VB- VBM AX VB upper limit 18 p.u.
MAX
reactance
XL XL Potential source reactance 0.010
THETAP θP Rectifier firing angle 0 de-
gree
VG- VGM AX VG upper limit 20 p.u.
MAX
5.12. Exciter 551

Variables

PI1_xi xiP I1 State Integrator output v_str
LA_y yLA State State in lag transfer function v_str
PI2_xi xiP I2 State Integrator output v_str
IN IN Algeb Input to FEX v_str
FEX_y yF EX Algeb Output of piecewise v_str
VB_x xV B Algeb Value before limiter v_str
VB_y yV B Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
VG_x xV G Algeb Value before limiter v_str
VG_y yV G Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
PI1_ys ysP I1 Algeb PI summation before limit v_str
PI1_y yP I1 Algeb PI output v_str
PI2_ys ysP I2 Algeb PI summation before limit v_str
PI2_y yP I2 Algeb PI output v_str


bol
PI1_xi xiP I1 State yV G
LA_y yLA State 1.0yP I1
PI2_xi xiP I2 State safediv (vf 0 , yV B )
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Al- V
geb
geb
UEL UEL Al- 0
geb
IN IN Al- safediv (KC Xad If d , VE )
geb
( (√ )
FEX_yyF EX Al- FixPiecewise (1, IN ≤ 0) , (1 − 0.577IN , IN ≤ 0.433) , 0.75 − IN
2 , I ≤ 0.75 , (1.732 −
N
geb
VB_x xV B Al- VE yF EX
geb
VB_y yV B Al- VBM AX zulimV B + xV B zilimV B
geb
VG_x xV G Al- KG vout
geb
VG_y yV G Al- VGM AX zulimV G + xV G zilimV G
geb
vref Vref Al- Eterm
geb
geb
PI1_ys ysP I1 Al- KP R Vi + yV G
geb
PI1_y yP I1 Al- VRM AX zulimP I1 + VRM IN zllimP I1 + ysP I1 zilimP I1
geb
PI2_ys ysP I2 Al- KP M (yLA − yV G ) + safediv (vf 0 , yV B )
geb
PI2_y yP I2 Al- VRM AX zulimP I2 + VRM IN zllimP I2 + ysP I2 zilimP I2
geb
vf vf Ex-
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex-
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex-
tAl-
vbus V Ex-
tAl-
geb
PI1_xi xiP I1 State KIR (Vi + 2yP I1 − 2ysP I1 )
LA_y yLA State −yLA + 1.0yP I1 TA
PI2_xi xiP I2 State KIM (yLA + 2yP I2 − yV G − 2ysP I2 )
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

bol
geb
vout vout Al- ue yP I2 yV B − vout
geb
UEL UEL Al- −UEL
geb
IN IN Al- ue (−IN VE + KC Xad If d )
geb
( (√ )
2 , I ≤ 0.75 , (
N
geb
VB_x xV B Al- VE yF EX − xV B
geb
VB_y yV B Al- VBM AX zulimV B + xV B zilimV B − yV B
geb
VG_x xV G Al- KG vout − xV G
geb
VG_y yV G Al- VGM AX zulimV G + xV G zilimV G − yV G
geb
geb
vi Vi Al- −Vi + Vref − yLG
geb
PI1_ysysP I1 Al- KP R Vi + xiP I1 − ysP I1
geb
PI1_y yP I1 Al- VRM AX zulimP I1 + VRM IN zllimP I1 − yP I1 + ysP I1 zilimP I1
geb
PI2_ysysP I2 Al- KP M (yLA − yV G ) + xiP I2 − ysP I2
geb
PI2_y yP I2 Al- VRM AX zulimP I2 + VRM IN zllimP I2 − yP I2 + ysP I2 zilimP I2
geb
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex- 0
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
vbus V Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
vd Vd Ex- 0
5.12. Exciter tAl- 555
geb
vq Vq Ex- 0
tAl-
Services

KPC KP C KP ei radians (θP ) ConstService
VE VE |KP C (Vd + iVq ) + i (Id + iIq ) (KI + KP C XL )| VarService
Discretes

VB_lim limV B HardLimiter
VG_lim limV G HardLimiter
PI1_lim limP I1 HardLimiter
PI2_lim limP I2 HardLimiter
Blocks

VB VB GainLimiter VB with limiter
VG VG GainLimiter Feedback gain with HL
PI1 P I1 PITrackAW
LA LA Lag Regulation delay
PI2 P I2 PITrackAW
Config Fields in [ESST4B]

ksr Ksr 2 Tracking gain for outer PI controller
ksm Ksm 2 Tracking gain for inner PI controller

5.12.13 AC8B
Exciter AC8B model.

Reference:1 ,2
Parameters
Name Symbol Description De- Unit Proper-

fault ties
name device name
tory
kP kP PID proportional coeff. 10
kI kI PID integrative coeff. 10
kD kD PID derivative coeff. 10
Td Td PID derivative time constant. 0.200
VPMAX VP M AX PID maximum limit 999 p.u.
VPMIN VP M IN PID minimum limit -999 p.u.
VR- VRM AX Maximum regulator limit 7.300 p.u.
MAX
VRMIN VRM IN Minimum regulator limit 1 p.u.
VFE- VF EM AX Exciter field current limit 999 p.u.
MAX
VEMIN VEM IN Minimum exciter voltage output -999 p.u.
KD KD Ifd feedback gain 0
reactance
1
Powerworld, Exciter AC8B, [Online], Available: https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/TransientModels_HTML/
Exciter%20AC8B.htm
2
NEPLAN, Exciters Models, [Online], Available: https://www.neplan.ch/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Nep_EXCITERS1.pdf
5.12. Exciter 557

Variables

PID_xi xiP ID State Integrator output v_str
PID_WO_x x′P ID W OP ID State State in washout filter v_str
OEL OEL Algeb Interface var for over exc. limiter v_str
Vs Vs Algeb Voltage compensation from PSS v_str
PID_uin uinP ID Algeb PID input v_str
PID_WO_y yP ID W OP ID Algeb Output of washout filter v_str
PID_ys ysP ID Algeb PI summation before limit v_str
PID_y yP ID Algeb PI output v_str


PID_xi xiP ID State VKFAE
PID_WO_xx′P ID W OP ID
State uinP ID
LA_y yLA State KA yP ID
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Al- V
geb
geb
geb
( (√
FEX_y yF EX Al- −yF EX +FixPiecewise (1, IN ≤ 0) , (1 − 0.577IN , IN ≤ 0.433) , 0.75 − IN
2 , I ≤ 0.
N
geb
UEL UEL Al- U EL0
geb
OEL OEL Al- OEL0
geb
Vs Vs Al- 0
geb
vref Vref Al- Eterm
geb
geb
PID_uin uinP ID Al- Vi
geb
PID_WO_yyP ID W OP IDAl- 0
geb
PID_ys ysP ID Al- Vi kP + VKFAE
geb
PID_y yP ID Al- VP M AX zulimP ID + VP M IN zllimP ID + ysP ID zilimP ID
geb
q ( )2 ( )
Se (|Vout |) geb
VFE VF E Al- KD Xad If d + KE yIN T + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
geb
vf vf Ex-
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex-
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex-
tAl-
vbus V Ex-
tAl-
geb
PID_xi xiP ID State kI (Vi + 2yP ID − 2ysP ID )
PID_WO_x x′P ID W OP ID State uinP ID − x′P ID W OP ID Td
LA_y yLA State KA yP ID − yLA TA
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

geb
geb
geb
( (√
FEX_y yF EX Al- −yF EX +FixPiecewise (1, IN ≤ 0) , (1 − 0.577IN , IN ≤ 0.433) , 0.75 − IN
2 , I ≤ 0.
N
geb
UEL UEL Al- U EL0 − UEL
geb
OEL OEL Al- OEL0 − OEL
geb
Vs Vs Al- −Vs
geb
geb
vi Vi Al- ue (OEL + UEL − Vi + Vref + Vs − yLG )
geb
PID_uin uinP ID Al- Vi − uinP ID
geb ( )
PID_WO_y Al-
yP ID W OP ID −Td yP ID W OP ID + kD uinP ID − x′P ID W OP ID
geb
PID_ys ysP ID Al- Vi kP + xiP ID + yP ID W OP ID − ysP ID
geb
PID_y yP ID Al- VP M AX zulimP ID + VP M IN zllimP ID − yP ID + ysP ID zilimP ID
geb ( )
q ( )2
Se (|Vout |) geb
VFE VF E Al- ue (KD Xad If d + KE yIN T − VF E + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |))
geb
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex- 0
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
vbus V Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
5.12. Exciter 561

Services

bol
UEL0 U EL0 0 ConstService
OEL0 OEL0 0 ConstService
1c
2c
SE2 ConstService
1c
√E2 − 2zSAT + 2
2c
1c SE 1c
ESAT ( ( 2c ) ( 2c ))
SAT_a aSAT SAT
E 2c SE 2c
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
2
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
(ESAT SAT )
vref0 Vref 0 Eterm PostInitSer-
vice
Discretes

PID_lim limP ID HardLimiter
SL SL LessThan
Blocks

PID P ID PIDTrackAW PID
PID_WO P ID W OP ID Washout Washout
LA LA LagAntiWindup V_{R}, Anti-windup lag
INT IN T Integrator V_E, integrator
Config Fields in [AC8B]


ks 2 Tracking gain for PID controller
5.12.14 IEEET3
Exciter IEEET3.
Reference:
[1] PowerWorld, Exciter IEEET3, [Online],
[2] NEPLAN, Exciters Models, [Online],
Available:
https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/TransientModels_HTML/Exciter%20IEEET3.htm
https://www.neplan.ch/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Nep_EXCITERS1.pdf
Parameters

name device name
KA KA Regulator gain 5 p.u.
VRMAX VRM AX Maximum regulator limit 7.300 p.u.
VRMIN VRM IN Minimum regulator limit -7.300 p.u.
VBMAX VBM AX VB upper limit 18 p.u.
KE KE Exciter integrator constant 1 p.u.
TE TE Exciter integrator time constant 1 p.u.
5.12. Exciter 563

Variables

LA3_y yLA3 State State in lag TF v_str
LA1_y yLA1 State State in lag transfer function v_str
SQE SQE Algeb Square of error after mul v_str
VB_y yV B Algeb Output of piecewise v_str


LA3_y yLA3 State KA ue (Vi − yW F )
HL +y
ue (VBM AX zu HL
V B zi )
LA1_y yLA1 State KE
WF_x x′W F State yLA1
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
UEL UEL Algeb U EL0
OEL OEL Algeb OEL0
Vs Vs Algeb 0
vi Vi Algeb −Eterm + Vref
WF_y yW F Algeb 0
SQE SQE Algeb VE2 − 0.6084Xad If2d
( ( (√ ) ))
VB_y yV B Algeb FixPiecewise (ue yLA3 , SQE ≤ 0) , ue SQE + yLA3 , True
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb
vd Vd ExtAlgeb
vq Vq ExtAlgeb
Id Id ExtAlgeb
Iq Iq ExtAlgeb
LA3_y yLA3 State KA ue (Vi − yW F() − yLA3 ) TA
LA1_y yLA1 State −KE yLA1 + ue VBM AX zuHL + yV B ziHL TE
WF_x x′W F State −x′W F + yLA1 TF
omega ω ExtState 0
5.12. Exciter 565

Algebraic Equations

bol
vout vout Algeb ue (−vout + yLA1 )
UEL UEL Algeb U EL0 − UEL
OEL OEL Algeb OEL0 − OEL
Vs Vs Algeb −Vs
vi Vi Algeb ue (OEL + UEL − Vi + Vref + Vs − yLG )
WF_y yW F Algeb KF (−x′W F + yLA1 ) − TF yW F
SQE SQE Algeb −SQE + VE2 − 0.6084Xad If2d
( ( (√ ) ))
VB_y yV B Algeb −yV B +FixPiecewise (ue yLA3 , SQE ≤ 0) , ue SQE + yLA3 , True
geb
Ifd geb
a θ ExtAl- 0
geb
vbus V ExtAl- 0
geb
vd Vd ExtAl- 0
geb
vq Vq ExtAl- 0
geb
Id Id ExtAl- 0
geb
Iq Iq ExtAl- 0
geb
Services

VE VE |iK
√ I (Id + iIq ) + KP (Vd + iVq )| VarService
V40 V 40 VE2 − 0.6084Xad If2d ConstService
VR0 VR0 KE vf 0 − V40 ConstService
VR0
VRMAXc V RM AXc VRM AX − 999zV RM AX + 999 ConstService
zeros zeros 0.0 ConstService

Discretes

LA3_lim limLA3 AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
SL SL LessThan
HL HL HardLimiter Hard limiter for VB
Blocks

LA3 LA3 LagAntiWindup V_{R}, Lag Anti-Windup
LA1 LA1 Lag
WF WF Washout V_F, stablizing circuit feedback, washout
VB VB Piecewise
Config Fields in [IEEET3]

5.12.15 ESAC1A
Exciter ESAC1A.
5.12. Exciter 567

Parameters

bol fault
name device name
TB TB Lag time constant in lead-lag 1 p.u. non_negative
TC TC Lead time constant in lead-lag 1 p.u. non_negative
VA- VAM AX V_A upper limit 999 p.u.
MAX
VAMIN VAM IN V_A lower limit -999 p.u.
TA TA Lag time constant in regulator 0.040 p.u. non_negative
VR- VRM AX Max. exc. limit (0-unlimited) 7.300 p.u.
MAX
VR- VRM IN Min. excitation limit - p.u.
MIN 7.300
TE TE Integrator time constant 0.800 p.u. non_negative
KC KC Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutat- 0.100
ing reactance
KD KD Ifd feedback gain 0
KE KE Gain added to saturation 1
TF TF 1 Feedback washout time constant 1 p.u. non_zero,non_negative

Variables

HVG_y yHV G Algeb HVGate output v_str
5.12. Exciter 569


omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Al- V
geb
geb
UEL UEL Al- U EL0
geb
OEL OEL Al- OEL0
geb
Vs Vs Al- 0
geb
vref Vref Al- Eterm + VKFAE
geb
geb
( (√
2 , I ≤ 0.75
N
geb
geb
LL_y yLL Al- Vi
geb
HVG_yyHV G Al- UEL z0N oneHV G + yLA z1N oneHV G
geb
LVG_yyLV G Al- OEL z0N oneLV G + yHV G z1N oneLV G
geb
q ( )2 ( )
Se (|Vout |) geb
VFE VF E Al- KD Xad If d + KE yIN T + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
geb
WF_y yW F Al- 0
geb
vf vf Ex-
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex-
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex-
tAl-
570 geb Chapter 5. Model reference
vbus V Ex-
tAl-
geb
INT_y yIN T State ue (−VF E + yLV G ) TE
WF_x x′W F State VF E − x′W F TF 1
omega ω ExtState 0
5.12. Exciter 571

Algebraic Equations

geb
vout vout Al- ue yF EX yIN T − vout
geb
UEL UEL Al- U EL0 − UEL
geb
OEL OEL Al- OEL0 − OEL
geb
Vs Vs Al- −Vs
geb
geb
geb
( (√
2 , I ≤ 0.75
N
geb
vi Vi Al- ue (OEL + UEL − Vi + Vref + Vs − yLG )
geb
( )2
geb
HVG_yyHV G Al- UEL z0N oneHV G − yHV G + yLA z1N oneHV G
geb
LVG_yyLV G Al- OEL z0N oneLV G + yHV G z1N oneLV G − yLV G
geb ( )
q ( )2
Se (|Vout |) geb
VFE VF E Al- ue (KD Xad If d + KE yIN T − VF E + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |))
geb
WF_y yW F Al- KF (VF E − x′W F ) − TF 1 yW F
geb
tAl-
geb
Xad- Xad If d Ex- 0
Ifd tAl-
geb
a θ Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
vbus V Ex- 0
tAl-
geb

Services

UEL0 U EL0 −999 ConstService
VA- V AM AXu VAM AX ue − 999ue + 999 ConstService
MAXu
VAMINu V AM IN u VAM IN ue + 999ue − 999 ConstService
SAT_E1 1c
SAT_E2 2c
SE2 ConstService
SAT_SE1 1c
√E2 − 2zSAT + 2
SAT_SE2 2c
1c SE 1c
ESAT ( ( 2c
) ( 2c
))
SAT_a aSAT SAT
E 2c SE 2c
Indicator SESAT > 0 + Indicator SESAT < ConstService
0
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
2
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
(ESAT SAT )
vice
Discretes

HVG_lt N oneHV G LessThan
SL SL LessThan
Blocks

LL LL LeadLag V_A, Lead-lag compensator
LA LA LagAntiWindup V_A, Anti-windup lag
HVG HV G HVGate HVGate for under excitation
LVG LV G LVGate HVGate for under excitation
5.12. Exciter 573

Config Fields in [ESAC1A]

5.12.16 ESST1A
Exciter ESST1A model.

Reference:
[1] PowerWorld, Exciter ESST1A, [Online],
Available: https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/TransientModels_HTML/Exciter%20ESST1A.
htm

Parameters

bol fault ties
name device name
tory
TR TR Sensing time constant 0.010
VI- VIM AX Max. input voltage 0.800
MAX
TB TB Lag time constant in lead-lag 1
TC TC Lead time constant in lead-lag 1
TB1 TB1 Lag time constant in lead-lag 1 1
TC1 TC1 Lead time constant in lead-lag 1 1
VA- VAM AX V_A upper limit 999 p.u.
MAX
VAMIN VAM IN V_A lower limit -999 p.u.
TA TA Lag time constant in regulator 0.040
ILR ILR Exciter output current limite reference 1
KLR KLR Exciter output current limiter gain 1
VR- VRM AX Maximum voltage regulator output limit 7.300 p.u.
MAX
VR- VRM IN Minimum voltage regulator output limit -7.300 p.u.
MIN
TF TF Feedback washout time constant 1
KC KC Rectifier loading factor proportional to commutating re- 0.100
actance
UELc U ELc Alternate UEL inputs, input code 1-3 1
VOSc V OSc Alternate Stabilizer inputs, input code 1-2 1
5.12. Exciter 575

Variables

LL1_x x′LL1 State State in lead-lag v_str
vref Vref Algeb Reference voltage input p.u. v_str,v_iter
SG SG Algeb SG v_str
LR_x xLR Algeb Value before limiter v_str
LR_y yLR Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
vi Vi Algeb Total input voltages p.u. v_str,v_iter
vil_x xvil Algeb Value before limiter v_str
vil_y yvil Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
UEL2 U EL2 Algeb UEL_2 as HVG1 u1 v_str
HVG1_y yHV G1 Algeb HVGate output v_str
LL1_y yLL1 Algeb Output of lead-lag v_str
vas VAs Algeb V_A after subtraction, as HVG u2 v_str,v_iter
UEL3 U EL3 Algeb UEL_3 as HVG u1 v_str
HVG_y yHV G Algeb HVGate output v_str
vol_x xvol Algeb Value before limiter v_str
vol_y yvol Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str


LL_x x′LL State yHV G1
LL1_x x′LL1 State yLL
LA_y yLA State KA yLL1
WF_x x′W F State yLV G
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
UEL UEL Algeb U EL0
OEL OEL Algeb OEL0
Vs Vs Algeb 0 ( )
SWV OS
−SGs2 +vf 0 +yLR
vref Vref Algeb ue Eterm − SGsSW
1
V OS
− UEL sSW
1
U EL
+ KA
SG SG Algeb SG0
LR_x xLR Algeb KLR (−ILR + Xad If d )
limLR
LR_y yLR Algeb xLR
(zi + zllimLR zero )
vi Vi Algeb ue SGsSW
1
V OS
+ UEL sSW
1
U EL
+ Vref + Vs − yLG − yW F
vil_x xvil Algeb Vi
limvil
vil_y yvil Algeb VIM limvil + V
( AX zu IM IN z(
l + xvil zilim
))
vil
UEL2 U EL2 Algeb ue UEL sSW

2
U EL
+ llim 1 − sSW
2
U EL
HVG1_y yHV G1 Algeb U EL2 z0N oneHV G1 + yvil z1N oneHV G1

LL_y yLL Algeb yHV G1
LL1_y yLL1 Algeb yLL( )
vas VAs Algeb ue SGsSW V OS
+ yLA − yLR
( 2
( ))
UEL3 U EL3 Algeb ue UEL sSW
3
U EL
+ llim 1 − sSWU EL
3
HVG_y yHV G Algeb U EL3 z0N oneHV G + VAs z1N oneHV G
LVG_y yLV G Algeb OEL z0N oneLV G + yHV G z1N oneLV G
vol_x xvol Algeb yLV G
vol_y yvol Algeb ef dl zllimvol + ef du zulimvol + xvol zilimvol
WF_y yW F Algeb 0
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb
vd Vd ExtAlgeb
vq Vq ExtAlgeb
5.12. Exciter 577

LL_x x′LL State −x′LL + yHV G1 TB
LL1_x x′LL1 State −x′LL1 + yLL TB1
LA_y yLA State KA yLL1 − yLA TA
WF_x x′W F State −x′W F + yLV G TF
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

bol
vout vout Algeb ue yvol − vout
Vs Vs Algeb −Vs
SG SG Algeb −SG + SG0
LR_x xLR Algeb KLR (−ILR + Xad If d ) − xLR
LR_y yLR Algeb xLR zilimLR( − yLR + zllimLR zero )
vi Vi Algeb −Vi + ue SGsSW
1
V OS
+ UEL sSW
1
U EL
+ Vref + Vs − yLG − yW F
vil_x xvil Algeb Vi − xvil
vil_y yvil Algeb VIM AX zulimvil (+ VIM IN zllimvil + xvil(zilimvil − yvil))
UEL2 U EL2 Algeb −U EL2 + ue UEL sSW
2
U EL
+ llim 1 − sSW
2
U EL
HVG1_y yHV G1 Algeb U EL2 z0N oneHV G1 − yHV G1 + yvil z1N oneHV G1
( )2
LL_y yLL Algeb TB x′LL − TB yLL + TC (−x′LL + yHV G1 ) + z1LTLL (−x′LL + yLL )
LL1_y yLL1 Algeb TB1 x′LL1 − TB1 yLL1 + TC1 (−x′LL1 + yLL ) +
( )2
z1LTLL1 (−x′LL1 + yLL1 )
( )
vas VAs Algeb −VAs + ue SGsSW V OS
+ yLA − yLR
( 2 ( ))
UEL3 U EL3 Algeb −U EL3 + ue UEL sSW 3
U EL
+ llim 1 − sSWU EL
3
HVG_y yHV G Algeb U EL3 z0N oneHV G + VAs z1N oneHV G − yHV G
LVG_y yLV G Algeb OEL z0N oneLV G + yHV G z1N oneLV G − yLV G
vol_x xvol Algeb −xvol + yLV G
vol_y yvol Algeb ef dl zllimvol + ef du zulimvol + xvol zilimvol − yvol
WF_y yW F Algeb KF (−x′W F + yLV G ) − TF yW F
geb
XadIfd Xad If d ExtAl- 0
geb
a θ ExtAl- 0
geb
vbus V ExtAl- 0
geb
vd Vd ExtAl- 0
geb
vq Vq ExtAl- 0
geb
5.12. Exciter 579

Services

UEL0 U EL0 −999 ConstService
ulim ulim 9999 ConstService
llim llim −9999 ConstService
SG0 SG0 0 ConstService
VA0 VA0 −SGsSW2
V OS
+ vf 0 + yLR PostInitService
efdu ef du −KC Xad If d + VRM AX |Vd + iVq | VarService
efdl ef dl VRM IN |Vd + iVq | VarService
Discretes

SWUEL SWU EL Switcher
SWVOS SWV OS Switcher
LR_lim limLR HardLimiter
vil_lim limvil HardLimiter
HVG1_lt N oneHV G1 LessThan
LL1_LT1 LTLL1 LessThan
HVG_lt N oneHV G LessThan
vol_lim limvol HardLimiter

Blocks

LR LR GainLimiter Exciter output current gain limiter
vil vil GainLimiter Exciter voltage input limiter
HVG1 HV G1 HVGate HVGate after V_I
LL1 LL1 LeadLag Lead-lag compensator 1
LA LA LagAntiWindup V_A, Anti-windup lag
HVG HV G HVGate HVGate for under excitation
LVG LV G LVGate HVGate for over excitation
vol vol GainLimiter Exciter output limiter
WF WF Washout V_F, Stablizing circuit feedback
Config Fields in [ESST1A]

5.12.17 ESAC5A
Exciter ESAC5A.
5.12. Exciter 581

Parameters

name device name
TR TR Sensing Time Constant 0.010 p.u
TA TA Voltage Regulator Time Constant 0.040 p.u
KA KA Voltage Regulator Gain 80
VRMIN VR min V_R lower limit -7.300 p.u
VRMAX VR max V_R upper limit 7.300 p.u
TE TE Integrator Time Constant 0.800 p.u non_negative
KF KF Feedback Gain 0.030
TF1 TF 1 Lag Time Constant 1 p.u
TF2 TF 2 Lead-Lag Time Constant (pole) 0.800 p.u
TF3 TF 3 Lead-Lag Time Constant (zero) 1 p.u
KE KE Exciter Feedback Gain 1
SE1 SE 1 Value at first saturation point 0 p.u.
SE2 SE 2 Value at second saturation point 1 p.u.

Variables

LP_y yLP State State in lag transfer function v_str
VR_y yV R State State in lag TF v_str
vi vi Algeb Total voltage input pu v_str
5.12. Exciter 583


LP_y yLP State Eterm
VR_y yV R State KA vi
LL_x x′LL State yV R
WF_x x′W F State yLL
omega ω ExtState
v Eterm Algeb V
UEL UEL Algeb U EL0
OEL OEL Algeb OEL0
Vs Vs Algeb 0
vref Vref Algeb Eterm + VKFAE
vi vi Algeb ue (−Eterm + Vref )
LL_y yLL Algeb yV R
WF_y yW F Algeb 0
q ( )2 ( )
Se Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |) Algeb BSAT −AqSAT + yIN T Indicator yIN T > AqSAT
VFE VF E Algeb KE yIN T + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
vf vf ExtAlgeb
a θ ExtAlgeb
vbus V ExtAlgeb
LP_y yLP State Eterm − yLP TR
VR_y yV R State KA vi − yV R TA
LL_x x′LL State −x′LL + yV R TF 2
WF_x x′W F State −x′W F + yLL TF 1
INT_y yIN T State ue (−VF E + yV R ) TE
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

vout vout Algeb ue yIN T − vout
Vs Vs Algeb −Vs
vi vi Algeb ue (Vref + Vs − yLP − yW F ) − vi
LL_y yLL Algeb TF 2 x′LL − TF 2 yLL + TF 3 (−x′LL + yV R ) +
( )2
LTLL
z1 (−x′LL + yLL )
WF_y yW F Algeb KF((−x′W F + yLL ) − TF 1 yW F )
q ( )2
Se Vout ∗ Algeb ue BSAT z0SL −AqSAT + yIN T − Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |)
Se (|Vout |)
VFE VF E Algeb ue (KE yIN T − VF E + Vout ∗ Se (|Vout |))
geb
Ifd geb
a θ ExtAl- 0
geb
vbus V ExtAl- 0
geb
5.12. Exciter 585

Services

VR- V RM AXu VRmax ue − 999ue + 999 ConstService
MAXu
VRMINu V RM IN u VRmin ue + 999ue − 999 ConstService
SAT_E1 1c
SAT_E2 2c
SE2 ConstService
SAT_SE1 1c
√E2 − 2zSAT + 2
SAT_SE2 2c
1c SE 1c
ESAT ( ( 2c
) ( 2c
))
SAT_a aSAT SAT
E 2c SE 2c
Indicator SESAT > 0 + Indicator SESAT < ConstService
0
SAT SAT
E 1c −ESAT
2c
SAT_A AqSAT 2c
2
2c SE 2c (a
ESAT
q
SAT_B BSAT SAT
(ESAT SAT )
vice
Discretes

VR_lim limV R AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
SL SL LessThan
Blocks

LP LP Lag Voltage transducer
VR VR LagAntiWindup
LL LL LeadLag
WF WF Washout
Config Fields in [ESAC5A]


5.13 Experimental
Experimental group
5.14 FreqMeasurement
Frequency measurements.
Common Variables: f
Available models: BusFreq, BusROCOF
5.14.1 BusFreq
Bus frequency measurement. Outputs frequency in per unit value.

The bus frequency output variable is f. The frequency deviation variable is WO_y.
Parameters

name device name
bus bus idx mandatory
Tf Tf input digital filter time const 0.020 sec
Tw Tw washout time const 0.020 sec
5.13. Experimental 587

Variables

L_y yL State State in lag transfer function v_str
WO_x x′W O State State in washout filter v_str
WO_y yW O Algeb frequency deviation p.u. (Hz) v_str
f f Algeb frequency output p.u. (Hz) v_str
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb

L_y yL State θ − θ0
WO_x x′W O State yL
WO_y yW O Algeb 0
f f Algeb 1
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
L_y yL State θ − θ0 − yL Tf
WO_x x′W O State −x′W O + yL Tw
Algebraic Equations

WO_y yW O Algeb 1/ωn (−x′W O + yL ) − Tw yW O
f f Algeb −f + yW O + 1
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
v V ExtAlgeb 0

Services

u
iwn 1/ωn 2πfn ConstService
Blocks

L L Lag digital filter
WO WO Washout angle washout
Config Fields in [BusFreq]

5.14.2 BusROCOF
Bus frequency and ROCOF measurement.

The ROCOF output variable is Wf_y.
Parameters

name device name
Tw Tw washout time const 0.020 sec
Tr Tr frequency washout time constant 0.100
5.14. FreqMeasurement 589

Variables

L_y yL State State in lag transfer function v_str
Wf_x x′W f State State in washout filter v_str
WO_y yW O Algeb frequency deviation p.u. (Hz) v_str
f f Algeb frequency output p.u. (Hz) v_str
Wf_y yW f Algeb Output of washout filter v_str
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb

L_y yL State θ − θ0
WO_x x′W O State yL
Wf_x x′W f State f
WO_y yW O Algeb 0
f f Algeb 1
Wf_y yW f Algeb 0
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
L_y yL State θ − θ0 − yL Tf
WO_x x′W O State −x′W O + yL Tw
Wf_x x′W f State f − x′W f Tr
Algebraic Equations

WO_y yW O Algeb 1/ωn (−x′W O + yL ) − Tw yW O
f f Algeb −f + yW O + 1
Wf_y yW f Algeb −Tr yW f + f − x′W f
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
v V ExtAlgeb 0

Services

u
iwn 1/ωn 2πfn ConstService
Blocks

L L Lag digital filter
WO WO Washout angle washout
Wf Wf Washout frequency washout yielding ROCOF
Config Fields in [BusROCOF]

5.15 Information
Group for information container models.

Available models: Summary
5.15.1 Summary
Class for storing system summary. Can be used for random information or notes.
Parameters

field field name
comment information, comment, or anything
comment2 comment field 2
Config Fields in [Summary]
5.15. Information 591


5.16 Interface
Group for interface models.

Available models: Fortescue
5.16.1 Fortescue
Fortescue's symmetric component interface.

This model interfaces a positive-sequence, single-phase-equivalent bus with three buses representing three
phases. It is effectively a transformer with one terminal on the primary side and three on the secondary. Only
the positive sequence component on the secondary winding is used for simulation.
The positive-sequence voltage magnitude and angle of the secondary winding are named vp and ap.
The negative and zero sequence variables given in the d- and q-axis due the angle being undefined when the
voltage is zero. The negative sequence voltages are vnd and vnq for the d- anx q-axis, respectively. Likewise,
the zero-sequence voltages are vzd and vzq.
Parameters

name device name
bus bus idx for the single-phase equivalent mandatory
busa bus idx for phase a mandatory
busb bus idx for phase b mandatory
busc bus idx for phase c mandatory
Sn Sn Power rating 100 MW non_zero
r r resistance 0.001 p.u. z
x x short-circuit reactance 0.025 p.u. non_zero,z
g iron loss 0 p.u. y
b magnetizing susceptance 0.005 p.u. y

Variables

vp Vp Algeb positive sequence voltage magnitude v_str
ap θp Algeb positive sequence voltage phase v_str
vnd Vnd Algeb negative sequence voltage on d-axis (cos) v_str
vnq Vnq Algeb negative sequence voltage on q-axis (sin) v_str
vzd Vzd Algeb zero sequence voltage on d-axis (cos) v_str
vzq Vzq Algeb zero sequence voltage on q-axis (sin) v_str
a θ1 ExtAlgeb phase angle of single-phase eq. bus
aa θa ExtAlgeb phase angle of bus for phase a
ab θb ExtAlgeb phase angle of bus for phase b
ac θc ExtAlgeb phase angle of bus for phase c
v V1 ExtAlgeb voltage of single-phase eq. bus
va Va ExtAlgeb voltage of bus for phase a
vb Vb ExtAlgeb voltage of bus for phase b
vc Vc ExtAlgeb voltage of bus for phase c

Va Vb Vc
vp Vp Algeb 3 + 3 + 3
ap θp Algeb θa + θb + θc
vnd Vnd Algeb 0.0
vnq Vnq Algeb 0.0
vzd Vzd Algeb 0.0
vzq Vzq Algeb 0.0
a θ1 ExtAlgeb
aa θa ExtAlgeb
ab θb ExtAlgeb
ac θc ExtAlgeb
v V1 ExtAlgeb
va Va ExtAlgeb
vb Vb ExtAlgeb
vc Vc ExtAlgeb
5.16. Interface 593

Algebraic Equations

bol √
(Vb sin (120o −θa +θb )−Vc sin (120o +θa −θc ))2 +(Va +Vb cos (120o −θa +θb )+Vc cos (120o +θa −θc ))2
vp Vp Algeb −Vp + 3
ap θp Algeb θa −θp +atan2 (Vb sin (120o − θa + θb ) − Vc sin (120o + θa − θc ), Va + Vb cos (120o − θa + θb ) +
vnd Vnd Algeb Va cos (θa ) + Vb cos (120o − θb ) + Vc cos (120o + θc ) − Vnd
vnq Vnq Algeb Va sin (θa ) − Vb sin (120o − θb ) + Vc sin (120o + θc ) − Vnq
vzd Vzd Algeb Va cos (θa ) + Vb cos (θb ) + Vc cos (θc ) − Vzd
vzq Vzq Algeb Va(sin (θa ) + Vb sin (θb ) + Vc sin (θc ) − Vzq )
a θ1 Ex- u V12 (g + ghk ) − V1 Vp (bhk sin (θ1 − θp ) + ghk cos (θ1 − θp ))
tAl-
geb
u(−V1 Va (−bhk sin (θ1 −θa )+ghk cos (θ1 −θa ))+Va2 (g+ghk ))
aa θa Ex- 3
tAl-
geb
u(−V1 Vb (bhk sin (120o −θ1 +θb )+ghk cos (120o −θ1 +θb ))+Vb2 (g+ghk ))
ab θb Ex- 3
tAl-
geb
u(−V1 Vc (−bhk sin (120o +θ1 −θc )+ghk cos (120o +θ1 −θc ))+Vc2 (g+ghk ))
ac θc Ex- 3
tAl-
geb ( )
v V1 Ex- u −V12 (b + bhk ) − V1 Vp (−bhk cos (θ1 − θp ) + ghk sin (θ1 − θp ))
tAl-
geb
u(V1 Va (bhk cos (θ1 −θa )+ghk sin (θ1 −θa ))−Va2 (b+bhk ))
va Va Ex- 3
tAl-
geb
u(V1 Vb (bhk cos (120o −θ1 +θb )−ghk sin (120o −θ1 +θb ))−Vb2 (b+bhk ))
vb Vb Ex- 3
tAl-
geb
u(V1 Vc (bhk cos (120o +θ1 −θc )+ghk sin (120o +θ1 −θc ))−Vc2 (b+bhk ))
vc Vc Ex- 3
tAl-
geb

Services

u
yhk yhk r+ix ConstService
ghk ghk re (yhk ) ConstService
bhk bhk im (yhk ) ConstService
2π
d120 120o 3 ConstService
Config Fields in [Fortescue]

5.17 Motor
Induction Motor group

Available models: Motor3, Motor5
5.17.1 Motor3
Third-order induction motor model.

See "Power System Modelling and Scripting" by F. Milano.
To simulate motor startup, set the motor status u to 0 and use a Toggle to control the model.
5.17. Motor 595

Parameters

name device name
Sn Sn Power rating 100
Vn Vn AC voltage rating 110
fn f rated frequency 60
rs rs rotor resistance 0.010 non_zero,z
xs xs rotor reactance 0.150 non_zero,z
rr1 rR1 1st cage rotor resistance 0.050 non_zero,z
xr1 xR1 1st cage rotor reactance 0.150 non_zero,z
xm xm magnetization reactance 5 non_zero,z
Hm Hm Inertia constant 3 kWs/KVA power
c1 c1 1st coeff. of Tm(w) 0.100
c2 c2 2nd coeff. of Tm(w) 0.020
c3 c3 3rd coeff. of Tm(w) 0.020
zb zb Allow working as brake 1
Variables

slip σ State v_str
e1d e′d State real part of 1st cage voltage v_str
e1q e′q State imaginary part of 1st cage voltage v_str
vd Vd Algeb d-axis voltage
vq Vq Algeb q-axis voltage
p P Algeb v_str
q Q Algeb v_str
Id Id Algeb v_str
Iq Iq Algeb
te τe Algeb v_str
tm τm Algeb v_str
v V ExtAlgeb Bus voltage magnitude


slip σ State 1.0u
e1d e′d State 0.05u
e1q e′q State 0.9u
vd Vd Algeb
vq Vq Algeb
p P Algeb u (Id Vd + Iq Vq )
q Q Algeb u (Id Vq − Iq Vd )
Id Id Algeb 1
Iq Iq Algeb ( )
te τe Algeb u (Id e′d + Iq e′q )
tm τm Algeb u α + βσ + σ 2 c2
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
slip σ State u (−τ
( e + τm ) ) M
I (−x′ +x )+e′
e1d e′d State u ωb σe′q − q T0′
0 d
( )
−I (−x +x )+e′
′
e1q e′q State u −ωb σe′d − d T ′ 0 q
0
Algebraic Equations

vd Vd Algeb −V u sin (θ) − Vd
vq Vq Algeb V u cos (θ) − Vq
p P Algeb −P + u (Id Vd + Iq Vq )
q Q Algeb −Q + u (Id Vq − Iq Vd )
′ ′
Id Id Algeb ( d rs′ + Iq x + Vd − ed′ ))
u (−I
Iq Iq Algeb u −Id x (− Iq rs + Vq)− eq
te τe Algeb −τe + u (Id e′d + Iq e′q )
tm τm Algeb −τm + u α + βσ + σ 2 c2
a θ ExtAlgeb P
v V ExtAlgeb Q
5.17. Motor 597

Services

wb ωb 2πf ConstService
x0 x0 xm + xs ConstService
x1 x′ xm xR1
xm +xR1 + xs ConstService
T10 T0′ xm +xR1
ωb rR1 ConstService
M M 2Hm ConstService
aa α c1 + c2 + c3 ConstService
bb β −c2 − 2c3 ConstService
Config Fields in [Motor3]

5.17.2 Motor5
Fifth-order induction motor model.

See "Power System Modelling and Scripting" by F. Milano.
To simulate motor startup, set the motor status u to 0 and use a Toggle to control the model.

Parameters

name device name
Sn Sn Power rating 100
rs rs rotor resistance 0.010 non_zero,z
xs xs rotor reactance 0.150 non_zero,z
xm xm magnetization reactance 5 non_zero,z
Hm Hm Inertia constant 3 kWs/KVA power
c1 c1 1st coeff. of Tm(w) 0.100
c2 c2 2nd coeff. of Tm(w) 0.020
c3 c3 3rd coeff. of Tm(w) 0.020
zb zb Allow working as brake 1
Variables

slip σ State v_str
e1d e′d State real part of 1st cage voltage v_str
e1q e′q State imaginary part of 1st cage voltage v_str
e2d e′′d State real part of 2nd cage voltage v_str
e2q e′′q State imag part of 2nd cage voltage v_str
vd Vd Algeb d-axis voltage
vq Vq Algeb q-axis voltage
p P Algeb v_str
q Q Algeb v_str
Id Id Algeb v_str
Iq Iq Algeb v_str
te τe Algeb v_str
tm τm Algeb v_str
5.17. Motor 599


slip σ State 1.0u
e1d e′d State 0.05u
e1q e′q State 0.9u
e2d e′′d State 0.05u
e2q e′′q State 0.9u
vd Vd Algeb
vq Vq Algeb
p P Algeb u (Id Vd + Iq Vq )
q Q Algeb u (Id Vq − Iq Vd )
Id Id Algeb 0.9u
Iq Iq Algeb 0.1u
( )
te τe Algeb u (Id e′′d + Iq e′′q )
tm τm Algeb u α + βσ + σ 2 c2
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
Name Sym- Type RHS of Equation "T x' = f(x, y)" T

bol (LHS)
slip σ State u (−τ
( e + τm ) ) M
I (−x′ +x0 )+e′d
e1d e′d State u ωb σe′q − q ′
( T0
)
−Id (−x′ +x0 )+e′q
e1q e′q State ′
u −ωb σed − ′
( T
( ′′ 0 ′ ) Iq (−x′ +x0 )+e′ )
−Iq (x′ −x′′ )−e′′ ′
d +ed
e2d e′′d State ′
u ωb σeq − ωb σ −eq + eq − ′
d
+ ′′
( T0 T0
′ )
−Id (−x′ +x0 )+e′q Id (x′ −x′′ )−e′′ q +eq
e2q e′′q State ′ ′′
u −ωb σed + ωb σ (−ed + ed ) − ′
T ′ + T ′′
0 0

Algebraic Equations

vd Vd Algeb −V u sin (θ) − Vd
vq Vq Algeb V u cos (θ) − Vq
p P Algeb −P + u (Id Vd + Iq Vq )
q Q Algeb −Q + u (Id Vq − Iq Vd )
′′ ′′
Id Id Algeb ( d rs′′+ Iq x + Vd − ed′′))
u (−I
Iq Iq Algeb u −Id x ( − Iq rs + Vq)− eq
te τe Algeb −τe + u (Id e′′d + Iq e′′q )
tm τm Algeb −τm + u α + βσ + σ 2 c2
a θ ExtAlgeb P
v V ExtAlgeb Q
Services

wb ωb 2πf ConstService
x0 x0 xm + xs ConstService
x1 x′ xm xR1
xm +xR1 + xs ConstService
T10 T0′ xm +xR1
M M 2Hm ConstService
aa α c1 + c2 + c3 ConstService
bb β −c2 − 2c3 ConstService
x2 x′′ xm xR1 xR2
xm xR1 +xm xR2 +xR1 xR2 + xs ConstService
xm xR1
+xR2
T20 T0′′ x +x
m R1
Config Fields in [Motor5]

5.17. Motor 601

5.18 OutputSelect
Group for selecting outputs.

Available models: Output
5.18.1 Output
Model for specifying output models and/or variables.
Parameters

model Name of the model mandatory
varname Variable name
dev Device name
Config Fields in [Output]

5.19 PLL
Phase-locked loop models.

Common Variables: am
Available models: PLL1, PLL2
5.19.1 PLL1
Simple Phasor Lock Loop (PLL) using one PI controller. The PI controller minimizes the error between the
input and output angle.
Input bus angle signal -> Lag filter 1 with Tf -> Output angle af_y.
(af_y - am) -> PI Controller (Kp, Ki) -> PI_y
Estimated angle ae = (2 * pi * fn * PI_y) -> Lag filter 2 with Tp -> am.
The output signal is am, a state variable.

Parameters

name device name
Kp Kp proportional gain 0.100
Ki Ki integral gain 0.100
Tp Tp output filter time const. 0.050 sec
Variables

af_y yaf State State in lag transfer function v_str
PI_xi xiP I State Integrator output v_str
ae θest State PLL angle output before filter v_str
am θm State PLL output angle after filtering v_str
PI_y yP I Algeb PI output v_str
a θ ExtAlgeb Bus voltage angle

af_y yaf State θ
PI_xi xiP I State 0.0
ae θest State θ
am θm State θ
PI_y yP I Algeb Kp u (−θm + yaf )
a θ ExtAlgeb
af_y yaf State θ − yaf Tf
PI_xi xiP I State Ki u (−θm + yaf )
ae θest State 2πfn yP I
am θm State θest − θm Tp
5.19. PLL 603

Algebraic Equations

PI_y yP I Algeb Kp u (−θm + yaf ) + xiP I − yP I
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
Blocks

af af Lag input angle signal filter
PI PI PIController PI controller
Config Fields in [PLL1]

5.19.2 PLL2
Synchronously-rotating Reference Frame (SRF) Phasor Lock Loop (PLL).

The PLL minimizes vq = v sin(a - am) using a PI controller.
The output signal is am, a state variable.
Parameters

name device name
Kp Kp proportional gain 0.100
Ki Ki integral gain 0.100

Variables

am θm State PLL angle output v_str

PI_xi xiP I State 0
am θm State θ
PI_y yP I Algeb Kp V sin (θ − θm )
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
PI_xi xiP I State Ki V sin (θ − θm )
am θm State 2πfn yP I
Algebraic Equations

PI_y yP I Algeb Kp V sin (θ − θm ) + xiP I − yP I
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
v V ExtAlgeb 0
Blocks

PI PI PIController
Config Fields in [PLL2]
5.19. PLL 605


5.20 PSS
Power system stabilizer group.

Common Variables: vsout
Available models: IEEEST, ST2CUT
5.20.1 IEEEST
IEEEST stabilizer model. Automatically adds frequency measurement devices if not provided.
Input signals (MODE):
1. Rotor speed deviation (p.u.),
2. Bus frequency deviation (p.u.) (*),
3. Generator P electrical in Gen MVABase (p.u.),
4. Generator accelerating power (p.u.),
5. Bus voltage (p.u.),
6. Derivative of p.u. bus voltage.
(*) Due to the frequency measurement implementation difference, mode 2 is likely to yield different results
across software.
Note: Blocks are named F1, F2, LL1, LL2 and WO in sequence. Two limiters are named VLIM and OLIM
in sequence.

Parameters

name device name
avr Exciter idx mandatory
MODE Input signal mandatory
busr Optional remote bus idx
busf BusFreq idx for mode 2
A1 A1 filter time const. (pole) 1
A5 A5 filter time const. (zero) 1
A6 A6 filter time const. (zero) 1
T1 T1 first leadlag time const. (zero) 1
T2 T2 first leadlag time const. (pole) 1
T3 T3 second leadlag time const. (pole) 1
T4 T4 second leadlag time const. (pole) 1
T5 T5 washout time const. (zero) 1
T6 T6 washout time const. (pole) 1
KS KS Gain before washout 1
LSMAX LSM AX Max. output limit 0.300
LSMIN LSM IN Min. output limit -0.300
VCU VCU Upper enabling bus voltage 999 p.u.
VCL VCL Upper enabling bus voltage -999 p.u.
syn Retrieved generator idx 0
bus Retrieved bus idx
Sn Sn Generator power base 0
5.20. PSS 607

Variables

F1_x x′F 1 State State in 2nd order LPF v_str
F1_y yF 1 State Output of 2nd order LPF v_str
F2_x1 x′F 2 State State #1 in 2nd order lead-lag v_str
F2_x2 x′′F 2 State State #2 in 2nd order lead-lag v_str
omega ω ExtState Generator speed p.u.
vsout vsout Algeb PSS output voltage to exciter
sig Sig Algeb Input signal v_str
F2_y yF 2 Algeb Output of 2nd order lead-lag v_str
Vks_y yV ks Algeb Gain output v_str
WO_y yW O Algeb Output of washout filter v_str
Vss Vss Algeb Voltage output before output limiter
tm τm ExtAlgeb Generator mechanical input
te τe ExtAlgeb Generator electrical output
v V ExtAlgeb Bus (or busr, if given) terminal voltage
f f ExtAlgeb Bus frequency
vi vi ExtAlgeb Exciter input voltage


F1_x x′F 1 State 0
F1_y yF 1 State Sig
F2_x1 x′F 2 State 0
F2_x2 x′′F 2 State yF 1
LL1_x x′LL1 State yF 2
LL2_x x′LL2 State yLL1
WO_x x′W O State yV ks
omega ω ExtState
vsout vsout Algeb ( )
τm0 sSW
sig Sig Algeb ue V sSW
5 + sSW
1 (ω − 1) + sSW
4 (τm − τm0 ) + 3
(Sb/Sn)
F2_y yF 2 Algeb yF 1
LL1_y yLL1 Algeb yF 2
LL2_y yLL2 Algeb yLL1
Vks_y yV ks Algeb KS yLL2
WO_y yW O Algeb x′W O z1LTW O
Vss Vss Algeb
tm τm ExtAlgeb
te τe ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
f f ExtAlgeb
vi vi ExtAlgeb
F1_x x′F 1 State −A1 x′F 1 + Sig − yF 1 A2
F1_y yF 1 State x′F 1
F2_x1 x′F 2 State −A3 x′F 2 − x′′F 2 + yF 1 A4
F2_x2 x′′F 2 State x′F 2
LL1_x x′LL1 State −x′LL1 + yF 2 T2
LL2_x x′LL2 State −x′LL2 + yLL1 T4
WO_x x′W O State −x′W O + yV ks T6
omega ω ExtState 0
5.20. PSS 609

Algebraic Equations

bol
vsout vsout Algeb ( − vsout
Vss ue ziOLIM
τe sSW
sig Sig Algeb −Sig +ue V sSW
5 + sSW
1 (ω − 1) + sSW
2 (f − 1) + sSW
4 (τm − τm0 ) + sSW
6 v
dV /dt + 3
(Sb/Sn)
F2_y yF 2 Algeb A4 A5 x′F 2 + A4 x′′F 2 − A4 yF 2 + A6 (−A3 x′F 2 − x′′F 2 + yF 1 ) +
( )4
z1LTF 2 (−x′′F 2 + yF 2 )
( )2
LL1_y yLL1 Algeb T1 (−x′LL1 + yF 2 ) + T2 x′LL1 − T2 yLL1 + z1LTLL1 (−x′LL1 + yLL1 )
( )2
LL2_y yLL2 Algeb T3 (−x′LL2 + yLL1 ) + T4 x′LL2 − T4 yLL2 + z1LTLL2 (−x′LL2 + yLL2 )
Vks_y yV ks Algeb KS yLL2 − yV ks
WO_y yW O Algeb T5 z0LTW O (−x′W O + yV ks ) + T6 x′W O z1LTW O − T6 yW O
Vss Vss Algeb LSM AX zuV LIM + LSM IN zlV LIM − Vss + yW O ziV LIM
tm τm ExtAl- 0
geb
te τe ExtAl- 0
geb
v V ExtAl- 0
geb
f f ExtAl- 0
geb
vi vi ExtAl- ue vsout
geb
Services

ue ue uuee ConstService

Discretes

dv dV /dt Derivative Finite difference of bus voltage
SW SW Switcher
F2_LT1 LTF 2 LessThan
WO_LT LTW O LessThan
VLIM V LIM Limiter Vss limiter
OLIM OLIM Limiter output limiter
Blocks

F1 F1 Lag2ndOrd
F2 F2 LeadLag2ndOrd
LL1 LL1 LeadLag
LL2 LL2 LeadLag
Vks V ks Gain
WO WO WashoutOrLag
Config Fields in [IEEEST]

5.20. PSS 611

5.20.2 ST2CUT
ST2CUT stabilizer model. Automatically adds frequency measurement devices if not provided.
Input signals (MODE and MODE2):
0 - Disable input signal 1 (s1) - Rotor speed deviation (p.u.), 2 (s2) - Bus frequency deviation (*) (p.u.), 3 (s3)
- Generator P electrical in Gen MVABase (p.u.), 4 (s4) - Generator accelerating power (p.u.), 5 (s5) - Bus
voltage (p.u.), 6 (s6) - Derivative of p.u. bus voltage.
(*) Due to the frequency measurement implementation difference, mode 2 is likely to yield different results
across software.
Blocks are named LL1, LL2, LL3, LL4 in sequence. Two limiters are named VSS_lim and OLIM in sequence.
Parameters

name device name
MODE Input signal 1 mandatory
busr Remote bus 1
busf BusFreq idx for signal 1 mode 2
MODE2 Input signal 2
busr2 Remote bus 2
busf2 BusFreq idx for signal 2 mode 2
K1 K1 Transducer 1 gain 1
K2 K2 Transducer 2 gain 1
T1 T1 Transducer 1 time const. 1
T2 T2 Transducer 2 time const. 1
T3 T3 Washout int. time const. 1
T4 T4 Washout delay time const. 0.200
T5 T5 Leadlag 1 time const. (1) 1
T6 T6 Leadlag 1 time const. (2) 0.500
T10 T10 Leadlag 3 time const. (2) 0.200
LSMAX LSM AX Max. output limit 0.300
LSMIN LSM IN Min. output limit -0.300
VCU VCU Upper enabling bus voltage 999 p.u.
VCL VCL Upper enabling bus voltage -999 p.u.
Sn Sn Generator power base 0

Variables

L1_y yL1 State State in lag transfer function v_str
vsout vsout Algeb PSS output voltage to exciter
sig Sig Algeb Input signal v_str
sig2 Sig2 Algeb Input signal 2 v_str
IN IN Algeb Sum of inputs v_str
VSS_x xV SS Algeb Value before limiter v_str
VSS_y yV SS Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
tm τm ExtAlgeb Generator mechanical input
te τe ExtAlgeb Generator electrical output
f f ExtAlgeb Bus frequency
vi vi ExtAlgeb Exciter input voltage
v2 V ExtAlgeb Bus (or busr2, if given) terminal voltage
f2 f2 ExtAlgeb Bus frequency 2
5.20. PSS 613


L1_y yL1 State K1 Sig
L2_y yL2 State K2 Sig2
WO_x x′W O State IN
LL1_x x′LL1 State yW O
omega ω ExtState
vsout vsout Algeb
τm0 sSW
sig Sig Algeb V sSW
5 + sSW
1 (ω − 1) + sSW
4 (τm − τm0 ) + 3
(Sb/Sn)
2 + sSW 2 (ω − 1) + sSW 2 (τ − τm0 sSW 2
sig2 Sig2 Algeb V sSW
5 1 4 m τm0 ) + (Sb/Sn)
3
IN IN Algeb ue (yL1 + yL2 )

WO_y yW O Algeb x′W O z1LTW O
LL1_y yLL1 Algeb yW O
VSS_x xV SS Algeb yLL3
VSS_y yV SS Algeb LSM AX zulimV SS + LSM IN zllimV SS + xV SS zilimV SS
tm τm ExtAlgeb
te τe ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
f f ExtAlgeb
vi vi ExtAlgeb
v2 V ExtAlgeb
f2 f2 ExtAlgeb
L1_y yL1 State K1 Sig − yL1 T1
L2_y yL2 State K2 Sig2 − yL2 T2
WO_x x′W O State IN − x′W O T4
LL1_x x′LL1 State −x′LL1 + yW O T6
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

bol
vsout vsout Algeb ue yV SS ziOLIM − vsout
sig Sig Algeb −Sig +V sSW 5 +s1
SW (ω − 1)+sSW (f − 1)+sSW (τ − τ
2 4 m
SW dv
m0 )+s6 v +
τe sSW
3
(Sb/Sn)
sig2 Sig2 Algeb −Sig2 + V sSW
5
2 + sSW 2 (ω − 1) + sSW 2 (f − 1) + sSW 2 (τ − τ
1 2 2 4 m m0 ) +
τ sSW 2
sSW
6
2 v dv2 + e 3
(Sb/Sn)
IN IN Algeb −IN + ue (yL1 + yL2 )
WO_y yW O Algeb T3 z0LTW O (IN − x′W O ) + T4 x′W O z1LTW O − T4 yW O
( )2
LL1_y yLL1 Algeb T5 (−x′LL1 + yW O ) + T6 x′LL1 − T6 yLL1 + z1LTLL1 (−x′LL1 + yLL1 )
( )2
( )2
VSS_x xV SS Algeb −xV SS + yLL3
VSS_y yV SS Algeb LSM AX zulimV SS + LSM IN zllimV SS + xV SS zilimV SS − yV SS
tm τm ExtAl- 0
geb
te τe ExtAl- 0
geb
v V ExtAl- 0
geb
f f ExtAl- 0
geb
vi vi ExtAl- ue vsout
geb
v2 V ExtAl- 0
geb
f2 f2 ExtAl- 0
geb
Services

ue ue uuee ConstService
VOU V OU V CU r + V0 ConstService
VOL V OL V CLr + V0 ConstService
5.20. PSS 615

Discretes

dv dv Derivative
dv2 dv2 Derivative
SW SW Switcher
SW2 SW 2 Switcher
WO_LT LTW O LessThan
VSS_lim limV SS HardLimiter
OLIM OLIM Limiter output limiter
Blocks

L1 L1 Lag Transducer 1
L2 L2 Lag Transducer 2
WO WO WashoutOrLag
LL1 LL1 LeadLag
LL2 LL2 LeadLag
LL3 LL3 LeadLag
VSS V SS GainLimiter
Config Fields in [ST2CUT]


5.21 PhasorMeasurement
Phasor measurements
Common Variables: am, vm
Available models: PMU
5.21.1 PMU
Simple phasor measurement unit model.

This model tracks the bus voltage magnitude and phase angle, each using a low-pass filter.
Parameters

name device name
Ta Ta angle filter time constant 0.100
Tv Tv voltage filter time constant 0.100
Variables

am θm State phase angle measurement rad. v_str
vm Vm State voltage magnitude measurement p.u.(kV) v_str

am θm State θ
vm Vm State V
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
5.21. PhasorMeasurement 617

am θm State θ − θm Ta
vm Vm State V − Vm Tv
Algebraic Equations

a θ ExtAlgeb 0
v V ExtAlgeb 0
Config Fields in [PMU]

5.22 RenAerodynamics
Renewable aerodynamics group.

Common Parameters: u, name, rego
Common Variables: theta
Available models: WTARA1, WTARV1
5.22.1 WTARA1
Wind turbine aerodynamics model (no wind speed details).
Parameters

name device name
rego Renewable governor idx mandatory
Ka Ka Aerodynamics gain 1 p.u./deg. non_negative
theta0 θ0 Initial pitch angle 0 deg.

Variables

theta θ Algeb Pitch angle rad v_str
Pmg P mg ExtAlgeb

theta θ Algeb θ0r
Pmg P mg ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

theta θ Algeb −θ + θ0r
Pmg P mg ExtAlgeb −Ka θ (θ − θ0 )
Services

πθ0
theta0r θ0r 180 ConstService
Config Fields in [WTARA1]

5.22.2 WTARV1
Wind turbine aerodynamics model with wind velocity details.

Work is in progress.
5.22. RenAerodynamics 619

Parameters

name device name
rego Renewable governor idx mandatory
nblade number of blades 3
ngen number of wind generator units 50
npole number of poles in generator 4
R rotor radius 30 m
ngb gear box ratio 5
rho air density 1.200 kg/m3
Sn Sn 0
Variables

theta θ Algeb Pitch angle rad
Pmg P mg ExtAlgeb

theta θ Algeb
Pmg P mg ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

theta θ Algeb 0
Pmg P mg ExtAlgeb 0
Config Fields in [WTARV1]


5.23 RenExciter
Renewable electrical control (exciter) group.

Common Parameters: u, name, reg
Common Variables: Pref, Qref, wg, Pord
Available models: REECA1, REECA1E, REECA1G
5.23.1 REECA1
Renewable energy electrical control.

There are two user-defined voltages: Vref0 and Vref1.
• The difference between the initial bus voltage and Vref0 should be within the voltage deadbands dbd1
and dbd2.
• If VFLAG=0, the input to the second PI controller will be Vref1.
Regarding the additional reactive current injection during voltage dip:
• Exercise caution when coordinating the parameters dbd1, dbd2, Vdip, and Vup to avoid unintended
responses.
• Kqv in pu current / pu voltage deviation controls the intensity of reactive power
injection. The parameter needs to tuned properly to avoid voltage overshoot.
• When multiple renewable generators are connected to the same bus, Kqv shall be reduced accordingly
to avoid excessive reactive power injection.
Parameters

name device name
reg Renewable generator idx mandatory
busr Optional remote bus for voltage control
PFFLAG Power factor control flag; 1-PF control, 0-Q control bool mandatory
VFLAG Voltage control flag; 1-Q control, 0-V control bool mandatory
QFLAG Q control flag; 1-V or Q control, 0-const. PF or Q bool mandatory
PFLAG P speed-dependency flag; 1-has speed dep., 0-no dep. bool mandatory
PQFLAG P/Q priority flag for I limit; 0-Q priority, 1-P priority bool mandatory
Vdip Vdip Low V threshold to activate Iqinj logic 0.800 p.u.
Vup Vup V threshold above which to activate Iqinj logic 1.200 p.u.
Trv Trv Voltage filter time constant 0.020
5.23. RenExciter 621


dbd1 dbd1 Lower bound of the voltage deadband (<=0) -0.020
dbd2 dbd2 Upper bound of the voltage deadband (>=0) 0.020
Kqv Kqv Gain to compute Iqinj from V error (caution!!) 1
Iqh1 Iqh1 Upper limit on Iqinj 999
Iql1 Iql1 Lower limit on Iqinj -999
Vref0 Vref 0 User defined Vref (if 0, use initial bus V) 1
Iqfrz Iqf rz Hold Iqinj at the value for Thld (>0) seconds following a Vdip 0
Thld Thld Time for which Iqinj is held. Hold at Iqinj if>0; hold at State 1 if<0 0 s
Thld2 Thld2 Time for which IPMAX is held after voltage dip ends 0 s
Tp Tp Filter time constant for Pe 0.020 s
QMax Qmax Upper limit for reactive power regulator 999
QMin Qmin Lower limit for reactive power regulator -999
VMAX Vmax Upper limit for voltage control 999
VMIN Vmin Lower limit for voltage control -999
Kqp Kqp Proportional gain for reactive power error 1
Kqi Kqi Integral gain for reactive power error 0.100
Kvp Kvp Proportional gain for voltage error 1
Kvi Kvi Integral gain for voltage error 0.100
Vref1 Vref 1 Voltage ref. if VFLAG=0 1 non_zero
Tiq Tiq Filter time constant for Iq 0.020
dPmax dP max Power reference max. ramp rate (>0) 999
dPmin dP in Power reference min. ramp rate (<0) -999
PMAX Pmax Max. active power limit > 0 999
PMIN Pmin Min. active power limit 0
Imax Imax Max. apparent current limit 999 current
Tpord Tpord Filter time constant for power setpoint 0.020
Vq1 Vq1 Reactive power V-I pair (point 1), voltage 0.200
Iq1 Iq1 Reactive power V-I pair (point 1), current 2 current
Vq4 Vq4 Reactive power V-I pair (point 4), voltage 1
Vp1 Vp1 Active power V-I pair (point 1), voltage 0.200
Ip1 Ip1 Active power V-I pair (point 1), current 2 current
Vp4 Vp4 Active power V-I pair (point 4), voltage 1


gen Retrieved StaticGen idx
Sn Sn 0
Variables

s0_y ys0 State State in lag transfer function v_str
S1_y yS1 State State in lag transfer function v_str
PIQ_xi xiP IQ State Integrator output v_str
pfilt_y yPf ilt State State in lag TF v_str
s5_y ys5 State State in lag TF v_str
PIV_xi xiP IV State Integrator output v_str
Pord P ord AliasState Alias of s5_y
vp Vp Algeb Sensed lower-capped voltage v_str
pfaref Φref Algeb power factor angle ref rad v_str
Qref Qref Algeb external Q ref p.u. v_str
Qcpf Qcpf Algeb Q calculated from P and power factor p.u. v_str
PFsel P F sel Algeb Output of PFFLAG selector v_str
Qerr Qerr Algeb Reactive power error v_str
PIQ_ys ysP IQ Algeb PI summation before limit v_str
PIQ_y yP IQ Algeb PI output v_str
Vsel_x xV sel Algeb Value before limiter v_str
Vsel_y yV sel Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
Verr Verr Algeb Voltage error (Vref0) v_str
dbV_y ydbV Algeb Deadband type 1 output v_str
Iqinj Iqinj Algeb Additional Iq signal during under- or over-voltage v_str
wg ωg Algeb Drive train generator speed v_str
Pref Pref Algeb external P ref p.u. v_str
Psel Psel Algeb Output selection of PFLAG v_str
VDL1_y yVDL1 Algeb Output of piecewise v_str
Ipmax Ipmax Algeb Upper limit on Ipcmd v_str
Iqmax Iqmax Algeb Upper limit on Iqcmd v_str
PIV_ys ysP IV Algeb PI summation before limit v_str
PIV_y yP IV Algeb PI output v_str
Qsel Qsel Algeb Selection output of QFLAG v_str
IpHL_x xIpHL Algeb Value before limiter v_str
IpHL_y yIpHL Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
IqHL_x xIqHL Algeb Value before limiter v_str
IqHL_y yIqHL Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str


v Vd ExtAlgeb d-axis bus voltage magnitude
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb Retrieved Pe of RenGen
Qe Qe ExtAlgeb Retrieved Qe of RenGen
Ipcmd Ipcmd ExtAlgeb Retrieved Ipcmd of RenGen
Iqcmd Iqcmd ExtAlgeb Retrieved Iqcmd of RenGen

s0_y ys0 State Vd
S1_y yS1 State Pe
PIQ_xi xiP IQ State 0.0
P F sel
s4_y ys4 State Vp
pfilt_y yPf ilt State Pref
s5_y ys5 State Psel
PIV_xi xiP IV State −Iqcmd0 sSW
1
V
Pord P ord AliasState

vp Vp Algeb Vd ziV Lower + 0.01zlV Lower
pfaref Φref Algeb Φref 0
Qref Qref Algeb −qref 0
Qcpf Qcpf Algeb Q0
PFsel P F sel Algeb Qcpf sSW1
PF
+ Qref sSW
0
PF
Qerr Qerr Algeb P F selziP F lim + Qmax zuP F lim + Qmin zlP F lim − Qe
PIQ_ys ysP IQ Algeb Kqp Qerr sSW1
V
limP IQ lim lim

PIQ_y yP IQ Algeb Vmax z(u + Vmin zl P IQ + ysP IQ zi P)IQ
Vsel_x xV sel Algeb sSW
0
V
Qcpf sSW
1
PF
+ Qref sSW
0
PF
+ Vref 1 + sSW
1
V
yP IQ
Vsel_y yV sel Algeb Vmax zulimV sel + Vmin zllimV sel + xV sel zilimV sel
Verr Verr Algeb Vref 0 − ys0
dbV_y ydbV Algeb 1.0zldbdbV (Verr − dbd1 ) + 1.0zudbdbV (Verr − dbd2 )
Iqinj Iqinj Algeb Kqv ydbV zV dip + f T hld (1 − zV dip ) (Iqf rz pT hld + Kqv nT hld ydbV )
wg ωg Algeb 1.0
P0
Pref Pref Algeb ωg
Psel Psel Algeb ωg sSW
1
P
yPf ilt + sSW
0
P
yPf ilt
VDL1_y yVDL1 Algeb FixPiecewise ((Iq1 , Vq1 ≥ ys0 ) , (Iq1 + kV q12 (−Vq1 + ys0 ) , Vq2 ≥ ys0 ) , (Iq2 + kV q23
VDL2_y yVDL2 Algeb FixPiecewise ((I p1 , Vp1 ≥ ys0 ) , (Ip1 + kV p12 (−Vp1 + ys0 ) , Vp2 ≥ ys0 ) , (Ip2 + kV p23
(√
SW SW
Ipmax Ipmax Algeb (1 − f T hld2 ) 2
Ipmax20,nn s0 P Q + s1 P Q (zV DL2 (Imaxr (1 − V DL2c) + V DL2
√
SW SW
Iqmax Iqmax Algeb 2
Iqmax,nn s1 P Q + s0 P Q (zV DL1 (Imaxr (1 − V DL1c) + V DL1cyVDL1 ) − 100000
( )
PIV_ys ysP IV Algeb −Iqcmd0 sSW1
V
+ K vp sSWV
1 −sSWV
0 y s0 + y V sel
PIV_y yP IV Algeb Iqmax zulimP IV + Iqmin zllimP IV + ysP IV zilimP IV

Table 19 – continued from previous pa

Qsel Qsel Algeb sSW
0
V
ys4 + sSW
1
V
yP IV
ys5
IpHL_x xIpHL Algeb Vp
lim lim lim
IpHL_y yIpHL Algeb Ipmax zu IpHL + Ipmin zl IpHL + xIpHL zi IpHL
IqHL_x xIqHL Algeb Iqinj + Qsel
lim lim lim
IqHL_y yIqHL Algeb Iqmax zu IqHL + Iqmin zl IqHL + xIqHL zi IqHL
a θ ExtAlgeb
v Vd ExtAlgeb
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb
Qe Qe ExtAlgeb
Ipcmd Ipcmd ExtAlgeb
Iqcmd Iqcmd ExtAlgeb

bol (LHS)
s0_y ys0 State Vd − ys0 Trv
S1_y yS1 State P e − yS1 ( ) Tp
PIQ_xi xiP IQ State Kqi (1 − zV dip ) Qerr sSW V
+ 2y P IQ − 2ys P IQ
( 1
)
s4_y ys4 State (1 − zV dip ) Vp − ys4
P F sel
Tiq
pfilt_y yPf ilt State Pref − yPf ilt 0.02
s5_y ys5 State (1 − zV dip ) (Psel(− ys5 )( ) Tpord
)
PIV_xi xiP IV State Kvi (1 − zV dip ) sSW
1
V
−sSWV
0 ys0 + yV sel + 2yP IV − 2ysP IV
Pord P ord AliasState 0
Algebraic Equations

vp Vp Algeb Vd ziV Lower − Vp + 0.01zlV Lower
pfaref Φref Algeb Φref 0 − Φref
Qref Qref Algeb −Qref − qref 0
Qcpf Qcpf Algeb (1 − z1zp ) (−Qcpf + yS1 tan (Φref ))
PFsel P F sel Algeb −P F sel + Qcpf sSW1
PF
+ Qref sSW0
PF
Qerr Qerr Algeb P F selzi ( − Qerr + Qmax zu

P F lim P F lim + Qmin z)lP F lim − Qe
PIQ_ys ysP IQ Algeb (1 − zV dip ) Kqp Qerr sSW V
+ xiP IQ − ysP IQ
( 1
)
lim lim lim
PIQ_y yP IQ Algeb (1 − zV dip ) Vmax zu P IQ + Vmin zl P IQ − yP IQ + ysP IQ zi P IQ
( )
0
V
Q s
cpf 1
SWP F
+ Q s
ref 0
SWP F
+ V SWV
ref 1 + s1 yP IQ − xV sel

Table 20 – continued from previou

Vsel_y yV sel Algeb Vmax zulimV sel + Vmin zllimV sel + xV sel zilimV sel − yV sel
Verr Verr Algeb −Verr + Vref 0 − ys0
dbV_y ydbV Algeb −ydbV + 1.0zldbdbV (Verr − dbd1 ) + 1.0zudbdbV (Verr − dbd2 )
Iqinj Iqinj Algeb −Iqinj + Kqv ydbV zV dip + f T hld (1 − zV dip ) (Iqf rz pT hld + Kqv nT hld ydbV )
wg ωg Algeb 1.0 − ωg
ωg − Pref
P0
Pref Pref Algeb
Psel Psel Algeb −Psel + ωg sSW
1
P
yPf ilt + sSW
0
P
yPf ilt
VDL1_y yVDL1 Algeb −yVDL1 + FixPiecewise ((Iq1 , Vq1 ≥ ys0 ) , (Iq1 + kV q12 (−Vq1 + ys0 ) , Vq2 ≥ ys0 ) , (I
VDL2_y yVDL2 Algeb −yVDL2 + FixPiecewise ((Ip1 , Vp1 ≥ ys0 ) , (I(√
p1 + kV p12 (−Vp1 + ys0 ) , Vp2 ≥ ys0 ) , (I
SW SW
Ipmax Ipmax Algeb −Ipmax + Ipmaxhf T hld2 + (1 − f T hld2 ) 2
Ipmax2 s0 P Q + s1 P Q (zV DL2 (Imax
√
SW SW
Iqmax Iqmax Algeb 2
Iqmax2 s1 P Q − Iqmax + s0 P Q (zV DL1 (Imaxr (1 − V DL1c) + V DL1cyVDL1 ) − 1
( ( ) )
PIV_ys ysP IV Algeb (1 − zV dip ) Kvp sSW V
−sSWV
y s0 + y V sel + xi P IV − ys P IV
( 1 0
)
limP IV
PIV_y yP IV Algeb (1 − zV dip ) Iqmax zu
lim P IV + Iqmin zl − yP IV + ysP IV zilimP IV
Qsel Qsel Algeb −Qsel + sSW
0
V
ys4 + sSW
1
V
yP IV
ys5
IpHL_x xIpHL Algeb −xIpHL + Vp
lim lim lim
IpHL_y yIpHL Algeb Ipmax zu IpHL + Ipmin zl IpHL + xIpHL zi IpHL − yIpHL
IqHL_x xIqHL Algeb Iqinj + Qsel − xIqHL
lim lim lim
IqHL_y yIqHL Algeb Iqmax zu IqHL + Iqmin zl IqHL + xIqHL zi IqHL − yIqHL
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
v Vd ExtAlgeb 0
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb 0
Qe Qe ExtAlgeb 0
Ipcmd Ipcmd ExtAlgeb −Ipcmd0 + yIpHL
Iqcmd Iqcmd ExtAlgeb −Iqcmd0 − yIqHL
Services

P0
Ipcmd0 Ipcmd0 Vd ConstService
Iqcmd0 Iqcmd0 −Q 0
Vd ConstService
pfaref0 Φref 0 atan2 (Q0 , P0 ) ConstService
V
Volt_dip zV dip 1 − zi cmp VarService
( )
qref0 qref 0 Iqcmd0 sSW0
V
Vd ziV Lower + 0.01zlV Lower + sSW
1
V
(Vd − Vref 1 ) ConstService
PIQ_flag zPf lag
IQ 0 EventFlag
f lag
s4_flag zs4 0 EventFlag
pThld pT hld Indicator (Thld > 0) ConstService
nThld nT hld Indicator (Thld < 0) ConstService
Thld_abs |T hld| |Thld | ConstService


fThld f T hld 0 ExtendedEvent
f lag
−Iq1 +Iq2
kVq12 kV q12 −Vq1 +Vq2 ConstService
−Iq2 +Iq3
−Iq3 +Iq4
zVDL1 zV DL1 Iq1 ≤ Iq2 ∧ Iq2 ≤ Iq3 ∧ Iq3 ≤ Iq4 ∧ Vq1 ≤ Vq2 ∧ Vq2 ≤ Vq3 ∧ Vq3 ≤ Vq4 ConstService
−Ip1 +Ip2
kVp12 kV p12 −Vp1 +Vp2 ConstService
−Ip2 +Ip3
−Ip3 +Ip4
zVDL2 zV DL2 Ip1 ≤ Ip2 ∧ Ip2 ≤ Ip3 ∧ Ip3 ≤ Ip4 ∧ Vp1 ≤ Vp2 ∧ Vp2 ≤ Vp3 ∧ Vp3 ≤ Vp4 ConstService
fThld2 f T hld2 0 ExtendedEvent
VDL1c V DL1c yVDL1 < Imaxr VarService
VDL2c V DL2c yVDL2 < Imaxr(( ) ( 2 )) VarService
Ipmax2sq0 2
Ipmax20,nn 2
FixPiecewise ((0, Imax − Iqcmd20 ≤ 0) ,( Imax − Iqcmd20 , True
)) ConstService
Ipmax2sq 2
Ipmax2 FixPiecewise 2
0, Imax − yIqHL
2 ≤ 0 , Imax
2 − yIqHL
2 , True VarService
Ipmaxh Ipmaxh 0 (( ) ( 2 )) VarHold
Iqmax2sq0 2
Iqmax,nn 2
FixPiecewise ((0, Imax − Ipcmd20 ≤ 0) ,( Imax − Ipcmd20 , True
)) ConstService
Iqmax2sq 2
Iqmax2 FixPiecewise 0, Imax2 − yIpHL
2 ≤ 0 , Imax2 − yIpHL
2 , True VarService
Ipmin Ipmin 0.0 ConstService
PIV_flag zPf lag
IV 0 EventFlag

Discretes

SWPF SWP F Switcher
SWV SWV Switcher
SWQ SWV Switcher
SWP SWP Switcher
SWPQ SWP Q Switcher
zp zp IsEqual
Vcmp Vcmp Limiter Voltage dip comparator
VLower V Lower Limiter Limiter for lower voltage cap
PFlim P F lim Limiter
PIQ_lim limP IQ HardLimiter
Vsel_lim limV sel HardLimiter
dbV_db dbdbV DeadBand
pfilt_lim limPf ilt RateLimiter Rate limiter in Lag
s5_lim lims5 AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
PIV_lim limP IV HardLimiter
IpHL_lim limIpHL HardLimiter
IqHL_lim limIqHL HardLimiter
Blocks

s0 s0 Lag Voltage filter
S1 S1 Lag Pe filter
PIQ P IQ PITrackAWFreeze
Vsel V sel GainLimiter Selection output of VFLAG
s4 s4 LagFreeze Filter for calculated voltage with freeze
dbV dbV DeadBand1 Deadband for voltage error (ref0)
pfilt Pf ilt LagRate Active power filter with rate limits
s5 s5 LagAWFreeze
VDL1 VDL1 Piecewise Piecewise linear characteristics of Vq-Iq
VDL2 VDL2 Piecewise Piecewise linear characteristics of Vp-Ip
PIV P IV PITrackAWFreeze
IpHL IpHL GainLimiter
IqHL IqHL GainLimiter
Config Fields in [REECA1]


kqs Kqs 2 Q PI controller tracking gain
kvs Kvs 2 Voltage PI controller tracking gain
tpfilt Tpf ilt 0.020 Time const. for Pref filter
5.23.2 REECA1E
REGCA1 with inertia emulation and primary frequency droop. Measurements are based on frequency mea-
surement model.
Bus ROCOF obtained from BusROCOF devices.
Parameters

name device name


Kf Kdf gain for frequency deviation 0
Kdf Kdf gain for rate-of-change of frequency 0
busroc Optional BusROCOF device idx
Sn Sn 0

Variables



df df ExtAlgeb Bus frequency deviation
dfdt df dt ExtAlgeb Bus ROCOF p.u.

s0_y ys0 State Vd
S1_y yS1 State Pe
P F sel
s4_y ys4 State Vp
s5_y ys5 State Psel
1
V

Qcpf Qcpf Algeb Q0
PF
+ Qref sSW
0
PF
Qerr Qerr Algeb P F selzi P F lim + Qmax zuP F lim + Qmin zlP F lim − Qe
V
lim lim lim

PIQ_y yP IQ Algeb Vmax z(u P IQ + Vmin zl P IQ + ysP IQ zi P)IQ
0
V
Qcpf sSW
1
PF
+ Qref sSW
0
PF
+ Vref 1 + sSW
1
V
yP IQ
wg ωg Algeb 1.0
P0
Pref Pref Algeb ωg
1
P
yPf ilt + sSW
0
P
yPf ilt
(√
SW SW
√
SW SW
Iqmax Iqmax Algeb 2
( )
V
+ K sSWV
vp 1 −sSWV
0 y s0 + y V sel

Qsel Qsel Algeb sSW
0
V
ys4 + sSW1
V
yP IV
ys5


lim lim lim
lim lim lim
a θ ExtAlgeb
v Vd ExtAlgeb
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb
Qe Qe ExtAlgeb
df df ExtAlgeb
dfdt df dt ExtAlgeb

bol (LHS)
( 1
)
P F sel
Tiq
)
1
V
−sSWV
Algebraic Equations

PF
+ Qref sSW0
PF
Qerr Qerr Algeb P F selzi ( − Qerr + Qmax zu

P F lim P F lim + Qmin z)lP F lim − Qe
+ xiP IQ − ysP IQ
( 1
)
limP IQ lim lim
PIQ_y yP IQ Algeb (1 − zV dip ) Vmax zu + Vmin zl P IQ − yP IQ + ysP IQ zi P IQ
( )
0
V
Qcpf sSW
1
PF
+ Qref sSW0
PF
+ Vref 1 + sSW
1
V
yP IQ − xV sel


Pref Pref Algeb −Kdf df − Kdf df dt + ωPg0 − Pref
1
P
yPf ilt + sSW
0
P
yPf ilt
p1 + kV p12 (−Vp1 + ys0 ) , Vp2 ≥ ys0 ) , (I
SW SW
√
SW SW
Iqmax Iqmax Algeb 2
( ( ) )
−sSWV
( 1 0
)
limP IV
PIV_y yP IV Algeb (1 − zV dip ) Iqmax zu
lim P IV + Iqmin zl − yP IV + ysP IV zilimP IV
0
V
ys4 + sSW
1
V
yP IV
ys5
lim lim lim
lim lim lim
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
v Vd ExtAlgeb 0
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb 0
Qe Qe ExtAlgeb 0
df df ExtAlgeb 0
dfdt df dt ExtAlgeb 0
Services

P0
Vd ConstService
V
( )
V
1
V
PIQ_flag zPf lag
IQ 0 EventFlag
f lag


f lag
−Iq1 +Iq2
−Iq2 +Iq3
−Iq3 +Iq4
−Ip1 +Ip2
−Ip2 +Ip3
−Ip3 +Ip4
Ipmax2sq0 2
Ipmax20,nn 2
)) ConstService
Ipmax2sq 2
0, Imax − yIqHL
2 ≤ 0 , Imax
2 − yIqHL
2 , True VarService
Iqmax2sq0 2
Iqmax,nn 2
)) ConstService
Iqmax2sq 2
2 , True VarService
PIV_flag zPf lag
IV 0 EventFlag

Discretes

SWPF SWP F Switcher
SWV SWV Switcher
SWQ SWV Switcher
SWP SWP Switcher
SWPQ SWP Q Switcher
zp zp IsEqual
Blocks

s5 s5 LagAWFreeze
Config Fields in [REECA1E]


5.23.3 REECA1G
REECA1G is a variant of REECA1E.

REECA1G uses speed from synchronous generators.
The application of this model is limited because it is uncommon to connect a SynGen on the same bus as a
RenGen.
Parameters

name device name


Kf Kdf gain for frequency deviation 0
sg synchronous gen idx mandatory
Sn Sn 0

Variables

omega ω ExtState generator speed pu



s0_y ys0 State Vd
S1_y yS1 State Pe
P F sel
s4_y ys4 State Vp
s5_y ys5 State Psel
1
V

omega ω ExtState
Qcpf Qcpf Algeb Q0
PF
+ Qref sSW
0
PF
Qerr Qerr Algeb P F selzi P F lim + Qmax zuP F lim + Qmin zlP F lim − Qe
V
lim lim lim

PIQ_y yP IQ Algeb Vmax z(u P IQ + Vmin zl P IQ + ysP IQ zi P)IQ
0
V
Qcpf sSW
1
PF
+ Qref sSW
0
PF
+ Vref 1 + sSW
1
V
yP IQ
wg ωg Algeb 1.0
P0
Pref Pref Algeb ωg
1
P
yPf ilt + sSW
0
P
yPf ilt
(√
SW SW
√
SW SW
Iqmax Iqmax Algeb 2
( )
V
+ K sSWV
vp 1 −sSWV
0 y s0 + y V sel

Qsel Qsel Algeb sSW
0
V
ys4 + sSW1
V
yP IV
ys5


lim lim lim
lim lim lim
a θ ExtAlgeb
v Vd ExtAlgeb
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb
Qe Qe ExtAlgeb

bol (LHS)
( 1
)
P F sel
Tiq
)
1
V
−sSWV
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

PF
+ Qref sSW0
PF
( − Qerr + Qmax zu
Qerr Qerr Algeb P F selziP F lim P F lim + Q P F lim − Qe
min z)l
+ xiP IQ − ysP IQ
( 1
)
lim lim lim
PIQ_y yP IQ Algeb (1 − zV dip ) Vmax zu P IQ + Vmin zl P IQ − yP IQ + ysP IQ zi P IQ
( )
0
V
Q s
cpf 1
SWP F
+ Q s
ref 0
SWP F
+ V SWV
ref 1 + s1 yP IQ − xV sel


Pref Pref Algeb −Kdf (ω − 1) + ωPg0 − Pref
1
P
yPf ilt + sSW
0
P
yPf ilt
p1 + kV p12 (−Vp1 + ys0 ) , Vp2 ≥ ys0 ) , (I
SW SW
√
SW SW
Iqmax Iqmax Algeb 2
( ( ) )
−sSWV
( 1 0
)
lim
PIV_y yP IV Algeb (1 − zV dip ) Iqmax zu P IV + Iqmin zl
lim P IV
− yP IV + ysP IV zilimP IV
0
V
ys4 + sSW
1
V
yP IV
ys5
lim lim lim
lim lim lim
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
v Vd ExtAlgeb 0
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb 0
Qe Qe ExtAlgeb 0
Services

P0
Vd ConstService
V
( )
V
1
V
PIQ_flag zPf lag
IQ 0 EventFlag
s4_flag zsf4lag 0 EventFlag


f lag
−Iq1 +Iq2
−Iq2 +Iq3
−Iq3 +Iq4
−Ip1 +Ip2
−Ip2 +Ip3
−Ip3 +Ip4
Ipmax2sq0 2
Ipmax20,nn 2
)) ConstService
Ipmax2sq 2
0, Imax − yIqHL
2 ≤ 0 , Imax
2 − yIqHL
2 , True VarService
Iqmax2sq0 2
Iqmax,nn 2
)) ConstService
Iqmax2sq 2
2 , True VarService
PIV_flag zPf lag
IV 0 EventFlag
Discretes

SWPF SWP F Switcher
SWV SWV Switcher
SWQ SWV Switcher
SWP SWP Switcher
SWPQ SWP Q Switcher
zp zp IsEqual

Blocks

s5 s5 LagAWFreeze
Config Fields in [REECA1G]

5.24 RenGen
Renewable generator (converter) group.

See SynGen for the notes on replacing StaticGen and setting the power ratio parameters.
Attention is needed for the power base Sn. When replacing a synchronous generator, the renewable generator
should have the same or larger Sn. Improper Sn will cause the initial values to exceed typical per-unit ranges
and cause the initialization to fail.
Common Parameters: u, name, bus, gen, Sn
Common Variables: Pe, Qe
Available models: REGCA1, REGCP1, REGCV1, REGCV2, REGF1, REGF2, REGF3

5.24.1 REGCA1
Renewable energy generator model type A.

Implements REGCA1 in PSS/E, or REGC_A in PSLF and Powerworld.
Volim is the voltage limit for high voltage reactive current management, which should be large than static bus
voltage (Volim > v), or initialization error will occur.
5.24. RenGen 645

Parameters

bol fault ties
name device name
bus interface bus id manda-
tory
gen static generator index manda-
tory
Sn Sn Model MVA base 100 MVA
Tg Tg converter time const. 0.100 s
Rrpwr Rrpwr Low voltage power logic (LVPL) ramp limit 10 p.u.
Brkpt Brkpt LVPL characteristic voltage 2 1 p.u.
Zerox Zerox LVPL characteristic voltage 1 0.500 p.u
Lv- zLvplsw Low volt. P logic: 1-enable, 0-disable 1 bool
plsw
Lvpl1 Lvpl1 LVPL gain at Brkpt 1 p.u
Volim Volim Voltage lim for high volt. reactive current mgnt. 1.200 p.u.
Lvpnt1 Lvpnt1 High volt. point for low volt. active current mgnt. 0.800 p.u.
Lvpnt0 Lvpnt0 Low volt. point for low volt. active current mgnt. 0.400 p.u.
Iolim Iolim lower current limit for high volt. reactive current - p.u. (mach current
mgnt. 1.500 base)
Tfltr Tf ltr Voltage filter T const for low volt. active current 0.100 s
mgnt.
Khv Khv Overvolt. compensation gain in high volt. reactive 0.700
current mgnt.
Iqr- Iqrmax Upper limit on the ROC for reactive current 1 p.u. current
max
Iqr- Iqrmin Lower limit on the ROC for reactive current -1 p.u. current
min
Accel Accel Acceleration factor 0
gammap γP P ratio of linked static gen 1
gam- γQ Q ratio of linked static gen 1
maq
ra ra 0
xs xs 0

Variables

S1_y yS1 State State in lag TF v_str
LVG_y yLV G Algeb Output of piecewise v_str
Ipcmd Ipcmd Algeb current component for active power v_str
Iqcmd Iqcmd Algeb current component for reactive power v_str
LVPL_y yLV P L Algeb Output of piecewise v_str
Ipout Ipout Algeb Output Ip current v_str
HVG_x xHV G Algeb Value before limiter v_str
HVG_y yHV G Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
Iqout_x xI qout Algeb Value before limiter v_str
Iqout_y yI qout Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
Pe Pe Algeb Active power output v_str
Qe Qe Algeb Reactive power output v_str
vd vd AliasAlgeb Alias of v
5.24. RenGen 647


bol
S1_y yS1 State −Iqcmd
S2_y yS2 State 1.0V
S0_y yS0 State Ipcmd
LVG_y yLV G Algeb FixPiecewise ((0, Lvpnt0 ≥ V ) , (kLV G (−Lvpnt0 + V ) , Lvpnt1 ≥ V ) , (1, True))
Ipcmd0 Indicator (yLV G >0)
Ipcmd Ipcmd Algeb yL + Indicator (yLV G ≤ 0)
VG
Iqcmd Iqcmd Algeb Iqcmd0
LVPL_yyLV P L Algeb FixPiecewise ((9999 − 9999zLvplsw , Zerox ≥ yS2 ) , (kLV P L (−Zerox + yS2 ) − 9999zLvplsw + 9
Ipout Ipout Algeb Ipcmd yLV G
HVG_x xHV G Algeb Khv (V − Volim )
limH
HVG_y yHV G Algeb xHV G zi VG
Iqout_x xI qout Algeb −yHV G + yS1

limI qout limI qout
Iqout_y yI qout Algeb Iolim zl + xI qout zi
Pe Pe Algeb P0
Qe Qe Algeb Q0
a θ Ex-
tAl-
geb
v V Ex-
tAl-
geb
vd vd AliasAl-
geb
S1_y yS1 State −Iqcmd − yS1 Tg
S2_y yS2 State 1.0V − yS2 Tf ltr
S0_y yS0 State Ipcmd − yS0 Tg

Algebraic Equations

bol
LVG_y yLV G Algeb −yLV G +FixPiecewise ((0, Lvpnt0 ≥ V ) , (kLV G (−Lvpnt0 + V ) , Lvpnt1 ≥ V ) , (1, True))
Ipcmd Ipcmd Algeb −Ipcmd + Ipcmd0LV G
Iqcmd Iqcmd Algeb Iqcmd0 − Iqcmd
LVPL_yyLV P L Algeb −yLV P L +FixPiecewise ((9999 − 9999zLvplsw , Zerox ≥ yS2 ) , (kLV P L (−Zerox + yS2 ) − 9999zL
Ipout Ipout Algeb −Ipout + yLV G yS0
HVG_xxHV G Algeb Khv (V − Volim ) − xHV G
limH
HVG_yyHV G Algeb x H V G zi VG
− yHV G
Iqout_xxI qout Algeb −xI qout − yHV G + yS1
lim limI qout
− yI qout
qout
Iqout_yyI qout Algeb Iolim zl I + xI qout zi
Pe Pe Algeb Ipout V − Pe
Qe Qe Algeb −Qe + V yI qout
a θ Ex- −Pe
tAl-
geb
v V Ex- −Qe
tAl-
geb
vd vd AliasAl- 0
geb
Services

p0 P0 P0s γP ConstService
q0 Q0 Q0s γQ ConstService
q0gt0 zq0>0 Indicator (Q0 > 0) ConstService
q0lt0 zq0<0 Indicator (Q0 < 0) ConstService
P0
Ipcmd0 Ipcmd0 V ConstService
Iqcmd0 Iqcmd0 − QV0 ConstService
Ipcmd0_LVG Ipcmd0L V G Ipcmd PostInitService
1
kLVG kLV G −Lvpnt0 +Lvpnt1 ConstService
Lvpl1 zLvplsw
kLVPL kLV P L Brkpt −Zerox ConstService
5.24. RenGen 649

Discretes

S1_lim limS1 AntiWindupRate Limiter in Lag
HVG_lim limHV G HardLimiter
Iqout_lim limI qout HardLimiter
Blocks

LVG LV G Piecewise Ip gain during low voltage
S1 S1 LagAntiWindupRate Iqcmd delay
S2 S2 Lag Voltage filter with no anti-windup
LVPL LV P L Piecewise Low voltage Ipcmd upper limit
S0 S0 LagAntiWindupRate
HVG HV G GainLimiter High voltage gain block
Iqout I qout GainLimiter Iq output block
Config Fields in [REGCA1]

5.24.2 REGCP1
Renewable energy generator model (REGC_A) with PLL.

A PLL device can be specified for estimating the phase angle at the coupling bus through the pll parameter:
• If pll is not given, the accurate bus angle will be used.
• If pll is not a valid PLL device, the program will error out.
• The program does not check if the provided pll actually measures the bus on which the converter is at.
One needs to carefully tune the PLL parameters to match the desired performance.
All other remarks for REGCA1 apply.

Parameters

bol fault ties
name device name
bus interface bus id manda-
tory
gen static generator index manda-
tory
Tg Tg converter time const. 0.100 s
Rrpwr Rrpwr Low voltage power logic (LVPL) ramp limit 10 p.u.
Brkpt Brkpt LVPL characteristic voltage 2 1 p.u.
Zerox Zerox LVPL characteristic voltage 1 0.500 p.u
Lv- zLvplsw Low volt. P logic: 1-enable, 0-disable 1 bool
plsw
Lvpl1 Lvpl1 LVPL gain at Brkpt 1 p.u
Volim Volim Voltage lim for high volt. reactive current mgnt. 1.200 p.u.
Lvpnt1 Lvpnt1 High volt. point for low volt. active current mgnt. 0.800 p.u.
Lvpnt0 Lvpnt0 Low volt. point for low volt. active current mgnt. 0.400 p.u.
Iolim Iolim lower current limit for high volt. reactive current - p.u. (mach current
mgnt. 1.500 base)
Tfltr Tf ltr Voltage filter T const for low volt. active current 0.100 s
mgnt.
Khv Khv Overvolt. compensation gain in high volt. reactive 0.700
current mgnt.
Iqr- Iqrmax Upper limit on the ROC for reactive current 1 p.u. current
max
Iqr- Iqrmin Lower limit on the ROC for reactive current -1 p.u. current
min
Accel Accel Acceleration factor 0
maq
pll Phase-lock loop device idx
ra ra 0
xs xs 0
5.24. RenGen 651

Variables

am θm ExtState Measured angle
LVG_y yLV G Algeb Output of piecewise v_str
Ipcmd Ipcmd Algeb current component for active power v_str
Iqcmd Iqcmd Algeb current component for reactive power v_str
LVPL_y yLV P L Algeb Output of piecewise v_str
Ipout Ipout Algeb Output Ip current v_str
HVG_x xH V G Algeb Value before limiter v_str
HVG_y yH V G Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
Iqout_x xI qout Algeb Value before limiter v_str
Iqout_y yI qout Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
Pe Pe Algeb Active power output v_str
Qe Qe Algeb Reactive power output v_str
vd Vd Algeb d-axis voltage v_str
vq Vq Algeb q-axis voltage v_str


bol
S1_y yS1 State −Iqcmd
S2_y yS2 State 1.0V
S0_y yS0 State Ipcmd
am θm ExtState
LVG_y yLV G Al- FixPiecewise ((0, Lvpnt0 ≥ V ) , (kLV G (−Lvpnt0 + V ) , Lvpnt1 ≥ V ) , (1, True))
geb
Ipcmd0 Indicator (yLV G >0)
Ipcmd Ipcmd Al- yLV G + Indicator (yLV G ≤ 0)
geb
Iqcmd Iqcmd Al- Iqcmd0
geb
LVPL_yyLV P L Al- FixPiecewise ((9999 − 9999zLvplsw , Zerox ≥ yS2 ) , (kLV P L (−Zerox + yS2 ) − 9999zLvplsw + 99
geb
Ipout Ipout Al- Ipcmd yLV G
geb
HVG_x xHV G Al- Khv (V − Volim )
geb
limHV G
HVG_y yHV G Al- xHV G zi
geb
Iqout_x xI qout Al- −yHV G + yS1
geb
limI qout limI qout
Iqout_y yI qout Al- Iolim zl + xI qout zi
geb
Pe Pe Al- P0
geb
Qe Qe Al- Q0
geb
vd Vd Al- V
geb
vq Vq Al- 0
geb
a θ Ex-
tAl-
geb
v V Ex-
tAl-
geb
5.24. RenGen 653

S1_y yS1 State −Iqcmd − yS1 Tg
S2_y yS2 State 1.0V − yS2 Tf ltr
S0_y yS0 State Ipcmd − yS0 Tg
am θm ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

bol
LVG_y yLV G Al- −yLV G +FixPiecewise ((0, Lvpnt0 ≥ V ) , (kLV G (−Lvpnt0 + V ) , Lvpnt1 ≥ V ) , (1, True))
geb
Ipcmd Ipcmd Al- −Ipcmd + Ipcmd0LV G
geb
Iqcmd Iqcmd Al- Iqcmd0 − Iqcmd
geb
LVPL_yyLV P L Al- −yLV P L +FixPiecewise ((9999 − 9999zLvplsw , Zerox ≥ yS2 ) , (kLV P L (−Zerox + yS2 ) − 9999zLv
geb
Ipout Ipout Al- −Ipout + yLV G yS0
geb
HVG_xxHV G Al- Khv (V − Volim ) − xHV G
geb
limHV G
HVG_yyHV G Al- xHV G zi − yHV G
geb
Iqout_xxI qout Al- −xI qout − yHV G + yS1
geb
limI qout limI qout
Iqout_yyI qout Al- Iolim zl + xI qout zi − yI qout
geb
Pe Pe Al- Ipout Vd − Pe + Vq yI qout
geb
Qe Qe Al- −Ipout Vq − Qe + Vd yI qout
geb
vd Vd Al- V cos (zhetam (θ − θm )) − Vd
geb
vq Vq Al- −V sin (zhetam (θ − θm )) − Vq
geb
a θ Ex- −Pe
tAl-
geb
v V Ex- −Qe
tAl-
geb

Services

q0gt0 zq0>0 Indicator (Q0 > 0) ConstService
q0lt0 zq0<0 Indicator (Q0 < 0) ConstService
P0
Ipcmd0 Ipcmd0 V ConstService
Iqcmd0 Iqcmd0 − QV0 ConstService
Ipcmd0_LVG Ipcmd0L V G Ipcmd PostInitService
1
kLVG kLV G −Lvpnt0 +Lvpnt1 ConstService
Lvpl1 zLvplsw
kLVPL kLV P L Brkpt −Zerox ConstService
Discretes

HVG_lim limHV G HardLimiter
Iqout_lim limI qout HardLimiter
Blocks

LVG LV G Piecewise Ip gain during low voltage
S1 S1 LagAntiWindupRate Iqcmd delay
S2 S2 Lag Voltage filter with no anti-windup
LVPL LV P L Piecewise Low voltage Ipcmd upper limit
S0 S0 LagAntiWindupRate
HVG HV G GainLimiter High voltage gain block
Iqout I qout GainLimiter Iq output block
Config Fields in [REGCP1]

5.24. RenGen 655

5.24.3 REGCV1
Voltage-controlled VSC with VSG control.

Includes double-loop PI control and swing equation based VSG control. Voltage measurement delays are ig-
nored.
Notes
• Extreme care needs to be taken when coordinating the PI controller parameters.

• Setting the primary frequency control droop kw can improve small-signal stability.
• The droop kv for voltage control (pu voltage / pu Q change), if used, needs to be chosen carefully. In
most cases, kv should be a very small positive value if not zero.

Parameters

bol fault
name device name
coi2 center of inertia 2 index
Tc Tc switch time constant 0.010 s
kw kω speed droop on active power (reciprocal of 0 p.u. non_negative,ipower
droop)
kv kv reactive power droop on voltage 0 p.u. non_negative,power
M M Emulated startup time constant (M=2H) 10 s power
D D Emulated damping coefficient 0 p.u. power
ra ra resistance 0 z
xs xs reactance 0.200 z
maq
Kpvd kpvd vd controller proportional gain 0.500 p.u. power
Kivd kivd vd controller integral gain 0.020 p.u. power
Kpvq kpvq vq controller proportional gain 0.500 p.u. power
Kivq kivq vq controller integral gain 0.020 p.u. power
KpId kpdi Id controller proportional gain 0.200 p.u. power
KiId kidi Id controller integral gain 0.010 p.u. power
KpIq kpqi Iq controller proportional gain 0.200 p.u. power
KiIq kiqi Iq controller integral gain 0.010 p.u. power
5.24. RenGen 657

Variables
Name Sym- Type Description Unit Proper-

bol ties
dw ∆ω State delta virtual rotor speed pu v_str
(Hz)
delta δ State virtual delta rad v_str
PIvd_xi xiP Ivd State Integrator output v_str
PIvq_xi xiP Ivq State Integrator output v_str
PIId_xi xiP IId State Integrator output v_str
PIIq_xi xiP IIq State Integrator output v_str
ud- yudLag State State in lag transfer function v_str
Lag_y
uqLag_y yuqLag State State in lag transfer function v_str
ud ud AliasState Alias of udLag_y
uq uq AliasState Alias of uqLag_y
Pref2 Pref 2 Algeb active power reference after adjusting by fre- v_str
quency
vref2 vref 2 Algeb voltage reference after adjusted by reactive v_str
power
omega ω Algeb virtual rotor speed pu v_str
(Hz)
Pe Pe Algeb active power injection from VSC v_str
Qe Qe Algeb reactive power injection from VSC v_str
Id Id Algeb d-axis current v_str
Iq Iq Algeb q-axis current v_str
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb PI output v_str
PIvq_y yP Ivq Algeb PI output v_str
PIId_y yP IId Algeb PI output v_str
PIIq_y yP IIq Algeb PI output v_str
udref udref Algeb ud reference v_str
uqref uqref Algeb uq reference v_str
Idref Idref AliasAl- Alias of PIvd_y
geb
Iqref Iqref AliasAl- Alias of PIvq_y
geb


dw ∆ω State 0
delta δ State θ
PIvd_xi xiP Ivd State Id0
PIvq_xi xiP Ivq State Iq0
PIId_xi xiP IId State 0.0
PIIq_xi xiP IIq State 0.0
udLag_y yudLag State udref
uqLag_y yuqLag State uqref
ud ud AliasState
uq uq AliasState
Pref2 Pref 2 Algeb Pref u
vref2 vref 2 Algeb Vref u
omega ω Algeb u
vd Vd Algeb vd0
vq Vq Algeb vq0
Pe Pe Algeb Pref
Qe Qe Algeb Qref
Id Id Algeb Id0
Iq Iq Algeb Iq0
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb Id0 + kpvd (Vd − vref 2 )
PIvq_y yP Ivq Algeb Iq0 + Vq kpvq
PIId_y yP IId Algeb kpdi (Id − yP Ivd )
PIIq_y yP IIq Algeb kpqi (Iq − yP Ivq )
udref udref Algeb udref 0
uqref uqref Algeb uqref 0
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
Idref Idref AliasAlgeb
Iqref Iqref AliasAlgeb
5.24. RenGen 659

dw ∆ω State −D∆ω − Pe + Pref 2 M
delta δ State 2π∆ωf
PIvd_xi xiP Ivd State kivd (Vd − vref 2 )
PIvq_xi xiP Ivq State Vq kivq
PIId_xi xiP IId State kidi (Id − yP Ivd )
PIIq_xi xiP IIq State kiqi (Iq − yP Ivq )
udLag_y yudLag State udref − yudLag Tc
uqLag_y yuqLag State uqref − yuqLag Tc
ud ud AliasState 0
uq uq AliasState 0
Algebraic Equations

Pref2 Pref 2 Algeb −Pref 2 + Pref u − ∆ωkω
vref2 vref 2 Algeb Vref + kv (−Qe + Qref u) − vref 2
omega ω Algeb ∆ω − ω + 1
vd Vd Algeb V u cos (δ − θ) − Vd
vq Vq Algeb −V u sin (δ − θ) − Vq
Pe Pe Algeb Id Vd + Iq Vq − Pe
Qe Qe Algeb Id Vq − Iq Vd − Qe
Id Id Algeb Id ra − Iq xs + Vd − yudLag
Iq Iq Algeb Id xs + Iq ra + Vq − yuqLag
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb kpvd (Vd − vref 2 ) + xiP Ivd − yP Ivd
PIvq_y yP Ivq Algeb Vq kpvq + xiP Ivq − yP Ivq
PIId_y yP IId Algeb kpdi (Id − yP Ivd ) + xiP IId − yP IId
PIIq_y yP IIq Algeb kpqi (Iq − yP Ivq ) + xiP IIq − yP IIq
udref udref Algeb −Iqref xs + Vd − udref + yP IId
uqref uqref Algeb Idref xs + Vq − uqref + yP IIq
a θ ExtAlgeb −Pe u
v V ExtAlgeb −Qe u
Idref Idref AliasAlgeb 0
Iqref Iqref AliasAlgeb 0

Services

Pref Pref P0s γP ConstService
Qref Qref Q0s γQ ConstService
1
ixs 1/xs xs ConstService
Pref u
Id0 Id0 V ConstService
Q u
Iq0 Iq0 − refV ConstService
vd0 vd0 Vu ConstService
vq0 vq0 0 ConstService
udref0 udref 0 Id0 ra − Iq0 xs + vd0 ConstService
uqref0 uqref 0 Id0 xs + Iq0 ra + vq0 ConstService
Blocks

PIvd P Ivd PIController
PIvq P Ivq PIController
PIId P IId PIController
PIIq P IIq PIController
udLag udLag Lag
uqLag uqLag Lag
Config Fields in [REGCV1]

5.24.4 REGCV2
Voltage-controlled VSC with VSG control.

The inner-loop current PI controllers are replaced with lag transfer functions.
5.24. RenGen 661

Notes
To avoid small-signal stability issues, one take extreme care in setting the PI control gains Kpvd, Kivd, Kpvq,
and Kivq, and the emulated inertia M and damping D.
Parameters

bol fault
name device name
coi2 center of inertia 2 index
Tc Tc switch time constant 0.010 s
kw kω speed droop on active power (reciprocal of 0 p.u. non_negative,ipower
droop)
kv kv reactive power droop on voltage 0 p.u. non_negative,power
M M Emulated startup time constant (M=2H) 10 s power
D D Emulated damping coefficient 0 p.u. power
ra ra resistance 0 z
xs xs reactance 0.200 z
maq
Kpvd kpvd vd controller proportional gain 0.500 p.u. power
Kivd kivd vd controller integral gain 0.020 p.u. power
Kpvq kpvq vq controller proportional gain 0.500 p.u. power
Kivq kivq vq controller integral gain 0.020 p.u. power
Tiq TIq 0.010
Tid TId 0.010

Variables

bol ties
dw ∆ω State delta virtual rotor speed pu v_str
(Hz)
LGId_y yLGId State State in lag transfer function v_str
LGIq_y yLGIq State State in lag transfer function v_str
Pref2 Pref 2 Algeb active power reference after adjusting by fre- v_str
quency
vref2 vref 2 Algeb voltage reference after adjusted by reactive v_str
power
omega ω Algeb virtual rotor speed pu v_str
(Hz)
Idref Idref AliasAl- Alias of PIvd_y
geb
Iqref Iqref AliasAl- Alias of PIvq_y
geb
5.24. RenGen 663


dw ∆ω State 0
delta δ State θ
LGId_y yLGId State yP Ivd
LGIq_y yLGIq State yP Ivq
Pref2 Pref 2 Algeb Pref u
omega ω Algeb u
vd Vd Algeb vd0
vq Vq Algeb vq0
Pe Pe Algeb Pref
Qe Qe Algeb Qref
Id Id Algeb Id0
Iq Iq Algeb Iq0
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb Id0 + kpvd (Vd − vref 2 )
PIvq_y yP Ivq Algeb Iq0 + Vq kpvq
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
dw ∆ω State −D∆ω − Pe + Pref 2 M
delta δ State 2π∆ωf
PIvd_xi xiP Ivd State kivd (Vd − vref 2 )
PIvq_xi xiP Ivq State Vq kivq
LGId_y yLGId State −yLGId + yP Ivd TId
LGIq_y yLGIq State −yLGIq + yP Ivq TIq

Algebraic Equations

Pref2 Pref 2 Algeb −Pref 2 + Pref u − ∆ωkω
vref2 vref 2 Algeb Vref + kv (−Qe + Qref u) − vref 2
omega ω Algeb ∆ω − ω + 1
Id Id Algeb −Id + yLGId
Iq Iq Algeb −Iq + yLGIq
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb kpvd (Vd − vref 2 ) + xiP Ivd − yP Ivd
PIvq_y yP Ivq Algeb Vq kpvq + xiP Ivq − yP Ivq
Services

1
ixs 1/xs xs ConstService
Pref u
Q u
Blocks

LGId LGId Lag
LGIq LGIq Lag
Config Fields in [REGCV2]
5.24. RenGen 665


5.24.5 REGF1
Grid-forming inverter using droop.

Implementation of EPRI Memorandum
D. Ramasubramanian, "PROPOSAL FOR SUITE OF GENERIC GRID FORMING (GFM) POSITIVE
SEQUENCE MODELS"
Parameters

name device name
rf ra resistance 0 z
xf xs reactance 0.200 z
Vdip Vdip V threshold to freeze states 0.800 p.u.
Tfrz Tf rz Time to keep state frozen 0
PQFLAG P/Q priority flag; 0-Q priority, 1-P priority 1 bool
dwmax ∆ωmax maximum value of frequency deviation 75
dwmin ∆ωmin minimum value of frequency deviation -75
wdrp ωdrp frequency droop percentage 0.033
Qdrp Qdrp Voltage droop percentage 0.045
Tr Tc transducer time constant 0.005 s
Te Te ouput state time constant 0.005 s
KPi KP i current control proportional gain 0.500 non_negative
KIi KIi current control integral gain 20 non_negative
KPv KP v voltage control proportional gain 3 non_negative
KIv KIv voltage control integral gain 10 non_negative
Pmax Pmax max. active power 1 non_negative,power
Pmin Pmin min. active power -1 power
KPplim KP plim Kp for P limits 5 non_negative
KIplim KIplim KI for P limits 30 non_negative


Qmax Qmax max. reactive power 1 non_negative,power
Qmin Qmin min. reactive power -1 power
KPqlim KP qlim Kp for Q limits 0.100 non_negative
KIqlim KIqlim KI for Q limits 1.500 non_negative
Tpm Tpm power signal input delay (3 Delta t) 0.025
gammaq γQ Q ratio of linked static gen 1
Variables

Psen_y yP sen State State in lag transfer function v_str
Qsen_y yQsen State State in lag transfer function v_str
Psig_y yP sig State State in lag TF v_str
Qsig_y yQsig State State in lag TF v_str
PIplim_xi xiP Iplim State Integrator output v_str
PIqlim_xi xiP Iqlim State Integrator output v_str
udLag_y yudLag State State in lag transfer function v_str
Paux P aux Algeb v_str
Qaux Qaux Algeb v_str
PIplim_y yP Iplim Algeb PI output v_str
PIqlim_y yP Iqlim Algeb PI output v_str
dw_x xdw Algeb Value before limiter v_str
dw_y ydw Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
vref2 vref 2 Algeb voltage reference after droop v_str
5.24. RenGen 667


Idref Idref AliasAlgeb Alias of PIvd_y
Iqref Iqref AliasAlgeb Alias of PIvq_y

Psen_y yP sen State Pe
Qsen_y yQsen State Qe
Psig_y yP sig State P aux + yP sen
Qsig_y yQsig State Qaux + yQsen
PIplim_xi xiP Iplim State yP sen
PIqlim_xi xiP Iqlim State yQsen
delta δ State θ
ud ud AliasState
uq uq AliasState
Paux P aux Algeb 0
Qaux Qaux Algeb 0
PIplim_y yP Iplim Algeb KP plim (−yP sen + yP sig ) + yP sen
PIqlim_y yP Iqlim Algeb KP qlim (−yQsen + yQsig ) + yQsen
vd Vd Algeb vd0
vq Vq Algeb vq0
Pe Pe Algeb Pref
Qe Qe Algeb Qref
Id Id Algeb Id0
Iq Iq Algeb Iq0
dw_x xdw Algeb ωdrp w0 (yP Iplim − yP sen )
dw_y ydw Algeb ∆ωmax zulimdw + ∆ωmin zllimdw + xdw zilimdw
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb Id0 + KP v (−Vd + vref 2 )
PIvq_y yP Ivq Algeb Iq0 − KP v Vq
PIId_y yP IId Algeb KP i (−Id + yP Ivd )


PIIq_y yP IIq Algeb KP i (−Iq + yP Ivq )
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
Psen_y yP sen State Pe − yP sen Tc
Qsen_y yQsen State Qe − yQsen Tc
Psig_y yP sig State P aux + yP sen − yP sig Tpm
Qsig_y yQsig State Qaux + yQsen − yQsig Tpm
PIplim_xi xiP Iplim State KIplim (−yP sen + yP sig )
PIqlim_xi xiP Iqlim State KIqlim (−yQsen + yQsig )
delta δ State ydw
PIvd_xi xiP Ivd State KIv (−Vd + vref 2 )
PIvq_xi xiP Ivq State −KIv Vq
PIId_xi xiP IId State KIi (−Id + yP Ivd )
PIIq_xi xiP IIq State KIi (−Iq + yP Ivq )
udLag_y yudLag State udref − yudLag Te
uqLag_y yuqLag State uqref − yuqLag Te
ud ud AliasState 0
uq uq AliasState 0
5.24. RenGen 669

Algebraic Equations

Paux P aux Algeb P aux
Qaux Qaux Algeb Qaux
PIplim_y yP Iplim Algeb KP plim (−yP sen + yP sig ) + xiP Iplim − yP Iplim
PIqlim_y yP Iqlim Algeb KP qlim (−yQsen + yQsig ) + xiP Iqlim − yP Iqlim
dw_x xdw Algeb ωdrp w0 (yP Iplim − yP sen ) − xdw
dw_y ydw Algeb ∆ωmax zulimdw + ∆ωmin zllimdw + xdw zilimdw − ydw
vref2 vref 2 Algeb Qdrp (uyP Iqlim − yQsen ) + Vref − vref 2
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb KP v (−Vd + vref 2 ) + xiP Ivd − yP Ivd
PIvq_y yP Ivq Algeb −KP v Vq + xiP Ivq − yP Ivq
PIId_y yP IId Algeb KP i (−Id + yP Ivd ) + xiP IId − yP IId
PIIq_y yP IIq Algeb KP i (−Iq + yP Ivq ) + xiP IIq − yP IIq
udref udref Algeb Id ra − Iq xs + Vd − udref + yP IId
uqref uqref Algeb Id xs + Iq ra + Vq − uqref + yP IIq
Services

w0 w0 2πf ConstService
1
ixf 1/xf xs ConstService
Pref u
Q u

Discretes

Psig_lim limP sig AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
Qsig_lim limQsig AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
dw_lim limdw HardLimiter
Blocks

Psen P sen Lag
Qsen Qsen Lag
Psig P sig LagAntiWindup
Qsig Qsig LagAntiWindup
PIplim P Iplim PIController
PIqlim P Iqlim PIController
dw dw GainLimiter
udLag udLag Lag
uqLag uqLag Lag
Config Fields in [REGF1]

5.24.6 REGF2
Grid-forming inverter with VSM control.

SEQUENCE MODELS"
5.24. RenGen 671

Parameters

name device name
mf Mf VSM inertia constant 0.150
dd dd VSM damping factor 0.110
pll PLL device idx (optional)

Variables

INTw_y yIN T w State Integrator output v_str
wref ωref Algeb speed ref pu v_str
vref2 vref 2 Algeb voltage reference after droop v_str
plldw ∆ωP LL ExtAlgeb PLL measured freq. deviation
5.24. RenGen 673


delta δ State θ
INTw_y yIN T w State ωref
ud ud AliasState
uq uq AliasState
Paux P aux Algeb 0
Qaux Qaux Algeb 0
vd Vd Algeb vd0
vq Vq Algeb vq0
Pe Pe Algeb Pref
Qe Qe Algeb Qref
Id Id Algeb Id0
Iq Iq Algeb Iq0
wref ωref Algeb 1
dw_x xdw Algeb w0 (−ωref + yIN T w )
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb Id0 + KP v (−Vd + vref 2 )
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
plldw ∆ωP LL ExtAlgeb

Name Symbol Type RHS of Equation "T x' = f(x, y)" T

(LHS)
PI- xiP Iplim State KIplim (−yP sen + yP sig )
plim_xi
delta δ State ydw
INTw_y yIN T w State ∆ωP LL ωdrp dd +ωdrp (yP Iplim − yP sen )+ωref −yIN T w Tint
PIvd_xi xiP Ivd State KIv (−Vd + vref 2 )
ud ud AliasState 0
uq uq AliasState 0
5.24. RenGen 675

Algebraic Equations

PIplim_y yP Iplim Algeb KP plim (−yP sen + yP sig ) + xiP Iplim − yP Iplim
wref ωref Algeb 1 − ωref
dw_x xdw Algeb w0 (−ωref + yIN T w ) − xdw
vref2 vref 2 Algeb Qdrp (uyP Iqlim − yQsen ) + Vref − vref 2
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb KP v (−Vd + vref 2 ) + xiP Ivd − yP Ivd
plldw ∆ωP LL ExtAlgeb 0
Services

1
Pref u
Q u
Tint Tint Mf ωdrp ConstService

Discretes

Blocks

Psen P sen Lag
Qsen Qsen Lag
INTw IN T w Integrator
dw dw GainLimiter
udLag udLag Lag
uqLag uqLag Lag

5.24.7 REGF3
Grid-forming inverter with dVOC.

SEQUENCE MODELS"
5.24. RenGen 677

Parameters

name device name

Variables

vref2 vref2 State v_str
wref ωref Algeb speed ref pu v_str
Vref V ref Algeb v_str
derv dV Algeb input to voltage integrator v_str
5.24. RenGen 679


delta δ State θ
vref2 vref2 State Vd
ud ud AliasState
uq uq AliasState
Paux P aux Algeb 0
Qaux Qaux Algeb 0
vd Vd Algeb vd0
vq Vq Algeb vq0
Pe Pe Algeb Pref
Qe Qe Algeb Qref
Id Id Algeb Id0
Iq Iq Algeb Iq0
wref ωref Algeb 1
Vref V ref Algeb Vref
ωdrp w0 (yP Iplim −yP sen )
dw_x xdw Algeb vref22
derv dV Algeb 0
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb Id0 + KP v (−Vd + vref2 )
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb

PIplim_xi xiP Iplim State KIplim (−yP sen + yP sig )
delta δ State ydw
vref2 vref2 State dV w0
PIvd_xi xiP Ivd State KIv (−Vd + vref2 )
ud ud AliasState 0
uq uq AliasState 0
5.24. RenGen 681

Algebraic Equations

bol
PI- yP Iplim Algeb KP plim (−yP sen + yP sig ) + xiP Iplim − yP Iplim
plim_y
wref ωref Algeb 1 − ωref
Vref V ref Algeb Vref − V ref
ωdrp w0 (yP Iplim −yP sen )
dw_x xdw Algeb vref 2
− xdw
2
derv dV Algeb Kdvocvref2 (V ref − vref2 ) (V ref + vref2 ) +
ωdrp (yP Iqlim −yQsen )
vref2 − dV
PIvd_y yP Ivd Algeb KP v (−Vd + vref2 ) + xiP Ivd − yP Ivd
Idref Idref AliasAl- 0
geb
Iqref Iqref AliasAl- 0
geb

Services

1
Pref u
Q u
400000000ωdrp
Kdvoc Kdvoc ( )
2 2
ConstService
99990000−2(100−100Qdrp )
Discretes

Blocks

Psen P sen Lag
Qsen Qsen Lag
dw dw GainLimiter
udLag udLag Lag
uqLag uqLag Lag
5.24. RenGen 683


5.25 RenGovernor
Renewable turbine governor group.

Common Parameters: u, name, ree, w0, Sn, Pe0
Common Variables: Pm, wr0, wt, wg, s3_y
Available models: WTDTA1, WTDS
5.25.1 WTDTA1
WTDTA wind turbine drive-train model.

One can set Htfrac to 0 to simulate a single-mass drive train. Htfrac has to be within [0, 1]
User-provided reference speed should be specified in parameter w0. Internally, w0 is set to the algebraic
variable wr0.
Note for PSS/E dyr parser:
In PSS/E doc, Freq1 is said to be Hz, but exported data from PSS/E 34 uses per unit. ANDES requires Freq1
in per unit frequency.

Parameters

bol fault
name device name
ree Renewable exciter idx mandatory
H Ht Total inertia constant 3 MWs/MVA non_zero,non_negative,power
DAMP Damp Damp coefficient 0 p.u. (gen power
base)
Ht- Dshaf t Turbine inertia fraction (Hturb/H) 0.500 power
frac
Freq1 F req1 First shaft torsional resonant fre- 1 p.u. (Hz)
quency, p.u. (Hz)
Dshaft Dshaf t Shaft damping factor 1 p.u. (gen power
base)
w0 ω0 Default speed if not using a torque 1 p.u.
model
reg 0
Sn Sn 0
Variables

s1_y ys1 State Integrator output v_str
wt ωt AliasState Alias of s1_y
wg ωg AliasState Alias of s2_y
wr0 ωr0 Algeb speed set point p.u. v_str
Pm Pm Algeb Mechanical power v_str
pd Pd Algeb Output after damping v_str
wge wge ExtAlgeb
5.25. RenGovernor 685


s1_y ys1 State ωr0
s2_y ys2 State ωr0
Pe0
s3_y ys3 State ωr0
wt ωt AliasState
wg ωg AliasState
wr0 ωr0 Algeb ω0
Pm Pm Algeb Pe0
pd Pd Algeb 0
wge wge ExtAlgeb
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb
s1_y ys1 State −1.0Pd + 1.0Pys1 − 1.0ys3
m
2Ht
s2_y ys2 State −1.0Damp (−ω0 + ys2 ) + 1.0Pd − 1.0P e
ys2 + 1.0ys3 2Hg
s3_y ys3 State Kshaf t (ys1 − ys2 ) 1.0
wt ωt AliasState 0
wg ωg AliasState 0
Algebraic Equations

wr0 ωr0 Algeb ω0 − ωr0
Pm Pm Algeb −Pm + Pe0
pd Pd Algeb Dshaf t (ys1 − ys2 ) − Pd
wge wge ExtAlgeb ys2 − 1.0
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb 0
Services

Ht2 2Ht 2Dshaf t Ht ConstService
Hg2 2Hg 2Ht (1 − Dshaf t ) ConstService
0.5·2Hg 2Ht F req12
Kshaft Kshaf t Ht ConstService

Blocks

s1 s1 Integrator
s2 s2 Integrator
s3 s3 Integrator
Config Fields in [WTDTA1]

5.25.2 WTDS
Custom wind turbine model with a single swing-equation.

This model is used to simulate the mechanical swing of the combined machine and turbine mass. The speed
output is s1_y which will be fed to RenExciter.wg.
PFLAG needs to be set to 1 in exciter to consider speed for Pref.
Parameters

bol fault
name device name
ree Renewable exciter idx mandatory
H Ht Total inertia 3 MWs/MVA non_zero,non_negative,power
D Dshaf t Damping coefficient 1 p.u. power
w0 ω0 Default speed if not using a torque 1 p.u.
model
reg 0
Sn Sn 0
5.25. RenGovernor 687

Variables

s3_y ys3 State Unused state variable
wt ωt AliasState Alias of s1_y
wg ωg AliasState Alias of s1_y
Pm Pm Algeb Mechanical power v_str
wr0 ωr0 Algeb speed set point p.u. v_str
wge wge ExtAlgeb

s1_y ys1 State ωr0
s3_y ys3 State
wt ωt AliasState
wg ωg AliasState
Pm Pm Algeb Pe0
wr0 ωr0 Algeb ω0
wge wge ExtAlgeb
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb
m −P e)
s1_y ys1 State −1.0Dshaf t (−ωr0 + ys1 ) + 1.0(Pwge 2H
s3_y ys3 State 0
wt ωt AliasState 0
wg ωg AliasState 0
Algebraic Equations

Pm Pm Algeb −Pm + Pe0
wr0 ωr0 Algeb ω0 − ωr0
wge wge ExtAlgeb ys1 − 1.0
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb 0

Services

H2 2H 2Ht ConstService
Kshaft Kshaf t 1.0 ConstService
Blocks

s1 s1 Integrator
Config Fields in [WTDS]

5.26 RenPitch
Renewable generator pitch controller group.

Common Parameters: u, name, rea
Available models: WTPTA1
5.26.1 WTPTA1
Wind turbine pitch control model.
5.26. RenPitch 689

Parameters

name device name
rea Renewable aerodynamics model idx mandatory
Kiw Kiw Pitch-control integral gain 0.100 p.u.
Kpw Kpw Pitch-control proportional gain 0 p.u.
Kic Kic Pitch-compensation integral gain 0.100 p.u.
Kpc Kpc Pitch-compensation proportional gain 0 p.u.
Kcc Kcc Gain for P diff 0 p.u.
Tp Tθ Blade response time const. 0.300 s
thmax θmax Max. pitch angle 30 deg.
thmin θmin Min. pitch angle 0 deg.
dthmax θmax Max. pitch angle rate 5 deg.
dthmin θmin Min. pitch angle rate -5 deg.
rego 0
ree 0
Variables

PIc_xi xiP Ic State Integrator output v_str
PIw_xi xiP Iw State Integrator output v_str
LG_y yLG State State in lag TF v_str
wt wt ExtState
Pord P ord ExtState
PIc_yul yPulIc Algeb v_str
PIc_y yP Ic Algeb PI output v_str
wref ωref Algeb optional speed reference v_str
PIw_yul yPulIw Algeb v_str
PIw_y yP Iw Algeb PI output v_str
theta θ ExtAlgeb
Pref P ref ExtAlgeb


PIc_xi xiP Ic State 0.0
PIw_xi xiP Iw State 0.0
LG_y yLG State 1.0yP Ic + 1.0yP Iw
wt wt ExtState
Pord P ord ExtState
PIc_yul yPulIc Algeb Kpc (P ord − P ref )
hl hl hl
PIc_y yP I c Algeb θmax zu P Ic + θmin zl P Ic + yPulIc zi P Ic
wref ωref Algeb wt
PIw_yul yPulIw Algeb Kpw (Kcc (P ord − P ref ) − ωref + wt)
hl hl hl
PIw_y yP I w Algeb θmax zu P Iw + θmin zl P Iw + yPulIw zi P Iw
theta θ ExtAlgeb
Pref P ref ExtAlgeb
PIc_xi xiP Ic State Kic (P ord − P ref )
PIw_xi xiP Iw State Kiw (Kcc (P ord − P ref ) − ωref + wt)
LG_y yLG State −yLG + 1.0yP Ic + 1.0yP Iw Tθ
wt wt ExtState 0
Pord P ord ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

PIc_yul yPulIc Algeb Kpc (P ord − P ref ) + xiP Ic − yPulIc
hl hl hl
PIc_y yP I c Algeb θmax zu P Ic + θmin zl P Ic + yPulIc zi P Ic − yP Ic
wref ωref Algeb −ωref + wref0
PIw_yul yPulIw Algeb Kpw (Kcc (P ord − P ref ) − ωref + wt) + xiP Iw − yPulIw
hl hl hl
PIw_y yP I w Algeb θmax zu P Iw + θmin zl P Iw + yPulIw zi P Iw − yP Iw
theta θ ExtAlgeb −θ0 + yLG
Pref P ref ExtAlgeb 0
5.26. RenPitch 691

Services

wref0 wref 0 ωref PostInitService
Discretes

PIc_aw awP Ic AntiWindup
PIc_hl hlP Ic HardLimiter
PIw_aw awP Iw AntiWindup
PIw_hl hlP Iw HardLimiter
LG_lim limLG AntiWindupRate Limiter in Lag
Blocks

PIc P Ic PIAWHardLimit PI for active power diff compensation
PIw P Iw PIAWHardLimit PI for speed and active power deviation
LG LG LagAntiWindupRate Output lag anti-windup rate limiter
Config Fields in [WTPTA1]

5.27 RenPlant
Renewable plant control group.

Available models: REPCA1

5.27.1 REPCA1
REPCA1: renewable energy power plat control model.

The output of the model, Pext and Qext, are the increment signals of active and reactive power for the
electrical control model.
Notes for PSS/E DYR parser:
1. If ICONs M+1 and M+2 are set to 0 when using generator power, an error will be thrown by the parser,
saying "<REPCA1> cannot retrieve <bus1> from <ACLine> using <line>: KeyError('Group <ACLine>
does not contain device with idx=False')". Manual effort is required to run the converted file. In the
REPCA1 sheet, provide the idx of a line that connects to the RenGen bus.
2. PSS/E enters ICONs M+3 as a string in single quotes. The pair of single quotes need to be removed, or
the conversion will fail.
Parameters

name device name
ree RenExciter idx mandatory
line Idx of line that connect to measured bus mandatory
busr Optional remote bus for voltage and freq. measurement
busf BusFreq idx for mode 2
VCFlag Droop flag; 0-with droop if power factor ctrl, 1-line drop comp. bool mandatory
RefFlag Q/V select; 0-Q control, 1-V control bool mandatory
Fflag Frequency control flag; 0-disable, 1-enable bool mandatory
PLflag Pline ctrl. flag; 0-disable, 1-enable 1 bool
Tfltr Tf ltr V or Q filter time const. 0.020
Kp Kp Q proportional gain 1
Ki Ki Q integral gain 0.100
Tft Tf t Lead time constant 1
Tfv Tf v Lag time constant 1
Vfrz Vf rz Voltage below which s2 is frozen 0.800
Rc Rc Line drop compensation R
Xc Xc Line drop compensation R
Kc Kc Reactive power compensation gain 0
emax emax Upper limit on deadband output 999
emin emin Lower limit on deadband output -999
dbd1 dbd1 Lower threshold for reactive power control deadband (<=0) -0.100
dbd2 dbd2 Upper threshold for reactive power control deadband (>=0) 0.100
Qmax Qmax Upper limit on output of V-Q control 999
Qmin Qmin Lower limit on output of V-Q control -999
5.27. RenPlant 693


Kpg Kpg Proportional gain for power control 1
Kig Kig Integral gain for power control 0.100
Tp Tp Time constant for P measurement 0.020
fdbd1 fdbd1 Lower threshold for freq. error deadband -0.000 p.u. (Hz)
fdbd2 fdbd2 Upper threshold for freq. error deadband 0.000 p.u. (Hz)
femax femax Upper limit for freq. error 0.050
femin femin Lower limit for freq. error -0.050
Pmax Pmax Upper limit on power error (used by PI ctrl.) 999 p.u. (MW) power
Pmin Pmin Lower limit on power error (used by PI ctrl.) -999 p.u. (MW) power
Tg Tg Power controller lag time constant 0.020
Ddn Ddn Reciprocal of droop for over-freq. conditions 10
Dup Dup Reciprocal of droop for under-freq. conditions 10
reg Retrieved RenGen idx
bus1 Retrieved Line.bus1 idx
bus2 Retrieved Line.bus2 idx
r Retrieved Line.r
x Retrieved Line.x
Variables

s2_xi xis2 State Integrator output v_str
s3_x x′s3 State State in lead-lag v_str
s5_xi xis5 State Integrator output v_str
Vref Qref Algeb v_str
Qlinef Qlinef Algeb v_str
Refsel Ref sel Algeb v_str
dbd_y ydbd Algeb Deadband type 1 output v_str
enf enf Algeb e Hardlimit output before freeze v_str
s2_ys yss2 Algeb PI summation before limit v_str
s2_y ys2 Algeb PI output v_str
s3_y ys3 Algeb Output of lead-lag v_str
ferr ferr Algeb Frequency deviation p.u. (Hz) v_str
fdbd_y yf dbd Algeb Deadband type 1 output v_str
Plant_pref Pref Algeb Plant P ref v_str
Plerr Plerr Algeb Pline error v_str
Perr Perr Algeb Power error before fe limits v_str


s5_ys yss5 Algeb PI summation before limit v_str
s5_y ys5 Algeb PI output v_str
Pext Pext ExtAlgeb Pref from RenExciter renamed as Pext
Qext Qext ExtAlgeb Qref from RenExciter renamed as Qext
a θ ExtAlgeb Bus (or busr, if given) phase angle
v1 V1 ExtAlgeb Voltage at Line.bus1
v2 V2 ExtAlgeb Voltage at Line.bus2
a1 θ1 ExtAlgeb Angle at Line.bus1
a2 θ2 ExtAlgeb Angle at Line.bus2

s0_y ys0 State Vcomp sSW1
VC
+ sSW
0
VC
(Kc Qline + V )
s1_y ys1 State Qline
s2_xi xis2 State 0.0
s3_x x′s3 State ys2
s4_y ys4 State Pline
s5_xi xis5 State 0.0
s6_y ys6 State ys5
Vref Qref Algeb Vref 0
Qlinef Qlinef Algeb Qline0
SW SW
Refsel Ref sel Algeb s0 Ref (Qlinef − ys1 ) + s1 Ref (Qref − ys0 )
db db
1.0zl d (Ref sel − dbd1 ) + 1.0zu d (Ref sel − dbd2 )
bd bd
dbd_y ydbd Algeb
enf enf Algeb emax zueHL + emin zleHL + ydbd zieHL
s2_ys yss2 Algeb Kp ehld
lims lims2 lims2
s2_y ys2 Algeb Qmax zu 2 + Qmin zl + yss2 zi
s3_y ys3 Algeb ys2
ferr ferr Algeb −f + fref
db dbd db dbd
fdbd_y yf dbd Algeb 1.0zl f (−fdbd1 + ferr ) + 1.0zu f (−fdbd2 + ferr )
Plant_pref Pref Algeb Pline0
Plerr Plerr Algeb Pref − ys4
Perr Perr Algeb Ddn y(f dbd z1fdlt0 + Dup yf dbd z0fdlt0 + Plerr sSW
1
PL
)
s5_ys yss5 Algeb Kpg Perr zifeHL + femax zufeHL + femin zlfeHL
lims5 lims5 lims5
s5_y ys5 Algeb Pmax zu + Pmin zl + yss5 zi
Pext Pext ExtAlgeb
Qext Qext ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
5.27. RenPlant 695


a θ ExtAlgeb
f f ExtAlgeb
v1 V1 ExtAlgeb
v2 V2 ExtAlgeb
a1 θ1 ExtAlgeb
a2 θ2 ExtAlgeb
s0_y ys0 State Vcomp sSW
1
VC
+ sSW
0
VC
(Kc Qline + V ) − ys0 Tf ltr
s1_y ys1 State Qline − ys1 Tf ltr
s2_xi xis2 State Ki (ehld + 2ys2 − 2yss2 )
s3_x x′s3 State −x′s3 + ys2 Tf v
s4_y ys4 State Pline(− ys4 ) Tp
s5_xi xis5 State Kig Perr zifeHL + femax zufeHL + femin zlfeHL + 2ys5 − 2yss5
s6_y ys6 State ys5 − ys6 Tg

Algebraic Equations

Vref Qref Algeb −Qref + Vref 0
Qlinef Qlinef Algeb Qline0 − Qlinef
SW SW
Refsel Ref sel Algeb −Ref sel + s0 Ref (Qlinef − ys1 ) + s1 Ref (Qref − ys0 )
db dbdbd
−ydbd + 1.0zl d (Ref sel − dbd1 ) + 1.0zu (Ref sel − dbd2 )
bd
dbd_y ydbd Algeb
enf enf Algeb emax zueHL + emin zleHL − enf + ydbd zieHL
s2_ys yss2 Algeb Kp ehld + xis2 − yss2
lims lims lims
s2_y ys2 Algeb Qmax zu 2 + Qmin zl 2 − ys2 + yss2 zi 2
( ) ( )
LTs 2 ( )
s3_y ys3 Algeb Tf t −x′s3 + ys2 + Tf v x′s3 − Tf v ys3 + z1 3 −x′s3 + ys3
ferr ferr Algeb −f − ferr + fref
db dbd db dbd
fdbd_y yf dbd Algeb −yf dbd + 1.0zl f (−fdbd1 + ferr ) + 1.0zu f (−fdbd2 + ferr )
Plant_pref Pref Algeb Pline0 − Pref
Plerr Plerr Algeb −Plerr + Pref − ys4
Perr Perr Algeb Ddn y(f dbd z1fdlt0 + Dup yf dbd z0fdlt0 − Perr + Plerr SWP L
) s1
s5_ys yss5 Algeb Kpg Perr zifeHL + femax zufeHL + femin zlfeHL + xis5 − yss5
lims5 lims5 lims5
s5_y ys5 Algeb Pmax zu + Pmin zl − ys5 + yss5 zi
Pext Pext ExtAlgeb sSW
1
F
ys6
Qext Qext ExtAlgeb ys3
v V ExtAlgeb 0
a θ ExtAlgeb 0
f f ExtAlgeb 0
v1 V1 ExtAlgeb 0
v2 V2 ExtAlgeb 0
a1 θ1 ExtAlgeb 0
a2 θ2 ExtAlgeb 0
5.27. RenPlant 697

Services

Isign Isign 0 CurrentSign
Isign (V1 eiθ1 −V2 eiθ2 )
Iline Iline r+ix VarService
Iline0 Iline0 Iline
( ( ) ) ConstService
V1 eiθ1 −V2 eiθ2
Pline Pline re Isign V1 conj r+ix eiθ1 VarService
Pline0 Pline0 Pline
( ( ) ) ConstService
V1 eiθ1 −V2 eiθ2
Qline Qline im Isign V1 conj r+ix eiθ1 VarService
Qline0 Qline0 Qline ConstService
Vcomp Vcomp Iline (Rcs + iXcs ) − V eiθ VarService
Vref0 Vref 0 Vcomp sSW
1
VC
+ sSW
0
VC
(Kc Qline0 + V ) ConstService
zf zf frz Indicator (V < Vf rz ) VarService
eHld ehld 0 VarHold
Freq_ref fref 1.0 ConstService
Discretes

SWVC SWV C Switcher
SWRef SWRef Switcher
SWF SWF Switcher
SWPL SWP L Switcher
dbd_db dbdbd DeadBand
eHL eHL Limiter Hardlimit on deadband output
s2_lim lims2 HardLimiter
s3_LT1 LTs3 LessThan
s3_LT2 LTs3 LessThan
fdbd_db dbf dbd DeadBand
fdlt0 fdlt0 LessThan frequency deadband output less than zero
feHL feHL Limiter Limiter for power (frequency) error
s5_lim lims5 HardLimiter

Blocks

s0 s0 Lag V filter
s1 s1 Lag
dbd dbd DeadBand1
s2 s2 PITrackAW PI controller for eHL output
s3 s3 LeadLag
s4 s4 Lag Pline filter
fdbd f dbd DeadBand1 frequency error deadband
s5 s5 PITrackAW PI for fe limiter output
s6 s6 Lag Output filter for Pext
Config Fields in [REPCA1]

kqs Kqs 2 Tracking gain for reactive power PI controller
ksg Ksg 2 Tracking gain for active power PI controller
freeze frz 1 Voltage dip freeze flag; 1-enable, 0-disable
5.28 RenTorque
Renewable torque (Pref) controller.

Available models: WTTQA1
5.28.1 WTTQA1
Wind turbine generator torque (Pref) model.

PI state freeze following voltage dip has not been implemented.
Resets wg in REECA1 model to 1.0 when torque model is connected. This effectively ignores PFLAG of
REECA1.
5.28. RenTorque 699

Parameters

name device name
rep RenPitch controller idx mandatory
Kip Kip Pref-control integral gain 0.100 p.u.
Kpp Kpp Pref-control proportional gain 0 p.u.
Tp Tp Pe sensing time const. 0.050 s
Twref Twref Speed reference time const. 30 s
Temax Temax Max. electric torque 1.200 p.u. power
Temin Temin Min. electric torque 0 p.u. power
Tflag Tflag; 1-power error, 0-speed error bool mandatory
p1 p1 Active power point 1 0.200 p.u. power
sp1 sp1 Speed power point 1 0.580 p.u.
sp4 sp4 Speed power point 4 1 p.u.
Tn Tn Turbine rating. Use Sn from gov if none. nan MVA
rea 0
rego 0
ree 0
reg 0
Sngo Sn,go 0
w0 ω0 0

Variables

wg ωg ExtState v_str,v_setter
wt ωt ExtState v_str,v_setter
s3_y ys3 ExtState v_str,v_setter
fPe_y y fP e Algeb Output of piecewise v_str
Tsel Tsel Algeb Output after Tflag selector v_str
PI_yul yPulI Algeb v_str
Pe Pe ExtAlgeb
wr0 ωr0 ExtAlgeb Retrieved initial w0 from RenGovernor v_str,v_setter
wge ωge ExtAlgeb v_str,v_setter
Pref Pref ExtAlgeb v_str,v_setter
5.28. RenTorque 701

NameSym- Type Initial Value

bol
s1_y ys1 State 1.0Pe
s2_y ys2 State 1.0yfP e
Pref 0
PI_xi xiP I State yfP e
wg ωg ExtStateyfP e
wt ωt ExtStateyfP e
P 0
s3_y ys3 ExtState ref
ωg
fPe_y yfP e Al- FixPiecewise ((sp1 , p1 ≥ ys1 ) , (kp1 (−p1 + ys1 ) + sp1 , p2 ≥ ys1 ) , (kp2 (−p2 + ys1 ) + sp2 , p3 ≥ ys
geb
SW
s1 T (Pe −Pref 0 )
Tsel Tsel Al- sSW
0
T
(−ωg + y s2 ) + ωg
geb
P 0
PI_yulyPulI Al- Kpp Tsel + yref
fP e
geb
PI_y yP I Al- Temax zuhlP I + Temin zlhlP I + yPulI zihlP I
geb
Pe Pe Ex-
tAl-
geb
wr0 ωr0 Ex- y fP e
tAl-
geb
wge ωge Ex- 1.0
tAl-
geb
Pref Pref Ex- ωg yP I
tAl-
geb
s1_y ys1 State 1.0Pe − ys1 Tp
s2_y ys2 State 1.0yfP e − ys2 Twref
PI_xi xiP I State Kip Tsel
wg ωg ExtState 0
wt ωt ExtState 0
s3_y ys3 ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

bol
fPe_y yfP e Al- −yfP e +FixPiecewise ((sp1 , p1 ≥ ys1 ) , (kp1 (−p1 + ys1 ) + sp1 , p2 ≥ ys1 ) , (kp2 (−p2 + ys1 ) + sp2 ,
geb
SW
s1 T (Pe −Pref 0 )
Tsel Tsel Al- −Tsel + sSW0
T
(−ω g + y s2 ) + ωg
geb
PI_yulyPulI Al- Kpp Tsel + xiP I − yPulI
geb
PI_y yP I Al- Temax zuhlP I + Temin zlhlP I + yPulI zihlP I − yP I
geb
Pe Pe Ex- 0
tAl-
geb
wr0 ωr0 Ex- −ω0 + yfP e
tAl-
geb
wge ωge Ex- 1 − yfP e
tAl-
geb
P 0
Pref Pref Ex- − ωref
ge
+ ωg yP I
tAl-
geb
Services

−sp1 +sp2
kp1 kp1 −p1 +p2 ConstService
−sp2 +sp3
−sp3 +sp4
Discretes

SWT SWT Switcher
PI_aw awP I AntiWindup
PI_hl hlP I HardLimiter
5.28. RenTorque 703

Blocks

s1 s1 Lag Pe filter
fPe fP e Piecewise Piecewise Pe to wref mapping
s2 s2 Lag speed filter
PI PI PIAWHardLimit PI controller
Config Fields in [WTTQA1]

5.29 StaticACDC
AC DC device for power flow

Available models: VSCShunt
5.29.1 VSCShunt
Data for VSC Shunt in power flow

Parameters

bol fault ties
name device name
bus idx of connected bus manda-
tory
node1 Node 1 index manda-
tory
node2 Node 2 index manda-
tory
Vn Vn AC voltage rating 110 non_zero
rsh rsh AC interface resistance 0.003 ohm z
xsh xsh AC interface reactance 0.060 ohm z
control Control method: 0-PQ, 1-PV, 2-vQ or 3-vV manda-
tory
v0 AC voltage setting (PV or vV) or initial guess (PQ or 1
vQ)
p0 AC active power setting 0 pu
q0 AC reactive power setting 0 pu
vdc0 vdc0 DC voltage setting 1 pu
k0 Loss coefficient - constant 0
k1 Loss coefficient - linear 0
k2 Loss coefficient - quadratic 0
droop Enable dc voltage droop control 0 boolean
K Droop coefficient 0
vhigh Upper voltage threshold in droop control 9999 pu
vlow Lower voltage threshold in droop control 0 pu
vsh- Maximum ac interface voltage 1.100 pu
max
vsh- Minimum ac interface voltage 0.900 pu
min
Ish- Maximum ac current 2 pu
max
5.29. StaticACDC 705

Variables

ash θsh Algeb voltage phase behind the transformer rad v_str
vsh Vsh Algeb voltage magnitude behind transformer p.u. v_str
psh Psh Algeb active power injection into VSC p.u. v_str
qsh Qsh Algeb reactive power injection into VSC v_str
pdc Pdc Algeb DC power injection v_str
a a ExtAlgeb AC bus voltage phase
v v ExtAlgeb AC bus voltage magnitude
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb DC node 1 voltage
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb DC node 2 voltage

ash θsh Algeb a
vsh Vsh Algeb v0 ( )
psh Psh Algeb p0 ( smode
0 + smode
1 )
qsh Qsh Algeb q0 smode
0 + smode
2
pdc Pdc Algeb 0
a a ExtAlgeb
v v ExtAlgeb
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations
Name Symbol Type RHS of Equation

( "0 = g(x, y)" )
ash θsh Algeb −Psh + u (Vsh bsh v sin (θsh − a) − Vsh gsh v cos (θsh − a) + gsh v 2 )
vsh Vsh Algeb −Qsh + u Vsh(bsh v cos (θsh − )a) + V(sh gsh v sin (θsh )− a) − bsh v 2
psh Psh Algeb u (−Psh + p0 ) (smode
0
mode
+ smode
1
mode
) + u (smode
2
mode
+ smode
3
mode
) (v1 − v2 − vdc0 )
qsh Qsh Algeb u (−Qsh(+ q0 ) s0 + s2 + u s1 + s3 (−v + v0 ) )
pdc Pdc Algeb Pdc + u Vsh2 g − V b v sin (θ − a) − V g v cos (θ − a)
sh sh sh sh sh sh sh
a a ExtAlgeb −Psh
v v ExtAlgeb −Qsh
v1 v1 ExtAlgeb − v1P−v
dc
2
Pdc
v2 v2 ExtAlgeb v1 −v2

Services

re (rsh )−im (xsh )
gsh gsh (re (rsh )−im (xsh ))2 +(re (xsh )+im (rsh ))2
ConstService
− re (xsh )−im (rsh )
bsh bsh (re (rsh )−im (xsh ))2 +(re (xsh )+im (rsh ))2
ConstService
Discretes

mode mode Switcher
Config Fields in [VSCShunt]

5.30 StaticGen
Static generator group.

Static generators include PV and Slack, which are used to impose algebraic equations. Static generators are
used primarily for power flow.
Static generators do not have the modeling details for stability simulation. Although some of them can stay
for time-domain simulation, most of them should be substituted by dynamic generators, including synchronous
generators and inverter-based resources upon TDS initialization.
The substitution is done by setting the gen field of a dynamic generator to refer to the static generator. To
replace one StaticGen by multiple dynamic generators, see the notes in SynGen. Generators connected to the
same bus need to have their gammap and gammaq, respectively, summed up to be exactly 1.0.
TDS initialization will ensure that the dynamic generators impose the same amount of power as the static
generator. At the end of initialization, StaticGen's that have been substituted will have their connectivity status
u changed to 0.
Common Parameters: u, name, Sn, Vn, p0, q0, ra, xs, subidx
Common Variables: q, a, v
Available models: PV, Slack
5.30. StaticGen 707

5.30.1 PV
Static PV generator with reactive power limit checking and PV-to-PQ conversion.
pv2pq = 1 turns on the conversion. It starts from iteration min_iter or when the convergence error drops below
err_tol.
The PV-to-PQ conversion first ranks the reactive violations. A maximum number of npv2pq PVs above the
upper limit, and a maximum of npv2pq PVs below the lower limit will be converted to PQ, which sets the
reactive power to pmax or pmin.
If pv2pq is 1 (enabled) and npv2pq is 0, heuristics will be used to determine the number of PVs to be converted
for each iteration.
Parameters

name device name
Sn Sn Power rating 100 non_zero
subidx index for generators on the same bus
bus idx of the installed bus mandatory
busr bus idx for remote voltage control
p0 p0 active power set point in system base 0 p.u.
q0 q0 reactive power set point in system base 0 p.u.
pmax pmax maximum active power in system base 999 p.u.
pmin pmin minimum active power in system base -1 p.u.
qmax qmax maximim reactive power in system base 999 p.u.
qmin qmin minimum reactive power in system base -999 p.u.
v0 v0 voltage set point 1
vmax vmax maximum voltage voltage 1.400
vmin vmin minimum allowed voltage 0.600
ra ra armature resistance 0
xs xs armature reactance 0.300
busv0 V0bus 0

Variables

q q Algeb actual reactive power generation p.u. v_str
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb v_str,v_setter

q q Algeb q0 u
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb V0bus (1 − u) + uv0
Algebraic Equations

( of Equation "0 = g(x, y)" )
q q Algeb u ziqlim (−V + v0 ) + zlqlim (−q + qmin ) + zuqlim (−q + qmax )
a θ ExtAlgeb −pu
v V ExtAlgeb −qu
Services

p p p0 ConstService
Discretes

qlim qlim SortedLimiter
Config Fields in [PV]
5.30. StaticGen 709

Option Sym- Value Info Accepted

bol values
al- 1 allow adjusting upper or lower limits (0, 1)
low_adjust
ad- 0 adjust lower limit (0, 1)
just_lower
just_upper
pv2pq zpv2pq 0 convert PV to PQ in PFlow at Q limits (0, 1)
npv2pq npv2pq 0 max. # of conversion each iteration, 0 - auto >=0
min_iter switer 2 iteration number starting from which to enable int
switching
err_tol ϵtol 0.010 iteration error below which to enable switching float
abs_violation 1 use absolute (1) or relative (0) limit violation (0, 1)
5.30.2 Slack
Slack generator.
Parameters

name device name
subidx index for generators on the same bus
bus idx of the installed bus mandatory
busr bus idx for remote voltage control
p0 p0 active power set point in system base 0 p.u.
q0 q0 reactive power set point in system base 0 p.u.
pmax pmax maximum active power in system base 999 p.u.
pmin pmin minimum active power in system base -1 p.u.
qmax qmax maximim reactive power in system base 999 p.u.
qmin qmin minimum reactive power in system base -999 p.u.
v0 v0 voltage set point 1
vmax vmax maximum voltage voltage 1.400
vmin vmin minimum allowed voltage 0.600
ra ra armature resistance 0
xs xs armature reactance 0.300
a0 θ0 reference angle set point 0
busv0 V0bus 0
busa0 θ0bus 0

Variables

q q Algeb actual reactive power generation p.u. v_str
p p Algeb actual active power generation p.u. v_str
a θ ExtAlgeb v_str,v_setter
v V ExtAlgeb v_str,v_setter

q q Algeb q0 u
p p Algeb p0 u
a θ ExtAlgeb θ0 u + θ0bus (1 − u)
v V ExtAlgeb V0bus (1 − u) + uv0
Algebraic Equations

( of Equation "0 = g(x, y)" )
q q Algeb u ziqlim (−V + v0 ) + zlqlim (−q + qmin ) + zuqlim (−q + qmax )
( )
p p Algeb u ziplim (−θ + θ0 ) + zlplim (−p + pmin ) + zuplim (−p + pmax )
a θ ExtAlgeb −pu
v V ExtAlgeb −qu
Discretes

qlim qlim SortedLimiter
plim plim SortedLimiter
Config Fields in [Slack]
5.30. StaticGen 711


bol values
low_adjust
just_lower
just_upper
pv2pq zpv2pq 0 convert PV to PQ in PFlow at Q limits (0, 1)
npv2pq npv2pq 0 max. # of conversion each iteration, 0 - auto >=0
switching
abs_violation 1 use absolute (1) or relative (0) limit violation (0, 1)
av2pv zav2pv 0 convert Slack to PV in PFlow at P limits (0, 1)
5.31 StaticLoad
Static load group.

Available models: PQ
5.31.1 PQ
PQ load model.
Implements an automatic pq2z conversion during power flow when the voltage is outside [vmin, vmax]. The
conversion can be turned off by setting pq2z to 0 in the Config file.
Before time-domain simulation, PQ load will be converted to impedance, current source, and power source
based on the weights in the Config file.
Weights (p2p, p2i, p2z) corresponds to the weights for constant power, constant current and constant
impedance. p2p, p2i and p2z must be in decimal numbers and sum up exactly to 1. The same rule applies to
(q2q, q2i, q2z).
To alter the PQ load in terms of power during simulation, one needs to set the conversion weights to preserve
the constant power portion. For example, the PQ can remain as constant power load by setting
ss.PQ.config.p2p = 1.0
ss.PQ.config.p2i = 0
ss.PQ.config.q2q = 1.0
ss.PQ.config.q2i = 0

Then, the constant power portion can be altered by changing the Ppf and Qpf constants for active power and
reactive power.
The equivalent constant current components are in constants Ipeq and Iqeq for active and reactive current,
and the equivalent impedances are in Req and Xeq.
Parameters

name device name
bus linked bus idx mandatory
Vn Vn AC voltage rating 110 kV non_zero
p0 p0 active power load in system base 0 p.u.
q0 q0 reactive power load in system base 0 p.u.
vmax vmax max voltage before switching to impedance 1.200
vmin vmin min voltage before switching to impedance 0.800
owner owner idx
Variables

a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb

a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
5.31. StaticLoad 713

Algebraic Equations

bol ( )
a θ Ex- u (Ipeq V γp2i + Ppf γp2p + Req V 2 γp2z Indicator
) (tdae > 0) +
tAl- u Rlb V 2 zlvcmp + Rub V 2 zuvcmp + p0 zivcmp Indicator (tdae ≤ 0)
geb ( )
v V Ex- u (Iqeq V γq2i + Qpf γq2q + V 2 Xeq γq2z Indicator
) (tdae > 0) +
tAl- u V 2 Xlb zlvcmp + V 2 Xub zuvcmp + q0 zivcmp Indicator (tdae ≤ 0)
geb
Services

p0
Rub Rub 2
vmax
ConstService
q0
Xub Xub 2
vmax
ConstService
p0
Rlb Rlb 2
vmin
ConstService
q0
Xlb Xlb 2
vmin
ConstService
Ppf Ppf Rlb V02 zlvcmp + Rub V02 zuvcmp + p0 zivcmp ConstService
Qpf Qpf V02 Xlb zlvcmp + V02 Xub zuvcmp + q0 zivcmp ConstService
Ppf
Req Req V02
ConstService
Qpf
Xeq Xeq V02
ConstService
Ppf
Ipeq Ipeq V0 ConstService
Qpf
Iqeq Iqeq V0 ConstService
Discretes

vcmp vcmp Limiter
Config Fields in [PQ]


bol ues
low_adjust
just_lower
just_upper
pq2z zpq2z 1 pq2z conversion if out of voltage limits (0, 1)
p2p γp2p 0 P constant power percentage for TDS. Must have float
(p2p+p2i+p2z)=1
p2i γp2i 0 P constant current percentage float
p2z γp2z 1 P constant impedance percentage float
q2q γq2q 0 Q constant power percentage for TDS. Must have float
(q2q+q2i+q2z)=1
q2i γq2i 0 Q constant current percentage float
q2z γq2z 1 Q constant impedance percentage float
5.32 StaticShunt
Static shunt compensator group.

Available models: Shunt, ShuntTD, ShuntSw
5.32.1 Shunt
Phasor-domain shunt compensator Model.
Parameters

name device name
bus idx of connected bus mandatory
g g shunt conductance (real part) 0 y
b b shunt susceptance (positive as capacitive) 0 y
fn fn rated frequency 60
5.32. StaticShunt 715

Variables

a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb

a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

a θ ExtAlgeb V 2 gu
v V ExtAlgeb −V 2 bu
Config Fields in [Shunt]

5.32.2 ShuntTD
Static shunt model with inverse transformation from phasor to time-domain.

Parameters

name device name
Variables

vta Vta Algeb v_str
vtb Vtb Algeb v_str
vtc Vtc Algeb v_str
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
Name Symbol Type Initial

√
Value
3V cos (θ+2πfsys tdae )
vta Vta Algeb √ 3
3V cos (θ+2πfsys tdae + π3 )
vtb Vtb Algeb −√ 3
3V sin (θ+2πfsys tdae + π6 )
vtc Vtc Algeb − 3
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

√
of Equation "0 = g(x, y)"
3V cos (θ+2πfsys tdae )
vta Vta Algeb √ 3 − Vta
3V cos (θ+2πfsys tdae + π3 )
vtb Vtb Algeb −√ 3 − Vtb
3V sin (θ+2πfsys tdae + π6 )
vtc Vtc Algeb − 3 − Vtc
a θ ExtAlgeb V 2 gu
v V ExtAlgeb −V 2 bu

Config Fields in [ShuntTD]

5.32.3 ShuntSw
Switched Shunt Model.

Parameters gs, bs and bs must be entered in string literals, comma-separated. They need to have the same
length.
For example, in the excel file, one can put
gs = [0, 0]
bs = [0.2, 0.2]
ns = [2, 4]
To use individual shunts as fixed shunts, set the corresponding ns = 0 or ns = [0].

The effective shunt susceptances and conductances are stored in services beff and geff.
Parameters

bol fault
name device name
gs a list literal of switched conductances blocks 0 p.u. y
bs a list literal of switched susceptances blocks 0 p.u. y
ns a list literal of the element numbers in each [0]
switched block
vref voltage reference 1 p.u. non_zero,non_negative
dv voltage error deadband 0.050 p.u. non_zero,non_negative
dt delay before two consecutive switching 30 sec- non_negative
onds

Variables

a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb

a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

a θ ExtAlgeb V 2 gef f u
v V ExtAlgeb −V 2 bef f u
Services

vlo vlo −dv + vref ConstService
vup vup dv + vref ConstService
Discretes

adj adj ShuntAdjust shunt adjuster
Config Fields in [ShuntSw]


bol values
low_adjust
just_lower
just_upper
switching
5.33 SynGen
Synchronous generator group.

SynGen replaces StaticGen upon the initialization of dynamic studies. SynGen and inverter-based resources
contain parameters gammap and gammaq for splitting the initial power of a StaticGen into multiple dynamic
ones.
gammap, for example, is the active power ratio of the dynamic generator to the static one. If a StaticGen is
supposed to be replaced by one SynGen, the gammap and gammaq should both be 1.
It is critical to ensure that gammap and gammaq, respectively, of all dynamic power sources sum up to 1.0.
Otherwise, the initial power injections imposed by dynamic sources will differ from the static ones. The ini-
tialization will then fail with mismatches power injection equations corresponding to bus a and v.
Common Parameters: u, name, Sn, Vn, fn, bus, M, D, subidx
Common Variables: omega, delta
Available models: GENCLS, GENROU, PLBVFU1
5.33.1 GENCLS
Classical generator model.

Parameters

bol fault
name device name
coi center of inertia index
coi2 center of inertia index
Sn Sn Power rating 100 MVA
D D Damping coefficient 0 power
M M machine start up time (2H) 6 non_zero,non_negative,power
ra ra armature resistance 0 z
xl xl leakage reactance 0 z
xd1 x′d d-axis transient reactance 0.302 z
kp kp active power feedback gain 0
kw kw speed feedback gain 0
S10 S1.0 first saturation factor 0
S12 S1.2 second saturation factor 1
maq
subidx Generator idx in plant; only used by 0
PSS/E data
5.33. SynGen 721

Variables

delta δ State rotor angle rad v_str
omega ω State rotor speed pu (Hz) v_str
tm τm Algeb mechanical torque v_str
te τe Algeb electric torque v_str
vf vf Algeb excitation voltage pu v_str
XadIfd Xad If d Algeb d-axis armature excitation current p.u (kV) v_str
Pe Pe Algeb active power injection v_str
Qe Qe Algeb reactive power injection v_str
psid ψd Algeb d-axis flux v_str
psiq ψq Algeb q-axis flux v_str

delta δ State δ0
omega ω State u
Id Id Algeb Id0 u
Iq Iq Algeb Iq0 u
vd Vd Algeb Vd0 u
vq Vq Algeb Vq0 u
tm τm Algeb τm0
te τe Algeb τm0 u
vf vf Algeb uvf 0
XadIfd Xad If d Algeb uvf 0
Pe Pe Algeb u (Id0 Vd0 + Iq0 Vq0 )
Qe Qe Algeb u (Id0 Vq0 − Iq0 Vd0 )
psid ψd Algeb ψd0 u
psiq ψq Algeb ψq0 u
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb

delta δ State 2πf u (ω − 1)
omega ω State u (−D (ω − 1) − τe + τm ) M
Algebraic Equations

Id Id Algeb Id x′d + ψd − vf
Iq Iq Algeb Iq x′d + ψq
vd Vd Algeb V u sin (δ − θ) − Vd
vq Vq Algeb V u cos (δ − θ) − Vq
tm τm Algeb −τm + τm0
te τe Algeb −τe + u (−Id ψq + Iq ψd )
vf vf Algeb uvf 0 − vf
XadIfd Xad If d Algeb −Xad If d + uvf 0
Pe Pe Algeb −Pe + u (Id Vd + Iq Vq )
Qe Qe Algeb −Qe + u (Id Vq − Iq Vd )
psid ψd Algeb −ψd + u (Iq ra + Vq )
psiq ψq Algeb ψq + u (Id ra + Vd )
a θ ExtAlgeb −u (Id Vd + Iq Vq )
v V ExtAlgeb −u (Id Vq − Iq Vd )
5.33. SynGen 723

Services

_V Vc V eiθ ConstService
_S S P0 − iQ0 ConstService
S
_I Ic conj (Vc ) ConstService
_E E Ic (r(a +)ix′d ) + Vc ConstService
E
_deltac δc log |E| ConstService
delta0 δ0 u im (δc ) ConstService
vdq Vdq Vc ue−δc +0.5iπ ConstService
Idq Idq Ic ue−δc +0.5iπ ConstService
Id0 Id0 re (Idq ) ConstService
Iq0 Iq0 im (Idq ) ConstService
vd0 Vd0 re (Vdq ) ConstService
vq0 Vq0 im (Vdq ) ConstService
tm0 τm0 u (Id0 (Id0 ra + Vd0 ) + Iq0 (Iq0 ra + Vq0 )) ConstService
psid0 ψd0 Iq0 ra u + Vq0 ConstService
psiq0 ψq0 −Id0 ra u − Vd0 ConstService
vf0 vf 0 Id0 x′d + Iq0 ra + Vq0 ConstService
Config Fields in [GENCLS]

vf_lower 1 lower limit for vf warning
vf_upper 5 upper limit for vf warning
5.33.2 GENROU
Round rotor generator with quadratic saturation.

Notes
Parameters:
• xd2 and xq2 must be equal to pass initialization.
Parameters

name device name
coi center of inertia index
coi2 center of inertia index
D D Damping coefficient 0 power
M M machine start up time (2H) 6 non_zero,non_negative,power
xl xl leakage reactance 0 z
xd1 x′d d-axis transient reactance 0.302 z
kp kp active power feedback gain 0
kw kw speed feedback gain 0
S10 S1.0 first saturation factor 0
S12 S1.2 second saturation factor 1
xd xd d-axis synchronous reactance 1.900 z
xq xq q-axis synchronous reactance 1.700 z
xd2 x′′d d-axis sub-transient reactance 0.300 z
xq1 x′q q-axis transient reactance 0.500 z
xq2 x′′q q-axis sub-transient reactance 0.300 z
Td10 Td0′ d-axis transient time constant 8
Td20 Td0′′ d-axis sub-transient time constant 0.040
Tq10 Tq0′ q-axis transient time constant 0.800
Tq20 Tq0′′ q-axis sub-transient time constant 0.020
subidx Generator idx in plant; only used by PSS/E data 0
5.33. SynGen 725

Variables

omega ω State rotor speed pu (Hz) v_str
e1q e′q State q-axis transient voltage v_str
e1d e′d State d-axis transient voltage v_str
e2d e′′d State d-axis sub-transient voltage v_str
e2q e′′q State q-axis sub-transient voltage v_str
tm τm Algeb mechanical torque v_str
te τe Algeb electric torque v_str
vf vf Algeb excitation voltage pu v_str
XadIfd Xad If d Algeb d-axis armature excitation current p.u (kV) v_str
Pe Pe Algeb active power injection v_str
Qe Qe Algeb reactive power injection v_str
psid ψd Algeb d-axis flux v_str
psiq ψq Algeb q-axis flux v_str
psi2q ψaq Algeb q-axis air gap flux v_str
psi2d ψad Algeb d-axis air gap flux v_str
psi2 ψa Algeb air gap flux magnitude v_str
Se Se (|ψa |) Algeb saturation output v_str
XaqI1q Xaq I1q Algeb q-axis reaction p.u (kV) v_str


delta δ State δ0
omega ω State u
e1q e′q State ue′q0
e1d e′d State ue′d0
e2d e′′d State ue′′d0
e2q e′′q State ue′′q0
Id Id Algeb Id0 u
Iq Iq Algeb Iq0 u
vd Vd Algeb Vd0 u
vq Vq Algeb Vq0 u
tm τm Algeb τm0
te τe Algeb τm0 u
vf vf Algeb uvf 0
XadIfd Xad If d Algeb uvf 0
Pe Pe Algeb u (Id0 Vd0 + Iq0 Vq0 )
Qe Qe Algeb u (Id0 Vq0 − Iq0 Vd0 )
psid ψd Algeb ψd0 u
psiq ψq Algeb ψq0 u
psi2q ψaq Algeb ψaq0 u
psi2d ψad Algeb ψad0 u
psi2 ψa Algeb ′′
u ψ0,dq
Se Se (|ψa |) Algeb Se0 u
XaqI1q Xaq I1q Algeb 0
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
delta δ State 2πf u (ω − 1)
omega ω State u (−D (ω − 1) − τe + τm ) M
e1q e′q State −Xad If d + vf ′
Td0
e1d e′d State −Xaq I1q ′
Tq0
e2d e′′d State −I(d (x′d − xl )) − e′′d + e′q ′′
Td0
e2q e′′q State Iq −xl + x′q − e′′q + e′d ′′
Tq0
5.33. SynGen 727

Algebraic Equations

Id Id Algeb Id x′′d + ψd − ψad
Iq Iq Algeb Iq x′′q + ψq + ψaq
vd Vd Algeb V u sin (δ − θ) − Vd
vq Vq Algeb V u cos (δ − θ) − Vq
tm τm Algeb −τm + τm0
te τe Algeb −τe + u (−Id ψq + Iq ψd )
vf vf Algeb uvf 0 − vf ( ( ))
XadIfd Xad If d Algeb −Xad If d +u Se (|ψa |)ψad + e′q + (−x′d + xd ) Id γd1 − γd2 e′′d + γd2 e′q
Pe Pe Algeb −Pe + u (Id Vd + Iq Vq )
Qe Qe Algeb −Qe + u (Id Vq − Iq Vd )
psid ψd Algeb −ψd + u (Iq ra + Vq )
psiq ψq Algeb ψq + u (Id ra + Vd )
psi2q ψaq Algeb γq1 e′d − ψaq + e′′q (1 − γq1 )
psi2d ψad Algeb γd1 e′q + γd2 e′′d (x′d − xl ) − ψad
psi2 ψa Algeb −ψa2 + ψad 2 + ψ2
( aq
)2
q q
Se Se (|ψa |) Algeb BSAT z0 SL −ASAT + ψa − Se (|ψa |)ψa
( )( )
XaqI1q Xaq I1q Algeb Se (|ψa |)γqd ψaq − Xaq I1q + e′d + xq − x′q −Iq γq1 − γq2 e′′q + γq2 e′d
a θ ExtAl- −u (Id Vd + Iq Vq )
geb
v V ExtAl- −u (Id Vq − Iq Vd )
geb
Services

−xl +x′′
gd1 γd1 x′d −xl
d
ConstService
−xl +x′′
gq1 γq1 −xl +x′q
q
ConstService
x′d −x′′
gd2 γd2 d
2 ConstService
(x′d −xl )
−x′′ ′
q +xq
gq2 γq2 2 ConstService
(−xl +x′q )
−xl +xq
gqd γqd xd −xl ConstService
_S12 S1.2 S1.2 −f S12 + 1 ConstService
SAT_E1 ES1cAT 1.0 ConstService
SAT_E2 ES2cAT 3.2 − 2zSSE2
AT
ConstService
SAT_SE1 SES1cAT S1.0 ConstService
SAT_SE2 SES2cAT S1.2 − 2zSSE2
AT
+2 ConstService


Name Symbol Equation
√ 1c Type
ES SES 1c ( ( ) ( ))
SAT_a aSAT AT AT
Indicator SE 2c > 0 + Indicator SE 2c < 0 ConstService
E 2c SE 2c
SAT SAT
SAT SAT
ES1c −E 2c
SAT_A AqSAT E2c
SAT −AT SAT
aSAT −1 ConstService
2
SAT aSAT −1
2c SE 2c
ES ( ) (Indicator (aSAT >0)+Indicator (aSAT <0))
SAT_B BSq AT AT
( )2 ConstService
1c
ES −ES
2c
AT AT
_V Vc V eiθ ConstService
_S S P0 − iQ0 ConstService
_Zs Zs ra + ix′′d ConstService
S
_It It conj (Vc ) ConstService
_Is Is It + ZVcs ConstService
psi20 ψ0′′ Is Zs ConstService
psi20_arg θψ′′ 0 arg (ψ0′′ ) ConstService
psi20_abs |ψ0′′ | |ψ0′′ | ConstService
_It_arg θIt0 arg (It ) ConstService
_psi20_It_arg θψaIt −θIt0 + θψ′′ 0 ConstService
( )2 ( )
q
BS −AqS +|ψ0′′ | Indicator |ψ0′′ |≥AqS
Se0 Se0 AT AT
|ψ0′′ |
AT
ConstService
_a a′ |ψ ′′
( 0 | (Se0 γ′′qd) + 1) ConstService
_b b′ −xq + xq ( |It | ) ConstService
b′ cos (θψaIt )
delta0 δ0 θψ′′ 0 + atan −a′ +b′ sin (θψaIt )
ConstService
_Tdq Tdq −i sin (δ0 ) + cos (δ0 ) ConstService
psi20_dq ′′
ψ0,dq Tdq ψ0′′ ConstService
It_dq It,dq conj
( (It T)dq ) ConstService
psi2d0 ψad0 ′′
re ψ0,dq ConstService
( )
psi2q0 ψaq0 ′′
− im ψ0,dq ConstService
Id0 Id0 im (It,dq ) ConstService
Iq0 Iq0 re (It,dq ) ConstService
vd0 Vd0 −Id0 ra + Iq0 x′′q + ψaq0 ConstService
vq0 Vq0 −Id0 x′′d − Iq0 ra + ψad0 ConstService
tm0 τm0 u (Id0 (Id0 ra + Vd0 ) + Iq0 (Iq0 ra + Vq0 )) ConstService
vf0 vf 0 Id0 (xd − x′′d ) + ψad0 (Se0 + 1) ConstService
psid0 ψd0 Iq0 ra u + Vq0 ConstService
psiq0 ψq0 −Id0 ra u − Vd0 ConstService
e1q0 e′q0 Id0 (x′d − xd ) − Se0 ψad0 + vf 0 ConstService
( )
e1d0 e′d0 Iq0 xq − x′q − Se0 γqd ψaq0 ConstService
e2d0 e′′d0 Id0 (−xd + xl ) − Se0 ψad0 + vf 0 ConstService
e2q0 e′′q0 −Iq0 (xl − xq ) − Se0 γqd ψaq0 ConstService
5.33. SynGen 729

Discretes

SL SL LessThan
Blocks

SAT SAT ExcQuadSat
Config Fields in [GENROU]

vf_lower 1 lower limit for vf warning
vf_upper 5 upper limit for vf warning
5.33.3 PLBVFU1
PLBVFU1 model: playback of voltage and frequency as a generator.

The internal voltage and frequency are named Vflt and omega. Rotor angle is named delta.
The current implementation relies on a TimeSeries device to provide the voltage and frequency signals. See
ieee14_plbvfu1.xlsx and plbvf.xlsx in andes/cases/ieee14 for an example.
Voltage and frequeny data needs to be specified in per unit. Nominal values are not yet supported.

Parameters

name device name
xs xs generator transient reactance 0.200 non_zero,z
Vflag playback voltage signal 1 bool
fflag playback frequency signal 1 bool
filename playback file name string mandatory
Vscale Vscale playback voltage scale 1 pu non_negative
fscale fscale playback frequency scale 1 pu non_negative
Tv Tv filtering time constant for voltage 0.200 s non_negative
Tf Tf filtering time constant for frequency 0.200 s non_negative
subidx Generator idx in plant; only used by PSS/E data 0
Variables

Vflt Vf lt State filtered voltage pu v_str
omega ω State filtered frequency pu v_str

Vflt Vf lt State 1/Vscale V ts − Vof f s
omega ω State 1/fscale f ts − fof f s
delta δ State δ0
a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
5.33. SynGen 731

Vflt Vf lt State 1/Vscale V ts − Vf lt − Vof f s Tv
omega ω State 1/fscale f ts − ω − fof f s Tf
delta δ State 2πfn u (ω − 1)
Algebraic Equations

V V x sin (δ−θ) V ra (V −Vf lt cos (δ−θ))
a θ ExtAlgeb − f ltr2s+x2 + ra2 +x2s
a s
V Vf lt ra sin (δ−θ) V xs (V −Vf lt cos (δ−θ))
v V ExtAlgeb r2 +x2
+ r2 +x2
a s a s
Services

zs zs ra + ixs ConstService
zs2n zs2n ra2 − x2s ( ) ConstService
(p+iq)e−iθ
Ec Ec V eiθ + (ra + ixs ) conj V ConstService
E0 E0 |Ec | ConstService
delta0 δ0 arg (Ec ) ConstService
Vts V ts 0 ConstService
fts f ts 0 ConstService
1
ifscale 1/fscale fscale ConstService
1
iVscale 1/Vscale Vscale ConstService
foffs fof f s 1/fscale f ts − 1 ConstService
Voffs Vof f s 1/Vscale V ts − E0 ConstService
Config Fields in [PLBVFU1]


5.34 TimedEvent
Timed event group

Available models: Toggle, Fault, Alter
5.34.1 Toggle
Time-based connectivity status toggle.

Toggle is used to toggle the connection status (online/offline) of a device at the predefined time. Both the model
name (or group name) and the device idx need to be specified. It effectively negates the u field of the connected
device.
Toggle can be useful to implement disconnection, connection, and reconnection of devices. For example, a
line trip can be implemented by setting Line to the model field and the corresponding line's idx to the dev
field.
Multiple Toggles can be added to the same device at different times. Adding two Toggles for an initially
connected line with t=0.1 and t=0.2, for instance, will disconnect the line at t=0.1 sec and reconnect it at
t=0.2 sec.
Parameters

name device name
model model or group name of the device mandatory
dev idx of the device to control mandatory
t switch time for connection status -1 mandatory
Services

_u u 1 ConstService
Config Fields in [Toggle]

5.34. TimedEvent 733

5.34.2 Fault
Three-phase-to-ground fault.
A Fault device is used to apply and clear three-phase-to-ground fault to the given bus. One can set two time
parameters, tf and tc, for the fault-on and fault-clearance time, respectively, although only tf is mandatory.
A fault is implemented by a very small internal shunt impedance to be connected at the fault-on time. Its
reactance and resistance are specified by the parameters xf and rf.
To implement a fault and its clearance by tripping a line, one can combine Fault and Toggle. That is, clear
a fault in concurrence with a Toggle. The user needs to ensure data consistency so that the line trip actually
clears the fault.
Non-convergence can occur in the proximity of a fault due to various reasons, including network power transfer
capability limitation and parameter issues of controllers.
When a fault gets cleared, algebraic variables change drastically. E.g., voltages can go from nearly zero back
to 1.0. As we are using Newton's method for solving the DAE, the initial values are crucial for the immediate
step after fault clearance.
This Fault model restores the pre-fault values for algebraic variables Fault.config.scale is the scaling
factor to be multiplied to the pre-fault values for adjusting the initial values. Some trial and error are expected
for severe disturbances, combined with increasing the fault reactance xf.
Parameters

name device name
bus linked bus idx mandatory
tf Bus fault start time -1 second mandatory
tc Bus fault end time -1 second
xf xf Fault to ground reactance (positive) 0.000 p.u.(sys)
rf xf Fault to ground resistance (positive) 0 p.u.(sys)
Variables

a θ ExtAlgeb Bus voltage angle p.u.(kV)
v V ExtAlgeb Bus voltage magnitude p.u.(kV)


a θ ExtAlgeb
v V ExtAlgeb
Algebraic Equations

a θ ExtAlgeb V 2 gf uuf
v V ExtAlgeb −V 2 bf uuf
Services

re (xf )−im (xf )
gf gf 2 2 ConstService
(re (xf )−im (xf )) +(re (xf )+im (xf ))
− re (xf )−im (xf )
bf bf 2 2 ConstService
( ( f)
re x −im (xf )) +(re (xf )+im (xf ))
uf uf 0 ConstService
Config Fields in [Fault]

allow_adjust 1 allow adjusting up- (0, 1)
per or lower limits
restore 1 restore alge- (0, 1)
braic variables to
pre-fault values
mode 1 (1, 2, 3)
1. restore
all algeb
variables,
2. fault bus
only
scale 1 scaling factor of

restored algebraic
values
5.34. TimedEvent 735

5.34.3 Alter
Model for altering device internal data at predefined time.

Alter is useful to apply load changing, tap changing, step response, etc. can be applied to parameters and
constant services but cannot be used to update variables.
Alter is implemented by applying the given calculation to the v field of the linked parameter or constant. Alter
will not affect other parameters or constants that depend on the altered variable.
It is not uncommon for equations to depend on intermediate constants rather than the input parameters. There-
fore, one will need to inspect model equations to determine the parameter/service to be altered.
Examples
To apply a PQ load change, according to PQ, one needs to set the load model to constant power and alter
Ppf and Qpf. Altering p0 and q0 will have no impact as they are not used in the equations for time-domain
simulation.
Parameters

name device name
t switch time for connection status -1 mandatory
model model or group name of the device mandatory
dev idx of the device to alter mandatory
src model source field (param or service) mandatory
attr attribute (e.g., v) of the source field v
method alteration method in +, -, *, /, = mandatory
amount the amount to apply mandatory
rand use uniform ramdom sampling 0
lb lower bound of random sampling 0
ub upper bound of random sampling 0
Discretes

SW SW Switcher Switcher for alteration method
Config Fields in [Alter]


5.35 TurbineGov
Turbine governor group for synchronous generator.

Common Variables: pout
Available models: TG2, TGOV1, TGOV1DB, TGOV1N, TGOV1NDB, IEEEG1, IEESGO, GAST, HYGOV, HY-
GOVDB, HYGOV4
5.35.1 TG2
Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
Tn Tn Turbine power rating. Equal to Sn if not pro- 0 MVA
vided.
wref0 ωref 0 Base speed reference 1 p.u.
R R Speed regulation gain (mach. base default) 0.050 p.u. ipower
pmax pmax Maximum power output 999 p.u. power
pmin pmin Minimum power output 0 p.u. power
dbl Ldb Deadband lower limit -0.000 p.u.
dbu Udb Deadband upper limit 0.000 p.u.
dbc Cdb Deadband neutral value 0 p.u.
T1 T1 Transient gain time 0.200
T2 T2 Governor time constant 10
Sg Sn Rated power from generator 0 MVA
ug ug Generator connection status 0 bool
Vn Vn Rated voltage from generator 0 kV
5.35. TurbineGov 737

Variables

bol ties
ll_x x′ll State State in lead-lag v_str
paux Paux Algeb Auxiliary power input v_str
pout Pout Algeb Turbine final output power v_str
wref ωref Algeb Speed reference variable v_str
w_d ωdev Algeb Generator speed deviation before dead band (positive for v_str
under speed)
w_dm ωdm Algeb Measured speed deviation after dead band v_str
w_dmg ωdmG Algeb Speed deviation after dead band after gain v_str
ll_y yll Algeb Output of lead-lag v_str
pnl Pnl Algeb Power output before hard limiter v_str
tm τm ExtAl- Mechanical power interface to SynGen
geb

ll_x x′ll State ωdmG
omega ω ExtState
paux Paux Algeb Paux0
pout Pout Algeb τm0 ue
wref ωref Algeb ωref 0
w_d ωdev Algeb 0
w_dm ωdm Algeb 0
w_dmg ωdmG Algeb 0
ll_y yll Algeb ωdmG
pnl Pnl Algeb τm0
tm τm ExtAlgeb
ll_x x′ll State ωdmG − x′ll T2
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

paux Paux Algeb Paux0 − Paux
pout Pout Algeb Pnl ziplim − Pout + pmax zuplim + pmin zlplim
wref ωref Algeb ωref 0 − ωref
w_d ωdev Algeb −ωdev + ue (−ω + ωref ) ( )
w_dm ωdm Algeb Ldb zl rwd b + Udb zu rwd b + ωdev 1 − ziwd b − ωdm
w_dmg ωdmG Algeb Gωdm − ωdmG
( )2
ll_y yll Algeb T1 (ωdmG − x′ll ) + T2 x′ll − T2 yll + z1LTll (−x′ll + yll )
pnl Pnl Algeb −Pnl + Pref 0 + yll
tm τm ExtAlgeb ue (Pout − τm0 )
Services

pref0 Pref 0 τm0 ConstService
paux0 Paux0 0 ConstService
u
gain G R ConstService
Discretes

w_db wd b DeadBandRT
ll_LT1 LTll LessThan
ll_LT2 LTll LessThan
plim plim HardLimiter
Blocks

ll ll LeadLag
Config Fields in [TG2]


deadband zdeadband 0 enable input dead band (0, 1)
hardlimit zhardlimit 1 enable output hard limit (0, 1)
5.35.2 TGOV1
TGOV1 turbine governor model.

Implements the PSS/E TGOV1 model without deadband.
Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
vided.
VMAX Vmax Maximum valve position 1.200 p.u. power
VMIN Vmin Minimum valve position 0 p.u. power
T1 T1 Valve time constant 0.100
T2 T2 Lead-lag lead time constant 0.200
T3 T3 Lead-lag lag time constant 10
Dt Dt Turbine damping coefficient 0 power

Variables

LAG_y yLAG State State in lag TF v_str
pref Pref Algeb Reference power input v_str
wd ωdev Algeb Generator speed deviation p.u. v_str
pd Pd Algeb Pref plus speed deviation times gain p.u. v_str
tm τm ExtAlgeb Mechanical power interface to SynGen

LAG_y yLAG State Pd
LL_x x′LL State yLAG
omega ω ExtState
pref Pref Algeb Rτm0
wd ωdev Algeb 0
pd Pd Algeb τm0 ue
LL_y yLL Algeb yLAG
tm τm ExtAlgeb
LAG_y yLAG State Pd − yLAG T1
LL_x x′LL State −x′LL + yLAG T3
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

pout Pout Algeb −Pout + ue (−Dt ωdev + yLL )
pref Pref Algeb Pref 0 R − Pref
wd ωdev Algeb −ωdev + ue (ω − ωref )
pd Pd Algeb Gue (Paux + Pref − ωdev ) − Pd
( )2
LL_y yLL Algeb T2 (−x′LL + yLAG ) + T3 x′LL − T3 yLL + z1LTLL (−x′LL + yLL )
Services

ue
Discretes

LAG_lim limLAG AntiWindup Limiter in Lag
Blocks

LAG LAG LagAntiWindup
LL LL LeadLag
Config Fields in [TGOV1]


5.35.3 TGOV1DB
TGOV1 turbine governor model with speed input deadband.
Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
vided.
dbL dbL Lower bound of deadband 0 p.u.
dbU dbU Upper bound of deadband 0 p.u.
Variables



LAG_y yLAG State Pd
omega ω ExtState
wd ωdev Algeb 0
pd Pd Algeb τm0 ue
LL_y yLL Algeb yLAG
DB_y yDB Algeb 1.0zldbDB (ωdev − dbL ) + 1.0zudbDB (ωdev − dbU )
tm τm ExtAlgeb
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

pout Pout Algeb −Dt yDB − Pout + yLL
pd Pd Algeb Gue (Paux + Pref − yDB ) − Pd
( )2
DB_y yDB Algeb −yDB + 1.0zldbDB (ωdev − dbL ) + 1.0zudbDB (ωdev − dbU )

Services

ue
Discretes

DB_db dbDB DeadBand
Blocks

LL LL LeadLag
DB DB DeadBand1 deadband for speed deviation
Config Fields in [TGOV1DB]

5.35.4 TGOV1N
New TGOV1 (TGOV1N) turbine governor model.

The TGOV1N model that sums pref and paux signals after the droop. This model is useful for incorporating
AGC and scheduling signals, which will not be multiplied by 1/R like in the original TGOV1 model.
Scheduling changes should write to pref0.v in place. AGC signal should write to paux0.v in place.
Modifying tm0 is not allowed.

Examples
To update all paux0 values to paux_new, which contains the new values, do
ss.TGOV1N.paux0.v[:] = paux_new # in-place update of the `paux0.v` array
instead of
ss.TGOV1N.paux0.v = paux_new # error; changes the reference of `paux0.v`
Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
vided.

Variables


LAG_y yLAG State Pd
omega ω ExtState
pref Pref Algeb τm0
wd ωdev Algeb 0
pd Pd Algeb τm0 ue
LL_y yLL Algeb yLAG
tm τm ExtAlgeb
omega ω ExtState 0

Algebraic Equations

pout Pout Algeb −Pout + ue (−Dt ωdev + yLL )
pref Pref Algeb Pref 0 − Pref
pd Pd Algeb −Pd + ue (−Gωdev + Paux + Pref )
( )2
Services

ue
Discretes

Blocks

LL LL LeadLag
Config Fields in [TGOV1N]


5.35.5 TGOV1NDB
TGOV1N turbine governor model with speed input deadband.
Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
vided.
Variables



LAG_y yLAG State Pd
omega ω ExtState
pref Pref Algeb τm0
wd ωdev Algeb 0
pd Pd Algeb τm0 ue
LL_y yLL Algeb yLAG
tm τm ExtAlgeb
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

pout Pout Algeb −Dt yDB − Pout + yLL
pref Pref Algeb Pref 0 − Pref
pd Pd Algeb −Pd + ue (GyDB + Paux + Pref )
( )2

Services

ue
Discretes

DB_db dbDB DeadBand
Blocks

LL LL LeadLag
Config Fields in [TGOV1NDB]

5.35.6 IEEEG1
IEEE Type 1 Speed-Governing Model.

If only one generator is connected, its idx must be given to syn, and syn2 must be left blank. Each generator
must provide data in its Sn base.
syn is connected to the high-pressure output (PHP) and the optional syn2 is connected to the low- pressure
output (PLP).
The speed deviation of generator 1 (syn) is measured. If the turbine rating Tn is not specified, the sum of Sn
of all connected generators will be used.

Normally, K1 + K2 + ... + K8 = 1.0. If the second generator is not connected, K1 + K3 + K5 + K7 = 1, and K2

+ K4 + K6 + K8 = 0. If K1 to K8 do not sum up to 1.0, they will be normalized. The normalized parameters
are called K1n through K8n.
If initialization error occurs for variable vs, it is due to the limits PMIN and PMAX.
IEEEG1 does not yet support the change of reference (scheduling).
Parameters

name device name
syn Synchronous generator idx mandatory,unique
Tn Tn Turbine power rating. Equal to Sn if not provided. 0 MVA
syn2 Optional SynGen idx
K K Gain (1/R) in mach. base 20 p.u. (power) power
T1 T1 Gov. lag time const. 1
T2 T2 Gov. lead time const. 1
T3 T3 Valve controller time const. 0.100
UO Uo Max. valve opening rate 0.100 p.u./sec
UC Uc Max. valve closing rate -0.100 p.u./sec
PMAX PM AX Max. turbine power 5 power
PMIN PM IN Min. turbine power 0 power
T4 T4 Inlet piping/steam bowl time constant 0.400
K1 K1 Fraction of power from HP 0.500
K2 K2 Fraction of power from LP 0
T5 T5 Time constant of 2nd boiler pass 8
K3 K3 Fraction of HP shaft power after 2nd boiler pass 0.500
K4 K4 Fraction of LP shaft power after 2nd boiler pass 0
T6 T6 Time constant of 3rd boiler pass 0.500
K5 K5 Fraction of HP shaft power after 3rd boiler pass 0
K6 K6 Fraction of LP shaft power after 3rd boiler pass 0
T7 T7 Time constant of 4th boiler pass 0.050
K7 K7 Fraction of HP shaft power after 4th boiler pass 0
K8 K8 Fraction of LP shaft power after 4th boiler pass 0
Sg2 Sn2 Rated power of Syn2 0 MVA

Variables

IAW_y yIAW State AW Integrator output v_str
wd ωdev Algeb Generator under speed p.u. v_str
vs Vs Algeb Valve speed v_str
vsl Vsl Algeb Valve move speed after limiter v_str
PHP PHP Algeb HP output v_str
PLP PLP Algeb LP output v_str
tm2 τm2 ExtAlgeb Mechanical power to syn2

LL_x x′LL State ωdev
IAW_y yIAW State tm012
L4_y yL4 State yIAW
L5_y yL5 State yL4
L6_y yL6 State yL5
L7_y yL7 State yL6
omega ω ExtState
wd ωdev Algeb 0
LL_y yLL Algeb ωdev
vs Vs Algeb 0
vsl Vsl Algeb Uc zlHL + Uo zuHL + Vs ziHL
PHP PHP Algeb ue (K1n yL4 + K3n yL5 + K5n yL6 + K7n yL7 )
PLP PLP Algeb ue (K2n yL4 + K4n yL5 + K6n yL6 + K8n yL7 )
tm τm ExtAlgeb
tm2 τm2 ExtAlgeb

LL_x x′LL State ωdev − x′LL T1
IAW_y yIAW State Vsl 1
L4_y yL4 State yIAW − yL4 T4
L5_y yL5 State yL4 − yL5 T5
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

bol
pout Pout Algeb PHP ue − Pout
wd ωdev Algeb −ωdev + ue (−ω + ωref )
( )2
LL_y yLL Algeb KT1 x′LL + KT2 (ωdev − x′LL ) − T1 yLL + z1LTLL (−Kx′LL + yLL )
−yIAW +yLL )
vs Vs Algeb −Vs + ue (Paux +tm012
T3
vsl Vsl Algeb Uc zlHL + Uo zuHL + Vs ziHL − Vsl
PHP PHP Algeb −PHP + ue (K1n yL4 + K3n yL5 + K5n yL6 + K7n yL7 )
PLP PLP Algeb −PLP + ue (K2n yL4 + K4n yL5 + K6n yL6 + K8n yL7 )
tm τm ExtAl- ue (Pout − τm0 )
geb
tm2 τm2 ExtAl- ue zsyn2 (PLP − τm02 )
geb

Services

∑8
_sumK18 i=1 Ki K1 + K2 + K3 + K4 + K5 + K6 + K7 + K8 ConstService
_Kcoeff Kcoef f ∑8 1 ConstService
i=1 Ki
K1n K1n K1 Kcoef f ConstService
_tm0K2 t m0K2 τm0 zsyn2 (K2n + K4n + K6n + K8n ) PostInitService
_tm02K1 t m02K1 τm02 (K1n + K3n + K5n + K7n ) PostInitService
tm012 tm012 τm02 + τm0 ConstService
Discretes

HL HL HardLimiter Limiter on valve speed
IAW_lim limIAW AntiWindup Limiter in integrator
Blocks

LL LL LeadLag Signal conditioning for wd
IAW IAW IntegratorAntiWindup Valve position integrator
L4 L4 Lag first process
L5 L5 Lag second (reheat) process
L6 L6 Lag third process
L7 L7 Lag fourth (second reheat) process
Config Fields in [IEEEG1]


5.35.7 IEESGO
IEEE Standard Governor (IEESGO).
Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
vided.
T1 T1 Controller lag 0.020
T2 T2 Lead compensation 1
T3 T3 Governor lag 1
T4 T4 Steam inlet delay 0.500
T5 T5 Reheater delay 10
T6 T6 Crossover delay 0.500
K1 K1 1/pu regulation 0.020
K2 K2 fraction K2 1
K3 K3 fraction K3 1
PMAX PM AX Max. turbine power 5 power
PMIN PM IN Min. turbine power 0 power

Variables

F1_y yF 1 State State in lag transfer function v_str
F2_x x′F 2 State State in lead-lag v_str
F2_y yF 2 Algeb Output of lead-lag v_str
HL_x xHL Algeb Value before limiter v_str
HL_y yHL Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str

F1_y yF 1 State K1 ue (ω − ωref )
F2_x x′F 2 State yF 1
F3_y yF 3 State 1.0yHL
F4_y yF 4 State K2 yF 3
F5_y yF 5 State K3 yF 4
omega ω ExtState
F2_y yF 2 Algeb yF 1
HL_x xHL Algeb 1.0ue (Paux + Pref 0 − yF 2 )
HL_y yHL Algeb 1.0PM AX zulimHL + 1.0PM IN zllimHL + 1.0xHL zilimHL
tm τm ExtAlgeb

F1_y yF 1 State K1 ue (ω − ωref ) − yF 1 T1
F2_x x′F 2 State −x′F 2 + yF 1 T3
F3_y yF 3 State −yF 3 + 1.0yHL T4
F4_y yF 4 State K2 yF 3 − yF 4 T5
F5_y yF 5 State K3 yF 4 − yF 5 T6
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

bol
pout Pout Algeb −Pout + ue (yF 3 · (1 − K2 ) + yF 4 · (1 − K3 ) + yF 5 )
( )2
F2_y yF 2 Algeb 1.0T2 (−x′F 2 + yF 1 )+1.0T3 x′F 2 −T3 yF 2 + z1LTF 2 (−1.0x′F 2 + yF 2 )
HL_x xHL Algeb 1.0ue (Paux + Pref 0 − yF 2 ) − xHL
HL_y yHL Algeb 1.0PM AX zulimHL + 1.0PM IN zllimHL + 1.0xHL zilimHL − yHL
tm τm ExtAl- ue (Pout − τm0 )
geb
Services

Discretes

HL_lim limHL HardLimiter

Blocks

F1 F1 Lag
F2 F2 LeadLag
HL HL GainLimiter
F3 F3 Lag
F4 F4 Lag
F5 F5 Lag
Config Fields in [IEESGO]

5.35.8 GAST
GAST turbine governor model.

Reference:
[1] Neplan, TURBINE-GOVERNOR GAST, [Online],
Available:
https://www.neplan.ch/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Nep_TURBINES_GOV.pdf

Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
vided.
KT KT Temperature limiter gain 5
AT AT Ambient temperature load limit 1 power
Variables

LG2_y yLG2 State State in lag transfer function v_str
LG3_y yLG3 State State in lag transfer function v_str
wd ωdev Algeb Generator under speed p.u. v_str
pd Pd Algeb Pref plus under speed times gain p.u. v_str
v9 V9 Algeb V_9 for LVGate input v_str


LAG_y yLAG State yLV G
LG2_y yLG2 State yLAG
LG3_y yLG3 State yLG2
omega ω ExtState
wd ωdev Algeb 0
pd Pd Algeb τm0 ue
v9 V9 Algeb ue (AT + KT (AT − τm0 ))
LVG_y yLV G Algeb Pd z1N oneLV G + V9 z0N oneLV G
tm τm ExtAlgeb
LAG_y yLAG State −yLAG + yLV G T1
LG2_y yLG2 State yLAG − yLG2 T2
LG3_y yLG3 State yLG2 − yLG3 T3
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

pout Pout Algeb −Pout + ue (−Dt ωdev + yLG2 )
pd Pd Algeb Gue (Paux + Pref − ωdev ) − Pd
v9 V9 Algeb −V9 + ue (AT + KT (AT − yLG3 ))
LVG_y yLV G Algeb Pd z1N oneLV G + V9 z0N oneLV G − yLV G

Services

ue
Discretes

Blocks

LVG LV G LVGate LVGate
LG2 LG2 Lag Lag T2
LG3 LG3 Lag Lag T3
Config Fields in [GAST]

5.35.9 HYGOV
HYGOV turbine governor model.

Implements the PSS/E HYGOV model without deadband.
Reference:
[1] PSSE, Model Library, HYGOV

Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
vided.
r r Temporary droop (R<r) 1 p.u. ipower
GMAX Gmax Maximum governor response 1 p.u. power
GMIN Gmin Minimum governor response 0 p.u. power
VELM V ELM Gate velocity limit 0.300 p.u. power
Tf Tf Filter time constant 0.050
Tr Tr Governor time constant 1
Tg Tg Servo time constant 0.050
qNL qN L No-load flow at nominal head 0.100 power
Tw Tw Water inertia time constant constant 1
At At Turbine gain 1

Variables

gtpos δ State State in gate position (c) rad v_str
LAG_y yLAG State State in lag transfer function v_str
q_y yq State Integrator output v_str
dg dg Algeb desired gate (c) p.u. v_str
h h Algeb turbine head p.u. v_str

LG_y yLG State Pd
gtpos δ State q0
LAG_y yLAG State dg
q_y yq State q0
omega ω ExtState
pref Pref Algeb Rq0
wd ωdev Algeb 0
pd Pd Algeb 0
dg dg Algeb q0
h h Algeb 1
tm τm ExtAlgeb

LG_y yLG State Pd − yLG Tf
gtpos δ State yLG
LAG_y yLAG State dg − yLAG Tg
yq2
q_y yq State 1− 2
yLAG
Tw
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

pout Pout Algeb −Pout + ue (At h (−qN L + yq ) − Dt ωdev yLAG )
pref Pref Algeb −Pref + Rq0
pd Pd Algeb −Pd + ue (Paux + Pref − Rdg − ωdev )
dg dg Algeb 1/ryLG + δ − dg
yq2
h h Algeb −h + 2
yLAG
Services

VELMn −V ELM −V ELM ConstService
tr r ∗ Tr Tr r ConstService
1
gr 1/r r ConstService
ratel ratel −1/r − V ELM ConstService
rateu rateu −1/r + V ELM ConstService
q0 q0 qN L + τAm0t ConstService
dgl dglower −1/ryLG − V ELM VarService
dgu dgupper −1/ryLG + V ELM VarService

Discretes

dg_lim limdg AntiWindupRate gate velocity and position limiter
Blocks

LG LG Lag filter after speed deviation (e)
LAG LAG Lag gate opening (g)
q q Integrator turbine flow (q)
Config Fields in [HYGOV]

5.35.10 HYGOVDB
HYGOV turbine governor model with speed input deadband.

Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
vided.
r r Temporary droop (R<r) 1 p.u. ipower
GMAX Gmax Maximum governor response 1 p.u. power
GMIN Gmin Minimum governor response 0 p.u. power
VELM V ELM Gate velocity limit 0.300 p.u. power
Tf Tf Filter time constant 0.050
Tr Tr Governor time constant 1
Tg Tg Servo time constant 0.050
qNL qN L No-load flow at nominal head 0.100 power
Tw Tw Water inertia time constant constant 1

Variables

gtpos δ State State in gate position (c) rad v_str
dg dg Algeb desired gate (c) p.u. v_str
h h Algeb turbine head p.u. v_str

LG_y yLG State Pd
gtpos δ State q0
LAG_y yLAG State dg
q_y yq State q0
omega ω ExtState
pref Pref Algeb Rq0
wd ωdev Algeb 0
pd Pd Algeb 0
dg dg Algeb q0
h h Algeb 1
tm τm ExtAlgeb

LG_y yLG State Pd − yLG Tf
gtpos δ State yLG
LAG_y yLAG State dg − yLAG Tg
yq2
q_y yq State 1− 2
yLAG
Tw
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

pout Pout Algeb −Pout + ue (At h (−qN L + yq ) − Dt ωdev yLAG )
pref Pref Algeb −Pref + Rq0
pd Pd Algeb −Pd + ue (Paux + Pref − Rdg − yDB )
dg dg Algeb 1/ryLG + δ − dg
yq2
h h Algeb −h + 2
yLAG
Services

VELMn −V ELM −V ELM ConstService
tr r ∗ Tr Tr r ConstService
1
gr 1/r r ConstService
ratel ratel −1/r − V ELM ConstService
rateu rateu −1/r + V ELM ConstService
q0 q0 qN L + τAm0t ConstService
dgl dglower −1/ryLG − V ELM VarService
dgu dgupper −1/ryLG + V ELM VarService

Discretes

dg_lim limdg AntiWindupRate gate velocity and position limiter
DB_db dbDB DeadBand
Blocks

LG LG Lag filter after speed deviation (e)
LAG LAG Lag gate opening (g)
Config Fields in [HYGOVDB]

5.35.11 HYGOV4
HYGOV4 turbine governor model.

Implements the PSS/E HYGOV4 model with the following ignored:
• input deadband DB1
• valve position deadband DB2
• nonlinear function bewteen GV and P_{GV}

Parameters

bol fault
name device name
tory,unique
vided.
Rperm Rperm Speed Regulation Gain (mach. base default) 0.500 p.u. ipower
Rtemp Rtemp Temporary Droop (Rtemp < Rperm) 1 p.u. ipower
UO UO Maximum Gate opening velocity 1 p.u. power
UC UC Maximum Gate closing velocity 0 p.u. power
PMAX PM AX Maximum Gate opening 1 p.u. power
PMIN PM IN Minimum Gate opening 0 p.u. power
Tp Tp Pilot servo time constant 0.050
Tg Tg Gate servo time constant 0.050
Tr Tr Dashpot time constant 0.050
Tw Tw Water inertia time constant 1
Dturb Dturb Turbine Damping Factor 0 power
Hdam Hdam Head available at dam 1 power
qNL qN L No-Load flow at nominal head 0.100 power

Variables

GATE_y yGAT E State AW Integrator output v_str
SV_x xSV Algeb Value before limiter v_str
SV_y ySV Algeb Output after limiter and post gain v_str
Psum Psum Algeb summation of power input to servo p.u. v_str
trhead trhead Algeb turbine head p.u. v_str

q0
GATE_y yGAT E State 0.5
Hdam
WO_x x′W O State yGAT E
LAG_y yLAG State Psum
q_y yq State q0
omega ω ExtState
Rperm q0
pref Pref Algeb 0.5
Hdam
wd ωdev Algeb 0
SV_x xSV Algeb 1/Tg yLAG
SV_y ySV Algeb UC zllimSV + UO zulimSV + xSV zilimSV
WO_y yW O Algeb 0
Psum Psum Algeb 0
trhead trhead Algeb Hdam
tm τm ExtAlgeb

GATE_y yGAT E State ySV 1
WO_x x′W O State −x′W O + yGAT E Tr
LAG_y yLAG State Psum − yLAG Tp
q_y yq State Hdam − trhead Tw
omega ω ExtState 0
Algebraic Equations

pout Pout Algeb −Pout + ue (At trhead (−qN L + yq ) − Dturb ωdev yGAT E )
Rperm q0
pref Pref Algeb H 0.5
− Pref
dam
SV_x xSV Algeb 1/Tg yLAG − xSV
SV_y ySV Algeb UC zllimSV + UO zulimSV + xSV zilimSV − ySV
WO_y yW O Algeb Rtemp ∗ Tr (−x′W O + yGAT E ) − Tr yW O
Psum Psum Algeb −Psum + ue (Paux + Pref − Rperm yGAT E − ωdev − yW O )
yq2
trhead trhead Algeb −trhead + 2
yGAT E
Services

u
iTg 1/Tg Tg ConstService
R Rtemp + Rperm Rperm + Rtemp ConstService
TrRtemp Rtemp ∗ Tr Rtemp Tr ConstService
q0 q0 qN L + AtτHm0
dam
ConstService

Discretes

SV_lim limSV HardLimiter
GATE_lim limGAT E AntiWindup Limiter in integrator
Blocks

SV SV GainLimiter servo gain and limiters
GATE GAT E IntegratorAntiWindup Gate position
WO WO Washout Washout feedback with T_r
LAG LAG Lag lag block with T_p, outputs velocity
Config Fields in [HYGOV4]

5.36 Undefined
The undefined group. Holds models with no group.

5.37 VoltComp
Voltage compensator group for synchronous generators.

Common Parameters: u, name, rc, xc
Common Variables: vcomp
Available models: IEEEVC

5.37.1 IEEEVC
Voltage compensator IEEEVC model.

Reference:
[1] PowerWorld, Voltage Compensator, IEEEVC, [Online],
Available:
https://www.powerworld.com/WebHelp/Content/TransientModels_HTML/Voltage%20Compensator%
20IEEEVC.htm?TocPath=%7C%7C%7CIEEEVC%7C_____0
Parameters

name device name
rc rc Active compensation degree. 0 z
xc xc Reactive compensation degree. 0 z
Variables

vcomp vcomp Algeb Compensator output voltage to exciter v_str
v V ExtAlgeb Retrieved bus terminal voltage
Eterm Eterm ExtAlgeb v_str
5.37. VoltComp 775


vcomp vcomp Algeb −V u + VCT
v V ExtAlgeb
vd Vd ExtAlgeb
vq Vq ExtAlgeb
Id Id ExtAlgeb
Iq Iq ExtAlgeb
Eterm Eterm ExtAlgeb vcomp
Algebraic Equations

vcomp vcomp Algeb −V u + VCT − vcomp
v V ExtAlgeb 0
vd Vd ExtAlgeb 0
vq Vq ExtAlgeb 0
Id Id ExtAlgeb 0
Iq Iq ExtAlgeb 0
Eterm Eterm ExtAlgeb vcomp
Services

vct VCT u |Vd + iVq + (Id + iIq ) (rc + ixc )| VarService
Config Fields in [IEEEVC]


CHAPTER
SIX
API REFERENCE
6.1 System
andes.system System class for power system data and methods

andes.variables Variable package with classes for numerical DAE.
6.1.1 andes.system
System class for power system data and methods
Functions
example([setup, no_output]) Return an andes.system.System object for

the ieee14_linetrip.xlsx as an example.
fix_view_arrays(system) Point NumPy arrays without OWNDATA (termed
"view arrays" here) to the source array.
import_pycode([user_pycode_path]) Helper function to import generated pycode in the
following priority:
load_config_rc([conf_path]) Load config from an rc-formatted file.
reload_submodules(module_name) Helper function for reloading an existing module and
its submodules.
example
andes.system.example(setup=True, no_output=True, **kwargs)

Return an andes.system.System object for the ieee14_linetrip.xlsx as an example.
This function is useful when a user wants to quickly get a System object for testing.
Returns
System An example andes.system.System object.
777
fix_view_arrays
andes.system.fix_view_arrays(system)
Point NumPy arrays without OWNDATA (termed "view arrays" here) to the source array.
This function properly sets v and e arrays of internal variables as views of the corresponding DAE arrays.
Inputs will be refreshed for each model.
Parameters
system [andes.system.System] System object to be fixed
import_pycode
andes.system.import_pycode(user_pycode_path=None)
Helper function to import generated pycode in the following priority:
1. a user-provided path from CLI. Currently, this is only for specifying the path to store the generated
pycode via andes prepare.
2. ~/.andes/pycode. This is where pycode is stored by default.
3. <andes_package_root>/pycode. One can store pycode in the ANDES package folder
and ship a full package, which does not require code generation.
load_config_rc
andes.system.load_config_rc(conf_path=None)
Load config from an rc-formatted file.
Parameters
conf_path [None or str] Path to the config file. If is None, the function body will not
run.
Returns
configparse.ConfigParser
reload_submodules
andes.system.reload_submodules(module_name)
Helper function for reloading an existing module and its submodules.
It is used to reload the pycode module after regenerating code.
778 Chapter 6. API reference

Classes
ExistingModels() Storage class for existing models

System([case, name, config, config_path, ...]) System contains models and routines for modeling
and simulation.
andes.system.ExistingModels
class andes.system.ExistingModels
Storage class for existing models
__init__()
Methods
andes.system.System
class andes.system.System(case: Optional[str] = None, name: Optional[str] = None, config:

Optional[Dict] = None, config_path: Optional[str] = None,
default_config: Optional[bool] = False, options: Optional[Dict] =
None, no_undill: Optional[bool] = False, autogen_stale:
Optional[bool] = True, **kwargs)
System contains models and routines for modeling and simulation.
System contains a several special OrderedDict member attributes for housekeeping. These attributes
include models, groups, routines and calls for loaded models, groups, analysis routines, and generated
numerical function calls, respectively.
Parameters
no_undill [bool, optional, default=False] True to disable the call to System.
undill() at the end of object creation. False by default.
autogen_stale [bool, optional, default=True] True to automatically generate code for
stale models.
6.1. System 779

Notes
System stores model and routine instances as attributes. Model and routine attribute names are the same
as their class names. For example, Bus is stored at system.Bus, the power flow calculation routine is
at system.PFlow, and the numerical DAE instance is at system.dae. See attributes for the list of
attributes.
Attributes
dae [andes.variables.dae.DAE] Numerical DAE storage
files [andes.variables.fileman.FileMan] File path storage
config [andes.core.Config] System config storage
models [OrderedDict] model name and instance pairs
groups [OrderedDict] group name and instance pairs
routines [OrderedDict] routine name and instance pairs
__init__(case: Optional[str] = None, name: Optional[str] = None, config: Optional[Dict] = None,
config_path: Optional[str] = None, default_config: Optional[bool] = False, options:
Optional[Dict] = None, no_undill: Optional[bool] = False, autogen_stale: Optional[bool]
= True, **kwargs)
Methods
add(model[, param_dict]) Add a device instance for an existing model.

as_dict([vin, skip_empty]) Return system data as a dict where the keys are
model names and values are dicts.
calc_pu_coeff() Perform per unit value conversion.
call_models(method, models, *args, Call methods on the given models.
**kwargs)
collect_config() Collect config data from models.
collect_ref() Collect indices into BackRef for all models.
connectivity([info]) Perform connectivity check for system.
e_clear(models) Clear equation arrays in DAE and model vari-
ables.
f_update(models) Call the differential equation update method for
models in sequence.
fg_to_dae() Collect equation values into the DAE arrays.
find_devices() Add dependent devices for all model based on
DeviceFinder.
find_models(flag[, skip_zero]) Find models with at least one of the flags as True.
from_ipysheet(model, sheet[, vin]) Set an ipysheet object back to model.
g_islands() Reset algebraic mismatches for islanded buses.


g_update(models) Call the algebraic equation update method for
models in sequence.
get_z(models) Get all discrete status flags in a numpy array.
import_groups() Import all groups classes defined in models/
group.py.
import_models() Import and instantiate models as System member
attributes.
import_routines() Import routines as defined in routines/
__init__.py.
init(models, routine) Initialize the variables for each of the specified
models.
j_islands() Set gy diagonals to eps for a and v variables of
islanded buses.
j_update(models[, info]) Call the Jacobian update method for models in
sequence.
l_update_eq(models[, init, niter]) Update equation-dependent limiter discrete com-
ponents by calling l_check_eq of models.
l_update_var(models[, niter, err]) Update variable-based limiter discrete states by
calling l_update_var of models.
link_ext_param([model]) Retrieve values for ExtParam for the given
models.
precompile([models, nomp, ncpu]) Trigger precompilation for the given models.
prepare([quick, incremental, models, nomp, Generate numerical functions from symbolically
ncpu]) defined models.
reload(case, **kwargs) Reload a new case in the same System object.
remove_pycapsule() Remove PyCapsule objects in solvers.
reset([force]) Reset to the state after reading data and setup (be-
fore power flow).
s_update_post(models) Update variable services by calling
s_update_post of models.
s_update_var(models) Update variable services by calling
s_update_var of models.
save_config([file_path, overwrite]) Save all system, model, and routine configura-
tions to an rc-formatted file.
set_address(models) Set addresses for differential and algebraic vari-
ables.
set_config([config]) Set configuration for the System object.
set_dae_names(models) Set variable names for differential and algebraic
variables, right-hand side of external equations,
and discrete flags.
set_output_subidx(models) Process andes.models.misc.Output
data and store the sub-indices into dae.xy.
set_var_arrays(models[, inplace, alloc]) Set arrays (v and e) for internal variables to access
dae arrays in place.
setup() Set up system for studies.
6.1. System 781


store_adder_setter(models) Store non-inplace adders and setters for variables
and equations.
store_existing() Store existing models in System.existing.
store_no_check_init(models) Store differential variables with check_init
== False.
store_sparse_pattern(models) Collect and store the sparsity pattern of Jacobian
matrices.
store_switch_times(models[, eps]) Store event switching time in a sorted Numpy ar-
ray in System.switch_times and an Or-
deredDict System.switch_dict.
summary() Print out system summary.
supported_models([export]) Return the support group names and model
names in a table.
switch_action(models) Invoke the actions associated with switch times.
to_ipysheet(model[, vin]) Return an ipysheet object for editing in Jupyter
Notebook.
undill([autogen_stale]) Reload generated function functions, from either
the $HOME/.andes/pycode folder.
vars_to_dae(model) Copy variables values from models to System.dae.
vars_to_models() Copy variable values from System.dae to models.
System.add
System.add(model, param_dict=None, **kwargs)

Add a device instance for an existing model.
This methods calls the add method of model and registers the device idx to group.
System.as_dict
System.as_dict(vin=False, skip_empty=True)
Return system data as a dict where the keys are model names and values are dicts. Each dict has
parameter names as keys and corresponding data in an array as values.
Returns
OrderedDict

System.calc_pu_coeff
System.calc_pu_coeff()
Perform per unit value conversion.
This function calculates the per unit conversion factors, stores input parameters to vin, and perform
the conversion.
System.call_models
System.call_models(method: str, models: collections.OrderedDict, *args, **kwargs)

Call methods on the given models.
Parameters
method [str] Name of the model method to be called
models [OrderedDict, list, str] Models on which the method will be called
args Positional arguments to be passed to the model method
kwargs Keyword arguments to be passed to the model method
Returns
The return value of the models in an OrderedDict
System.collect_config
System.collect_config()
Collect config data from models.
Returns
dict a dict containing the config from devices; class names are keys and configs in a
dict are values.
System.collect_ref
System.collect_ref()
Collect indices into BackRef for all models.
6.1. System 783

System.connectivity
System.connectivity(info=True)
Perform connectivity check for system.
Parameters
info [bool] True to log connectivity summary.
System.e_clear
System.e_clear(models: collections.OrderedDict)
Clear equation arrays in DAE and model variables.
This step must be called before calling f_update or g_update to flush existing values.
System.f_update
System.f_update(models: collections.OrderedDict)
Call the differential equation update method for models in sequence.
Notes
Updated equation values remain in models and have not been collected into DAE at the end of this
step.
System.fg_to_dae
System.fg_to_dae()
Collect equation values into the DAE arrays.
Additionally, the function resets the differential equations associated with variables pegged by anti-
windup limiters.
System.find_devices
System.find_devices()
Add dependent devices for all model based on DeviceFinder.

System.find_models
System.find_models(flag: Optional[Union[str, Tuple]], skip_zero: bool = True)

Find models with at least one of the flags as True.
Parameters
flag [list, str] Flags to find
skip_zero [bool] Skip models with zero devices
Returns
OrderedDict model name : model instance
Warning: Checking the number of devices has been centralized into this function. models
passed to most System calls must be retrieved from here.
System.from_ipysheet
System.from_ipysheet(model: str, sheet, vin: bool = False)

Set an ipysheet object back to model.
System.g_islands
System.g_islands()
Reset algebraic mismatches for islanded buses.
System.g_update
System.g_update(models: collections.OrderedDict)
Call the algebraic equation update method for models in sequence.
Notes
Like f_update, updated values have not collected into DAE at the end of the step.
6.1. System 785

System.get_z
System.get_z(models: collections.OrderedDict)
Get all discrete status flags in a numpy array. Values are written to dae.z in place.
Returns
numpy.array
System.import_groups
System.import_groups()
Import all groups classes defined in models/group.py.
Groups will be stored as instances with the name as class names. All groups will be stored to
dictionary System.groups.
System.import_models
System.import_models()
Import and instantiate models as System member attributes.
Models defined in models/__init__.py will be instantiated sequentially as attributes with
the same name as the class name. In addition, all models will be stored in dictionary System.
models with model names as keys and the corresponding instances as values.
Examples
system.Bus stores the Bus object, and system.GENCLS stores the classical generator object,
system.models['Bus'] points the same instance as system.Bus.
System.import_routines
System.import_routines()
Import routines as defined in routines/__init__.py.
Routines will be stored as instances with the name as class names. All routines will be stored to
dictionary System.routines.

Examples
System.PFlow is the power flow routine instance, and System.TDS and System.EIG are
time-domain analysis and eigenvalue analysis routines, respectively.
System.init
System.init(models: collections.OrderedDict, routine: str)

Initialize the variables for each of the specified models.
For each model, the initialization procedure is:
• Get values for all ExtService.
• Call the model init() method, which initializes internal variables.
• Copy variables to DAE and then back to the model.
System.j_islands
System.j_islands()
Set gy diagonals to eps for a and v variables of islanded buses.
System.j_update
System.j_update(models: collections.OrderedDict, info=None)

Call the Jacobian update method for models in sequence.
The procedure is - Restore the sparsity pattern with andes.variables.dae.DAE.
restore_sparse() - For each sparse matrix in (fx, fy, gx, gy), evaluate the Jacobian function
calls and add values.
Notes
Updated Jacobians are immediately reflected in the DAE sparse matrices (fx, fy, gx, gy).
System.l_update_eq
System.l_update_eq(models: collections.OrderedDict, init=False, niter=0)

Update equation-dependent limiter discrete components by calling l_check_eq of models.
Force set equations after evaluating equations.
This function is must be called after differential equation updates.
6.1. System 787

System.l_update_var
System.l_update_var(models: collections.OrderedDict, niter=0, err=None)

Update variable-based limiter discrete states by calling l_update_var of models.
This function is must be called before any equation evaluation.
System.link_ext_param
System.link_ext_param(model=None)
Retrieve values for ExtParam for the given models.
System.precompile
System.precompile(models: Optional[collections.OrderedDict] = None, nomp: bool = False,

ncpu: int = 1)
Trigger precompilation for the given models.
Arguments are the same as prepare.
System.prepare
System.prepare(quick=False, incremental=False, models=None, nomp=False, ncpu=1)

Generate numerical functions from symbolically defined models.
All procedures in this function must be independent of test case.
Parameters
quick [bool, optional] True to skip pretty-print generation to reduce code generation
time.
incremental [bool, optional] True to generate only for modified models, incremen-
tally.
models [list, OrderedDict, None] List or OrderedList of models to prepare
nomp [bool] True to disable multiprocessing
Warning: Generated lambda functions will be serialized to file, but pretty prints (SymPy
objects) can only exist in the System instance on which prepare is called.

Notes
Option incremental compares the md5 checksum of all var and service strings, and only re-
generate for updated models.
Examples
If one needs to print out LaTeX-formatted equations in a Jupyter Notebook, one need to generate
such equations with
import andes
sys = andes.prepare()
Alternatively, one can explicitly create a System and generate the code
import andes
sys = andes.System()
sys.prepare()
System.reload
System.reload(case, **kwargs)
Reload a new case in the same System object.
System.remove_pycapsule
System.remove_pycapsule()
Remove PyCapsule objects in solvers.
System.reset
System.reset(force=False)
Reset to the state after reading data and setup (before power flow).
Warning: If TDS is initialized, reset will lead to unpredictable state.
6.1. System 789

System.s_update_post
System.s_update_post(models: collections.OrderedDict)
Update variable services by calling s_update_post of models.
This function is called at the end of System.init().
System.s_update_var
System.s_update_var(models: collections.OrderedDict)
Update variable services by calling s_update_var of models.
This function is must be called before any equation evaluation after limiter update function
l_update_var.
System.save_config
System.save_config(file_path=None, overwrite=False)
Save all system, model, and routine configurations to an rc-formatted file.
Parameters
file_path [str, optional] path to the configuration file default to ~/andes/andes.rc.
overwrite [bool, optional] If file exists, True to overwrite without confirmation.
Otherwise prompt for confirmation.
Warning: Saved config is loaded back and populated at system instance creation time. Configs
from the config file takes precedence over default config values.
System.set_address
System.set_address(models)
Set addresses for differential and algebraic variables.
System.set_config
System.set_config(config=None)
Set configuration for the System object.
Config for models are routines are passed directly to their constructors.

System.set_dae_names
System.set_dae_names(models)
Set variable names for differential and algebraic variables, right-hand side of external equations,
and discrete flags.
System.set_output_subidx
System.set_output_subidx(models)
Process andes.models.misc.Output data and store the sub-indices into dae.xy.
Parameters
models [OrderedDict] Models currently in use for the routine
System.set_var_arrays
System.set_var_arrays(models, inplace=True, alloc=True)

Set arrays (v and e) for internal variables to access dae arrays in place.
This function needs to be called after de-serializing a System object, where the internal variables
are incorrectly assigned new memory.
Parameters
models [OrderedDict, list, Model, optional] Models to execute.
inplace [bool] True to retrieve arrays that share memory with dae
alloc [bool] True to allocate for arrays internally
System.setup
System.setup()
Set up system for studies.
This function is to be called after adding all device data.
System.store_adder_setter
System.store_adder_setter(models)
Store non-inplace adders and setters for variables and equations.
6.1. System 791

System.store_existing
System.store_existing()
Store existing models in System.existing.
TODO: Models with TimerParam will need to be stored anyway. This will allow adding switches
on the fly.
System.store_no_check_init
System.store_no_check_init(models)
Store differential variables with check_init == False.
System.store_sparse_pattern
System.store_sparse_pattern(models: collections.OrderedDict)
Collect and store the sparsity pattern of Jacobian matrices.
This is a runtime function specific to cases.
Notes
For gy matrix, always make sure the diagonal is reserved. It is a safeguard if the modeling user
omitted the diagonal term in the equations.
System.store_switch_times
System.store_switch_times(models, eps=0.0001)
Store event switching time in a sorted Numpy array in System.switch_times and an Or-
deredDict System.switch_dict.
System.switch_dict has keys as event times and values as the OrderedDict of model names
and instances associated with the event.
Parameters
models [OrderedDict] model name : model instance
eps [float] The small time step size to use immediately before and after the event
Returns
array-like self.switch_times

System.summary
System.summary()
Print out system summary.
System.supported_models
System.supported_models(export='plain')
Return the support group names and model names in a table.
Returns
str A table-formatted string for the groups and models
System.switch_action
System.switch_action(models: collections.OrderedDict)
Invoke the actions associated with switch times.
This function will not be called if flat=True is passed to system.
System.to_ipysheet
System.to_ipysheet(model: str, vin: bool = False)

Return an ipysheet object for editing in Jupyter Notebook.
System.undill
System.undill(autogen_stale=True)
Reload generated function functions, from either the $HOME/.andes/pycode folder.
If no change is made to models, future calls to prepare() can be replaced with undill() for
acceleration.
Parameters
autogen_stale: bool True to automatically call code generation if stale code is de-
tected. Regardless of this option, codegen is trigger if importing existing code
fails.
6.1. System 793

System.vars_to_dae
System.vars_to_dae(model)
Copy variables values from models to System.dae.
This function clears DAE.x and DAE.y and collects values from models.
System.vars_to_models
System.vars_to_models()
Copy variable values from System.dae to models.
6.1.2 andes.variables
Variable package with classes for numerical DAE.
Modules
andes.variables.dae
andes.variables.fileman
andes.variables.report
andes.variables.dae
Classes
DAE(system) Class for storing numerical values of the DAE sys-

tem, including variables, equations and first order
DAETimeSeries([dae]) DAE time series data.

andes.variables.dae.DAE
class andes.variables.dae.DAE(system)
Class for storing numerical values of the DAE system, including variables, equations and first order
Variable values and equation values are stored as numpy.ndarray, while Jacobians are stored as
kvxopt.spmatrix. The defined arrays and descriptions are as follows:
DAE Array Description

x Array for state variable values
y Array for algebraic variable values
z Array for 0/1 limiter states (if enabled)
f Array for differential equation derivatives
Tf Left-hand side time constant array for f
g Array for algebraic equation mismatches
The defined scalar member attributes to store array sizes are
Scalar Description
m The number of algebraic variables/equations
n The number of algebraic variables/equations
o The number of limiter state flags
The derivatives of f and g with respect to x and y are stored in four kvxopt.spmatrix sparse ma-
trices: fx, fy, gx, and gy, where the first letter is the equation name, and the second letter is the variable
name.
Notes
DAE in ANDES is defined in the form of

T ẋ = f (x, y)
0 = g(x, y)
DAE does not keep track of the association of variable and address. Only a variable instance keeps track
of its addresses.
__init__(system)
6.1. System 795

Methods
alloc_or_extend_names() Allocate empty lists for names for the given size.
build_pattern(name) Build sparse matrices with stored patterns.
clear_arrays() Reset equation and variable arrays to empty.
clear_fg() Resets equation arrays to empty.
clear_ijv() Clear stored triplets.
clear_ts() Drop the TimeSeries data and create a new one.
clear_xy() Reset variable arrays to empty.
clear_z() Reset status arrays to empty
get_name(arr) Helper function for geting the list of variable
names based on the array name.
get_size(name) Get the size of an array or sparse matrix based on
name.
print_array(name[, values, tol]) Debug helper to print array values and names.
request_address(array_name, ndevice, Interface for requesting addresses for a model.
nvar[, ...])
reset() Reset array sizes to zero and clear all arrays.
resize_arrays() Resize arrays to the new sizes m and n, and o.
restore_sparse([names]) Restore all sparse matrices to the sparsity pattern
filled with zeros (for variable Jacobian elements)
and non-zero constants.
set_t(t) Helper function for setting time in-place.
store() Store values for the current time step to the Time-
Series storage.
store_sparse_ijv(name, row, col, val) Store the sparse pattern triplets.
write_lst(lst_path) Dump the variable name lst file.
write_npy(file_path) Write TDS data into NumPy uncompressed for-
mat.
write_npz(file_path) Write TDS data into NumPy compressed format.
DAE.alloc_or_extend_names
DAE.alloc_or_extend_names()
Allocate empty lists for names for the given size.

DAE.build_pattern
DAE.build_pattern(name)
Build sparse matrices with stored patterns.
Call to store_row_col_idx should be made before this function.
Parameters
name [name] jac name
DAE.clear_arrays
DAE.clear_arrays()
Reset equation and variable arrays to empty.
DAE.clear_fg
DAE.clear_fg()
Resets equation arrays to empty.
DAE.clear_ijv
DAE.clear_ijv()
Clear stored triplets.
DAE.clear_ts
DAE.clear_ts()
Drop the TimeSeries data and create a new one.
DAE.clear_xy
DAE.clear_xy()
Reset variable arrays to empty.
6.1. System 797

DAE.clear_z
DAE.clear_z()
Reset status arrays to empty
DAE.get_name
DAE.get_name(arr)
Helper function for geting the list of variable names based on the array name.
Parameters
arr [str] Array name in 'f', 'g', 'x', 'y', 'z'.
DAE.get_size
DAE.get_size(name)
Get the size of an array or sparse matrix based on name.
Parameters
name [str (f, g, fx, gy, etc.)] array/sparse name
Returns
tuple sizes of each element in a tuple
DAE.print_array
DAE.print_array(name, values=None, tol=None)

Debug helper to print array values and names.
Parameters
name [str] array name in 'f', 'g', 'x', 'y'
values [array-like, optional] substitute array values to use
tol [float, optional] tolerance value to use. Values below tol will not be displayed

DAE.request_address
DAE.request_address(array_name: str, ndevice, nvar, collate=False)

Interface for requesting addresses for a model.
Parameters
array_name [str] array name in 'x' and 'y'
ndevice [int] number of devices
nvar [int] number of variables
collate [bool, optional] False if the same variable for different devices are contigu-
ous. True if variables for the same devices should collate. Note: setting collate
to True will degrade the performance.
Returns
list A list of arrays for each variable.
DAE.reset
DAE.reset()
Reset array sizes to zero and clear all arrays.
DAE.resize_arrays
DAE.resize_arrays()
Resize arrays to the new sizes m and n, and o.
If m > len(self.y) or n > len(self.x, arrays will be extended. Otherwise, new empty
arrays will be sliced, starting from 0 to the given size.
Warning: This function should not be called directly. Instead, it is called in System.
set_address which re-points variables used in power flow to the new array for dynamic
analyses.
DAE.restore_sparse
DAE.restore_sparse(names=None)
Restore all sparse matrices to the sparsity pattern filled with zeros (for variable Jacobian elements)
and non-zero constants.
Parameters
names [None or list] List of Jacobian names to restore sparsity pattern
6.1. System 799

DAE.set_t
DAE.set_t(t)
Helper function for setting time in-place.
DAE.store
DAE.store()
Store values for the current time step to the TimeSeries storage. Values include variables, equation
RHS and discrete states.
DAE.store_sparse_ijv
DAE.store_sparse_ijv(name, row, col, val)

Store the sparse pattern triplets.
This function is to be called by System after building the complete sparsity pattern for each Jacobian
matrix.
Parameters
name [str] sparse Jacobian matrix name
row [np.ndarray] all row indices
col [np.ndarray] all col indices
val [np.ndarray] all values
DAE.write_lst
DAE.write_lst(lst_path)
Dump the variable name lst file.
Parameters
lst_path Path to the lst file.
Returns
bool succeed flag

DAE.write_npy
DAE.write_npy(file_path)
Write TDS data into NumPy uncompressed format.
DAE.write_npz
DAE.write_npz(file_path)
Write TDS data into NumPy compressed format.
The function supports writing out all values at once or writing them out incrementally.
Attributes
fg Return a concatenated array of [f, g].

x_name_output Return a list of state var names selected by Out-
put.
x_tex_name_output Return a list of state var LaTeX names selected
by Output.
xy Return a concatenated array of [x, y].
xy_name Return a concatenated list of all variable names
without format.
xy_tex_name Return a concatenated list of all variable names
in LaTeX format.
xyz Return a concatenated array of [x, y].
xyz_name Return a concatenated list of all variable names
without format.
xyz_tex_name Return a concatenated list of all variable names
in LaTeX format.
y_name_output Return a list of algeb var names selected by Out-
put.
y_tex_name_output Return a list of algeb var LaTeX names selected
by Output.
DAE.fg
property DAE.fg
Return a concatenated array of [f, g].
6.1. System 801

DAE.x_name_output
property DAE.x_name_output
Return a list of state var names selected by Output.
DAE.x_tex_name_output
property DAE.x_tex_name_output
Return a list of state var LaTeX names selected by Output.
DAE.xy
property DAE.xy
Return a concatenated array of [x, y].
DAE.xy_name
property DAE.xy_name
Return a concatenated list of all variable names without format.
DAE.xy_tex_name
property DAE.xy_tex_name
Return a concatenated list of all variable names in LaTeX format.
DAE.xyz
property DAE.xyz
Return a concatenated array of [x, y].
DAE.xyz_name
property DAE.xyz_name
Return a concatenated list of all variable names without format.

DAE.xyz_tex_name
property DAE.xyz_tex_name
Return a concatenated list of all variable names in LaTeX format.
DAE.y_name_output
property DAE.y_name_output
Return a list of algeb var names selected by Output.
DAE.y_tex_name_output
property DAE.y_tex_name_output
Return a list of algeb var LaTeX names selected by Output.
andes.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries
class andes.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries(dae=None)
DAE time series data.
__init__(dae=None)
Methods
get_data(base_vars, *[, a, rhs]) Get time-series data, either for a variable or for
the equation associated with the variable.
reset() Reset the internal storage and erase all data.
unpack([df, attr, warn_empty]) Unpack dict-stored data into arrays and/or
dataframes.
unpack_df(attr) Construct pandas dataframes.
unpack_np(attr[, warn_empty]) Unpack dict data into numpy arrays.
DAETimeSeries.get_data
DAETimeSeries.get_data(base_vars: Union[andes.core.var.BaseVar,
List[andes.core.var.BaseVar]], *, a=None, rhs: bool = False)
Get time-series data, either for a variable or for the equation associated with the variable.
Parameters
base_var [BaseVar or a sequence of BaseVar(s)] The variable types and internal
addresses are used for looking up the data.
6.1. System 803

a [an array/list of int or None] Sub-indices into the address of base_var. Applied to
each variable.
Returns
np.ndarray A two-dimensional array. Each row corresponds to one time step. Each
column corresponds to a different different variable.
DAETimeSeries.reset
DAETimeSeries.reset()
Reset the internal storage and erase all data.
DAETimeSeries.unpack
DAETimeSeries.unpack(df=False, attr=None, warn_empty=True)

Unpack dict-stored data into arrays and/or dataframes.
Parameters
df [bool] True to construct DataFrames self.df and self.df_z (time-consuming).
attr [str, optional] Attribute name to unpack. If None, unpack all.
Returns
True when done.
DAETimeSeries.unpack_df
DAETimeSeries.unpack_df(attr)
Construct pandas dataframes.
DAETimeSeries.unpack_np
DAETimeSeries.unpack_np(attr, warn_empty=True)
Unpack dict data into numpy arrays.

Attributes
df Short-hand for the xy dataframe.
DAETimeSeries.df
property DAETimeSeries.df
Short-hand for the xy dataframe.
andes.variables.fileman
Functions
add_suffix(fullname, suffix) Add suffix to a full file name.
add_suffix
andes.variables.fileman.add_suffix(fullname, suffix)
Add suffix to a full file name.
Classes
FileMan([case]) Define a File Manager class for System
andes.variables.fileman.FileMan
class andes.variables.fileman.FileMan(case=None, **kwargs)

Define a File Manager class for System
__init__(case=None, **kwargs)
Initialize the output file names. For inputs, all absolute paths will be respected. All relative paths
are relative to input_path.
case: must be full path to case
output: desired name for format conversion output
input_path: default path for input files that only contains file name. If input_path is not provided,
it will be derived from the path of case.
output_path: path for output files. Default to current working directory where andes is invoked.
6.1. System 805

Methods
get_fullpath([fullname]) Return the original full path if full path is speci-

fied, otherwise search in the case file path.
set([case]) Perform the input and output set up.
FileMan.get_fullpath
FileMan.get_fullpath(fullname=None)
Return the original full path if full path is specified, otherwise search in the case file path.
Parameters
fullname [str, optional] Full name of the file. If relative, prepend input_path. Oth-
erwise, leave it as is.
FileMan.set
FileMan.set(case=None, **kwargs)
Perform the input and output set up.
andes.variables.report
Functions
report_info(system)
report_info
andes.variables.report.report_info(system)
Classes
Report(system) Report class to store system static analysis reports

andes.variables.report.Report
class andes.variables.report.Report(system)
Report class to store system static analysis reports
__init__(system)
Methods
update() Update values based on the requested content

write() Write report to file.
Report.update
Report.update()
Update values based on the requested content
Report.write
Report.write()
Write report to file.
Attributes
info
Report.info
property Report.info
6.2 Routines
andes.routines Package for ANDES analysis routines.
6.2. Routines 807

6.2.1 andes.routines
Package for ANDES analysis routines.
Modules
andes.routines.base Base class for ANDES calculation routines.

andes.routines.criteria Stability criteria module.
andes.routines.daeint Integration methods for DAE.
andes.routines.eig Module for eigenvalue analysis.
andes.routines.pflow Module for power flow calculation.
andes.routines.tds ANDES module for time-domain simulation.
andes.routines.base
Base class for ANDES calculation routines.
Classes
BaseRoutine([system, config]) Base routine class.
andes.routines.base.BaseRoutine
class andes.routines.base.BaseRoutine(system=None, config=None)

Base routine class.
Provides references to system, config, and solver.
Methods
doc([max_width, export]) Routine documentation interface.

init() Routine initialization interface.
report(**kwargs) Report interface.
run(**kwargs) Routine main entry point.
summary(**kwargs) Summary interface

BaseRoutine.doc
BaseRoutine.doc(max_width=78, export='plain')
Routine documentation interface.
BaseRoutine.init
BaseRoutine.init()
Routine initialization interface.
BaseRoutine.report
BaseRoutine.report(**kwargs)
Report interface.
BaseRoutine.run
BaseRoutine.run(**kwargs)
Routine main entry point.
BaseRoutine.summary
BaseRoutine.summary(**kwargs)
Summary interface
Attributes
class_name
BaseRoutine.class_name
property BaseRoutine.class_name
6.2. Routines 809

andes.routines.criteria
Stability criteria module.
Functions
deltadelta(delta, diff_limit) Test if a system is stable by comparing the maximum

rotor angle difference with a threshold.
deltadelta
andes.routines.criteria.deltadelta(delta, diff_limit)
Test if a system is stable by comparing the maximum rotor angle difference with a threshold.
Returns
bool True if the system is stable, False otherwise.
andes.routines.daeint
Integration methods for DAE.
Classes
BackEuler() Backward Euler's integration method.

ImplicitIter() Base class for implicit iterative methods.
Trapezoid() Trapezoidal methods.
andes.routines.daeint.BackEuler
class andes.routines.daeint.BackEuler
Backward Euler's integration method.
__init__(*args, **kwargs)

Methods
calc_jac(tds, gxs, gys) Build full Jacobian matrix Ac for Trapezoid

method.
calc_q(x, f, Tf, h, x0, f0) Calculate the residual of algebraized differential
equations.
step(tds) Integrate with Implicit Trapezoidal Method
(ITM) to the current time.
BackEuler.calc_jac
static BackEuler.calc_jac(tds, gxs, gys)

Build full Jacobian matrix Ac for Trapezoid method.
BackEuler.calc_q
static BackEuler.calc_q(x, f, Tf, h, x0, f0)

Calculate the residual of algebraized differential equations.
Notes
Numba jit somehow slows down this function for the 14-bus and the 2k-bus systems.
BackEuler.step
static BackEuler.step(tds)
Integrate with Implicit Trapezoidal Method (ITM) to the current time.
This function has an internal Newton-Raphson loop for algebraized semi-explicit DAE. The func-
tion returns the convergence status when done but does NOT progress simulation time.
Returns
bool Convergence status in tds.converged.
6.2. Routines 811

andes.routines.daeint.ImplicitIter
class andes.routines.daeint.ImplicitIter
Base class for implicit iterative methods.
Methods
calc_jac(tds, gxs, gys)
calc_q(x, f, Tf, h, x0, f0)

ImplicitIter.calc_jac
static ImplicitIter.calc_jac(tds, gxs, gys)
ImplicitIter.calc_q
static ImplicitIter.calc_q(x, f, Tf, h, x0, f0)
ImplicitIter.step
static ImplicitIter.step(tds)
Returns

andes.routines.daeint.Trapezoid
class andes.routines.daeint.Trapezoid
Trapezoidal methods.
Methods
calc_jac(tds, gxs, gys) Build full Jacobian matrix Ac for Trapezoid

method.
calc_q(x, f, Tf, h, x0, f0) Calculate the residual of algebraized differential
equations.
Trapezoid.calc_jac
static Trapezoid.calc_jac(tds, gxs, gys)

Build full Jacobian matrix Ac for Trapezoid method.
Trapezoid.calc_q
static Trapezoid.calc_q(x, f, Tf, h, x0, f0)

Calculate the residual of algebraized differential equations.
Notes
Numba jit somehow slows down this function for the 14-bus and the 2k-bus systems.
Trapezoid.step
static Trapezoid.step(tds)
Returns
6.2. Routines 813

andes.routines.eig
Module for eigenvalue analysis.
Classes
EIG(system, config) Eigenvalue analysis routine
andes.routines.eig.EIG
class andes.routines.eig.EIG(system, config)

Eigenvalue analysis routine
__init__(system, config)
Methods
calc_As([dense]) Return state matrix and store to self.As.

calc_eig([As]) Calculate eigenvalues and right eigen vectors.
calc_pfactor([As]) Compute participation factor of states in eigen-
values.
export_mat() Export state matrix to a <CaseName>_As.
mat file with the variable name As, where
<CaseName> is the test case name.
find_zero_states() Find the indices of states associated with zero
time constants in x.
init() Routine initialization interface.
plot([mu, fig, ax, left, right, ymin, ymax, ...]) Plot utility for eigenvalues in the S domain.
plot_root_loci(results, eig_indices[, ax, Plot the root loci.
...])
post_process() Post processing of eigenvalues.
report([x_name]) Save eigenvalue analysis reports.
run(**kwargs) Run small-signal stability analysis.
stats() Return statistics of results in a string.
summary() Print out a summary to logger.info.
sweep(params, idxes, values) Parameter sweep for root loci plot.

EIG.calc_As
EIG.calc_As(dense=True)
Return state matrix and store to self.As.
Returns
kvxopt.matrix state matrix
Notes
For systems in the mass-matrix formulation,
T ẋ = f (x, y)
0 = g(x, y)
Assume T is non-singular, the state matrix is calculated from
As = T −1 (fx − fy ∗ gy−1 ∗ gx )
EIG.calc_eig
EIG.calc_eig(As=None)
Calculate eigenvalues and right eigen vectors.
This function is a wrapper to np.linalg.eig. Results are returned but not stored to EIG.
Returns
np.array(dtype=complex) eigenvalues
np.array() right eigenvectors
EIG.calc_pfactor
EIG.calc_pfactor(As=None)
Compute participation factor of states in eigenvalues.
Each row in the participation factor correspond to one state, and each column correspond to one
mode.
Parameters
As [np.array or None] State matrix to process. If None, use self.As.
Returns
np.array(dtype=complex) eigenvalues
np.array participation factor matrix
6.2. Routines 815

EIG.doc
EIG.doc(max_width=78, export='plain')
EIG.export_mat
EIG.export_mat()
Export state matrix to a <CaseName>_As.mat file with the variable name As, where
<CaseName> is the test case name.
State variable names are stored in variables x_name and x_tex_name.
Returns
bool True if successful
EIG.find_zero_states
EIG.find_zero_states()
Find the indices of states associated with zero time constants in x.
EIG.init
EIG.init()
Routine initialization interface.
EIG.plot
EIG.plot(mu=None, fig=None, ax=None, left=- 6, right=0.5, ymin=- 8, ymax=8, damping=0.05,

line_width=0.5, s=40, dpi=None, figsize=None, base_color='black', show=True,
latex=True, style='default')
Plot utility for eigenvalues in the S domain.
Parameters
mu [array, optional] an array of complex eigenvalues
fig [figure handl, optional] existing matplotlib figure handle
ax [axis handle, optional] existing axis handle
left [int, optional] left tick for the x-axis, by default -6
right [float, optional] right tick, by default 0.5
ymin [int, optional] bottom tick, by default -8

ymax [int, optional] top tick, by default 8

damping [float, optional] damping value for which the dash plots are drawn
line_width [float, optional] default line width, by default 0.5
s [float or array-like, shape (n, ), optional] The marker size in points**2
dpi [int, optional] figure dpi
figsize [[type], optional] default figure size, by default None
base_color [str, optional] base color for negative eigenvalues
show [bool, optional] True to show figure after plot, by default True
latex [bool, optional] True to use latex, by default True
Returns
figure matplotlib figure object
axis matplotlib axis object
EIG.plot_root_loci
EIG.plot_root_loci(results, eig_indices, ax=None, dpi=None, figsize=None, draw_line=False,

arrow_threshold=0.2, **kwargs)
Plot the root loci.
Markers increase in size for the first parameter through the last.
Parameters
results [dict] Eigenvalue results from parameter sweeping
eig_indices [Iterable] A list of eigenvalue indices to plot. The indices are 0-based,
whereas the indices in the eigenvalue analysis report are 1-based.
ax [matplotlib.axes.Axes or None] Axes to plot on. If None, create a new figure.
dpi [int or None] DPI of the figure. If None, use the default DPI.
figsize [tuple or None] Figure size. If None, use the default size.
draw_line [bool, optional, False by default] If True, draw lines to connect the roots.
Note that due to the non-fixed ordering of eigenvalues, lines will largely connect
different modesl
arrow_threshold [float] Threshold for plotting arrows. If the begin and end points
of a locus is shorter than this threshold, no arrow is plotted.
Returns
matplotlib.figure.Figure Figure containing the plot.
matplotlib.axes.Axes Axes of the plot.
6.2. Routines 817

Examples
To plot the root loci of the first two eigenvalues, do
fig, ax = ss.EIG.plot_root_loci(ret, [0, 1])
where ret is the return of andes.routines.eig.EIG.sweep().
EIG.post_process
EIG.post_process()
Post processing of eigenvalues.
EIG.report
EIG.report(x_name=None, **kwargs)
Save eigenvalue analysis reports.
Returns
None
EIG.run
EIG.run(**kwargs)
Run small-signal stability analysis.
EIG.stats
EIG.stats()
Return statistics of results in a string.
EIG.summary
EIG.summary()
Print out a summary to logger.info.

EIG.sweep
EIG.sweep(params, idxes, values)

Parameter sweep for root loci plot.
Parameters
params [list of NumParam or ConstService] list of parameters indices to sweep.
For example, [ss.GENCLS.M] for GENCLS.M. To update ss.GENCLS.M
for two generators, params should be set to [ss.GENCLS.M, ss.GENCLS.
M].
idxes [list of int or str] list of indices to sweep. For example, ["GENCLS_1",
"GENCLS_2"] for the indices of GENCLS whose corresponding parameter will
be updated. The length of idxes must match that of params and values.
values: list of lists New values of the parameters. Each element in values is a
list for the corresponding element in params and idxes.
Returns
dict A dictionary of the results where the keys are 0-indexed count of parameter set,
and the values are dictionaries. Each value dictionary contains a mu field for the
eigenvalues.
Examples
To apply 10 parameters evenly spaced between 1 and 10 to ss.GENCLS.M of GENCLS_1, do
ret = ss.EIG.sweep(ss.GENCLS.M, "GENCLS_1", np.linspace(1, 2, 10))
This is equivalent to the following just for convenience.
ret = ss.EIG.sweep([ss.GENCLS.M],
["GENCLS_1"],
[np.linspace(1, 2, 10)])
Attributes
class_name
6.2. Routines 819

EIG.class_name
property EIG.class_name
andes.routines.pflow
Module for power flow calculation.
Classes
PFlow([system, config]) Power flow calculation routine.
andes.routines.pflow.PFlow
class andes.routines.pflow.PFlow(system=None, config=None)

Power flow calculation routine.
Methods

fg_update() Evaluate the limiters and residual equations.
init() Initialize variables for power flow.
newton_krylov([verbose]) Full Newton-Krylov method from SciPy.
nr_solve() Solve the power flow problem using itertive New-
ton's method.
nr_step() Solve a single iteration step using the Newton-
Raphson method.
report() Write power flow report to a plain-text file.
run(**kwargs) Solve the power flow using the selected method.
summary() Output a summary for the PFlow routine.

PFlow.doc
PFlow.doc(max_width=78, export='plain')
PFlow.fg_update
PFlow.fg_update()
Evaluate the limiters and residual equations.
PFlow.init
PFlow.init()
Initialize variables for power flow.
PFlow.newton_krylov
PFlow.newton_krylov(verbose=True)
Full Newton-Krylov method from SciPy.
Parameters
verbose True if verbose.
Returns
bool Convergence status
Warning: The result might be wrong if discrete are in use!
PFlow.nr_solve
PFlow.nr_solve()
Solve the power flow problem using itertive Newton's method.
6.2. Routines 821

PFlow.nr_step
PFlow.nr_step()
Solve a single iteration step using the Newton-Raphson method.
Returns
float maximum absolute mismatch
PFlow.report
PFlow.report()
Write power flow report to a plain-text file.
Returns
bool True if report was written, False otherwise.
PFlow.run
PFlow.run(**kwargs)
Solve the power flow using the selected method.
Returns
bool convergence status
PFlow.summary
PFlow.summary()
Output a summary for the PFlow routine.
Attributes
class_name

PFlow.class_name
property PFlow.class_name
andes.routines.tds
ANDES module for time-domain simulation.
Classes
TDS([system, config]) Time-domain simulation routine.
andes.routines.tds.TDS
class andes.routines.tds.TDS(system=None, config=None)

Time-domain simulation routine.
Some cases may be sensitive to large convergence tolerance config.tol. If numerical oscillation
happens, try reducing config.tol to 1e-6.
6.2. Routines 823

Methods
calc_h([resume]) Calculate the time step size during the TDS.

check_criteria() Check stability criteria.
do_switch() Checks if is an event time and perform switch if
true.
fg_update(models[, init]) Perform one round of evaluation for one iteration
step.
init() Initialize the status, storage and values for TDS.
init_resume() Initialize a resumed simulation.
itm_step() Integrate for the step size of self.h using im-
plicit trapezoid method.
load_plotter() Manually load a plotter into TDS.plotter.
report(**kwargs) Report interface.
reset() Reset internal states to pre-init condition.
rewind(t) TODO: rewind to a past time.
run([no_summary]) Run time-domain simulation using numerical in-
tegration.
save_output([npz]) Save the simulation data into two files: a .lst file
and a .npz file.
set_method([name]) Set DAE solution method.
streaming_init() Send out initialization variables and process init
from modules.
streaming_step() Sync, handle and streaming for each integration
step.
summary() Print out a summary of TDS options to log-
ger.info.
test_init() Test if the TDS initialization is successful.
TDS.calc_h
TDS.calc_h(resume=False)
Calculate the time step size during the TDS.
Parameters
resume [bool] If True, calculate the initial step size.
Returns
float computed time step size stored in self.h

Notes
A heuristic function is used for variable time step size
min(0.50 * h, hmin), if niter >= 15

h = max(1.10 * h, hmax), if niter <= 6
min(0.95 * h, hmin), otherwise
TDS.check_criteria
TDS.check_criteria()
Check stability criteria.
TDS.do_switch
TDS.do_switch()
Checks if is an event time and perform switch if true.
TDS.doc
TDS.doc(max_width=78, export='plain')
TDS.fg_update
TDS.fg_update(models, init=False)
Perform one round of evaluation for one iteration step. The following operations are performed in
order:
• variable service updating through s_update_var
• discrete flags updating through l_update_var
• evaluation of the right-hand-side of f
• equation-dependent discrete flags updating through l_update_eq
• evaluation of the right-hand-side of g
• collection of residuals into dae through fg_to_dae.
6.2. Routines 825

TDS.init
TDS.init()
Initialize the status, storage and values for TDS.
Returns
array-like The initial values of xy.
TDS.init_resume
TDS.init_resume()
Initialize a resumed simulation.
TDS.itm_step
TDS.itm_step()
Integrate for the step size of self.h using implicit trapezoid method.
Returns
bool Convergence status in self.converged.
TDS.load_plotter
TDS.load_plotter()
Manually load a plotter into TDS.plotter.
TDS.report
TDS.report(**kwargs)
Report interface.
TDS.reset
TDS.reset()
Reset internal states to pre-init condition.

TDS.rewind
TDS.rewind(t)
TODO: rewind to a past time.
TDS.run
TDS.run(no_summary=False, **kwargs)
Run time-domain simulation using numerical integration.
The default method is the Implicit Trapezoidal Method (ITM).
TDS.save_output
TDS.save_output(npz=True)
Save the simulation data into two files: a .lst file and a .npz file.
This function saves the output regardless of the files.no_output flag.
Parameters
npz [bool] True to save in npz format; False to save in npy format.
Returns
bool True if files are written. False otherwise.
TDS.set_method
TDS.set_method(name: str = 'trapezoid')

Set DAE solution method.
Parameters
name [str, optional, default: 'trapezoid'] DAE solver name
TDS.streaming_init
TDS.streaming_init()
Send out initialization variables and process init from modules.
Returns
None
6.2. Routines 827

TDS.streaming_step
TDS.streaming_step()
Sync, handle and streaming for each integration step.
Returns
None
TDS.summary
TDS.summary()
Print out a summary of TDS options to logger.info.
Returns
None
TDS.test_init
TDS.test_init()
Test if the TDS initialization is successful.
This function update dae.f and dae.g and checks if the residuals are zeros.
Attributes
class_name
TDS.class_name
property TDS.class_name
6.3 Plot
andes.plot The ANDES plotting tool.

6.3.1 andes.plot
The ANDES plotting tool.
Functions
eig_plot(name, args)
parse_y(y, upper[, lower]) Parse command-line input for Y indices and return
a list of indices
set_font([family, size, style, weight]) Sets the font for matplotlib.
set_latex() Enables LaTeX for matplotlib based on the
with_latex option and dvipng availability.
set_style([style]) Set matplotlib style.
tdsplot(filename, y[, x, to_csv, find, ...]) TDS plot main function based on the new TDSData
class.
eig_plot
andes.plot.eig_plot(name, args)
parse_y
andes.plot.parse_y(y, upper, lower=0)

Parse command-line input for Y indices and return a list of indices
Parameters
y [Union[List, Set, Tuple]]
Input for Y indices. Could be single item (with or without colon), or multiple
items
upper [int] Upper limit. In the return list y, y[i] <= uppwer.
lower [int] Lower limit. In the return list y, y[i] >= lower.
Returns
6.3. Plot 829

set_font
andes.plot.set_font(family='serif', size=12, style='normal', weight='normal')

Sets the font for matplotlib.
Parameters
family [str] Font family.
size [int] Font size.
style [str] Font style.
weight [str] Font weight.
set_latex
andes.plot.set_latex()
Enables LaTeX for matplotlib based on the with_latex option and dvipng availability.
Returns
bool True for LaTeX on, False for off
set_style
andes.plot.set_style(style='default')
Set matplotlib style.
Parameters
style [str] default, ieee (require scienceplots), or other available styles (see mat-
plotlib.pyplot.style.available).
tdsplot
andes.plot.tdsplot(filename, y, x=(0,), to_csv=False, find=None, xargs=None, exclude=None,

**kwargs)
TDS plot main function based on the new TDSData class.
Parameters
filename [str] Path to the ANDES TDS output data file. Works without extension.
x [list or int, optional] The index for the x-axis variable. x=0 by default for time
y [list or int] The indices for the y-axis variable
to_csv [bool] True if need to export to a csv file
find [str, optional] if not none, specify the variable name to find

xargs [str, optional] similar to find, but return the result indices with file name, x idx
name for xargs
exclude [str, optional] variable name pattern to exclude
Returns
TDSData object
Classes
TDSData([full_name, mode, dae, path]) A data container for loading and plotting results from
Andes time-domain simulation.
andes.plot.TDSData
class andes.plot.TDSData(full_name=None, mode='file', dae=None, path=None)

A data container for loading and plotting results from Andes time-domain simulation.
__init__(full_name=None, mode='file', dae=None, path=None)
6.3. Plot 831

Methods
bqplot_data(xdata, ydata, *[, xheader, ...]) Plot with bqplot.

data_to_df() Convert to pandas.DataFrame
export_csv([path, idx, header, formatted, Export to a csv file.
...])
find(query[, exclude, formatted, idx_only]) Return variable names and indices matching
query.
get_call([backend]) Get the internal plot_data function for the speci-
fied backend.
get_header(idx[, formatted]) Return a list of the variable names at the given
indices.
get_values(idx) Return the variable values at the given indices.
guess_event_time() Guess the event starting time from the input data
by checking when the values start to change
load_dae() Load from DAE time series.
load_lst() Load the lst file into internal data structures _idx,
_fname, _uname, and counts the number of vari-
ables to nvars.
load_npy_or_csv([delimiter]) Load the npy, zpy or (the legacy) csv file into the
internal data structure self._xy.
panoview(mdl, vars, *[, ncols, idx, a, figsize]) Panoramic view of variables of a given model in-
stance.
plot(yidx[, xidx, a, ytimes, ycalc, left, ...]) Entry function for plotting.
plot_data(xdata, ydata, *[, xheader, ...]) Plot lines for the supplied data and options.
plotn(nrows, ncols, yidxes[, xidxes, dpi, ...]) Plot multiple subfigures in one figure.
TDSData.bqplot_data
TDSData.bqplot_data(xdata, ydata, *, xheader=None, yheader=None, xlabel=None,

ylabel=None, left=None, right=None, ymin=None, ymax=None,
legend=True, grid=False, fig=None, dpi=None, line_width=1.0,
greyscale=False, savefig=None, save_format=None, title=None,
**kwargs)
Plot with bqplot. Experimental and incomplete.

TDSData.data_to_df
TDSData.data_to_df()
Convert to pandas.DataFrame
TDSData.export_csv
TDSData.export_csv(path=None, idx=None, header=None, formatted=False, sort_idx=True,

fmt='%.18e')
Export to a csv file.
Parameters
path [str] path of the csv file to save
idx [None or array-like, optional] the indices of the variables to export. Export all
by default
header [None or array-like, optional] customized header if not None. Use the names
from the lst file by default
formatted [bool, optional] Use LaTeX-formatted header. Does not apply when us-
ing customized header
sort_idx [bool, optional] Sort by idx or not, # TODO: implement sort
fmt [str] cell formatter
Returns
str The path of the exported csv file
TDSData.find
TDSData.find(query, exclude=None, formatted=False, idx_only=False)

Return variable names and indices matching query.
Parameters
query [str] The string for querying variables. Multiple conditions can be separated
by comma without space.
exclude [str, optional] A string pattern to be excluded
formatted [bool, optional] True to return formatted names, False otherwise
idx_only [bool, optional] True if only return indices
Returns
(list, list) (List of found indices, list of found names)
6.3. Plot 833

TDSData.get_call
TDSData.get_call(backend=None)
Get the internal plot_data function for the specified backend.
TDSData.get_header
TDSData.get_header(idx, formatted=False)
Return a list of the variable names at the given indices.
Parameters
idx [list or int] The indices of the variables to retrieve
formatted [bool] True to retrieve latex-formatted names, False for unformatted
names
Returns
list A list of variable names (headers)
TDSData.get_values
TDSData.get_values(idx)
Return the variable values at the given indices.
Parameters
idx [list] The indicex of the variables to retrieve. idx=0 is for Time. Variable indices
start at 1.
Returns
np.ndarray Variable data
TDSData.guess_event_time
TDSData.guess_event_time()
Guess the event starting time from the input data by checking when the values start to change

TDSData.load_dae
TDSData.load_dae()
Load from DAE time series.
TDSData.load_lst
TDSData.load_lst()
Load the lst file into internal data structures _idx, _fname, _uname, and counts the number of
variables to nvars.
Returns
None
TDSData.load_npy_or_csv
TDSData.load_npy_or_csv(delimiter=',')
Load the npy, zpy or (the legacy) csv file into the internal data structure self._xy.
Parameters
delimiter [str, optional] The delimiter for the case file. Default to comma.
Returns
None
TDSData.panoview
TDSData.panoview(mdl, vars, *, ncols=3, idx=None, a=None, figsize=None, **kwargs)

Panoramic view of variables of a given model instance.
Select variables through vars. Select devices through idx or a, which has a higher priority.
This function also takes other arguments recognizable by self.plot.
Parameters
mdl [ModelBase] Model instance
var [list of str] A list of variable names to display
ncol [int] Number of columns
idx [list] A list of device idx-es for showing
a [list of int] A list of device 0-based positions for showing
figsize [tuple] Figure size for plotting
6.3. Plot 835

Examples
To plot omega and delta of GENROUs GENROU_1 and GENROU_2:
system.TDS.plt.plot(system.GENROU,
vars=['omega', 'delta'],
idx=['GENROU_1', 'GENROU_2'])
TDSData.plot
TDSData.plot(yidx, xidx=(0,), *, a=None, ytimes=None, ycalc=None, left=None, right=None,

ymin=None, ymax=None, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, xheader=None,
yheader=None, legend=None, grid=False, greyscale=False, latex=True, dpi=None,
line_width=1.0, font_size=12, savefig=None, save_format=None, show=True,
title=None, linestyles=None, use_bqplot=False, hline1=None, hline2=None,
vline1=None, vline2=None, hline=None, vline=None, fig=None, ax=None,
backend=None, set_xlim=True, set_ylim=True, autoscale=False,
legend_bbox=None, legend_loc=None, legend_ncol=1, figsize=None, color=None,
**kwargs)
Entry function for plotting.
This function retrieves the x and y values based on the xidx and yidx inputs, applies scaling functions
ytimes and ycalc sequentially, and delegates the plotting to the backend.
Parameters
yidx [list or int] The indices for the y-axis variables
xidx [tuple or int, optional] The index for the x-axis variable
a [tuple or list, optional] The 0-indexed sub-indices into yidx to plot.
ytimes [float, optional] A scaling factor to apply to all y values.
left [float] The starting value of the x axis
right [float] The ending value of the x axis
ymin [float] The minimum value of the y axis
ymax [float] The maximum value of the y axis
ylabel [str] Text label for the y axis
yheader [list] A list containing the variable names for the y-axis variable
title [str] Title string to be shown at the top
fig Existing figure object to draw the axis on.
ax Existing axis object to draw the lines on.
Returns
(fig, ax) Figure and axis handles for matplotlib backend.

fig Figure object for bqplot backend.

Other Parameters
ycalc: callable, optional A callable to apply to all y values after scaling with ytimes.
xlabel [str] Text label for the x axis
xheader [list] A list containing the variable names for the x-axis variable
legend [bool] True to show legend and False otherwise
legend_ncol [int] Number of columns in legend
legend_bbox [tuple of two floats] legend box to anchor
grid [bool] True to show grid and False otherwise
latex [bool] True to enable latex and False to disable
greyscale [bool] True to use greyscale, False otherwise
savefig [bool or str] True to save to png figure file. str is treated as the output file
name.
save_format [str] File extension string (pdf, png or jpg) for the savefig format
dpi [int] Dots per inch for screen print or save. savefig uses a minimum of 200 dpi
line_width [float] Plot line width
font_size [float] Text font size (labels and legends)
figsize [tuple] Figure size passed when creating new figure
show [bool] True to show the image
backend [str or None] bqplot to use the bqplot backend in notebook. None for
matplotlib.
hline1: float, optional Dashed horizontal line 1
hline2: float, optional Dashed horizontal line 2
vline1: float, optional Dashed horizontal line 1
vline2: float, optional Dashed vertical line 2
hline: float or Iterable y-axis location of horizontal line(s)
vline: float or Iterable x-axis location of vertical line(s)
6.3. Plot 837

TDSData.plot_data
TDSData.plot_data(xdata, ydata, *, xheader=None, yheader=None, xlabel=None,

ylabel=None, linestyles=None, left=None, right=None, ymin=None,
ymax=None, legend=None, grid=False, fig=None, ax=None, latex=True,
dpi=None, line_width=1.0, font_size=12, greyscale=False, savefig=None,
save_format=None, show=True, title=None, hline1=None, hline2=None,
vline1=None, hline=None, vline=None, vline2=None, set_xlim=True,
set_ylim=True, autoscale=False, figsize=None, legend_bbox=None,
legend_loc=None, legend_ncol=1, mask=True, color=None, style='default',
**kwargs)
Plot lines for the supplied data and options.
This functions takes xdata and ydata values. If you provide variable indices instead of values, use
plot().
See the argument lists of plot() for more.
Parameters
xdata [array-like] An array-like object containing the values for the x-axis variable
ydata [array] An array containing the values of each variables for the y-axis variable.
The row of ydata must match the row of xdata. Each column correspondings to a
variable.
mask [bool] If enabled (1), when specifying axis limits, only data in the limits will
be used for plotting to optimize for autoscaling. It is done through an index mask.
Returns
(fig, ax) The figure and axis handles
Examples
To plot the results of arithmetic calculation of variables, retrieve the values, do the calculation, and
plot with plot_data.
>>> v = ss.dae.ts.y[:, ss.PVD1.v.a]

>>> Ipcmd = ss.dae.ts.y[:, ss.PVD1.Ipcmd_y.a]
>>> t = ss.dae.ts.t
>>> ss.TDS.plt.plot_data(t, v * Ipcmd,

>>> xlabel='Time [s]',
>>> ylabel='Ipcmd [pu]')

TDSData.plotn
TDSData.plotn(nrows: int, ncols: int, yidxes, xidxes=None, *, dpi=None, titles=None, a=None,

figsize=None, xlabel=None, ylabel=None, sharex=None, sharey=None,
show=True, xlabel_offs=(0.5, 0.01), ylabel_offs=(0.05, 0.5), hspace=0.2,
wspace=0.2, **kwargs)
Plot multiple subfigures in one figure.
Parameters xidxes, a, xlabels and ylabels, if provided, must have the same length as
yidxes.
Parameters
nrows [int] number of rows
ncols [int] number of cols
yidx A list of BaseVar or index lists.
6.4 I/O
andes.io ANDES input parsers and output formatters.
6.4.1 andes.io
ANDES input parsers and output formatters.
Functions
dump(system, output_format[, full_path, ...]) Dump the System data into the requested output for-
mat.
get_output_ext(out_format) Helper function to get the output extension for the
given output format.
guess(system) Guess the input format based on extension and con-
tent.
parse(system) Parse input file with the given format in sys-
tem.files.input_format.
read_file_like(infile) Read a file-like object and return a list of splitted
lines.
6.4. I/O 839

dump
andes.io.dump(system, output_format, full_path=None, overwrite=False, **kwargs)

Dump the System data into the requested output format.
Parameters
system System object
output_format [str] Output format name. 'xlsx' will be used if is not an instance of str.
Returns
bool True if successful; False otherwise.
get_output_ext
andes.io.get_output_ext(out_format)
Helper function to get the output extension for the given output format.
Parameters
out_format [str] Output format name.
Returns
str [file extension without dot or empty if not supported]
guess
andes.io.guess(system)
Guess the input format based on extension and content.
Also stores the format name to system.files.input_format.
Parameters
system [System] System instance with the file name set to system.files
Returns
str format name
parse
andes.io.parse(system)
Parse input file with the given format in system.files.input_format.
Returns
bool True if successful; False otherwise.

read_file_like
andes.io.read_file_like(infile: Union[str, io.IOBase])

Read a file-like object and return a list of splitted lines.
Modules
andes.io.json JSON reader and writer for ANDES.

andes.io.matpower Simple MATPOWER format parser
andes.io.psse PSS/E file parser.
andes.io.streaming Simulation data streaming interface for CURENT
DiME2.
andes.io.txt Output TXT file formatter.
andes.io.xlsx Excel reader and writer for ANDES power system
parameters
andes.io.json
JSON reader and writer for ANDES.
Functions
read(system, infile) Read JSON file with ANDES model data into an
empty system.
testlines(infile)
write(system, outfile[, skip_empty, overwrite]) Write loaded ANDES system data into a JSON file.
read
andes.io.json.read(system, infile: Union[str, io.IOBase])

Read JSON file with ANDES model data into an empty system.
Parameters
system [System] Empty System instance
infile [str or io.BaseIO] str: path to the input file; or io.BaseIO: a stream to read from
Returns
System System instance after succeeded
6.4. I/O 841

testlines
andes.io.json.testlines(infile)
write
andes.io.json.write(system, outfile, skip_empty=True, overwrite=None, **kwargs)

Write loaded ANDES system data into a JSON file.
Parameters
system [System] A loaded system with parameters
outfile [str] Path to the output file
skip_empty [bool] Skip output of empty models (n = 0)
overwrite [bool] None to prompt for overwrite selection; True to overwrite; False to
not overwrite
Returns
bool True if file written; False otherwise
andes.io.matpower
Simple MATPOWER format parser
Functions
m2mpc(infile) Parse MATPOWER file and return a dictionary with

the data.
mpc2system(mpc, system) Load an mpc dict into an empty ANDES system.
read(system, file) Read a MATPOWER data file into mpc, and build
andes device elements.
system2mpc(system) Convert data from an ANDES system to an mpc dict.
testlines(infile) Test if this file is in the MATPOWER format.

m2mpc
andes.io.matpower.m2mpc(infile: str) → dict

Parse MATPOWER file and return a dictionary with the data.
Supported fields include
• baseMVA
• bus
• bus_names
• gen
• branch
• gencost (parsed but not used)
• areas (parsed but not used)
Parameters
infile [str] Path to the MATPOWER file.
Returns
dict mpc struct names : numpy arrays
mpc2system
andes.io.matpower.mpc2system(mpc: dict, system) → bool

Load an mpc dict into an empty ANDES system.
Parameters
system [andes.system.System] Empty system to load the data into.
mpc [dict] mpc struct names : numpy arrays
Returns
bool True if successful, False otherwise.
read
andes.io.matpower.read(system, file)
Read a MATPOWER data file into mpc, and build andes device elements.
6.4. I/O 843

system2mpc
andes.io.matpower.system2mpc(system) → dict
Convert data from an ANDES system to an mpc dict.
In the gen section, slack generators preceeds PV generators.
testlines
andes.io.matpower.testlines(infile)
Test if this file is in the MATPOWER format.
NOT YET IMPLEMENTED.
andes.io.psse
PSS/E file parser.

Include a RAW parser and a DYR parser.
Functions
get_block_lines(b, mdata) Return the number of lines based on the block index
in the RAW file.
read(system, file) Read PSS/E RAW file v32/v33 formats.
read_add(system, file) Read an addition PSS/E dyr file.
sort_psse_models(dyr_yaml, system) Sort supported models so that model names are or-
dered by dependency.
testlines(infile) Check the raw file for frequency base.
get_block_lines
andes.io.psse.get_block_lines(b, mdata)
Return the number of lines based on the block index in the RAW file.

read
andes.io.psse.read(system, file)
Read PSS/E RAW file v32/v33 formats.
read_add
andes.io.psse.read_add(system, file)
Read an addition PSS/E dyr file.
Parameters
system [System] System instance to which data will be loaded
file [str] Path to the additional dyr file
Returns
bool data parsing status
sort_psse_models
andes.io.psse.sort_psse_models(dyr_yaml, system)
Sort supported models so that model names are ordered by dependency.
Dependency is determined by checking the find key in psse-dyr.yaml for each model.
Returns
list The sequence of model names for loading parameters.
testlines
andes.io.psse.testlines(infile)
Check the raw file for frequency base.
andes.io.streaming
Simulation data streaming interface for CURENT DiME2.
6.4. I/O 845

Classes
Streaming(system) ANDES data streaming class to interface with

CURENT LTB.
andes.io.streaming.Streaming
class andes.io.streaming.Streaming(system)
ANDES data streaming class to interface with CURENT LTB.
__init__(system)
Methods
build_init() Build Varheader, Idxvgs and SysParam after

power flow routine
connect() Connect to DiME 2 server.
finalize() Send DONE signal when simulation completes
handle_alter(Alter) Handle parameter altering
handle_event(Event) Handle Fault, Breaker, Syn and Load Events
record_module_init(name, init_var) Record the variable requests from modules
send_init([recepient]) Broadcast Varheader, Idxvgs and SysParam to all
DiME clients after power flow routine
sync_and_handle() Sync until the queue is empty.
transpose_matlab_row(a)
vars_to_modules() Stream the results from the last step to modules

vars_to_pmu() Broadcast all PMU measurements and BusFreq
measurements in the variable pmudata
Streaming.build_init
Streaming.build_init()
Build Varheader, Idxvgs and SysParam after power flow routine

Streaming.connect
Streaming.connect()
Connect to DiME 2 server.
If dime_address is specified from the command-line, streaming will be automatically enabled.
Otherwise, settings from the Config file will be used.
Streaming.finalize
Streaming.finalize()
Send DONE signal when simulation completes
Returns None
Streaming.handle_alter
Streaming.handle_alter(Alter)
Handle parameter altering
Streaming.handle_event
Streaming.handle_event(Event)
Handle Fault, Breaker, Syn and Load Events
Streaming.record_module_init
Streaming.record_module_init(name, init_var)
Record the variable requests from modules
Streaming.send_init
Streaming.send_init(recepient='all')
Broadcast Varheader, Idxvgs and SysParam to all DiME clients after power flow routine
6.4. I/O 847

Streaming.sync_and_handle
Streaming.sync_and_handle()
Sync until the queue is empty. Handle sync'ed commands.
Streaming.transpose_matlab_row
static Streaming.transpose_matlab_row(a)
Streaming.vars_to_modules
Streaming.vars_to_modules()
Stream the results from the last step to modules
Returns None
Streaming.vars_to_pmu
Streaming.vars_to_pmu()
Broadcast all PMU measurements and BusFreq measurements in the variable pmudata
andes.io.txt
Output TXT file formatter.
Functions
dump_data(text, header, rowname, data, file)
dump_data
andes.io.txt.dump_data(text, header, rowname, data, file, width=18, precision=5)

andes.io.xlsx
Excel reader and writer for ANDES power system parameters

This module utilizes openpyxl, xlsxwriter and pandas.Frame.
While I like the simplicity of the dome format, spreadsheets are easier to view and edit.
Functions
read(system, infile) Read an xlsx file with ANDES model data into an
empty system
testlines(infile)
write(system, outfile[, skip_empty, ...]) Write loaded ANDES system data into an xlsx file
read
andes.io.xlsx.read(system, infile)
Read an xlsx file with ANDES model data into an empty system
Parameters
system [System] Empty System instance
infile [str or file-like] Path to the input file, or a file-like object
Returns
System System instance after succeeded
testlines
andes.io.xlsx.testlines(infile)
write
andes.io.xlsx.write(system, outfile, skip_empty=True, overwrite=None, add_book=None,

**kwargs)
Write loaded ANDES system data into an xlsx file
Parameters
system [System] A loaded system with parameters
outfile [str] Path to the output file
skip_empty [bool] Skip output of empty models (n = 0)
6.4. I/O 849

overwrite [bool, optional] None to prompt for overwrite selection; True to overwrite;
False to not overwrite
add_book [str, optional] An optional model to be added to the output spreadsheet
Returns
bool True if file written; False otherwise
6.5 Interoperability
andes.interop Interopability package between Andes and other

software.
6.5.1 andes.interop
Interopability package between Andes and other software.

To install dependencies, do:
pip install andes[interop]
To install dependencies for development, in the ANDES source code folder, do:
pip install -e .[interop]
Modules
andes.interop.gridcal Basic GridCal (4.6.1) interface, based on the pan-

dapower interface written by Jinning Wang
andes.interop.matpower Interoperability with MATPOWER through
matpower-pip.
andes.interop.pandapower Simple pandapower (2.7.0) interface
andes.interop.pypowsybl Interoperability with pypowsybl.
andes.interop.gridcal
Basic GridCal (4.6.1) interface, based on the pandapower interface written by Jinning Wang
Author: Josep Fanals (@JosepFanals)

Functions
require_gridcal(f) Decorator for functions that require GridCal.

to_gridcal(ssa[, verify, tol]) Convert an ANDES system to a GridCal grid.
require_gridcal
andes.interop.gridcal.require_gridcal(f)
Decorator for functions that require GridCal.
to_gridcal
andes.interop.gridcal.to_gridcal(ssa, verify=True, tol=1e-06)

Convert an ANDES system to a GridCal grid.
Parameters
ssa [andes.system.System] The ANDES system to be converted
verify [bool] If True, the converted network will be verified with the source ANDES
system using AC power flow.
tol [float] The tolerance of error when comparing power flow solutions.
Returns
GridCal.Engine.Core.multi_circuit.MultiCircuit A GridCal net with the same bus,
branch, gen, and load data as the ANDES system
Notes
Handling of the following parameters:

• By default, all generators in ssp are controllable unless user-defined controllability is given
• The online status of generators are determined by the online status of StaticGen that connected
to the SynGen or DG
• ssp.gen.name is from ssa.StaticGen.idx, which should be unique
6.5. Interoperability 851

andes.interop.matpower
Interoperability with MATPOWER through matpower-pip.

Please install the Python package matpower and configure MATLAB or Octave, following the instructions
at matpower-pip.
To create a MATLAB/Octave instance, do:
from andes.interop.matpower import start_instance
Functions
from_matpower(m, varname[, system]) Retrieve a MATPOWER mpc case from a MAT-

LAB/Octave instance.
require_matpower(f) Decorator for functions that require matpower.
to_matpower(m, varname, system) Send an ANDES case to a running MATLAB in-
stance.
from_matpower
andes.interop.matpower.from_matpower(m, varname, system=None)

Retrieve a MATPOWER mpc case from a MATLAB/Octave instance.
Parameters
m [MATLAB/Octave instance] Instance from which to retrieve the MATPOWER case.
varname [str] Name of the variable in the MATPOWER MPC format to retrieve.
Returns
System System from the mpc case. The system will not have been set up.
Examples
To retrieve a case from MATPOWER from instance m, do the following:
from andes.interop.matpower import start_instance, to_matpower, from_

,→matpower
system = from_matpower(m, 'mpc')
One can create an Excel file with dynamic data only and use the xlsx parser to load data into system:

from andes.io import xlsx
xlsx.read(system, andes.get_case('ieee14/ieee14_dyn_only.xlsx'))
The ieee14_dyn_only.xlsx is an example spreadsheet that only contains dynamic components.

One will need to create the idx correctly for dynamic components to match these from the MAT-
POWER case. If not sure about the indices, one can save the ANDES system to an Excel file, using:
xlsx.write(system, 'system_static.xlsx')
require_matpower
andes.interop.matpower.require_matpower(f)
Decorator for functions that require matpower.
to_matpower
andes.interop.matpower.to_matpower(m, varname, system)

Send an ANDES case to a running MATLAB instance.
Parameters
m [MATLAB/Octave instance] Instance to which to send the MATPOWER case.
varname [str] Name of the variable to store the mpc case in MATLAB/Octave.
system [System] System whose power flow data to send to MATPOWER.
Examples
The code below will create an IEEE 14-bus example system in ANDES, convert it to MATPOWER's
case, and send to the MATLAB/Octave instance.
import andes
from andes.interop.matpower import (start_instance,

to_matpower, from_matpower)
ss = andes.system.example()
mpc = to_matpower(m, 'mpc', ss)
m.eval("runpf(mpc)")
mpc_out = m.pull("mpc") # retrieve the mpc case from MATLAB/Octave

andes.interop.pandapower
Simple pandapower (2.7.0) interface
Functions
add_gencost(ssp, gen_cost) Add cost function to converted pandapower net ssp.

build_group_table(ssa, group, columns[, ...]) Build the table for devices in a group in an ANDES
System.
make_GSF(ppn[, verify, using_sparse_solver]) Build the Generation Shift Factor matrix of a pan-
dapower net.
make_link_table(ssa) Build the link table for generators and generator con-
trollers in an ANDES System, including SynGen
and DG for now.
require_pandapower(f) Decorator for functions that require pandapower.
runopp_map(ssp, link_table, **kwargs) Run OPF in pandapower using pp.runopp() and
map results back to ANDES based on the link table.
to_pandapower(ssa[, ctrl, verify, tol]) Convert an ANDES system to a pandapower net-
work for power flow studies.
add_gencost
andes.interop.pandapower.add_gencost(ssp, gen_cost)
Add cost function to converted pandapower net ssp.
The cost data follows the same format of pypower and matpower.
Now only poly_cost is supported.
Parameters
ssp The pandapower net
gen_cost [array] generator cost data
build_group_table
andes.interop.pandapower.build_group_table(ssa, group, columns, mdl_name=[])

Build the table for devices in a group in an ANDES System.
Parameters
ssa [andes.system.System] The ANDES system to build the table
group [string] The ANDES group
columns [list of string] The common columns of a group that to be included in the
table.

mdl_name [list of string] The list of models that to be included in the table. Default as
all models.
Returns
DataFrame The output Dataframe contains the columns from the device
make_GSF
andes.interop.pandapower.make_GSF(ppn, verify=True, using_sparse_solver=False)

Build the Generation Shift Factor matrix of a pandapower net.
Parameters
ppn [pandapower.network.Network] Pandapower network
verify [bool] True to verify the GSF with that from DC power flow
using_sparse_solver [bool] True to use a sparse solver for pandapower maktPTDF
Returns
np.ndarray The GSF array
make_link_table
andes.interop.pandapower.make_link_table(ssa)
Build the link table for generators and generator controllers in an ANDES System, including SynGen
and DG for now.
Parameters
ssa [andes.system.System] The ANDES system to link
Returns
DataFrame Each column in the output Dataframe contains the idx of linked Stat-
icGen, Bus, DG, RenGen, RenExciter, SynGen, Exciter, and Tur-
bineGov, gammap, gammaq.
require_pandapower
andes.interop.pandapower.require_pandapower(f)
Decorator for functions that require pandapower.

runopp_map
andes.interop.pandapower.runopp_map(ssp, link_table, **kwargs)

Run OPF in pandapower using pp.runopp() and map results back to ANDES based on the link table.
Parameters
ssp [pandapower network] The pandapower network
link_table [DataFrame] The link table of ANDES system
Returns
DataFrame The DataFrame contains the OPF results with columns p_mw, q_mvar,
vm_pu in p.u., and the corresponding idx of StaticGen, Exciter, Tur-
bineGov in ANDES.
Notes
• The pandapower net and the ANDES system must have same base MVA.
• Multiple DG connected to the same StaticGen will be converted to one generator. The power
is dispatched to each DG by the power ratio gammap
to_pandapower
andes.interop.pandapower.to_pandapower(ssa, ctrl=[], verify=True, tol=1e-06)

Convert an ANDES system to a pandapower network for power flow studies.
Parameters
ssa [andes.system.System] The ANDES system to be converted
ctrl [list] The controlability of generators. The length should be the same with the
number of StaticGen. If not given, controllability of generators will be assigned
by default. Example input: [1, 0, 1, ...]; PV first, then Slack.
verify [bool] If True, the converted network will be verified with the source ANDES
system using AC power flow.
tol [float] The tolerance of error.
Returns
pandapower.auxiliary.pandapowerNet A pandapower net with the same bus, branch,
gen, and load data as the ANDES system

Notes
Handling of the following parameters:

• This interface tracks static power flow model in ANDES: Bus, Line, PQ, Shunt, PV, and Slack.
However, it does not track the dynamic models in ANDES, including but not limited to Tur-
bineGov, SynGen, and Exciter.
• The interface converts the Slack in ANDES to gen in pandapower rather than ext_gen.
• MUST NOT verify power flow after initializing TDS in ANDES. ANDES does not allow
running PFlow for systems with initialized TDS as it will break variable addressing.
• If you want to track dynamic model outputs in ANDES and feedback into pandapower, you
might need to manually transfer the results from ANDES to pandapower.
• Generator cost is not included in the conversion. Use add_gencost() to add cost data.
• By default, all generators in ssp are controllable unless user-defined controllability is given
• The online status of generators are determined by the online status of StaticGen that con-
nected to the SynGen or DG
• ssp.gen.name is from ssa.StaticGen.idx, which should be unique
andes.interop.pypowsybl
Interoperability with pypowsybl.
Functions
require_pypowsybl(f) Decorator for functions that require pypowsybl.

to_pypowsybl(ss) Convert an ANDES system to a pypowsybl network.
require_pypowsybl
andes.interop.pypowsybl.require_pypowsybl(f)
Decorator for functions that require pypowsybl.

to_pypowsybl
andes.interop.pypowsybl.to_pypowsybl(ss)
Convert an ANDES system to a pypowsybl network.
Parameters
ss [andes.system.System] The ANDES system to be converted.
Returns
pypowsybl.network.Network
Warning:
• Power flow results are not verified.
Notes
• Only the BUS_BREAKER topology is supported.

• Each bus has a voltage level named "VL" followed by the bus idx.
• Buses connected by transformers are in the same substation.
Examples
One can utilize pypowsybl to draw network topology. For example,
ss = andes.system.example()
n = to_pypowsybl(ss)
results = pp.loadflow.run_ac(n)
n.get_network_area_diagram() # show diagram for system

n.get_single_line_diagram("VL6") # show single-line diagram for bus 6
6.6 Others
andes.cli ANDES command-line interface and argument

parsers.
andes.main Main entry point for the ANDES CLI and scripting
interfaces.
andes.utils.paths Utility functions for loading andes stock test cases
andes.utils.snapshot Utility functions for saving and loading snapshots.
andes.utils.widgets Support for Jupyter widgets.

6.6.1 andes.cli
ANDES command-line interface and argument parsers.
Functions
create_parser() Create a parser for the command-line interface.

main() Entry point of the ANDES command-line interface.
preamble() Log the ANDES command-line preamble at the log-
ging.INFO level
create_parser
andes.cli.create_parser()
Create a parser for the command-line interface.
Returns
argparse.ArgumentParser Parser with all ANDES options
main
andes.cli.main()
Entry point of the ANDES command-line interface.
preamble
andes.cli.preamble()
Log the ANDES command-line preamble at the logging.INFO level
6.6.2 andes.main
Main entry point for the ANDES CLI and scripting interfaces.
6.6. Others 859

Functions
config_logger([stream_level, stream, file, ...]) Configure an ANDES logger with a FileHandler and
a StreamHandler.
demo(**kwargs) TODO: show some demonstrations from CLI.
doc([attribute, list_supported, config]) Quick documentation from command-line.
edit_conf([edit_config]) Edit the Andes config file which occurs first in the
search path.
find_log_path(lg) Find the file paths of the FileHandlers.
load(case[, codegen, setup, use_input_path]) Load a case and set up a system without running rou-
tine.
misc([edit_config, save_config, ...]) Miscellaneous commands.
plot(*args, **kwargs) Wrapper for the plot tool.
prepare([quick, incremental, models, ...]) Run code generation.
print_license() Print out Andes license to stdout.
remove_output([recursive]) Remove the outputs generated by Andes, including
power flow reports _out.txt, time-domain list
_out.lst and data _out.dat, eigenvalue anal-
ysis report _eig.txt.
run(filename[, input_path, verbose, ...]) Entry point to run ANDES routines.
run_case(case, *[, routine, profile, ...]) Run single simulation case for the given full path.
save_conf([config_path, overwrite]) Save the Andes config to a file at the path specified
by save_config.
selftest([quick, extra]) Run unit tests.
set_logger_level(lg, type_to_set, level) Set logging level for the given type of handler.
versioninfo() Print version info for ANDES and dependencies.
config_logger
andes.main.config_logger(stream_level=20, *, stream=True, file=True, log_file='andes.log',

log_path=None, file_level=10)
Configure an ANDES logger with a FileHandler and a StreamHandler.
This function is called at the beginning of andes.main.main(). Updating stream_level and
file_level is now supported.
Parameters
stream [bool, optional] Create a StreamHandler for stdout if True. If False, the
handler will not be created.
file [bool, optionsl] True if logging to log_file.
log_file [str, optional] Logg file name for FileHandler, 'andes.log' by default. If
None, the FileHandler will not be created.
log_path [str, optional] Path to store the log file. By default, the path is generated by
get_log_dir() in utils.misc.

stream_level [{10, 20, 30, 40, 50}, optional] StreamHandler verbosity level.
file_level [{10, 20, 30, 40, 50}, optional] FileHandler verbosity level.
Returns
-------
None
demo
andes.main.demo(**kwargs)
TODO: show some demonstrations from CLI.
doc
andes.main.doc(attribute=None, list_supported=False, config=False, **kwargs)

Quick documentation from command-line.
edit_conf
andes.main.edit_conf(edit_config: Optional[Union[str, bool]] = '')

Edit the Andes config file which occurs first in the search path.
Parameters
edit_config [bool] If True, try to open up an editor and edit the config file. Otherwise
returns.
Returns
bool True is a config file is found and an editor is opened. False if edit_config
is False.
find_log_path
andes.main.find_log_path(lg)
Find the file paths of the FileHandlers.
6.6. Others 861

load
andes.main.load(case, codegen=False, setup=True, use_input_path=True, **kwargs)

Load a case and set up a system without running routine. Return a system.
Takes other kwargs recognizable by System, such as addfile, input_path, and no_putput.
Parameters
case: str Path to the test case
codegen [bool, optional] Call full System.prepare on the returned system. Set to True if
one need to inspect pretty-print equations and run simulations.
setup [bool, optional] Call System.setup after loading
use_input_path [bool, optional] True to use the input_path argument to behave
the same as andes.main.run.
Warning: If one need to add devices in addition to these from the case file, do setup=False
and call System.add() to add devices. When done, manually invoke setup() to set up the
system.
misc
andes.main.misc(edit_config='', save_config='', show_license=False, clean=True, recursive=False,

overwrite=None, version=False, **kwargs)
Miscellaneous commands.
plot
andes.main.plot(*args, **kwargs)
Wrapper for the plot tool.
prepare
andes.main.prepare(quick=False, incremental=False, models=None, precompile=False, nomp=False,

**kwargs)
Run code generation.
Parameters
full [bool] True to run full prep with formatted equations. Useful in interactive mode
and during document generation.
ncpu [int] Number of cores to be used for parallel processing.
cli [bool] True to indicate running from CLI. It will set quick to True if not full.

precompile [bool] True to compile model function calls after code generation.
Returns
System object if cli is False; exit_code 0 otherwise.
Warning: The default behavior has changed since v1.0.8: when cli is True and full is not True,
quick code generation will be used.
print_license
andes.main.print_license()
Print out Andes license to stdout.
remove_output
andes.main.remove_output(recursive=False)
Remove the outputs generated by Andes, including power flow reports _out.txt, time-domain list
_out.lst and data _out.dat, eigenvalue analysis report _eig.txt.
Parameters
recursive [bool] Recursively clean all subfolders
Returns
bool True is the function body executes with success. False otherwise.
run
andes.main.run(filename, input_path='', verbose=20, mp_verbose=30, ncpu=1, pool=False, cli=False,

codegen=False, shell=False, **kwargs)
Entry point to run ANDES routines.
Parameters
filename [str] file name (or pattern)
input_path [str, optional] input search path
verbose [int, 10 (DEBUG), 20 (INFO), 30 (WARNING), 40 (ERROR), 50 (CRITI-
CAL)] Verbosity level. If config_logger is called prior to run, this option
will be ignored.
mp_verbose [int] Verbosity level for multiprocessing tasks
ncpu [int, optional] Number of cpu cores to use in parallel
pool: bool, optional Use Pool for multiprocessing to return a list of created Systems.
6.6. Others 863

kwargs Other supported keyword arguments

cli [bool, optional] If is running from command-line. If True, returns exit code instead
of System
codegen [bool, optional] Run full code generation for System before loading case. Only
used for single test case.
shell [bool, optional] If True, enter IPython shell after routine.
Returns
System or exit_code An instance of system (if cli == False) or an exit code otherwise..
run_case
andes.main.run_case(case, *, routine='pflow', profile=False, convert='', convert_all='',

add_book=None, codegen=False, autogen_stale=True,
remove_pycapsule=False, **kwargs)
Run single simulation case for the given full path. Use run instead of run_case whenever possible.
Argument input_path will not be prepended to case.
Arguments recognizable by load can be passed to run_case.
Parameters
case [str] Full path to the test case
routine [str, ('pflow', 'tds', 'eig')] Computation routine to run
profile [bool, optional] True to enable profiler
convert [str, optional] Format name for case file conversion.
convert_all [str, optional] Format name for case file conversion, output sheets for all
available devices.
add_book [str, optional] Name of the device to be added to an excel case as a new
sheet.
codegen [bool, optional] True to run codegen
autogen_stale [bool, optional] True to automatically generate code for stale models
remove_pycapsule [bool, optional] True to remove pycapsule from C libraries. Useful
when dill serialization is needed.

save_conf
andes.main.save_conf(config_path=None, overwrite=None, **kwargs)

Save the Andes config to a file at the path specified by save_config. The save action will not run if
save_config = ''.
Parameters
config_path [None or str, optional, ('' by default)] Path to the file to save the config
file. If the path is an emtpy string, the save action will not run. Save to ~/.an-
des/andes.conf if None.
Returns
bool True is the save action is run. False otherwise.
selftest
andes.main.selftest(quick=False, extra=False, **kwargs)

Run unit tests.
set_logger_level
andes.main.set_logger_level(lg, type_to_set, level)

Set logging level for the given type of handler.
versioninfo
andes.main.versioninfo()
Print version info for ANDES and dependencies.
6.6.3 andes.utils.paths
Utility functions for loading andes stock test cases
6.6. Others 865

Functions
andes_root() Return the path to the folder of the ANDES package.

cases_root() Return the root path to the stock cases
confirm_overwrite(outfile[, overwrite]) Confirm overwriting a file.
get_case(rpath[, check]) Return the path to a stock case for a given path rela-
tive to andes/cases.
get_config_path([file_name]) Return the path of the config file to be loaded.
get_dot_andes_path() Return the path to $HOME/.andes
get_log_dir() Get the directory for log file.
get_pycode_path([pycode_path, mkdir]) Get the path to the pycode folder.
list_cases([rpath, no_print]) List stock cases under a given folder relative to
andes/cases
tests_root() Return the root path to the stock cases
andes_root
andes.utils.paths.andes_root()
Return the path to the folder of the ANDES package.
cases_root
andes.utils.paths.cases_root()
Return the root path to the stock cases
confirm_overwrite
andes.utils.paths.confirm_overwrite(outfile, overwrite=None)
Confirm overwriting a file.
get_case
andes.utils.paths.get_case(rpath, check=True)
Return the path to a stock case for a given path relative to andes/cases.
To list all cases, use andes.list_cases().
Parameters
check [bool] True to check if file exists

Examples
To get the path to the case kundur_full.xlsx under folder kundur, do
andes.get_case('kundur/kundur_full.xlsx')
get_config_path
andes.utils.paths.get_config_path(file_name='andes.rc')
Return the path of the config file to be loaded.
Search Priority: 1. current directory; 2. home directory.
Parameters
file_name [str, optional] Config file name with the default as andes.rc.
Returns
Config path in string if found; None otherwise.
get_dot_andes_path
andes.utils.paths.get_dot_andes_path()
Return the path to $HOME/.andes
get_log_dir
andes.utils.paths.get_log_dir()
Get the directory for log file.
The default is <tempdir>/andes, where <tempdir> is provided by tempfile.
gettempdir().
Returns
str The path to the temporary logging directory
get_pycode_path
andes.utils.paths.get_pycode_path(pycode_path=None, mkdir=False)
Get the path to the pycode folder.
6.6. Others 867

list_cases
andes.utils.paths.list_cases(rpath='.', no_print=False)
List stock cases under a given folder relative to andes/cases
tests_root
andes.utils.paths.tests_root()
Return the root path to the stock cases
Classes
DisplayablePath(path, parent_path, is_last)
andes.utils.paths.DisplayablePath
class andes.utils.paths.DisplayablePath(path, parent_path, is_last)
__init__(path, parent_path, is_last)
Methods
displayable()
make_tree(root[, parent, is_last, criteria])
DisplayablePath.displayable
DisplayablePath.displayable()
DisplayablePath.make_tree
classmethod DisplayablePath.make_tree(root, parent=None, is_last=False,

criteria=None)

Attributes
display_filename_prefix_last
display_filename_prefix_middle
display_parent_prefix_last
display_parent_prefix_middle
displayname
DisplayablePath.display_filename_prefix_last
DisplayablePath.display_filename_prefix_last = '└──'
DisplayablePath.display_filename_prefix_middle
DisplayablePath.display_filename_prefix_middle = '├──'
DisplayablePath.display_parent_prefix_last
DisplayablePath.display_parent_prefix_last = '│ '
DisplayablePath.display_parent_prefix_middle
DisplayablePath.display_parent_prefix_middle = ' '
DisplayablePath.displayname
property DisplayablePath.displayname
6.6. Others 869

6.6.4 andes.utils.snapshot
Utility functions for saving and loading snapshots.

Code Examples:
1. Setup base case and save the snapshot for once:
import andes
ss = andes.run(andes.get_case("ieee14/ieee14_linetrip.xlsx"))
ss.Toggle.u.v[:] = 0 # turn off line trips for the base case
xy = ss.TDS.init()
andes.utils.snapshot.save_ss("ieee14_snapshot.pkl", ss)
2. For every scenario afterwards, load the snapshot and apply disturbances:
import andes
ss = andes.utils.snapshot.load_ss("ieee14_snapshot.pkl")
# apply specific disturbances

ss.GENROU.omega.v[0] = 1.02
ss.TDS.run()
Functions
load_ss(path) Load an ANDES snapshot and return a System ob-

ject.
save_ss(path, system) Save a system with all internal states as a snapshot.
load_ss
andes.utils.snapshot.load_ss(path)
Load an ANDES snapshot and return a System object.
Parameters
path [str] Path to the snapshot file.
Returns
andes.system.System The loaded system object

save_ss
andes.utils.snapshot.save_ss(path, system)
Save a system with all internal states as a snapshot.
Returns
Path to the saved snapshot.
Warning: One limitation of the current implementation is version dependency. The snapshots only
work with the specific ANDES version that created it.
6.6.5 andes.utils.widgets
Support for Jupyter widgets.

Please manually install the following dependencies:
• ipywidgets
• ipysheet
If you are using JupyterLab, do
jupyter labextension install @jupyter-widgets/jupyterlab-manager
Functions
edit_sheet(system, model) Use ipysheet to edit parameters of one model.

edit_system(system) Edit a loaded ANDES System with ipywidgets.
on_close(b) Callback for the Close botton.
on_update(b) Callback for the Update button.
edit_sheet
andes.utils.widgets.edit_sheet(system, model: str)

Use ipysheet to edit parameters of one model.
6.6. Others 871

edit_system
andes.utils.widgets.edit_system(system)
Edit a loaded ANDES System with ipywidgets.
on_close
andes.utils.widgets.on_close(b)
Callback for the Close botton. Closes ipywidget objects.
on_update
andes.utils.widgets.on_update(b)
Callback for the Update button. Sets new parameters back to System.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[Cui2021] H. Cui, F. Li and K. Tomsovic, "Hybrid Symbolic-Numeric Framework for Power System Model-
ing and Analysis," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1373-1384, March
2021, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3017019.
[Milano2010] F. Milano, “Power System Modelling and Scripting,” in Power Modelling and Scripting, F.
Milano, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 202-204, 2010.
[Sauer] P. W. Sauer, M. A. Pai, and J. H. Chow, Power system dynamics and stability: with synchrophasor
measurement and power system toolbox, Second edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: IEEE Press, Wiley,
2017.
[PJM5] F. Li and R. Bo, "Small test systems for power system economic studies," IEEE PES General
Meeting, 2010, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/PES.2010.5589973.
[GB] The University of Edinburgh, "Power Systems Test Case Archive", https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/
optenergy/NetworkData/fullGB
[EI] D. Osipov and M. Arrieta-Paternina, "Reduced Eastern Interconnection System Model", [Online].
Available: https://curent.utk.edu/2016SiteVisit/EI_LTB_Report.pdf.
[IEEE] University of Washington, "Power Systems Test Case Archive", [Online]. Available: https://labs.
ece.uw.edu/pstca/
[RLGC] Qiuhua Huang, "RLGC repository", [Online]. Available: https://github.com/RLGC-Project/
RLGC
[MATPOWER] R. D. Zimmerman, "MATPOWER", [Online]. Available: https://matpower.org/
[Nordic] ALSETLab, "Nordpool test system", [Online]. Available: https://github.com/ALSETLab/
Nordic44-Nordpool/tree/master/nordic44/models
[PST] Power System Toolbox, [Online]. Available: https://sites.ecse.rpi.edu/~chowj/PSTMan.pdf
[WECC] K. Sun, "Test Cases Library of Power System Sustained Oscillations". Available: http://web.eecs.
utk.edu/~kaisun/Oscillation/basecase.html
[PSAT] F. Milano, "Power System Analysis Toolbox", [Online]. Available: http://faraday1.ucd.ie/psat.
html
873
874 Bibliography
PYTHON MODULE INDEX
a
andes.cli, 859
andes.interop, 850
andes.interop.gridcal, 850
andes.interop.matpower, 852
andes.interop.pandapower, 854
andes.interop.pypowsybl, 857
andes.io, 839
andes.io.json, 841
andes.io.matpower, 842
andes.io.psse, 844
andes.io.streaming, 845
andes.io.txt, 848
andes.io.xlsx, 849
andes.main, 859
andes.plot, 829
andes.routines, 808
andes.routines.base, 808
andes.routines.criteria, 810
andes.routines.daeint, 810
andes.routines.eig, 814
andes.routines.pflow, 820
andes.routines.tds, 823
andes.system, 777
andes.utils.paths, 865
andes.utils.snapshot, 870
andes.utils.widgets, 871
andes.variables, 794
andes.variables.dae, 794
andes.variables.fileman, 805
andes.variables.report, 806
875
876 Python Module Index

INDEX
Symbols __init__() (andes.core.var.ExtVar method), 320

__init__() (andes.core.discrete.Discrete method),__init__() (andes.core.var.State method), 322
358 __init__() (andes.io.streaming.Streaming
__init__() (andes.core.model.Model method), method), 846
274 __init__() (andes.models.group.GroupBase
__init__() (andes.core.model.ModelCache method), 264
method), 285 __init__() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 831
__init__() (andes.core.model.ModelCall__init__() (andes.routines.base.BaseRoutine
method), 286 method), 808
__init__() (andes.core.model.ModelData __init__() (andes.routines.daeint.BackEuler
__init__() (andes.core.param.BaseParam __init__() (andes.routines.daeint.ImplicitIter
__init__() (andes.core.param.DataParam __init__() (andes.routines.daeint.Trapezoid
__init__() (andes.core.param.ExtParam __init__() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 814
method), 309 __init__() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow method),
__init__() (andes.core.param.IdxParam 820
method), 301 __init__() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 823
__init__() (andes.core.param.NumParam __init__() (andes.system.ExistingModels
__init__() (andes.core.param.TimerParam __init__() (andes.system.System method), 780
method), 312 __init__() (andes.utils.paths.DisplayablePath
__init__() (andes.core.service.BaseService method), 868
method), 339 __init__() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method),
__init__() (andes.core.service.OperationService 795
method), 341 __init__() (andes.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries
__init__() (andes.core.var.Algeb method), 324 method), 803
__init__() (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb method), __init__() (andes.variables.fileman.FileMan
334 method), 805
__init__() (andes.core.var.AliasState method), __init__() (andes.variables.report.Report
332 method), 807
__init__() (andes.core.var.BaseVar method),
317
A
__init__() (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb method), a_reset() (andes.core.model.Model method), 276
329 add() (andes.core.model.ModelData method), 270
__init__() (andes.core.var.ExtState method), 327 add() (andes.core.param.BaseParam method), 297
877
add() (andes.core.param.DataParam method), 299 andes.main

add() (andes.core.param.ExtParam method), 309 module, 859
add() (andes.core.param.IdxParam method), 302 andes.plot
add() (andes.core.param.NumParam method), 306 module, 829
add() (andes.core.param.TimerParam method), 313 andes.routines
add() (andes.models.group.GroupBase method), module, 808
265 andes.routines.base
add() (andes.system.System method), 782 module, 808
add_callback() (andes.core.model.ModelCache andes.routines.criteria
method), 285 module, 810
add_gencost() (in module an- andes.routines.daeint
des.interop.pandapower), 854 module, 810
add_model() (andes.models.group.GroupBase andes.routines.eig
method), 265 module, 814
add_suffix() (in module an- andes.routines.pflow
des.variables.fileman), 805 module, 820
Algeb (class in andes.core.var), 324 andes.routines.tds
AliasAlgeb (class in andes.core.var), 334 module, 823
AliasState (class in andes.core.var), 332 andes.system
alloc_or_extend_names() (an- module, 777
des.variables.dae.DAE method), 796 andes.utils.paths
alter() (andes.core.model.Model method), 276 module, 865
andes.cli andes.utils.snapshot
module, 859 module, 870
andes.interop andes.utils.widgets
andes.interop.gridcal andes.variables
andes.interop.matpower andes.variables.dae
andes.interop.pandapower andes.variables.fileman
andes.interop.pypowsybl andes.variables.report
andes.io andes_root() (in module andes.utils.paths), 866
module, 839 append_ijv() (andes.core.model.ModelCall
andes.io.json method), 286
module, 841 as_df() (andes.core.model.ModelData method),
andes.io.matpower 271
module, 842 as_df_local() (andes.core.model.ModelData
andes.io.psse method), 271
module, 844 as_dict() (andes.core.model.ModelData method),
andes.io.streaming 271
module, 845 as_dict() (andes.system.System method), 782
andes.io.txt assign_memory() (an-
module, 848 des.core.service.BaseService method),
andes.io.xlsx 340
module, 849
878 Index
assign_memory() (an- check_var() (andes.core.discrete.Discrete

des.core.service.OperationService method), method), 360
341 class_name (andes.core.discrete.Discrete prop-
erty), 361
B class_name (andes.core.model.Model property),
BackEuler (class in andes.routines.daeint), 810 285
BaseParam (class in andes.core.param), 295 class_name (andes.core.param.BaseParam prop-
BaseRoutine (class in andes.routines.base), 808 erty), 298
BaseService (class in andes.core.service), 339 class_name (andes.core.param.DataParam prop-
BaseVar (class in andes.core.var), 316 erty), 301
bqplot_data() (andes.plot.TDSData method), class_name (andes.core.param.ExtParam prop-
832 erty), 311
build_group_table() (in module an- class_name (andes.core.param.IdxParam prop-
des.interop.pandapower), 854 erty), 303
build_init() (andes.io.streaming.Streaming class_name (andes.core.param.NumParam prop-
method), 846 erty), 308
build_pattern() (andes.variables.dae.DAE class_name (andes.core.param.TimerParam prop-
class_name (andes.core.service.BaseService prop-
C erty), 340
calc_As() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 815 class_name (andes.core.service.OperationService
calc_eig() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 815 property), 342
calc_h() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 824 class_name (andes.core.var.Algeb property), 326
calc_jac() (andes.routines.daeint.BackEuler class_name (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb property),
static method), 811 336
calc_jac() (andes.routines.daeint.ImplicitIter class_name (andes.core.var.AliasState property),
static method), 812 334
calc_jac() (andes.routines.daeint.Trapezoid static class_name (andes.core.var.BaseVar property),
method), 813 319
calc_pfactor() (andes.routines.eig.EIG class_name (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb property),
method), 815 331
calc_pu_coeff() (andes.system.System method), class_name (andes.core.var.ExtState property),
783 329
calc_q() (andes.routines.daeint.BackEuler static class_name (andes.core.var.ExtVar property), 321
method), 811 class_name (andes.core.var.State property), 324
calc_q() (andes.routines.daeint.ImplicitIter static class_name (andes.models.group.GroupBase prop-
calc_q() (andes.routines.daeint.Trapezoid static class_name (andes.routines.base.BaseRoutine
method), 813 property), 809
call_models() (andes.system.System method), class_name (andes.routines.eig.EIG property), 820
783 class_name (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow prop-
cases_root() (in module andes.utils.paths), 866 erty), 823
check_criteria() (andes.routines.tds.TDS class_name (andes.routines.tds.TDS property), 828
method), 825 clear_arrays() (andes.variables.dae.DAE
check_eq() (andes.core.discrete.Discrete method), method), 797
359 clear_fg() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method),
check_iter_err() (andes.core.discrete.Discrete 797
method), 359 clear_ijv() (andes.core.model.ModelCall
Index 879
method), 286 868

clear_ijv() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method), DisplayablePath (class in andes.utils.paths),
797 868
clear_ts() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method), displayname (andes.utils.paths.DisplayablePath
797 property), 869
clear_xy() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method), do_switch() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method),
797 825
clear_z() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method), doc() (andes.core.model.Model method), 276
798 doc() (andes.models.group.GroupBase method),
collect_config() (andes.system.System 265
method), 783 doc() (andes.routines.base.BaseRoutine method),
collect_ref() (andes.system.System method), 809
783 doc() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 816
config_logger() (in module andes.main), 860 doc() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow method), 821
confirm_overwrite() (in module an- doc() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 825
des.utils.paths), 866 doc() (in module andes.main), 861
connect() (andes.io.streaming.Streaming method), doc_all() (andes.models.group.GroupBase
847 method), 265
connectivity() (andes.system.System method), dump() (in module andes.io), 840
784 dump_data() (in module andes.io.txt), 848
create_parser() (in module andes.cli), 859
E
D e_clear() (andes.core.model.Model method), 276
DAE (class in andes.variables.dae), 795 e_clear() (andes.system.System method), 784
DAETimeSeries (class in andes.variables.dae), e_code (andes.core.var.Algeb attribute), 326
803 e_code (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb attribute), 336
data_to_df() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 833 e_code (andes.core.var.AliasState attribute), 334
DataParam (class in andes.core.param), 298 e_code (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb attribute), 331
deltadelta() (in module andes.routines.criteria), e_code (andes.core.var.ExtState attribute), 329
810 e_code (andes.core.var.State attribute), 324
demo() (in module andes.main), 861 edit_conf() (in module andes.main), 861
df (andes.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries property), edit_sheet() (in module andes.utils.widgets),
805 871
Discrete (class in andes.core.discrete), 358 edit_system() (in module andes.utils.widgets),
display_filename_prefix_last (an- 872
des.utils.paths.DisplayablePath attribute), EIG (class in andes.routines.eig), 814
869 eig_plot() (in module andes.plot), 829
display_filename_prefix_middle (an- example() (in module andes.system), 777
des.utils.paths.DisplayablePath attribute), ExistingModels (class in andes.system), 779
869 export_csv() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 833
display_parent_prefix_last (an- export_mat() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method),
des.utils.paths.DisplayablePath attribute), 816
869 ExtAlgeb (class in andes.core.var), 329
display_parent_prefix_middle (an- externalize() (andes.core.model.Model
des.utils.paths.DisplayablePath attribute), method), 276
869 ExtParam (class in andes.core.param), 308
displayable() (an- ExtState (class in andes.core.var), 326
des.utils.paths.DisplayablePath method), ExtVar (class in andes.core.var), 319
880 Index
F get_call() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 834

f_numeric() (andes.core.model.Model method), get_case() (in module andes.utils.paths), 866
277 get_config_path() (in module an-
f_update() (andes.core.model.Model method), des.utils.paths), 867
277 get_data() (andes.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries
f_update() (andes.system.System method), 784 method), 803
fg (andes.variables.dae.DAE property), 801 get_dot_andes_path() (in module an-
fg_to_dae() (andes.system.System method), 784 des.utils.paths), 867
fg_update() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow get_field() (andes.models.group.GroupBase
fg_update() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), get_fullpath() (an-
825 des.variables.fileman.FileMan method),
FileMan (class in andes.variables.fileman), 805 806
finalize() (andes.io.streaming.Streaming get_header() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 834
method), 847 get_init_order() (andes.core.model.Model
find() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 833 method), 278
find_devices() (andes.system.System method), get_inputs() (andes.core.model.Model method),
784 278
find_idx() (andes.core.model.ModelData get_log_dir() (in module andes.utils.paths), 867
method), 271 get_md5() (andes.core.model.Model method), 278
find_idx() (andes.models.group.GroupBase get_name() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method),
method), 266 798
find_log_path() (in module andes.main), 861 get_names() (andes.core.discrete.Discrete
find_models() (andes.system.System method), method), 360
785 get_names() (andes.core.param.BaseParam
find_param() (andes.core.model.ModelData method), 297
method), 272 get_names() (andes.core.param.DataParam
find_zero_states() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 299
method), 816 get_names() (andes.core.param.ExtParam
fix_view_arrays() (in module andes.system), method), 309
778 get_names() (andes.core.param.IdxParam
from_ipysheet() (andes.system.System method), method), 302
785 get_names() (andes.core.param.NumParam
from_matpower() (in module an- method), 306
des.interop.matpower), 852 get_names() (andes.core.param.TimerParam
method), 313
G get_names() (andes.core.service.BaseService
g_islands() (andes.system.System method), 785 method), 340
g_numeric() (andes.core.model.Model method), get_names() (andes.core.service.OperationService
277 method), 341
g_update() (andes.core.model.Model method), get_names() (andes.core.var.Algeb method), 325
277 get_names() (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb method),
g_update() (andes.system.System method), 785 335
get() (andes.core.model.Model method), 277 get_names() (andes.core.var.AliasState method),
get() (andes.models.group.GroupBase method), 332
266 get_names() (andes.core.var.BaseVar method),
get_block_lines() (in module andes.io.psse), 318
844 get_names() (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb method),
Index 881
330 idx2uid() (andes.core.model.Model method), 279

get_names() (andes.core.var.ExtState method), idx2uid() (andes.models.group.GroupBase
327 method), 267
get_names() (andes.core.var.ExtVar method), IdxParam (class in andes.core.param), 301
320 ImplicitIter (class in andes.routines.daeint),
get_names() (andes.core.var.State method), 323 812
get_next_idx() (an- import_groups() (andes.system.System method),
des.models.group.GroupBase method), 786
266 import_models() (andes.system.System method),
get_output_ext() (in module andes.io), 840 786
get_property() (andes.core.param.BaseParam import_pycode() (in module andes.system), 778
method), 297 import_routines() (andes.system.System
get_property() (andes.core.param.DataParam method), 786
method), 300 info (andes.variables.report.Report property), 807
get_property() (andes.core.param.ExtParam init() (andes.core.model.Model method), 279
method), 310 init() (andes.routines.base.BaseRoutine method),
get_property() (andes.core.param.IdxParam 809
method), 302 init() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 816
get_property() (andes.core.param.NumParam init() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow method), 821
method), 306 init() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 826
get_property() (andes.core.param.TimerParam init() (andes.system.System method), 787
method), 314 init_resume() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method),
get_pycode_path() (in module an- 826
des.utils.paths), 867 internalize() (andes.core.model.Model
get_size() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method), method), 279
798 is_time() (andes.core.param.TimerParam
get_tex_names() (andes.core.discrete.Discrete method), 314
method), 360 itm_step() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 826
get_times() (andes.core.model.Model method),
278 J
get_values() (andes.core.discrete.Discrete j_islands() (andes.system.System method), 787
method), 360 j_numeric() (andes.core.model.Model method),
get_values() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 834 279
get_z() (andes.system.System method), 786 j_update() (andes.core.model.Model method),
GroupBase (class in andes.models.group), 264 279
guess() (in module andes.io), 840 j_update() (andes.system.System method), 787
guess_event_time() (andes.plot.TDSData
method), 834 L
l_check_eq() (andes.core.model.Model method),
H 280
handle_alter() (andes.io.streaming.Streaming l_update_eq() (andes.system.System method),
method), 847 787
handle_event() (andes.io.streaming.Streaming l_update_var() (andes.core.model.Model
l_update_var() (andes.system.System method),
I 788
idx2model() (andes.models.group.GroupBase link_ext_param() (andes.system.System
882 Index
link_external() (andes.core.param.ExtParam andes.interop.matpower, 852

method), 310 andes.interop.pandapower, 854
link_external() (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb andes.interop.pypowsybl, 857
method), 335 andes.io, 839
link_external() (andes.core.var.AliasState andes.io.json, 841
method), 332 andes.io.matpower, 842
link_external() (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb andes.io.psse, 844
method), 330 andes.io.streaming, 845
link_external() (andes.core.var.ExtState andes.io.txt, 848
method), 327 andes.io.xlsx, 849
link_external() (andes.core.var.ExtVar andes.main, 859
method), 320 andes.plot, 829
list2array() (andes.core.discrete.Discrete andes.routines, 808
method), 361 andes.routines.base, 808
list2array() (andes.core.model.Model method), andes.routines.criteria, 810
280 andes.routines.daeint, 810
list_cases() (in module andes.utils.paths), 868 andes.routines.eig, 814
load() (in module andes.main), 862 andes.routines.pflow, 820
load_config_rc() (in module andes.system), andes.routines.tds, 823
778 andes.system, 777
load_dae() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 835 andes.utils.paths, 865
load_lst() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 835 andes.utils.snapshot, 870
load_npy_or_csv() (andes.plot.TDSData andes.utils.widgets, 871
method), 835 andes.variables, 794
load_plotter() (andes.routines.tds.TDS andes.variables.dae, 794
method), 826 andes.variables.fileman, 805
load_ss() (in module andes.utils.snapshot), 870 andes.variables.report, 806
mpc2system() (in module andes.io.matpower),
M 843
m2mpc() (in module andes.io.matpower), 843
main() (in module andes.cli), 859 N
make_GSF() (in module an- n (andes.core.param.BaseParam property), 298
des.interop.pandapower), 855 n (andes.core.param.DataParam property), 301
make_link_table() (in module an- n (andes.core.param.ExtParam property), 312
des.interop.pandapower), 855 n (andes.core.param.IdxParam property), 304
make_tree() (andes.utils.paths.DisplayablePath n (andes.core.param.NumParam property), 308
class method), 868 n (andes.core.param.TimerParam property), 316
misc() (in module andes.main), 862 n (andes.core.service.BaseService property), 340
mock_refresh_inputs() (an- n (andes.core.service.OperationService property), 342
des.core.model.Model method), 280 n (andes.models.group.GroupBase property), 268
Model (class in andes.core.model), 272 newton_krylov() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow
ModelCache (class in andes.core.model), 285 method), 821
ModelCall (class in andes.core.model), 286 nr_solve() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow method),
ModelData (class in andes.core.model), 269 821
module nr_step() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow method),
andes.cli, 859 822
andes.interop, 850 numba_jitify() (andes.core.model.Model
andes.interop.gridcal, 850 method), 280
Index 883
NumParam (class in andes.core.param), 304 refresh() (andes.core.model.ModelCache

method), 285
O refresh_inputs() (andes.core.model.Model
on_close() (in module andes.utils.widgets), 872 method), 281
on_update() (in module andes.utils.widgets), 872 refresh_inputs_arg() (an-
OperationService (class in andes.core.service), des.core.model.Model method), 281
341 register_debug_equation() (an-
des.core.model.Model method), 281
P reload() (andes.system.System method), 789
panoview() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 835 reload_submodules() (in module an-
parse() (in module andes.io), 840 des.system), 778
parse_y() (in module andes.plot), 829 remove_output() (in module andes.main), 863
PFlow (class in andes.routines.pflow), 820 remove_pycapsule() (andes.system.System
plot() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 836 method), 789
plot() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 816 Report (class in andes.variables.report), 807
plot() (in module andes.main), 862 report() (andes.routines.base.BaseRoutine
plot_data() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 838 method), 809
plot_root_loci() (andes.routines.eig.EIG report() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 818
method), 817 report() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow method),
plotn() (andes.plot.TDSData method), 839 822
post_init_check() (andes.core.model.Model report() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 826
method), 281 report_info() (in module an-
post_process() (andes.routines.eig.EIG des.variables.report), 806
method), 818 request_address() (andes.variables.dae.DAE
preamble() (in module andes.cli), 859 method), 799
precompile() (andes.core.model.Model method), require_gridcal() (in module an-
281 des.interop.gridcal), 851
precompile() (andes.system.System method), 788 require_matpower() (in module an-
prepare() (andes.core.model.Model method), 281 des.interop.matpower), 853
prepare() (andes.system.System method), 788 require_pandapower() (in module an-
prepare() (in module andes.main), 862 des.interop.pandapower), 855
print_array() (andes.variables.dae.DAE require_pypowsybl() (in module an-
method), 798 des.interop.pypowsybl), 857
print_license() (in module andes.main), 863 reset() (andes.core.var.Algeb method), 325
reset() (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb method), 335
R reset() (andes.core.var.AliasState method), 333
r_code (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb attribute), 336 reset() (andes.core.var.BaseVar method), 318
r_code (andes.core.var.AliasState attribute), 334 reset() (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb method), 331
r_code (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb attribute), 332 reset() (andes.core.var.ExtState method), 328
r_code (andes.core.var.ExtState attribute), 329 reset() (andes.core.var.ExtVar method), 321
read() (in module andes.io.json), 841 reset() (andes.core.var.State method), 323
read() (in module andes.io.matpower), 843 reset() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 826
read() (in module andes.io.psse), 845 reset() (andes.system.System method), 789
read() (in module andes.io.xlsx), 849 reset() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method), 799
read_add() (in module andes.io.psse), 845 reset() (andes.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries
read_file_like() (in module andes.io), 841 method), 804
record_module_init() (an- resize_arrays() (andes.variables.dae.DAE
des.io.streaming.Streaming method), 847 method), 799
884 Index
restore() (andes.core.param.ExtParam method), set() (andes.core.param.NumParam method), 307

310 set() (andes.core.param.TimerParam method), 315
restore() (andes.core.param.NumParam set() (andes.models.group.GroupBase method),
method), 307 267
restore() (andes.core.param.TimerParam set() (andes.variables.fileman.FileMan method),
method), 314 806
restore_sparse() (andes.variables.dae.DAE set_address() (andes.core.var.Algeb method),
method), 799 325
rewind() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 827 set_address() (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb
run() (andes.routines.base.BaseRoutine method), method), 336
809 set_address() (andes.core.var.AliasState
run() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 818 method), 333
run() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow method), 822 set_address() (andes.core.var.BaseVar
run() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 827 method), 318
run() (in module andes.main), 863 set_address() (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb
run_case() (in module andes.main), 864 method), 331
runopp_map() (in module an- set_address() (andes.core.var.ExtState method),
des.interop.pandapower), 856 328
set_address() (andes.core.var.ExtVar method),
S 321
s_numeric() (andes.core.model.Model method), set_address() (andes.core.var.State method),
282 323
s_numeric_var() (andes.core.model.Model set_address() (andes.system.System method),
method), 282 790
s_update() (andes.core.model.Model method), set_all() (andes.core.param.BaseParam
282 method), 298
s_update_post() (andes.core.model.Model set_all() (andes.core.param.DataParam
s_update_post() (andes.system.System method), set_all() (andes.core.param.ExtParam method),
790 311
s_update_var() (andes.core.model.Model set_all() (andes.core.param.IdxParam method),
method), 282 303
s_update_var() (andes.system.System method), set_all() (andes.core.param.NumParam
790 method), 307
save_conf() (in module andes.main), 865 set_all() (andes.core.param.TimerParam
save_config() (andes.system.System method), method), 315
790 set_arrays() (andes.core.var.Algeb method),
save_output() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 326
827 set_arrays() (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb
save_ss() (in module andes.utils.snapshot), 871 method), 336
selftest() (in module andes.main), 865 set_arrays() (andes.core.var.AliasState
send_init() (andes.io.streaming.Streaming method), 333
method), 847 set_arrays() (andes.core.var.BaseVar method),
set() (andes.core.model.Model method), 282 318
set() (andes.core.param.BaseParam method), 297 set_arrays() (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb method),
set() (andes.core.param.DataParam method), 300 331
set() (andes.core.param.ExtParam method), 310 set_arrays() (andes.core.var.ExtState method),
set() (andes.core.param.IdxParam method), 303 328
Index 885
set_arrays() (andes.core.var.ExtVar method), store_existing() (andes.system.System

321 method), 792
set_arrays() (andes.core.var.State method), 323 store_no_check_init() (andes.system.System
set_backref() (andes.core.model.Model method), 792
method), 283 store_sparse_ijv() (an-
set_backref() (andes.models.group.GroupBase des.variables.dae.DAE method), 800
method), 268 store_sparse_pattern() (an-
set_config() (andes.system.System method), 790 des.core.model.Model method), 284
set_dae_names() (andes.system.System method), store_sparse_pattern() (an-
791 des.system.System method), 792
set_font() (in module andes.plot), 830 store_switch_times() (andes.system.System
set_in_use() (andes.core.model.Model method), method), 792
283 Streaming (class in andes.io.streaming), 846
set_latex() (in module andes.plot), 830 streaming_init() (andes.routines.tds.TDS
set_logger_level() (in module andes.main), method), 827
865 streaming_step() (andes.routines.tds.TDS
set_method() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), method), 828
827 summary() (andes.routines.base.BaseRoutine
set_output_subidx() (andes.system.System method), 809
method), 791 summary() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 818
set_pu_coeff() (andes.core.param.ExtParam summary() (andes.routines.pflow.PFlow method),
method), 311 822
set_pu_coeff() (andes.core.param.NumParam summary() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method), 828
method), 307 summary() (andes.system.System method), 793
set_pu_coeff() (andes.core.param.TimerParam supported_models() (andes.system.System
set_style() (in module andes.plot), 830 sweep() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 819
set_t() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method), 800 switch_action() (andes.core.model.Model
set_var_arrays() (andes.system.System method), 284
method), 791 switch_action() (andes.system.System method),
setup() (andes.system.System method), 791 793
solve_iter() (andes.core.model.Model method), sync_and_handle() (an-
283 des.io.streaming.Streaming method), 848
solve_iter_single() (an- System (class in andes.system), 779
des.core.model.Model method), 283 system2mpc() (in module andes.io.matpower),
sort_psse_models() (in module andes.io.psse), 844
845
State (class in andes.core.var), 321 T
stats() (andes.routines.eig.EIG method), 818 t_const (andes.core.var.AliasState attribute), 334
step() (andes.routines.daeint.BackEuler static t_const (andes.core.var.ExtState attribute), 329
method), 811 TDS (class in andes.routines.tds), 823
step() (andes.routines.daeint.ImplicitIter static TDSData (class in andes.plot), 831
method), 812 tdsplot() (in module andes.plot), 830
step() (andes.routines.daeint.Trapezoid static test_init() (andes.routines.tds.TDS method),
method), 813 828
store() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method), 800 testlines() (in module andes.io.json), 842
store_adder_setter() (andes.system.System testlines() (in module andes.io.matpower), 844
method), 791 testlines() (in module andes.io.psse), 845
886 Index
testlines() (in module andes.io.xlsx), 849 v_numeric() (andes.core.model.Model method),

tests_root() (in module andes.utils.paths), 868 284
TimerParam (class in andes.core.param), 312 vars_to_dae() (andes.system.System method),
to_array() (andes.core.param.ExtParam 794
method), 311 vars_to_models() (andes.system.System
to_array() (andes.core.param.NumParam method), 794
method), 308 vars_to_modules() (an-
to_array() (andes.core.param.TimerParam des.io.streaming.Streaming method), 848
method), 315 vars_to_pmu() (andes.io.streaming.Streaming
to_gridcal() (in module andes.interop.gridcal), method), 848
851 versioninfo() (in module andes.main), 865
to_ipysheet() (andes.system.System method),
793
W
to_matpower() (in module an- warn_init_limit() (an-
des.interop.matpower), 853 des.core.discrete.Discrete method), 361
to_pandapower() (in module an- write() (andes.variables.report.Report method),
des.interop.pandapower), 856 807
to_pypowsybl() (in module an- write() (in module andes.io.json), 842
des.interop.pypowsybl), 858 write() (in module andes.io.xlsx), 849
transpose_matlab_row() (an- write_lst() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method),
des.io.streaming.Streaming static method), 800
848 write_npy() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method),
Trapezoid (class in andes.routines.daeint), 813 801
write_npz() (andes.variables.dae.DAE method),
U 801
undill() (andes.system.System method), 793 X
unpack() (andes.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries
x_name_output (andes.variables.dae.DAE prop-
method), 804
erty), 802
unpack_df() (an-
x_tex_name_output (andes.variables.dae.DAE
des.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries method),
property), 802
804
xy (andes.variables.dae.DAE property), 802
unpack_np() (an-
xy_name (andes.variables.dae.DAE property), 802
des.variables.dae.DAETimeSeries method),
xy_tex_name (andes.variables.dae.DAE property),
804
802
update() (andes.variables.report.Report method),
xyz (andes.variables.dae.DAE property), 802
807
xyz_name (andes.variables.dae.DAE property), 802
update_from_df() (an-
xyz_tex_name (andes.variables.dae.DAE prop-
des.core.model.ModelData method), 272
erty), 803
V Y
v (andes.core.service.OperationService property), 342 y_name_output (andes.variables.dae.DAE prop-
v_code (andes.core.var.Algeb attribute), 326 erty), 803
v_code (andes.core.var.AliasAlgeb attribute), 337 y_tex_name_output (andes.variables.dae.DAE
v_code (andes.core.var.AliasState attribute), 334 property), 803
v_code (andes.core.var.ExtAlgeb attribute), 332
v_code (andes.core.var.ExtState attribute), 329 Z
v_code (andes.core.var.State attribute), 324 zip_ijv() (andes.core.model.ModelCall method),
286
Index 887

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ANDES Manual

Aug 11, 2023

5 Model reference 423

Python Module Index 875

1.1 Package Overview

• Report issues in the GitHub issues page

1.2.1 New to Python

mamba create --name andes python=3.8

Activate the new environment with

mamba activate andes

4 Chapter 1. Getting started

1.2.2 Extra support package

To install packages in the dev when installing ANDES, do:

pip install andes[dev]

To install all extra packages, do:

pip install andes[all]

1.2.3 Develop Install

git clone https://github.com/cuihantao/andes

mamba install --file requirements.txt

Alternatively, you can install them with pip:

pip install -r requirements.txt

Step 3: Install ANDES in the development mode using

python3 -m pip install -e .

6 Chapter 1. Getting started

1.2.4 Updating ANDES

conda install -c conda-forge --yes andes

If you install it from PyPI (namely, through pip), run

python3 -m pip install --yes andes

1.2.5 Uninstall Multiple Copies

If you get an error message on Windows, reading

1.3.1 Command line

usage: andes [-h] [-v {1,10,20,30,40}]

Note: If the andes command is not found, it could be due to

8 Chapter 1. Getting started

Note: Some subcommands have shorthand names:

test_docs (test_1st_system.TestCodegen) ... ok

10 Chapter 1. Getting started

Working directory: "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/kundur"

andes run kundur_full.xlsx -p /home/hacui/cases

andes run kundur_full.xlsx kundur_motor.xlsx

The output will look like

Working directory: "/home/hacui/repos/andes/andes/cases/kundur"

andes run kundur_*.xlsx

andes run kundur_full.xlsx

andes run /home/user/andes/cases/kundur/kundur_full.xlsx

12 Chapter 1. Getting started

To run the time domain simulation (TDS) for kundur_full.xlsx, run

andes run kundur_full.xlsx -r tds

The output looks like:

Parsing input file "kundur_full.xlsx"...

-> Power flow calculation

-> Time Domain Simulation Summary:

andes run kundur_full.xlsx -r tds -s -n

<Toggle 1>: Line.Line_8 status changed to 0 at t=2.0 sec.

14 Chapter 1. Getting started

(continued from previous page)

andes run kundur_full.xlsx --convert json

The output messages will look like