Statistics

Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that involves the collection, description,

analysis, and inference of conclusions from quantitative data. The mathematical theories behind
statistics rely heavily on differential and integral calculus, linear algebra, and probability theory.

Descriptive Statistics

In the descriptive Statistics, the Data is described in a summarized way. The summarization is
done from the sample of the population using different parameters like Mean or standard
deviation. Descriptive Statistics are a way of using charts, graphs, and summary measures to
organize, represent, and explain a set of Data.

 Data is typically arranged and displayed in tables or graphs summarizing details such as
histograms, pie charts, bars or scatter plots.

 Descriptive Statistics are just descriptive and thus do not require normalization beyond
the Data collected.
Inferential Statistics

In the Inferential Statistics, we try to interpret the Meaning of descriptive Statistics. After the
Data has been collected, analyzed, and summarised we use Inferential Statistics to describe the
Meaning of the collected Data.

 Inferential Statistics use the probability principle to assess whether trends contained in
the research sample can be generalized to the larger population from which the sample
originally comes.

 Inferential Statistics are intended to test hypotheses and investigate relationships between
variables and can be used to make population predictions.

 Inferential Statistics are used to draw conclusions and inferences, i.e., to make valid
generalizations from samples.

 Mean, Median and Mode in Statistics

 Mean: Mean is considered the arithmetic average of a Data set that is found by adding
the numbers in a set and dividing by the number of observations in the Data set.
 Median: The middle number in the Data set while listed in either ascending or
descending order is the Median.
 Mode: The number that occurs the most in a Data set and ranges between the highest and
lowest value is the Mode.
Measures of Dispersion in Statistics

The measures of central tendency do not suffice to describe the complete information about a
given Data. Therefore, the variability is described by a value called the measure of dispersion.

The different measures of dispersion include:

1. The range in Statistics is calculated as the difference between the maximum value and the
minimum value of the Data points.

2. The quartile deviation that measures the absolute measure of dispersion. The Data points
are divided into 3 quarters. Find the Median of the Data points. The Median of the Data
points to the left of this Median is said to be the upper quartile and the Median of the
Data points to the right of this Median is said to be the lower quartile. Upper quartile -
lower quartile is the interquartile range. Half of this is the quartile deviation.

3. The Mean deviation is the statistical measure to determine the average of the absolute
difference between the items in a distribution and the Mean or Median of that series.

4. The standard deviation is the measure of the amount of variation of a set of values.
Stages of Statistics

1. Collection of Data:

This is the first step of statistical Analysis where we collect the Data using different methods
depending upon the case.

2. Organizing the Collected Data:

In the next step, we organize the collected Data in a Meaningful manner. All the Data is made
easier to understand.

3. Presentation of Data:

In the third step we simplify the Data. These Data are presented in the form of tables, graphs, and
diagrams.

4. Analysis of the Data:

Analysis is required to get the right results. It is often carried out using measures of central
tendencies, measures of dispersion, correlation, regression, and interpolation.

5. Interpretation of Data:

In this last stage, conclusions are enacted. Use of comparisons is made. On this basis, forecasting
is made.

Uses of Statistics

 Statistics helps to obtain appropriate quantitative Data.

 Statistics helps to present complex Data for the simple and consistent Interpretation of the
Data in a suitable tabular, diagrammatic, and graphic form.

 Statistics help to explain the nature and pattern of variability through quantitative
observations of a phenomenon.

 Statistics help to depict the Data in tabular form, or in a graphical form in order to
understand it properly.

Applications of Statistics

 Statistics is used in Machine Learning and Data Mining.

 Statistics is used in Mathematics.

  Statistics is used in Economics.

Functions of Statistics:

Statistics has patently two broad functions. The first of these functions is description and the

summarizing of information in a manner so as to make it more usable. The second function of

statistics is induction, which involves either making generalizations about some ‘population’ on

the basis of a sample drawn from this population or formulating general laws on the basis of

repeated observations.

Limitations of Statistics:

1. On average, the laws of statistics are correct.

2. For quantitative results, statistical approaches are best applicable.

3. On heterogeneous data, statistics cannot be implemented.

4. In gathering, analyzing, and interpreting the data, if adequate care is not taken,
statistical findings can be misleading.

5. Statistical data can be treated effectively only by a person who has professional
knowledge of statistics.

6. In statistical judgments, certain errors are possible.

7. Inferential statistics, in particular, include such errors.

Graphical Representation

Graphical representation is another way of analysing numerical data. A graph is a chart through
which data are represented in the form of lines or curves drawn across the coordinated points
plotted on the surface.

Types of Graphical Representation

Data can be represented in different ways such as graphs, charts, plots etc. There are different
types of graphical representations of data. Some of them are as follows:
1. Bar Graph

2. Pie Chart

3. Line Graph

4. Pictograph

5. Histogram

6. Frequency Distribution

7. Scatter Plot

Bar Graph: A bar graph is a pictorial representation of data in which bars of uniform
width are drawn with equal spacing between them. The height of each bar depends on the
values they represent.

Example: The given bar graph shows the number of matches played by different teams.

Pie Chart: A pie chart is a representation of values as slices of a circle with different
colours. The slices are labelled and the numbers corresponding to each slice are also
represented in the chart.

Example: The given figure is an example of the pie chart.

Line Graph: A line graph is a type of graph which is used to show information that changes
over time. We can plot the line graph by joining several points with straight lines. A line graph is
also called a line chart. A line graph contains two axes i.e., the x-axis and the y-axis.

Example: The given figure is an example of a line graph.

Pictograph: A way of graphing categorical data by using pictures to represent data items. In
other words, pictographs are a way of representing statistical data using symbolic figures to
match the frequencies of different kinds of data.

Example: The given figure is an example of a pictograph.

Histogram: The histogram is a type of graph that shows continuous data represented on a two-
dimensional graph. In the histogram, the bars are placed side by side without a gap between
consecutive bars. The histogram is a very popular method of presenting continuous series and
class intervals.

Example: The given figure is an example of a histogram.

Frequency Distribution: A frequency distribution is a representation, either in graphical or

tabular format, that displays the number of observations within a given interval. The interval
must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive. Frequency distributions are typically used within a
statistical context.

Example: The given figure is an example of frequency distribution.

Scatter Plot: Scatter plots show many points plotted in the Cartesian plane. Each point
represents the values of two variables. One variable is chosen on the horizontal axis and the other
on the vertical axis.

Example: The given figure is an example of a scatter