MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World

Lesson #3

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Materials:
Lesson Title: Differentiating Inductive and Deductive Reasoning Student Activity Sheets

Learning Objectives: At the end of this module, you should be able to: References:
1. Determine statements with inductive and deductive reasoning www.mathhelp.com
2. Compare and contrast inductive and deductive arguments. www.mathboothcamps.com
1. www.assessment.training.com

Productivity Tip: “Breathe, smile and think of happy thoughts. Keep your actions or tasks up to date and assign
deadlines to a task. ”

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Introduction (2 mins)
Inductive and deductive reasoning are two fundamental forms of reasoning for mathematicians. The
forms of theorems and proofs that we rely on today all began with these two types of reasoning. Even today,
mathematicians are actively using these two types of reasoning to discover new mathematical theorems
and proofs. Did you notice that the patterns in nature are all arranged logically? Believe it or not, you yourself
might be using inductive and deductive reasoning when you make assumptions about how the world works.

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

Instructions: Write in the first column what you know about the given questions. The third column is left
blank at this time.

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1. Which is easy to construct,
inductive or deductive reasoning?

2. Is deductive conclusion always

true?

3. What is inductive reasoning in

math?

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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Lesson #3

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

B. MAIN LESSON
Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

✓ Inductive Reasoning “bottom-up logic” Deductive Reasoning “top-down logic”

✓ From facts to details and ✓ Starts with conclusion,

moves to a general then explains the facts,
conclusion. details and examples.
✓ It is probabilistic. ✓ Links premises with
✓ It is strong or weak conclusions.
✓ Can be proven false ✓ If all premises are true and
clear, the conclusion must
also be true.
Illustration: (Inductive) Illustration: (Deductive)
"The coin I pulled from the bag is a ₱10. The “All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore,
second coin is a ₱10. A third coin from the bag is a Harold is mortal."
₱10. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are ₱10’s."
For deductive reasoning, the hypothesis must be
In inductive reasoning, you go from specific to the
correct. It is assumed that the premises, "All men
general; that is, make many observations, discern a
are mortal" and "Harold is a man" are true.
pattern, make a generalization, and infer an
Therefore, the conclusion is logical and true.
explanation or a theory.
In deductive reasoning, it is possible to come to a
Even if all of the premises are true in a statement,
logical conclusion even if the generalization is not
inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be
true. For example, "All bald men are
false. Here's an example: "Harold is a grandfather.
grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is
Harold is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are bald."
a grandfather," is valid logically but it is untrue
The conclusion does not follow logically from the
because the original statement is false.
statements.

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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Lesson #3

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

At this point, you must have tried your best to compare and contrast inductive and deductive reasoning.
Try to make your own reasoning: The argument should consist of three (3) sentences, indicate whether
you are using inductive or deductive reasoning and Underline the conclusion.

How would you convince your parents or guardian to give you extra cash?

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Part 1. Identify the reasoning process, inductive or deductive.

___________1. My country requires all lawyers pass the bar to practice. If I do not pass the bar, then I will not
be able to represent someone legally.
___________ 2. All dolphins are mammals. All mammals have kidneys. Then all dolphins have kidneys.
___________ 3. All triangles have three interior angles that sum to 180°. Right triangles have exactly one
90° angle and two angles that add to 90°.Therefore, the two remaining angles of all right
triangles must each be acute
___________ 4. The left-handed people I know use left-handed scissors; therefore, all left-handed
people use left-handed scissors.
___________ 5. The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The chair in the
bedroom is red. All the chairs in the house are red.

Part 2. Examine the given inductive sequences. Determine the next term or figure and write your
answer on the third column.
Number Pattern/Sequence Missing term or figure
1)

2)

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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Lesson #3

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

3)

4) 1 2 4 5
, , 1, , , 2
3 3 3 3
5) CH4 , C2 H6 , C3 H8 , C4 H10,

Part 3. Given in inductive or deductive arguments. Rewrite each argument from inductive to deductive
reasoning approach or vise versa. (The first two are done for you and serve as examples.)

1) Deductive Reasoning: The first lipstick I pulled from my bag is red. All lipsticks in my bag are red.
Therefore, the second lipstick I pull from my bag will be red, too.

Inductive Reasoning: The first lipstick I pulled from my bag is red. The second lipstick I pulled from my
bag is red. Therefore, all the lipsticks in my bag are red.

2) Inductive Reasoning: Most of our snowstorms come from the north. It's starting to snow. This
snowstorm must be coming from the north.

Deductive Reasoning: All of our snowstorms come from the north. It's starting to snow. Therefore, the
storm is coming from the north.

3) Inductive Reasoning: My mother is Irish. She has blond hair. Therefore, everyone from Ireland has
blond hair.

Deductive Reasoning: _______________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

4) Deductive Reasoning: Max is a shelter dog. All shelter dogs are happy. Therefore, he is happy.

Inductive Reasoning: _______________________________________________________________

“Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS.
Write your score on your paper.”

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

Instructions: Review the questions in the What I Know Chart from Activity 1 and write your answers to the
questions based on what you now know in the third column of the chart.

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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Lesson #3

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Practice Exercise: Write the type of reasoning (inductive or deductive) for each of the following arguments.

Type of Arguments
Reasoning
1) Jennifer always leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. Jennifer is always on time.
Jennifer assumes, then, that if she leaves at 7:00 a.m. for school today, she will
be on time.

2) Every chicken we've seen has been brown. All chickens in this area must be
brown.

3) Every windstorm in this area comes from the north. I can see a big cloud of
dust in the distance. A new windstorm is coming from the north.

4) Ray is a football player. All the other football players on the high school team
weigh more than 170 pounds. Therefore, Ray must weigh more than 170 pounds.

5) Let x be equal to 5. Hence, 2x + 1 = 11.

6) All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a 5,

so it must be divisible by 5.

7) All birds have feathers. All robins are birds. Therefore, robins have feathers.

8) I must have 40 credits to graduate this summer. Because I only have 38 credits, I will
not be graduating this summer.

9) All cats have a keen sense of smell. Fluffy is a cat, so Fluffy has a keen sense
of smell.

10) Cacti are plants, and all plants perform photosynthesis. Therefore, cacti
perform photosynthesis.

“Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS.
Write your score on your paper.”

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
A. Work Tracker
You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session number you just
completed.

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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Lesson #3

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

B. Think about your Learning

Let’s discuss your learning experience about the different activities in this module.

1. What parts were challenging for you to do? Why do you think was it challenging for you?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. In a scale of 1-5, 1 being low and 5 being high, how successful were you in meeting today’s lesson
objectives? Why do you say so? What factors contributed to this? What changes, if any should you do
for your next lesson.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
FAQs
1). Is scientific method uses deductive or inductive?
The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories. "In deductive inference, we hold
a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its consequences. That is, we predict what the
observations should be if the theory were correct. We go from the general — the theory — to the
specific — the observations," said Dr. Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, a researcher and professor emerita
at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Inductive reasoning has its place in the scientific method. Scientists use it to form hypotheses and
theories. Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations.

2) Why is deductive reasoning stronger than inductive?

Deductive reasoning is stronger than inductive reasoning because it: A. draws conclusions based on
premises everyone can agree on.

3) Is deductive reasoning always true?

A properly constructed deductive argument is always “logically” right, but that doesn't mean it
necessarily results in a truthful conclusion. ... To be logically valid, the conclusion must follow
necessarily from the premises. to be sound, however, the premises must actually be true in the first
place.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS (1 point for each correct answer)

Activity 3. Part 1. (1) deductive (2) deductive (3) deductive (4) inductive (5) inductive

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 MAT 152: Mathematics in the Modern World
Lesson #3

Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Part 2.
1) 2) 3.) 4) 5)
32 7 C5 H12
3

Part 3.
3) Deductive Reasoning: My mother is Irish. Everyone from Ireland has blond hair. Therefore, my
mother has blond hair.
4) Inductive Reasoning: Max is a shelter dog. He is happy. All shelter dogs are happy.

Activity 5. (1) inductive (2) inductive (3) inductive (4) inductive (5) inductive
(6) deductive (7) deductive (8) deductive (9) deductive (10) deductive

Suggested videos only:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/reasoning-in-mathematics-inductive-and-deductive-reasoning.html
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-home/alg-series-and-induction/alg-deductive-and-inductive-
reasoning/v/deductive-reasoning-1

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