Group No: 1.

Module Name: ME2061

Semester: 3

Thick wall Cylinder

By

Index No. Name Marks

200107M De Silva H.G.A.E.

Date of submission 20/12/2022

Due date of submission 20/12/2022

Advisors’/Instructors’ names, associations and signature

Mr. D.M.D.T.D. Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Nandalal University of Moratuwa

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Moratuwa
Sri Lanka
Summary
For the purpose of storing substance, we use thick and thin wall cylinders. But in industrial
applications thick wall cylinders are widely used. because they have more capability to handle
large amount of pressure.
In this practical, we use thick wall cylinder apparitor and found the hoop and radial strains in
the cylinder and compare them with theoretical values.

Table of Contents
Summary ................................................................................................................................ 1

Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... 1

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 2

2. THEORY ........................................................................................................................... 3

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 6

5. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS .......................................................................................... 11

6. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 21

7. CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................. 25

8. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 26

1
 1. INTRODUCTION

All engineers must be able to understand how stress will affect typical shapes and forms. They
may make the correct decisions about the kind and thickness of materials for their own designs
using this knowledge. When a thick-walled cylinder is under stress from an internal pressure,
the experiment demonstrates that stresses in the walls of the cylinder.

Many "real world" applications, such as pressure containers and medium calibre gun or
cannon barrels, are comparable to this configuration. Electrical sensors make up strain gauges.
When an outside force stretches them or compresses them, their electrical resistance varies.
Displacement is directly related to this shift in resistance (strain). Small zigzag-cut metal foil
sheets are used as strain gauges. They are placed on a backing sheet for mechanical stability
and electrical insulation because they are only a few microns thick. The surface of the structural
component being examined has gauges glued to it. The surface of the component to which the
strain gauge is attached extends and contracts with it.

Aim
• To find the hoop and radial strains in the cylinder and compare them with theoretical
values.
• To prove that the longitudinal strain in this Thick Cylinder is very small compared with
the other strain values.

Objectives
• To identify the strains of the walls of a thick wall cylinder when it is under stress from
an internal pressure
• To identify stress and strain distribution in the walls of a thick cylinder.
• To understand how to predict the stress and strain in a thick cylinder.
• To understand the use of strain gauges.
• To understand about the shear stress in thick cylinders.

2
 2. THEORY

Figure 1 shows a cylinder subjected to a uniformly distributed internal pressure 𝑃. The figure
also shows an element of material at a radius 𝑟, contained inside the cylinder. It can be seen
the three kinds of stresses act on the element namely, hoop stress (𝜎𝐻), radial stress (𝜎𝑅),
longitudinal stress (𝜎𝐿), respectively.

Fig.1

Fig.2

By consider the equilibrium of above small section,

𝑑𝜃
[𝜎𝑅 + 𝑑𝜎𝑅 ][(𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟)𝑑𝜃] = 𝜎𝑅 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 + 2𝜎𝐻 sin ( ) 𝑑𝑟
2

𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
But ,sin ( 2 ) ≈ , ( Since 𝑑𝜃 is too small)
2

𝑑𝜃
[𝜎𝑅 + 𝑑𝜎𝑅 ][(𝑟 + 𝑑𝑟)𝑑𝜃] − 𝜎𝑅 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 − 2𝜎𝐻 𝑑𝑟 = 0
2

3
𝜎𝑅 𝑟𝑑Ɵ + 𝜎𝑅 𝑑𝑟𝑑Ɵ + 𝑑𝜎𝑅 𝑟𝑑Ɵ + 𝑑𝜎𝑅 𝑑𝑟𝑑Ɵ − 𝜎𝑅 𝑟𝑑Ɵ − 𝜎𝐻 𝑑Ɵ𝑑𝑟 = 0

By neglecting the second order terms (since they are comparatively small), we can get
𝑟 𝑑𝜎𝑅 + 𝑑𝑟 𝜎𝑅 − 𝑑𝑟 𝜎𝐻 = 0

𝑟 𝑑𝜎𝑅 + 𝑑𝑟( 𝜎𝑅 − 𝜎𝐻 ) = 0

𝑑𝜎𝑅 ( 𝜎𝑅 − 𝜎𝐻 )
+ =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑟

Assume,

𝐵
𝜎𝐻 = 𝐴 − 𝑟 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝐵
𝜎𝑅 = 𝐴 + ; 𝐴, 𝐵 𝜖 ℝ, 𝑅1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑅2
𝑟2

applying the boundary conditions,

When 𝑟 = 𝑅1 ; 𝜎𝑅 = −𝑃, ; P is the gauge pressure in side the cylinder

𝐵
−𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝑅2
1

And 𝑟 = 𝑅2 ; 𝜎𝑅 = 0,

𝐵
0 = 𝐴 + 𝑅2
2

From solving the above equations, it can be obtained,

𝑃𝑅 2 𝑃 𝑅12 𝑅22
𝐴 = 𝑅2−𝑅1 2 and 𝐵 = −
2 1 𝑅22 −𝑅12

𝑅2
By taking 𝑘 = 𝜖 + ℝ > 1,
𝑅1

−𝑃 𝑃𝑅22
𝐴= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =
1−𝑘 2 1−𝑘 2

𝐵
From equation for 𝜎𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝑟 2 ,

𝑃 𝑅2
𝜎𝑅 = [1 − 𝑟 22 ] <0 ---------
(𝑘 2 −1)

4
 𝐵
From equation for 𝜎𝐻 = 𝐴 − 𝑟 2 ,

𝑃 𝑅2
𝜎𝐻 = [1 + 𝑟 22 ] >0 ----------
(𝑘 2 −1)

The maximum shear stress will occur at the inner radius of the cylinder.

1
Maximum shear stress = × (difference of the two principal stresses)
2

1
[𝜏(max) ] = × ( 𝜎𝑅 − 𝜎𝐻 )
2

1 𝑃 𝑅22 𝑃 𝑅22
[𝜏(max) ] = × [ 2 [1 − 2 ] − 2 [1 + 2 ]]
2 (𝑘 − 1) 𝑟 (𝑘 − 1) 𝑟

𝑃𝑘 2
[𝜏(max) ] = 2
𝑘 −1

Theoretical strains are given,

1
𝜀𝐻 = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝑅 )
𝐸 𝐻

1
𝜀𝑅 = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝐻 )
𝐸 𝑅

−𝜐
𝜀𝐿 = (𝜎 + 𝜎𝑅 )
𝐸 𝐻

From them we can get theoretical stresses as follows,

𝐸
𝜎𝐻 = 1−𝜐2 (𝜐𝜀𝑅 + 𝜀𝐻 ) ----------

𝐸
𝜎𝑅 = 1−𝜐2 (𝜐𝜀𝐻 + 𝜀𝑅 ) ----------

5
 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Apparatus

Fig.3

The Thick Cylinder is an aluminum alloy cylinder with thick walls. As seen in the illustration,
the cylinder is supported by a strong frame and is placed on top of a steel box. Electrical
components for the electronic strain gauge display and circuitry for an optional versatile data
acquisition system are housed in the steel box (VDAS). With the aid of a suitable computer,
VDAS will provide data gathering. Hydraulic hand Pumps are utilized to exert internal pressure
on the cylinder. The oil pressure in the cylinder is shown via a mechanical pressure gauge of
the Bourdon type. The cylinder has thirteen strain gauges that are positioned in various
locations to allow researchers to examine how strain fluctuates at various cross-sectional radii
and at the inner and outer walls. Following image shown the strain gauge arrangement in a
cross section of the cylinder.

6
The strain display on the front of the equipment shows the readings from each strain gauge.
That gives negative reading for a compressive strain, and a positive reading is a tensile strain.

Procedure —Task 1

• Switched on the power to the Thick Cylinder and leave it for at least thirty minutes
before start the experiment.
• A blank table was created for results, similar to Table l.
• The pump hand wheel was unscrewed until the pressure gauge shows zero pressure.
• The Cylinder outside and inside diameters were recorded.
• The 'Press & hold to zero' button was used to zero the strain gauge display readings and
the 'Scroll Readings' button was used to scroll through the strain gauge readings from
1 to 13.
• The pump hand wheel was Screwed in (turned clockwise) until the pressure was at
maximum pressure (approximately 7 MNm-2). Wait a few seconds for the readings to
stabilize and the readings and the pressure were recorded into the results table.

7
 • The pump Hand Wheel was Turned anticlockwise to reduce the indicated pressure back
to 0 MNm-2

Procedure —Task 2

• A blank table was Created, similar to Table 3.

• The pump Hand Wheel was unscrewed until the pressure gauge shows zero
pressure.
• The 'Press & hold to zero' button was used to zero the strain gauge display readings.
The 'Scroll Readings' button was used to scroll through the strain gauge readings
from 1 to 13.
• The first set of readings (at zero pressure) were entered into the blank results table.
• The pump handwheel was screwed in (turned clockwise) until the pressure is
approximately 1 MN/m2.
• Waited few seconds for the readings to stabilize and the readings were recorded into
the results table.
• The pressure in 1 MN/m2 was carefully increased up to 7 MN/m2 one by one MN/
m2. At each increment, waited for the readings to stabilize and the readings ware
recorded into the results table.
• The pump Hand Wheel was turned anticlockwise to reduce the indicated pressure
back to 0 MN/m2.

8
4. OBSERVATIONS

9
10
 5. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

TASK 1
Calculate theoretical hoop and radial stresses, for an internal pressure of 7 MN/m2
Hoop stresses,
75
when 𝑟 = 18.5 𝑚𝑚, 𝑘 = 18.5 = 4.054,

𝑃 𝑅22
𝜎𝐻 = 2 (1 + 2 )
𝑘 −1 𝑟
7 × 106 752
𝜎𝐻 = × (1 + )
4.0542 − 1 18.52
𝜎𝐻 = 7.91 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //
As same as we can get the hoop stresses for other r values,
When 𝑟 = 28 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝐻 = 3.71 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 36 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝐻 = 2.42 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 45 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝐻 = 1.71 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 56 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝐻 = 1.27 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 63 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝐻 = 1.10 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 75 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝐻 = 0.91 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

Radial stresses,

75
when 𝑟 = 18.5 𝑚𝑚, 𝑘 = 18.5 = 4.054,

𝑃 𝑅22
𝜎𝑅 = (1 − )
𝑘2 − 1 𝑟2

7 × 106 752
𝜎𝐻 = × (1 − )
4.0542 − 1 18.52

𝜎𝑅 = −7.00 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

11
As same as we can get the radial stresses for other r values,

When 𝑟 = 28 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝑅 = −2.80 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 36 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝑅 = −1.51 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 45 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝑅 = −0.81 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 56 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝑅 = −0.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 63 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝑅 = −0.19 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

When 𝑟 = 75 𝑚𝑚, 𝜎𝑅 = 0 𝑀𝑃𝑎 //

Calculate theoretical hoop and radial strain at all radii.

Hoop strains,

When 𝑟 = 18.5 𝑚𝑚, E = 73 GPa and 𝜐 = 0.33

1
𝜀𝐻 = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝑅 )
𝐸 𝐻

1
𝜀𝐻 = (7.91 − 0.33 × (−7.00)) × 106
73 × 109

𝜀𝐻 = 139.96 × 10−6 //

As same as we can get the hoop strains for other r values,

When 𝑟 = 28 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝐻 = 63.4 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 36 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝐻 = 40.02 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 45 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝐻 = 27.11 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 56 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝐻 = 18.91 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 63 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝐻 = 15.87 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 75 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝐻 = 12.42.× 10−6 //

12
Radial strains,

When 𝑟 = 18.5 𝑚𝑚,

1
𝜀𝑅 = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝐻 )
𝐸 𝑅

1
𝜀𝐻 = (−7.00 − 0.33 × 7.91) × 106
73 × 109

𝜀𝐻 = −139.96 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 28 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝑅 = −55.12 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 36 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝑅 = −31.70 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 45 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝑅 = −18.79 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 56 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝑅 = −10.66 × 10−6 //

When 𝑟 = 63 𝑚𝑚, 𝜀𝑅 = −7.55 × 10−6 //

Calculate the theoretical longitudinal strain at the outside of the cylinder.

−𝜐
𝜀𝐿 = (𝜎 + 𝜎𝑅 )
𝐸 𝐻

−0.33
𝜀𝐿 = 9
(0.91 + 0) × 106
73 × 10

𝜀𝐿 = −4.10 × 10−6 //

13
Create a chart of Hoop Strain and Radial Strain vs radii.

Data table for the graph

Radius(mm) Hoop Strain Radial Strain

18.5 130 -
28 63 -30
36 49 -14
45 33 -20
56 23 4
63 20 8
75 15 4

14
 MEASURED STRAIN VS RADIUS(mm)
200

150

100
Macrostrain

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

-50
Radius(mm)
Hoop Strain Radial Strain

15
Create a chart of Hoop Stress and Radial Stress vs radii.

Data table for the graph

Radius(mm) Hoop Stress (MNm-2) Radial Stress (MNm-2)

18.5 - -

28 4.35 -0.754

36 3.636 -0.178

45 2.163 -0.746

56 1.992 0.946

63 1.885 1.196

75 - -

16
 MEASURED STRESS VS RADIUS(mm)
5

2
Stress(MNm-2)

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

-1
Radius(mm)
Hoop Stress Radial Stress

-2

17
Calculate the shear stress for the cylinder at maximum pressure.

75
𝑘= = 4.054,
18.5
𝑃𝑘 2
[𝜏(max) ] = 2
𝑘 −1

7 × 106 × 4.0542
[𝜏(max) ] =
4.0542 − 1

[𝜏(max) ] = 7.454 𝑀𝑁𝑚−2 //

18
Create the chart of theoretical stress curves against derived stress curves (stress vs 1/r2)
and compare them

Data table for the graph

Theoretical (MNm-2) Derived (MNm-2)

1/r2 Hoop Stress Radial Stress Hoop Stress Radial Stress

2.92 7.91 -7.00 - -

1.28 3.71 -2.80 4.35 -0.754
0.77 2.43 -1.51 3.636 -0.178
0.49 1.71 -0.81 2.163 -0.746
0.32 1.27 -0.36 1.992 0.946
0.25 1.09 -0.19 1.885 1.196
0.18 0.91 - - -

19
 STRESS VS 1/r2
10

6
Stress(MNm-2)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

-2

-4

-6

1/r2(mm-2))

-8
Hoop Stress (Theoretical) Radial Stress (Theoretical)

Linear (Hoop Stress (Derived)) Linear (Radial Stress (Derived))

20
 6. DISCUSSION
Create a graph of strain (y axis) vs Pressure (x axis).

Data table for the graph,

Strain (x10-6)

Gauge 01 Gauge 02 Gauge 11

Pressure (MNm-2)
0 0 18 11

1 8 10 28

2 19 5 46

3 27 -1 62

4 36 -8 79

5 44 -17 95

6 54 -23 130

7 63 -29 131

21
 STRAIN VS PRESSURE

160

140

120

100
Strain

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

-20 Pressure

-40
Gauge 1 Gauge 2 Gauge3

22
Prove the linearity of each strain gauge,
Gauge 1
It is a hoop strain gauge at 𝑟 = 28 𝑚𝑚,

1
𝜀𝐻 = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝑅 )
𝐸 𝐻

𝑃 𝑅2 𝑃 𝑅2
𝜎𝐻 = 𝑘 2 −1 (1 + 𝑟 22 ) and 𝜎𝑅 = [1 − 𝑟 22 ]
(𝑘 2 −1)

𝑃 𝑅22 𝑃 𝑅22
𝐸 𝜀𝐻 = 2 (1 + 2 ) − 𝜐 2 [1 − 2 ]
𝑘 −1 𝑟 (𝑘 − 1) 𝑟

1 𝑅22 𝑅22
𝜀𝐻 = (1 + − 𝜐 + 𝜐 ) ×𝑃
𝐸(𝑘 2 − 1) 𝑟2 𝑟2

𝑅22
(1 − 𝜐 + (1 + 𝜐))
𝑟2
𝜀𝐻 = ×𝑃
𝐸(𝑘 2 − 1)

𝑅 2
(1−𝜐+ 22 (1+𝜐))
𝑟
For a given 𝑟 (𝑟 = 28 𝑚𝑚) value = 𝐴, is a constant. (Because E, k, r, 𝑅2 are
𝐸(𝑘 2 −1)

all constants)

𝜀𝐻 = 𝐴. 𝑃

𝑦=𝑚𝑥

Therefore, Graph of 𝜀𝐻 with P will be a linear graph. //

Gauge 2
is a radial strain gauge at 𝑟 = 28 𝑚𝑚,
1
𝜀𝑅 = (𝜎 − 𝜐𝜎𝐻 )
𝐸 𝑅

𝑃 𝑅22 𝑃 𝑅22
𝐸 𝜀𝑅 = 2 [1 − 2 ] − 𝜐 2 (1 + 2 )
(𝑘 − 1) 𝑟 𝑘 −1 𝑟

23
 𝑃 𝑅22 𝑃 𝑅22
𝐸 𝜀𝑅 = 2 [1 − 2 ] − 𝜐 2 (1 + 2 )
(𝑘 − 1) 𝑟 𝑘 −1 𝑟

𝑅22
(1 − 𝜐 − (1 + 𝜐))
𝑟2
𝜀𝐻 = ×𝑃
𝐸(𝑘 2 − 1)

𝑅 2
(1−𝜐+ 22 (1+𝜐))
𝑟
For a given 𝑟 (𝑟 = 28 𝑚𝑚) value = 𝐵, is a constant. (Because E, k, r, 𝑅2 are
𝐸(𝑘 2 −1)

all constants)

𝜀𝑅 = 𝐵. 𝑃

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥

Therefore, graph of 𝜀𝑅 with P will be a linear graph. //

Gauge 11
it is a circumferential (hoop)strain gauge at 𝑟 = 18.5 𝑚𝑚, Hence as same as we proved for the
gauge 1 we can prove that
𝑅 2
(1−𝜐+ 22 (1+𝜐))
𝑟
𝜀𝐻 = ×𝑃 for gauge 11 when r =18.5mm
𝐸(𝑘 2 −1)

Therefore, it is also has a linear relation between pressure and strain. //

Discuss the obtained results and the any significance of chosen strain gauges.

➢ Theoretical values and experimental values were compared using graphing

software, and it is clear that there is a deviation between the theoretical and
experimental values. Some reasons might be occurred for that. Those are,
➢ We did not consider the longitudinal stress for theoretical calculations.
➢ The cylinder may not be reached its steady state when we take the readings.
➢ Human errors can also cause for the difference between theoretical and
experimental values.

24
 ➢ The material is not perfectly built, any faults will cause a variance between the
values estimated and measured.
➢ There can be instrumental errors in experimental apparatus.
➢ We got data for gauges 1, 2, and 11. The gauges 1 and 2 are in the middle of the
wall as well as the gauge 1 is a hoop strain gauge and the gauge 2 is a radial strain
gauge so though the results of the gauge 1 and 2 we can get an understanding about
how the hoop and radial strains varies with the internal pressure inside the wall.
Therefore, by considering that the data represent the average values for the cylinder.
The gauge 11 is a surface gauge. So we can get an understanding about the internal
surface strains from it’s data.

7. CONCLUSIONS
➢ The stress and strain values inside the thick wall cylinder’s wall is not same for the wall
it is changing with the radius.
➢ Theoretical values were not exactly same for the experimental values in this practical,
above reasons can be cased for the deviation.
➢ The hoop and radial stresses are inversely proportional with the square of the radius of
the cylinder
➢ The internal pressure has a linear relation with the strain values for a given radius.

25
8. REFERENCES

➢ “International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology,” IJERT. [Online].

Available: https://www.ijert.org/. [Accessed: 27-Dec-2022].

➢ “Stress in thick-walled cylinders or tubes,” Engineering ToolBox. [Online]. Available:

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/stress-thick-walled-tube-d_949.html.
[Accessed: 27-Dec-2022].

➢ “Thick cylinder,” TecQuipment. [Online]. Available:

https://www.tecquipment.com/thick-cylinder. [Accessed: 27-Dec-2022].

➢ “Thick pressure vessels,” Thick Pressure Vessels | Engineering Library. [Online].

Available: https://engineeringlibrary.org/reference/thick-pressure-vessels-air-force-
stress-manual. [Accessed: 27-Dec-2022].

➢ Thick walled cylinders - roy mech. [Online]. Available:

https://roymech.org/Useful_Tables/Mechanics/Cylinders.html. [Accessed: 27-Dec-
2022].

26