26/06/2020

PLANE GEOMETRY
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, MP

𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐴𝑁𝐺𝐿𝐸𝑆(𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 1):
𝐶𝐴𝑆𝐸 1: 𝐶𝐴𝑆𝐸 2: 𝐶𝐴𝑆𝐸 3:

𝑎
ℎ ℎ
𝜃

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1 1 1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴= 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2 2 2

𝐶𝐴𝑆𝐸 4:

Heron’ s formula:
𝐴= 𝑆 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 (𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑎 𝑐
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Where: S =
2
S = semi-perimeter
𝑏

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1. Two sides of a triangle measure 36 m and 49 m. One possible dimension of the

third side is
a. 84 m c. 85 m
b. 12 m d. 13 m

Solution:
a = 49 m
b = 36 m
c?
Try c = a + b
c = 49 + 36 = 85 c = 85

a = 49

b = 36 m b = 36 m a = 49
c = 85
c = 85
c = 85

Try c > (a + b) Try c < (a + b)

c > 85 c < 85
c = 100 c = 80

a = 49

b = 36 m

c = 100
c = 80

c = 100

c = 80

c < 85
c = 100 c < (a + b)

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a = 49 m
b = 36 m
c?
Try c = a - b
c = 49 - 36 = 13

a = 49
a = 49
b = 36 m

b = 36 m c = 13
c = 13
a = 49

c = 13

a = 49 m
b = 36 m
c?
Try c < (a – b)
c < 13

a = 49
a = 49
b = 36 m

c=5
a = 49

c < 13

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a = 49 m
b = 36 m
c?
Try c > (a – b)
c > 13

a = 49
a = 49
b = 36 m

c = 20

a = 49

c > (a - b)

(a – b) < c < (a + b)

13 < c < 85

a. 84 m c. 85 m
b. 12 m d. 13 m

C = 84 m

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2. Two sides of a triangle measure 14 cm and 25 cm. The perimeter of the

triangle may be
a. 78 cm c. 86 cm
b. 56 cm d. 50 cm

Possible length of the third side :

11 < c < 39
(25 - 14) < c < (25 + 14)
50 < P < 78
11 < c < 39
Try 𝐶1 = 11 P = 56 cm

𝑃1 = 14 + 25 + 11 = 50 (𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡)

Try 𝐶2 = 39

𝑃2 = 14 + 25 + 39 = 78 (𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡)

3. A triangular lot ABC with BC = 400 m and B = 50° is divided into two
parts by the line DE = 150 m which is parallel to BC. Points D and E are
located on the sides AB and AC, respectively. The area of the segment
BDEC is 50,977 m2. Find the area of ΔABC.
a. 57,176.47 m2 c. 59,318.69 m2
b. 60,581.10 m2 d. 61,761.77 m2
B
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠:

𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑐 400 2
= ( )
D 𝐴𝑎𝑑𝑒 150
𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑐 400 2
= ( )
𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 50,977 150

𝐴𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 59,318.69 m2

A E C

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𝑆𝑄𝑈𝐴𝑅𝐸 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑅𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐺𝐿𝐸:

𝑆 ℎ

𝑆 𝑏

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ = 𝑆 2 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ

𝑃 = 4𝑆 𝑃 = 2𝑏 + 2ℎ

4. The distances from a point inside a square to its

vertices are 3m, 4m and 5m, consecutively. Find
the side of the square.
a. 5.654 c. 6.254
b. 1.426 d. 1.264 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤:
x 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 - 2bcc0sA
𝐵 C
𝐴BO:
90 − 𝜃
32 = 𝑥 2 + 42 - 2x(4)c0s 𝜃
𝜃
𝑥2 + 7
c0s 𝜃 = (1)
x 8𝑥
𝑂𝐵𝐶:
52 = 𝑥 2 + 42 - 2x(4)c0s (90 − 𝜃)
𝑂 𝑥2− 9
c0s (90 − 𝜃) = 8𝑥
𝐴 𝑥2 − 9
c0s (90 − 𝜃) = Sin 𝜃 = 8𝑥
(2)

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𝑥2 + 7 𝑥2 + 7 2 𝑥2 − 9 2
c0s 𝜃 = (1) X (
8𝑥
) +(
8𝑥
)
8𝑥

𝑥2 − 9 a. 5.654 1.00
Sin 𝜃 = 8𝑥
(2)
b. 1.426 1.00
Recall: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 =1
c. 6.254 1.21
𝑥2 + 7 2 𝑥2 − 9 2
( ) +( ) =1 d. 1.264 1.26
8𝑥 8𝑥

a. 5.654 c. 6.254
b. 1.426 d. 1.264

𝐵 C

a. 5.654

𝐷2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
b. 1.426
x 𝐷=x 2

𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑥 = 1.426
𝑂
𝐷 = 1.426 2 = 2.02 𝑚
𝐴
x
𝑇𝑟𝑦 𝑥 = 5.654

𝐷 = 5.654 2 = 8.00 𝑚

D
x

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5. A triangle with sides measuring 18 m, 25 m, and 29 m circumscribes a rectangle. The

longer side of the rectangle lies on the 29-m side of the triangle. If the area of the
rectangle is one-third the area of the triangle, find the longer side of the rectangle.
a. 16.31 m c. 20.93 m
b. 17.28 m d. 22.87 m
B

18 m
x 25 m

Arec = 1/3 Atr y

A C
29 m

B
Heron’ s formula:
𝐴= 𝑆 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 (𝑠 − 𝑐)

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
S=
2

18 m
25+18+29
25 m S= = 36
2

𝐴= 𝑆 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 (𝑠 − 𝑐)

𝐴= 36 36 − 25 36 − 18 (36 − 29)

A C
29 m 𝐴𝑡𝑟 = 18 154

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𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤:
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 - 2abc0s𝜃

182 = 252 + 292 - 2(25)(29)c0s𝜃

18 m 𝜃 = 38.04°
25 m
1
A = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2

1
A= 25 29 sin 38.04°
2
𝜃
Atr = 18 154
A C
29 m

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠:

𝑥 29
=
h-y h−y ℎ

18 m 25 m ℎ = 25𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 15.405
x
h
Arec = 1/3 Atr

Arec = 1/3 Atr y Arec = x y = 1/3 Atr

𝜃 x y = (1/3)(18 154)

A C y = 6 154/𝑥
29 m
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠:
𝑥 29
=
h−y ℎ
𝑥 29
= 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟕 𝒎
15.405 − 6 154/𝑥 15.405

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6. A triangle was cut from every corner of a square with a 28-cm side to form
a rectangle whose length is twice its width. Find the area of the rectangle.
a. 226.84 cm2 c. 348.44 cm2
b. 174.22 cm2 d. 303.15 cm2

28 - x x

x
28 - x y

2y

28

28 - x

28

28 - x x

x
𝑥2 + 𝑥2 = 𝑦2
28 - x y
2 𝑥2 = 𝑦2 (1)
2y

28 (28 − 𝑥)2 +(28 − 𝑥)2 = (2𝑦)2

28 - x
2(28 − 𝑥)2 = 4𝑦 2
(28 − 𝑥)2 = 2𝑦 2
784 – 56x + 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦 2 (2)
28
784 – 56x + 𝑥 2 = 2(2𝑥 2 )

𝟑𝒙𝟐 +56x - 784 = 0

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28 - x x

𝟑𝒙𝟐 +56x - 784 = 0

x
28 - x y
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
2y
𝑥2 = - 28
28
2 𝑥2 = 𝑦2 1
28 - x

A = 2y(y)

A = 2𝑦 2 = 2(2𝑥 2 )
28

A = 4𝑥 2 = 4(9.3333)2

A = 348.44cm2

𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐿𝑂𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑀:

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1: 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2:

𝑎
ℎ
𝜃

𝑏 𝑏

1 1
𝐴=2 𝑏ℎ = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴=2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
2

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 3:

𝑑1 1
𝐴= 𝑑 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝛼 2 1 2
𝑑2

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𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦:

𝑑1
𝑎

𝑑2

𝑑1 2 + 𝑑2 2 = 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )

7. The bases of the parallelogram measure 15 m and the distance between them is 12
m. Find the area of the parallelogram.
a. 180 m2 c. 200 m2
b. 160 m 2 d. 150 m2

ℎ = 12 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ = 15 12 = 180 m2

𝑏 = 15

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8. The diagonals of a parallelogram measure 48 m and 70 m. If they

intersect at an angle of 51°, find the area of the parallelogram.
a. 1,590.25 m2 c. 1,305.61 m2
b. 2,611.21 m 2 d. 3,180.50 m2

1
𝐴= 𝑑 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
2 1 2

𝑑1 =48
1
𝐴= 48 70 sin(51°)
𝛼 = 51° 2
𝑑2 = 70
A = 1,305.61 m2

9. The sides of a parallelogram measure 25 cm and 40 cm. One of its interior angles
measures 78°. If the consecutive midpoints of the sides are connected, find the
area of the figure thus formed.
a. 489.07 cm2 c. 978.15 cm2
b. 366.81 cm 2 d. 733.61 cm2

Solution 1: 40

25 Aform

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Solution 1: 40
20 20

A2 78°
102° A1
12.5
12.5

25 Aform

12.5 12.5
78° A1 A2 102°

20 20
𝐴 𝑇 = 25 40 sin(78°) = 978.15 cm2

Aform = 𝐴 𝑇 - 2A1 -2A2

Aform = 978.15 – 2[ ½ (20)(12.5)sin(78°)] - 2[ ½ (12.5)(20)sin(102°)]

Aform = 489.07 cm2

Solution 2:

𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑
Aformed =
2

Aquad = 978.15 cm2

978.15
Aformed =
2

Aformed = 489.07 cm2

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RHOMBUS:

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1: 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2:

𝑏
ℎ
𝜃

𝑏 𝑏

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝐴 = 𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 3:
1
𝐴= 𝑑 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑑1 2 1 2

𝛼 = 90°
𝛼
𝑑2
1
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2

10. The diagonals of a rhombus measure 50 and 96 . Find its area.

a. 3,600 m2 c. 2,400 m2
b. 1,800 m 2 d. 1,200 m2

𝑑1 =50
1
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2
𝛼
1
𝑑2 = 96 𝐴= 50 96
2

A = 2,400 m2

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11. Each side of a rhombus measures 32 m. The product of its diagonals is 1,924 m2. Find
its shorter diagonal.
a. 32.03 m c. 36.69 m
b. 42.19 m d. 52.55 m

1
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
1
𝐴 = (1924) = (32)2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2

𝜃 = 69.96 °
32 m 𝑑1
𝜃 = 180 − 69.96 = 110.04°

𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤

𝑑1 2 = 322 + 322 - 2(32)(32)cos(69.96 °)

32 m
𝒅𝟏 = 36.69 m

TRAPEZOID:

CASE 1: CASE 2:

𝑎 𝑎

𝜃 𝛼
𝑏 𝑏

1 1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2
𝐴=
2
𝑎+𝑏 ℎ 𝐴 = 2(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼)

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12. The base angles of a trapezoid are 34° and 48°, respectively. If its upper and lower
bases are 120 m and 220 m, respectively, compute the area of the trapezoid.
a. 6,723.98 m2 c. 8,371.60 m2
b. 6,206.44 m 2 d. 7,133.97 m2

𝑎 = 120
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1: 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2
𝐴 = 2(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼)

𝛼=48° 1 2202 − 1202

𝜃 = 34° 𝐴 = 2( )
𝑐𝑜𝑡 (34°)+𝑐𝑜𝑡(48°)
𝑏 =220

𝐴 = 7, 133.97 m2

𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 1
𝐴= 𝑎+𝑏 ℎ
𝑎 = 120 2
𝑥 + 120 + 𝑦 = 220

x + y = 100 (1)

ℎ
ℎ ℎ tan 34 = (2)
𝑥

ℎ
tan 48 = (3)
𝑦

𝑥 𝑦 x + y = 100
𝑏 =220
ℎ ℎ
+ = 100
𝑡𝑎𝑛34 𝑡𝑎𝑛48

h = 41.96

1 1
𝐴= 𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ = 120 + 220 41.96 = 𝟕𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟕m2
2 2

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13. A trapezoid having an altitude of 60 cm and bases of 116 cm and 152 cm is divided
into two parts by a line parallel to the bases. Find the length of the dividing line if the
areas of the two parts are in the ratio 2:3.
a. 147.08 cm c. 143.19 cm
b. 131.59 cm d. 138.73 cm

116

𝐴1

x 𝐴1
60 = 2/3
𝐴2

𝐴2

152

𝐴1
Solution 1: = 2/3
𝐴2

116 1
116 + 𝑥 𝑦
2 = 2/3
1
(𝑥 + 152)(60 − 𝑦)
2
𝐴1 116 + 𝑥 𝑦 2
y = (1)
(𝑥 + 152)(60 − 𝑦) 3
𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠:
x
60
𝑦 60
X -116 =
𝑥 − 116 36
60 - y
𝐴2 60
y= 𝑥 − 116 (2)
36

𝟔𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟔 + 𝒙 [ 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏𝟔 ]
𝟑𝟔 = 𝟐/𝟑
𝟔𝟎
116 36 (𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝟐)(𝟔𝟎 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏𝟔 )
𝟑𝟔
152

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𝟔𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟔 + 𝒙 [ 𝟏𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙 ] 𝟐
𝟑𝟔 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕
𝟔𝟎
𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓𝟐)(𝟔𝟎 − 𝟏𝟏𝟔 − 𝒙 ) 𝟑
𝟑𝟔

a. 147.08 cm 5.56

b. 131.59 cm 0.67

c. 143.19 cm 2.71

d. 138.73 cm 1.5

solution 2: formula 𝐴1
= 2/3
𝐴2

116
𝑎2 + 𝑚𝑏 2
𝑥=
1+𝑚
𝐴1
𝐴1
x 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑚=
60 𝐴2

2
𝐴2 1162 + (152)2
𝑥= 3
2
1+
3
152
𝑥 = 131.59 cm

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GENERAL QUADRILATERAL: (𝒏𝒐 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆)

B
Bretschneider Formula:
a
Aquad = 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

A 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝜃=
2
b
d 𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷
𝜃= =
2 2

D 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
S= 2
c

14. A quadrilateral ABCD has sides AB = 17 m, BC = 25 m, CD = 23 m and DA = 19 m. If

angle BAD = 49 °, find the area of the quadrilateral.
a. 260.93 m2 c. 271.68 m2
b. 291.75 m 2 d. 317.00 m2
B
solution 1:

17 Aquad = 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

17+25+23+19
S= = 42
2
A
49 ° d 𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷
𝜃= =
25 2 2
19
cosine law:
DAB:

D d = 192 + 172 − 2 19 17 cos(49°)

BCD:
23

C d = 252 + 232 − 2 25 23 cos 𝐶

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17

cosine law:
DAB:
A
49 ° d
𝑑2 = 192 + 172 − 2 19 17 cos(49°)
25
19 BCD:

𝑑2 = 252 + 232 − 2 25 23 cos 𝐶

D
C = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 °
𝐴+𝐶 49+36.216
23 𝜃= = = 42.608°
2 2
C

Aquad = 42 − 17 42 − 25 42 − 23 42 − 19 − 17(25)(23)(19)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 42.608°

Aquad = 291.75 m2

B
Solution 2:
17
𝑨𝑻 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐

𝑨𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
A 𝑨𝑻 = 𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟒𝟗 + 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟏𝟔
49 ° d 𝟐 𝟐
25
𝑨𝑻 = 291.75 m2
19 𝑨𝟐

D
𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 °

23

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15. A quadrilateral ABCD has sides AB = 103 m, BC = 90 m, CD = 159 m, and DA = 71 m. Its

interior angle at vertex B measures 80°. Consecutive midpoints of the quadrilateral are
connected forming another quadrilateral. Find the area of the quadrilateral thus formed.
a. 1,102.53 m2 c. 4,410.10 m2
b. 2,646.06 m2 d. 3,307.58 m2
B
Solution:
103
80°
𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑
Aformed =
2
A

90
71

159
C

B
cosine law:
103 ABC:
80°
𝑑2 = 1032 + 902 − 2 103 90 cos(80)
A ADC:
𝑨𝟏
90 𝑑2 = 712 + 1592 − 2 71 159 cos 𝐷
71
d 𝑫 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟑°
𝑨𝟐
𝑨𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐
D
𝟏 𝟏
𝑨𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟗𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟖𝟎 + 𝟕𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝟗 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟒𝟖. 𝟗𝟑°)
159 𝟐 𝟐

C 𝑨𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅 = 8820.2044 m2

𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 8820.2044
Aformed = =
2 2

Aformed = 4410.10 m2

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CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL:
Brahmagupta’s Formula:
A
a Aquad = 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 𝑠−𝑑
B

d SOOA = 180° = 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 𝐵 + 𝐷

𝑑1 b SOOA 180°
𝑑2 𝜃= = = 90°
2 2

Property: Ptolemy’s theorem

D
c C 𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑

16. A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle. Its sides are 13 m, 21 m, 32 m, and 18 m,

consecutively. Find the area of the quadrilateral.
a. 356.07 m2 c. 402.33 m2
b. 331.25 m 2 d. 382.31 m2

A
13 Solution 1:
B

18 Aquad = 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 𝑠−𝑑

21
13+21+32+18
𝑠= = 42
2

D
32 C Aquad = 42 − 13 𝑠42 − 21 42 − 32 (42 − 18)

Aquad = 382.31 m2

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A
13 Solution 2:
B Aquad = 𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑑 + 𝐴𝑏𝑐𝑑

Cosine law:
18
ABD:
𝑑1 𝑑2 21 𝑑1 2 = 132 + 182 − 2 13 18 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 (1)

BCD:
𝑑1 2 = 212 + 322 − 2 21 32 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
D
32 C A + C = 180
C = 180 – A

𝑑1 2 = 212 + 322 − 2 21 32 cos 180 − 𝐴 (2)

A = 122.44°

Aquad = 𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑑 + 𝐴𝑏𝑐𝑑

= ½ (18)(13)sin(122.44) + ½ (21)(32)sin(180 – 122.44)

Aquad = 382.31 m2

17. The sides of a cyclic quadrilateral measure 12.18 m, 8.42 m, 16.69 m, and 13.04 m,
consecutively. Find the product of its diagonals.
a. 291.11 m c. 328.43 m
b. 276.38 m d. 313.08 m
A
a = 12.18 Property: Ptolemy’s theorem
B
𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
d = 13.04
𝑑1 𝑑2 = 12.18(16.69) +8.42(13.04)
𝑑1 𝑑2 b= 8.42
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐 = 313.08 m

D
c = 16.69 C

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Situation: From the figure shown below :

18. Determine the value of b. 19. Determine the value of 𝑑1 .

a. 72.06 m c. 81.69 m a. 291.11 m c. 328.43 m
b. 73.75 m d. 68.59 m b. 276.38 m d. 313.08 m

B Solution:
b
C
ACD:
𝑑1 97.292 = 502 + 702 − 2 50 70 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷
D = 107.1604851°

B + D = 180°
B = 180 – D = 72.83951493°

ABC:
A 97.292 = 𝑏 2 + 902 − 2 𝑏 90 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
d = 50 D
b1 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖
b2 = - 18.9481202

19. Determine the value of 𝑑1 .

a. 291.11 m c. 328.43 m Solution 1: Ptolemy’s theorem
b. 276.38 m d. 313.08 m
𝑑1 𝑑2 = 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑
B
b = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖 𝑑1 (97.29) = 90 70 + 72.05696848 50
C
𝑑1 𝒅𝟏 = 101.7869095

Solution 2:
BAD:
𝑑1 2 = 902 + 502 − 2 90 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

BCD:
A 𝑑1 2 = 𝑏 2 + 702 − 2 𝑏 70 cos 180 − 𝐴
d = 50 D
A = 88.47559291

𝑑1 2 = 902 + 502 − 2 90 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

𝒅𝟏 = 101.7869095

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Circle, its Sector, and its Segment

Circle: Circular sector:

𝜃
r r
r

𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃
𝜋
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝑑 2
4 A = ½ rS = ½ r(rs)

P = 𝜋d = 2𝜋r A = ½ 𝒓𝟐 𝜽
where: 𝜽 =rad

20. Find the length of the common external tangents to two circles of radii 10 cm and 18
cm if the distance between their centers is 32 cm.
a. 37.33 cm c. 43.10 cm
b. 33.16 cm d. 30.98 cm
Solution:

L 8
18
10
32

10
32

L 8 322 = 𝐿2 + 82

L = 30.98 cm
32

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21. Find the area of the shaded region shown in the figure.
a. 57.08 m2 c. 52.19 m2
b. 45.93 m2 d. 47.95 m2

Solution:

5𝑚

5𝑚

𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 8

𝜋 5 2 1
=[ − 5 (5)] (8)
4 2

Ashaded = 57.08 m2

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22. Find the area of the shaded section:

a. 312.88 m2 c. 256.08 m2
b. 282.74 m2 d. 305.31 m2

Solution:

𝒓𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐴1 − 𝐴2

𝒓𝟏
𝒓𝟏
36 − 𝒓𝟏 𝑨𝟐 36 − 𝒓𝟏

18

(18 + 𝒓𝟏 )2 = (36 − 𝒓𝟏 )2 + 182

324 + 36𝒓𝟏 +𝒓𝟏 2 = 1296 − 72𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟏 2 + 324

𝒓𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐦

𝜋 36 2 𝜋 12 2 𝜋 18 2
𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 = [ − − ] = 282.74m2
4 2 2

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23. A railroad curve is to be laid in a circular path. What should be the radius if the track is
to change direction by 30° at a distance of 300 m?
a. 303.77 m c. 275.48 m
b. 572.96 m d. 325.31 m

Solution:

𝑠 = 300 𝑚 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃

300 = r(30)(𝜋/180)

r = 572.96 m

𝜃 = 30°
r

24. A sector was cut off from a circle. If the area of the former is 72% of that of the latter,
find the central angle of the sector.
a. 262.29° c. 265.36°
b. 259.20° d. 268.11°

Solution:

𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =72% Acircle

½ 𝑟 2 𝜃 = 72% (𝜋𝑟 2 )

𝜃 = 72%𝜋(2)
𝜃
𝜃(𝜋/180) = 0.72 𝜋(2)

𝜽 = 259.20°

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25. A circle having a diameter of 8 cm is inscribed in a sector having a central angle of 80°.
Find the area of the sector.
a. 72.96 cm2 c. 141.23 cm2
b. 212.05 cm 2 d. 291.84 cm2
Solution: 𝟏 𝟐
𝑨= 𝒓 𝜽
𝟐
4 cm

4
sin 40° =
𝑟 −4

r-4
r = 10.22 cm
r-4

r 1 𝜋
𝐴= 10.22 2 80°
2 180

A = 72.96 cm2

26. A circle having an area of 452 cm2 is cut into two segments by a chord 6 m from the
center of the circle. Find the area of the larger segment.
a. 350.28 cm2 c. 301.59 cm2
b. 336.70 cm2 d. 363.69 cm2
Solution:

A = 452 cm2
A1 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
452 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜃6 𝜃
r = 12 cm
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝛽 6
cos𝜃 = 12 𝜃 = 60°
A2
𝐴2 = 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
1 1
𝐴2 = 𝑟 𝑟 sin(2𝜃) + 𝑟 2 𝛽
2 2
1 1
𝐴2 = 12 12 sin(2𝜃) + 12 2 (360 − 2 𝜃)(𝜋/180)
2 2
𝑨𝟐 = 363.69 cm2

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R = radius of the earth = 6, 730 Km

6, 370 Km

6, 400 Km(surveying)

Theorems on Circles:

Peripheral Angle Theorem: 𝜷 = 𝟐𝜽

𝜽 = 𝜷/2

360 − 𝛽
= 180 − 𝛽/2 = 180 - 𝜽
2

𝜃 𝛽

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27. Two chords of a circle AB and BC intersect at an angle of 38°. Find the central
angle of arc AC.
a. 57° c. 76°
b. 114° d. 19°

𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

A
𝜷 = 𝟐𝜽

𝛽 = 2(38)
B 𝛽
𝜷 = 76°

Cross-Chord Theorem

𝜷+ 𝜶
𝜽= 𝟐

OA 𝑶𝑪 = 𝑶𝑩(𝑶𝑫)
𝛽
B
𝛼
𝜃 O

D
A

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28. Two chords of a circle AC and BD intersect at point O inside the circle. If OA = 6 m,
OB = 8 m, and OD = 9 m, find the measure of OC.
a. 9 m c. 15 m
b. 18 m d. 12 m

OA 𝑶𝑪 = 𝑶𝑩(𝑶𝑫)

6 𝑶𝑪 = 𝟖 𝟗

B 8 OC = 12 m

O 9
6

D
A

Secant-Secant Theorem:
C

𝛽
B 𝜷−𝜶
𝛼 𝜽= 𝟐

𝜃 OB 𝑶𝑪 = 𝑶𝑨(𝑶𝑫)
O D
A

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29. In the figure, OA = 11 m, AB = 20 m, and CD = 18 m. Find OC.

a. 8.66 m c. 9.14 m
b. 12.79 m d. 11.54 m

11(11 +20) = x(x +18)

𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 − 341 = 0

X1 = 11.54
X2 =-29.54

Tangent-Secant Theorem
C

𝛽
B 𝜷−𝜶
𝛼
𝜽= 𝟐

𝜃 OB 𝑶𝑪 = 𝑶𝑨(𝑶𝑨)
O

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30. In the figure, OA = 12 m and OB = 6m. If OA is tangent to the circle at A, find BC.
a. 24 m c. 16 m
b. 18 m d. 21 m
C
OB 𝑶𝑪 = 𝑶𝑨(𝑶𝑨)

6(6 + BC) = 12(12)

BC = 18
B
6

𝜃
O

12
A

Tangent-Tangent Theorem

𝛽
𝜷−𝜶
𝛼 𝜽= 𝟐

𝜃 OB 𝑶𝑩 = 𝑶𝑨 𝑶𝑨
O OB = OA

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31. Two tangents OA and OB to a circle intersect at point O. If angle BOA = 58°, find the
major central angle intercepted by the arc AB.
a. 138° c. 238°
b. 222° d. 122°

B 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 360°

𝜶 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° - 𝜷

𝛽
𝜷−𝜶
𝛼 𝜽= 𝟐
𝜷 −(𝟑𝟔𝟎 −𝜷)
𝜃 = 58°
58 = 𝟐
O
𝜷 = 238°
A

TRIANGLES (PART 2)

A) Mid Segment:

c/2 b/2 x = a/2

A1
y = b/2
c x b
z = c/2
A2
c/2 b/2
y z
A3 A4
A1 = A2 = A3 = A4 = Aform

Atotal = 4(Aform)
a/2 a/2
a Aform = ¼ Atotal

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B) Median:

A
Centroid

c/2 b/2

c b
Ma

c/2 b/2
Mb
Mc

B C
a/2 a/2
a

C) Angle bisector:

A
Incenter
Incircle
A/2 A/2

bA
c b

bB
bC
B/2 C/2
B/2 C/2
B C

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D) Perpendicular bisector:

A Circumcircle
Circumcenter

c/2 b/2

c b

c/2 b/2

B C
a/2 a/2
a

E) Altitude:

A
Orthocenter

c ha b

hb
hc

B C
a

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F) Incircle: ( Angular bisector)

Atr = ½ ar + ½ br + ½ cr

𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
Atr = r( )
c r b 𝟐
r
Atr = rs

B C

G) Circumcircle(Perpendicular bisector)

A
𝒄/𝟐
sinC = 𝑹

c/2 b/2
R
ACB:
c C b
Atr = ½ absinC
C
c/2 b/2 𝒄/𝟐
Atr = ½ ab( )
𝑹

B 𝒂𝒃𝒄
C Atr =
a/2 a/2 𝟒𝑹
a

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H) Escribed Cirle(Ex circle)

𝒓𝑏
𝒓𝑎
b
a a
b
c

𝒓𝑐
𝑨𝒕𝒓 = 𝒓𝑎 (S – a)
𝑨𝒕𝒓 = 𝒓𝑏 (S – b)
𝑨𝒕𝒓 = 𝒓𝑐 (S – c)

J) GENERAL QUADRILATERAL: (𝒏𝒐 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆)

Bretschneider Formula:

a Aquad = 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝜃=
2
b
𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷
d 𝜃= =
2 2

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
S= 2
c

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a x=a -d+c-b+x
b + d = a +c
x
S = b +d = a +c

b
c–b+x

d
b-x

c b-x

From the figure shown below:

a = 16 Determine the length of side c

b + d = a +c

b + 21 = 16 +15

b b = 10

d = 21

c = 15

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Bretschneider Formula:
a Aquad = 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

P=a+b+c+d=S+S

b S = a + c = b +d
d
Aquad = 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 𝑠 − 𝑐 𝑠 − 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

Aquad = 𝑎 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑑 − 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝑑 − 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

c Aquad = 𝑐(𝑑)(𝑎)(𝑏) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

= 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
= 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)

𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) other RC:

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 +𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 𝜃 = SOOA/2

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 -𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 180/2

𝜃 = 90
𝐴𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
Sin 90 = 1
𝑨𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅
𝑨𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅

𝑨𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅 = 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒅

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CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL:
Brahmagupta’s Formula:
A
a Aquad = 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 𝑠−𝑑
B

𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐

d Aquad = 4𝑅
𝑑1 b
𝑑2

D
c C

• Escribed Circles of a Triangle

32. The sides of a triangle measure 7 m, 9 m, and 11 m. Find the

radius of the circle which is escribed outside the triangle if it is
tangent to the 9-m side.
a. 9.86 m c. 8.69 m 𝑨 = 𝒓𝑎 (s –a)
b. 8.9 m d. 6.98 m 𝐴 = 𝑆 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 (𝑠 − 𝑐)

S = (7 + 9 + 11)/2

S = 13.5

𝒓𝑎 A= 13.5(13.5 − 7)(13.5 − 9)(13.5 − 11) = 31.4195

11 9 A = 31.4195 = 𝒓𝑎 (13.5 − 9)
7
𝒓𝑎 = 6.98 m

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33. The sides of a triangle measure 12 m, 19 m, and 23 m. Find the radius of the circle
inscribed in the triangle.
a. 4.65 m c. 4.12 m
b. 4.56 m d. 4.21 m BCA: cosine law
Solution 1:
A 192 = 122 + 232 − 2 12 23 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
C = 55.58°

Sine law:

𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟑
23 = =
19 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩

A = 31.40°

B = 86.98
B = 93.02

B C A + B + C = 180
55.58 +31.4 +86.98 = 173.96
12 55.58 +31.4 + 93.02 = 180

A A = 31.40°
B = 93.02
x C = 55.58°
A/2 A/2

19 x + y = 19 (1)
23
R tan(A/2) = R/x (2)
y
tan(B/2) = R/y (2)

B/2 C/2
x + y = 19
B/2 C/2
B C R/tan(A/2) + R/tan(B/2) =19

12 R = 4.21 m

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Solution 2:

A
Atr = RS

S =(23 + 19 +12)/2

S = 27
19 23
R 𝐴𝑡𝑟 = 𝑆 𝑠 − 𝑎 𝑠 − 𝑏 (𝑠 − 𝑐) = 𝑅𝑆

𝐴𝑡𝑟 = 27 27 − 23 27 − 12 27 − 19 = R(27)

R = 4.21 m
B C

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34. A circle having a radius of 10 cm is inscribed in a triangle ABC where A = 45° and B =
75°. Find the area inside the triangle but outside the circle.
a. 220.35 cm2 c. 230.79cm2
b. 210.77cm2 d. 251.03cm2
Solution: A A = 4𝟓°
B = 75
C = 60
x A/2 A/2
x+y=c

b tan(A/2) =10/x
c
x = 10/tan(45/2)
10
y tan(B/2) = 10/y
y = 10/tan(75/2)
B/2
x+y=c
B/2 10/tan(45/2) + 10/tan(75/2) = c
B C
c = 37.1744 cm
a

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Sine law:
A 37.1744 𝒂
=
45° 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝟓

a = 30.3528 cm
b
10 A = Atr – Acr

A = ½ acsinB - 𝜋𝑟 2
60°
75° A = ½ (37.1744)(30.3528)sin(75) - 𝜋(10)2
B
C
A = 230.79cm2
a

35. Find the radius of the circle circumscribed about the triangle for which A = 50° and a =
35 m.
a. 20.19 m c. 24.53 m
b. 22.84 m d. 19.93 m
C
Solution:

Sin50 = 17.5/R

R R = 22.84 m
b

R 50°
B A
c

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38. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle. Its sides AB = 68.50 m, BC = 155.54 m,

CD = 101.61 m, and DA = 127.11 m. Find the radius of the circle.
a. 69.91 m c. 90.57 m
b. 83.47 m d. 102.64 m
A
68.5
B Brahmagupta’s Formula:

Aquad = 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 𝑠−𝑑

155.54
𝑑1 𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐
𝑑2 Aquad = 4𝑅

D S = (68.5 +155.54 +101.61 +127.11)/2

101.61 C
S = 226.38

Aquad = 226.38 − 68.5 226.31 − 155.54 226.38 − 101.61 226.38 − 127.11 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝟒𝟏𝟕𝟓

𝑎𝑏+𝑐𝑑 𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐 𝑹 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟒𝟕 m

Aquad =𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟓. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟐6 = 4𝑅

REGULAR POLYGON:

R 360/n 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟎
R 𝑨𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒈𝒐𝒏 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧( ) n
𝟐 𝒏

𝟏 𝟑𝟔𝟎
𝑨𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒈𝒐𝒏 = 𝟐
𝒏𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝒏 )

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒: 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑜. of 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

(apeirogon)

360
sin( )n n = 10000
𝑛

360 360
sin( )n = sin( )(10000) = 6.283 = 2𝜋
𝑛 10000

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟏
𝑨𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 = 𝟐
𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝒏 )n =𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝟐𝝅 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐

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S/2

R = apothem
𝑆/2
tan(180/n) =
𝑅

S = 2Rtan(180/n)

A = ½ bh
Apolygon = ½ SR n

= ½ [2Rtan(180/n)] R n

𝟏𝟖𝟎
Apolygon = n𝑹𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧( )
𝒏

• Lines, Sides, and Diagonals of a Polygon

Permutation: (arrangement)

Object A and B

A B and BA

2 unique arrangement or 2 unique permutation

Combination: (composition)

AB = BA

1 unique composition or 1 unique combination

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A, B, and C

Select 2 letters:
Solution 2:
How many unique permutations can be made?
ABC
AB
BA nPr
AC
CA 6 unique permutation n=3
BC r=2
CB
nPr = 3P2 = 6

A, B, and C

Select 2 letters:
Solution 2:
How many unique combinations can be made?
ABC
AB
BA nCr
AC
CA 3 unique combination n=3
BC r=2
CB
nCr = 3C2 = 3

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Example. How many lines are there in a triangle?

1
There are 3 lines in a triangle
Line 1 = line 2
Another solution:
1 line only
3C2 = 3 lines
= 2C2 = 1

Example. How many lines are there in a quadrilateral?

Another solution:

4C2 = 6

No. of lines = nCr = sides + diagonals

𝑑1
𝑑2
Ex. How many Triangles are there in a quadrilateral?

There are 4 triangles in a quadrilateral

There are 4 lines in a quadrilateral Another solution:

4C3 = 4
There are 6 lines in a quadrilateral

Ex. How many quadrilateral are there in a quadrilateral?

4C4 = 1 quadrilateral

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39. How many diagonals are there in a polygon having 24 sides?

a. 209 c. 275
b. 230 d. 252

Solution:

No. of lines = nCr = sides + diagonals

24C2 = 24 + diagonals

Diagonals = 252 diagonals

40. How many lines are there in a polygon having 189 diagonals?
a. 210 c. 253
b. 190 d. 231

Solution:

No. of lines = nCr = sides + diagonals No. of lines = 21C2 = 21 +189

No. of lines = 210

nC2 = n + 189
Solution 2: table mode
nC2 – n = 189
F(x) = xC2 – x
Trial and error:
Start = 1
Try n = 20 End = 30
nC2 – n = 20C2 – 20 = 170 Step = 1

Try n = 21
21C2 –21 = 189

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