Scribd
Upload
61 views

Lecture #4 STR

This document summarizes key concepts about fatigue and creep discussed in Strength of Materials Lecture #4. Fatigue failure occurs due to fluctuating stresses that are lower than the stress needed for single load failure. Fatigue contributes to approximately 90% of mechanical failures. Factors that influence fatigue life include maximum stress, stress variation, and number of stress cycles. The fatigue strength is the stress below which failure does not occur. Crack growth rates can be determined using models like the Paris law equation. Stress concentrations from notches and defects reduce fatigue strength depending on notch sensitivity factors.

Uploaded by

Harry Piyo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
61 views

Lecture #4 STR

This document summarizes key concepts about fatigue and creep discussed in Strength of Materials Lecture #4. Fatigue failure occurs due to fluctuating stresses that are lower than the stress needed for single load failure. Fatigue contributes to approximately 90% of mechanical failures. Factors that influence fatigue life include maximum stress, stress variation, and number of stress cycles. The fatigue strength is the stress below which failure does not occur. Crack growth rates can be determined using models like the Paris law equation. Stress concentrations from notches and defects reduce fatigue strength depending on notch sensitivity factors.

Uploaded by

Harry Piyo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Strength of Materials

Lecture #4
Horris K. Nangulama (MSc., BSc. Civil Eng.)
Department of Mining Engineering, Malawi University of Business and Applied
Sciences
hnangulama@poly.ac.mw; 0885271934; at 201 Engineering Bldg
FATIGUE AND CREEP
FATIGUE FAILURE
• FATIGUE FAILURES OCCUR due to the application of
fluctuating stresses that are much lower than the stress
required to cause failure during a single application of
stress.

• It has been estimated that fatigue contributes to


approximately 90% of all mechanical service failures.

• Automobiles on roads, aircraft wings and fuselages, ships


at sea, nuclear reactors, jet engines, and land-based
turbines are all subject to fatigue failures.
DEVICES USED TO MEASURE FATIGUE
• RR. MOORE REVERSE BENDING DEVICE
FATIGURE MEASUREMENT
MODERN DEVICE
STRESS CYCLE
CAUSES OF FATIGUE
• a maximum tensile stress of sufficiently high value,
• a large enough variation or fluctuation in the applied stress, and
• a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress.
Below is a typical stress cyclic loading diagram
Fatigue life
• The fatigue life is the number of cycles to failure at a specified stress
level
• fatigue strength (also referred to as the endurance limit) is the stress
below which failure does not occur.
• As the applied stress level is decreased, the number of cycles to
failure increases.
• Normally, the fatigue strength increases as the static tensile strength
increases.
STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE LIMIT
• high-strength steels heat treated to over 1400 MPa (200
ksi) yield strengths have much higher fatigue strengths
than aluminum alloys with 480 MPa (70 ksi) yield
strengths. See figure below.
HARDNESS AND ENDURANCE LIMIT
Effect of mean stress on fatigue life
• When the mean stress
increases, the fatigue life
reduces. A number of
mathematical models have
been developed that allow
the effects of mean stress on
stress amplitude to be
predicted from fully reversed-
bending data. Goodman
developed a linear model,
while Gerber used a parabolic
model.
Mean stress to stress amplitude
• Three experiments were carried out to measure the relationship
between mean stress and stress amplitude. Three different equations
were developed by three different people.
Mean stress to amplitude
• A graph was plotted to differentiate the three equations
above, see the figure below:
STRAINS IN CYCLIC
LOADING

During cyclic loading,


some materials
produce both elastic
and plastic strains.

The graph of strains


then becomes
hysteresis loop.
STRAINS IN CYCLIC LOADING
• From point O up to point A, the component is in tension. On
unloading, the strain response of the specimen follows the
curve from A to D.
• At D, the component is under no stress.
• As the component is subjected to compressive stress, the
strain response follows the curve from D to B.
• Releasing the compressive stress from B and reapplying
tensile stress, the component stress-strain condition returns
to point A along the curve defined by B, C, and A.
• Points A and B represent the cyclic stress and strain limits.
CRACK
• This is how a crack propagates in phases
CRACK PROPAGATION
• Linear elastic fracture mechanics assumes that all structures contain
flaws.
• Cracks grow from an initial size, 𝑎𝑜 to a critical size, 𝑎𝑐 corresponding
to failure as a function of the number of load cycles.
• The crack growth rate, da/dn, can be determined from the slope of
the curve.
• Initially, the crack growth rate is slow but increases with increasing
crack length
CRACK GROWTH
CRACK GROWTH
PARIS LAW EQUATION

• where: a is the flaw or crack size; n is the number of cycles; C


and m are constant parameters and are related to material
variables, environment, temperature, and fatigue stress
conditions; and

is the stress-intensity parameter range. The constants


• C and m are material parameters that must be determined
experimentally. Typically, m is in the range of 2 to 4 for
metals and 4 to 100 for ceramics and polymers.
DETERMINING FATIGUE LIFE
Hence the equation turns out to be,

And fatigue life can be determined by the equation below


CRITICAL LENGTH
• Prove that the critical length of the crack during fatigue failure is given
by the equation below assuming Y varies with crack length.
CONCENTRATION FACTOR
• In most structures, fatigue cracking usually initiates at a stress concentration.
• The stress concentration may by inherent in the design, such as a fillet, hole,
thread, or other geometrical feature, or the stress concentration can result
from a manufacturing process, such as a rough surface finish or residual tensile
stresses introduced by heat treatment.
• The effect of geometrical stress concentrations on fatigue is often studied by
testing notched specimens under 3 conditions.
• there is an increase or concentration of stress at the root of the notch,
• there is a stress gradient from the notch toward the center of the
specimen, and
• a tri-axial state of stress exists.
Stress concentration factors for steel
Stress concentration
• The effect of notches on fatigue strength is determined by comparing the S-N
curves of notched and un-notched specimens.
• The effect of the notch in decreasing the fatigue strength is reported as the
fatigue strength reduction factor, or the fatigue notch factor, 𝐾𝑓 .
Stress Concentration

• This relationship compares the theoretical stress-concentration


factor, Kt, to the fatigue notch factor, Kf
• In this relationship, a material that experiences no reduction in
fatigue due to a notch will have a notch sensitivity factor of q=0,
while one that experiences a reduction in fatigue up to the full
theoretical value will have a notch sensitivity factor of q=1.
Notch sensitivity factor

• The notch sensitivity


factor, q, significantly
decreases with
• smaller notch radii.
• For large diameters, the
notch sensitivity factor is
almost constant because
Kf is almost equal to Kt,
hence notch sensitivity
factor is approximately 1
• For small radii, Kf
increases more slowly
than Kt
End of Lecture #4

Thank You!

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy