Position gh H om Rextodic tuble aH bel to dak Period but ar oe st belong to Hvresortles bath olKali mello ae uel an Halogen. ong ab Srmilantien with Miko metede Differences wilh olikalr metolo H aloo from unipositve Colin |) H has much Higher JE thon © Cr oak Na’) fe ® oli meds! @ Both have ome eum valemce shell] @) Aiealh metal sono con ecg (hes! Na - (Ne) 35! ) ely un Ogy Solution but free” prob ‘can! exnit indepen- ® ih form similar type damn tly - Compda & Ko 4 0 NaS 3 HS Rots Hel Simlavties with halogens Differences wh Halogen D Pah Hydrogen 3 Halogen form | DH hao much lower EAM vanegalive onion (CH 8&7) ® Bolh exist on Diatome form| @ MH > lew ‘acre , halogenr (2 4k) axe Highly veachve- © Blk Hove Higher Te - © foums Similar ype qd Gmpda ( ) Cty ¥ Ccly ) “Tsolopes ef Kycoogen . ' som 2 3 Peotivm 1K Deuterium | D Tarhium TH ® Ordinary + Heavy Hydrogen least abundens Most Sbundent # lem “obmaent 4 adi oaclive - emits fh p=d neo eel (east a5 40 ) love ener asticle, woped ned Cod Hel) Mem 4 one esd eed # Bond emery T-T 2 0-0 > HH Heavier isotope forme more — 8 shable bora! Taotope effect -1 7 -7 9-H 2 Me TOU-T7 -p 7-H co # MP TL OTH. Dihy drogen + tH hao negligible conc en easth $ abo sphere. dhe 40 lowes man 4 Allebsopes g Hydrogen (nuclear spin isomers) Ortho Hydrogen Pava Hydrogen Ve le “eo + Odthe - Yavallil Nuclear Spin Para heli Rarrallil twclear Spin 4 At Room tomb FS-/ Owtho -t, 8 25+} Pawan, cxste + Wah decseare em terp aml q ovlho decreases 2 hat of Pore HH, nureaver- # A to possible to obtain pe powa Ul, at extremely low tem| Tein oie BF ea Sires lap, ems * Max 1S] Ortho tH, con only Ge oblownedt fara Ht, hoo lower smleanad enengy + Thermoh conductivity Cara 7 Gslho MP dutho'7 fora. Preparabion Didydrogen © &9 of meta) wh acid | base Zn + AHCI (oy) —P Mma, + HLT + Zn + ANAOA (oy) —P Na,2n0, + 4,7 @ cecoly aE se i @) Eledeolyon of Walvr 2H, 0) Seto ayig + Ow Calhade Anode (e) Mach om chimed from de clecksolyoxo 9) warm aay (€) Electroly of Brine: Wed aq) + HPW— Wy + @ > Berne, 2Naoll(C) Elecholywe gj Bane Nod 4 (a4) + 2H Ww + “a@ + ‘2NaoH @ Action J Sham on Coke cm + Ho) =P , com + Ha) sheam Ni ee Syn Go| water gao) Synthemo gas Cty @) + 1,0) RP, cog + 31,0) CO +r HOG rst Wy) + ML) - Cool 7 ) oT + a ptean @ eosch Procer o cE) + 4,0@) co+ tt | 496) —s ore @) wrt 0g BBO, coms 2h w Steam — C720, (P) * Cor being on acidic ode Con he separaltd carily ® Lane's Proce 3Few + 4406) — > Fe,dycy + 4H, @) Steam Fe.0y +4Co+ Hy)? Bre + Yeo, + YH, Syn a0 Phyrical Praberlien © 1, w a clatew, odewlen » facteler gar- @ bw Highly Combustible - ® Acluble on water Chemical Pyobestica: Hw lew wach de do - High Gomd dssocabron om 436 tet |mol Q Wah, tepd Sssocction emery (36 etfnel) © Reachon with Haloguns@ Reachon with Haloqunr Fa se seen Ho |_2aris : Reachty Fant, 7 Bry 7 Te Cle [hy Que} Br/d 2HOy In|) U9 2HT Cotalypt ® Reacliom wih 0, a No a 2H. @) + % @) —? 2Ho Ww a Nz @) + 34 @ = 2s (a) @ eedvetin ej metal wo + endo Ba Na CAMA AL mmo + ty —> mm + HO Can't be Rechced is I Cat + 9 Ge + on® Nio + > NT + iho @ Addtion exns Rcn=ca + > Ry alkene alicane Vegetable 011 ot, Vegebble ghee () ® Wydwhamgotion + Renee, + corn, SM een payer Useo © bay ty, x vsed ao Rocker fuel 2M 2 ned em mranyfackning g Chon, Her A ity Ot ved am Cabling 2 Welding ~(clhomic hyd Fagen loch) As a seducing agent Molecular H nae 4 Momic Hydyogem H 4) H ~ Newly ‘bos zn DH = Hyghy Cx He —> (h-4) —> 2H Gary shy AD) melee Nascent abomic, Reactivity moleaWor H, < Nascent WH < Gtome YHmolewday Nascent = adomic Reactivity moleador hy < Nascent H < atomc 1 % Hydaider: Thee ave binxwy crnpornde o) Hydsagen Typen © Tonic hydeideo © Covalent Hybsidin © Metallic hydride ® Tome o Salt Like or Selume Hydeiden # formed by S-blooK melale Cevcept Lih , Mgt, 2 Belt, which axe covalent + Mgit, 3 Belt, axe covalent 2 poly + These are Hosd, butie 2 wen yolable Crypialdine sols. St $- a Kydrolgao Nay + HOH > NaH + 4, (lent ) Cal, + 2h-on __s Gaon, + 2H, Hyprolty He On HeoGng » th 20 released whih starts burning © Covert oy Molewlay Hydrides - firmed by p-blck clemonts Wbeo (1) Elechon Oediciont Hydxidea: forrmesl oy, he | cements og BMe Mn ete (ii) Electron precise Hydsice: frrmed by qth M clemonls & Condoms exactly & € on Valence she without ony Lp ex Clty, Sty eke. (li) Election Rich Hydriceo : formed 4 afb IS to ath 17 hyowicko * Condy 8 & om wlurce she) with Lp- ey fm, , HO: | HEF @ Metallic ov Non-slochiome' ric oY Tnlerstiliol Hydaide ¥ formed by ds f block metab Ha belived te be occupying the ambeshtal positon. Me sy bond ct frsmed 4) ite ee Nom- 3 tye ex TH aru bene bo -taewen srorcrniemer ere CK Meng > 2g 96 + Elemenls gi gip 7,8 49 do not frum Hyde de ~ Hydride: ape * Gtp 6 - only Ce forme hydnce (Crh) Ved oo fedhcing Gerd 4 Hydrogen slerage media (Raney -Ni) Chavactershea (1D) They ave hovder 3 Buttle chon gvve metal © They velo metab conductouity + @® they have High MP j@-P @® They ave chemcably ynot& Woler (4,0) Genera) charactrshes © Wwaky bar High sp. Heat Cofecidy Which helps am meduralion d climoke @ walor boo High Ddlectrc constant whoh males ak excettent Solver Wnwey sod “olvernt) she Gras phane 8.9 Licy plane = wrna ” =p hag?! ouegt / 7 ™4 Solid Chase Cee) Im Sobd phave, Ho hae opm ae ike she am anh foch o » # Waky has mex densi “3 AN a of yc C4 gm) mi) ‘3 fekahedva amomeed A by four ofher oxy akeows k™ + Tee hoo lower density than waly dic to fremabin of vacant Space det do Webonding- J donsity com akar sent ponsig sh Cee 4c Qhevmeal &pansion ) fe onsing ) # Tee hao exmsive H-bonding, Y vacant Space.onding ) 0 Seen Chemical psopextico o| Water wd as bare e @ Amphotesic Notore : 4,0 yeack with beh acid ao Be Fw ampholenc um nade Ho + Hol —> H& + cP 3 Bare eid, e © NH, + 4,0 <= Ni + 0H Roe aad a e Avlo emotion — 2H0 = 2HP+ OF or H-oH= H Fol Redox Reachona: a 12.07 GA wt can behare ao RA ae wel. Waker @ of Mg + 20 —> Ng(on), + 2H eA On wakes an RA: 2Fy + UO —> UNE + On RA ' ° 60, + 6HO Sondight, GMi05 + 60, On RA ® liydrolyrw Reoction: Tt ao byeak down @) a compa sing soaker or feachon wih io © +S, + Ho —> Usoy + Chycooth, AS ciywoon + Cho enter acid alcohol + Nog + HO > 2HNO, ge + GN, +6 1-0} Gao), +20, + PxO + 340 —> 2H, PO, * Ca +200 —> Glo, + GH, Calowm Carbide. cngne Hydrralio : Thee axe Combda un which Hy molecute so preoont ap Whole (1) Hydvods am which waoler molead 19 coordinali bonded cp es (Coto) (Feleon J eke [NL | ® is Ter (I) Hyeealto om which wakiy molecule yo preoent omy omleastitiol spacer(I) Hy dvalia em which watery moleale yo precen am omioastitial spaced 4 Mgcl ho , Lic.2no, tac, Eno) Comp table abun i (HT) Hydraio om which wodvr mole cle 10 H-bom ded - eR (804 SH,0 , FeSy FH1,0 ee ne? ao wo fe Te Mehmed thaler decile = Cu = n a/ / apt New, [So Hard 3 Soft wabew Mord wake. wakr cmkumy Mg d Ca bicattonabn , chlorico » sulphali am “significant cme 40 Called” Hayd Lookew apt wakes Uoler free from above calls eo alli Soft wake Harmful fect q Hasd Wako © vnsustable fer Lamdawy RcooNG. (aa) + Cao) — Ca(feoo), | + 20? Soop Scorn b G Haxmfol for Belles. Ca(H05), (aq) —F7 G@,) r@, + HO [ deposition Tybeo 9} Haxd nero © Temperowy Hordnerno: Wo dee to Ca d Mg Bicathmales # Con be semoved by boiling - © Pentanent Hordnen : Ho be to chlowdy » Sulphallo of Con be xemoved using special metneds ) net by bo.bing Softening of Hard Waker at. te semorad of Hardners causing Bollew ® Removal Tembarasy Nardnev © by Goring: cates, a> CHO, 4 + + HO© by Borbing: caters, a> Aw) + @% + 40 Ng HCO), leap D MgOh, | + Lt 4,0 ® Clovis method : tad way 20 Tread caleulsid ome of SloKed! bre (Catom),) 42 ppt Salo of Cas 1G. Hg (1005), + Go”), —> gow, | + GO, 4 + 40 CGWco,), + GOH, —? wy + 40 Removal of fermanert tlardnen © Using Wanhing Goda (_Na,coyl0 i.) MgCl eH) + HOC Gy) —F HYCO, Y + Wad ee) Casey ea) F NAC, CY) —9 Caco, ¥ + M80, aq) @® Using Calgon + Calgon ap Sodirn Kexamekuphosphade mek phosphonic acd ~ HPO, - (HP0,),- Hexamedbuphosphone acic Hagle0jg- Lod Hexometaphospnate 7 or HO, @ 2 NaF 014 (oq) —7 2Ne + NayP,O,9 - =. on ® MGT + NayFeOig” —> Mg Na, Pog + Ne" @ VWsing Ton exchonget Usi id whit — Zeolile lt oly uve (1) Using Zedlite | Permul Zech [PemmudiE oe a atts ef cheat silico. (NoAisiOi pe \— . ¥ ‘ sy ae sot 4 Zeolite hay open porous Shuctvye Uevegh which had Waliry con par throvgh aod Can exchongye geciite a © A a DB ZNGAIOy + Cal” —> Cal 104), + 2Na? Ke ans G) =r - Ca + wolur Regenorabion 4 exhavaked Zeolile “et Ca(M S124), + 2NOC Gx) —=P NaAMSy + GCI, Gay) cone eehousled ZealileCaM S10y ), + QNaC! @q) —~P ANaMSOY + GCI, Gor) con exhovsled zeplite Gi) Using Synthelxc Ton exchangen Resin te cheer Hey Oy C o ©) dm we vat lane 1 slgrone cizch — Bongone. + Ton exchanger Renn to a (rose tuniced Polymer Conluming Scalable gaps fer wn exchange Colum exchange Ghion exchonegr qip 7 —Leoh 4 xhoyn ZR-SoH + Ca” —F Ca(RSO) + coo + MAY > Ma(C(00), + hw Adio exchange Amon exchanger qb 7 —NuL © RN, + Hoon > axon Ss RNKjon + el Rigs + He + Rh — Ho Regeneration ) Coon exchange @Bcoo)ca + 2HC| —F 2Rcooh + Cac, = cane engi @ _ bnion exchanger RNHCl + Nach —> RNKOh + Natl at Hgdvogen Pewoxide (1,0) Preparation + ) Using Bao, ( Banom peroxide) Rao, eho + boy ~ cid | dil © Eleckalyw> o} Swphabe LHSOy _Uecholya 1, S08 7 Marshal s acid. H,S209 + 2HO ——> H,0, + 2HS0y hole ofdaban cl 2 Ethtanthra avanal —> Pasdy | + %HO + H,0,S202 + 4H0 > H,0, + 2hS04 @® eb mae od 2eEthafonaaguue fhe co Ge MOR 2th anlhvaquinene, 2-Ethif dnthes usa ae Since 4,0, 4p nah much Stoble ab High dom tb wp concombolad fo &Sf “by vsing MoKevm dachilladic® | pishiltadhon umdex vesdvced, prone Phy sicak Propertico O Thee Spropy bey CColerlew) @ Soluble am water amd ether ® H w mae Viscovg than woer dve do tbending Shocle + It has bben book Ke nm-planer sh ato Volume stvemgth of H,0,. > 4 {ol Shezgh 4, Gin yas _ has 2H,0, 9 ao rat see = gue 3 ok iL ast of STP STP ypon decompo sihiens 68g Amol = 22-4L GS © 28 x OE TSK G Skongh J 4,9, Solubon= Man a 4,02 @) 224 dw Att25x G1= ISR G Steongth J H,0, Solubion= Man oy 4,0. @) as vg Ho, shremg ty = 458g = W8ale to eo [ Shength gy 4,0, Solution = vol Shemgin x 68 gj Ry © tf Sheemgth (uly |) = Mam 4 49.66) _ xloo | gth Culv +) Aon Te = FSR yoo = 758 1000 steength = Strength 1o) @ Vol shemath = 2 KM (facts =>) © Vol strengdh = SOK N @ whol vd O, will be xeleaved ob STP Yo mi Ho. Bie that tes fey) he 4 b 24,0, ——> 249 + On au isu Yom) Yoox 1S = 600 mL $= 600 mi Aremeal preportieon 4 H,0, # 1,0, 40 an Oxiding agen bw can abo achas RA 4,0, a2 oh ade @ 8 # Acidic medivnn WO, + 2 +207 —% 20 @ 3 ex ure + to, + 2H > ar + 2H PLS + 44,0, —> PbSOY + 4H, Block “acdc Sab . ; - 2 + Boor medivm #,0, + 8& —9 20H ue a ° «K Ure + 10, 9 rfe°"+ 20H> ewe mean Tey Te een im 5 8 “ Ure + 10, 9 286°" + 20H Ho, oo RA: 4 a feadic medium > +,0, —2 2H +0, + 2c! “ ° « Hog + #0, —> Hel+ Ho +0, Banc medum —9 40, + L0H? 920 + & +2 T+ 0, + 205 aTs 2HO+0, 4 ° M20, + Ay.0 —? Ho +O, + 2g Rh on 40, + O —> KO + 20, eh oA * Gorge: 1,0, 30 ogt moch slob 2 uty decombosrion 40 Meee lapel by Heat» bah, dust compos) Glam ee ® steed am Wax Lumed bettien oy plastic bolles which ave page & glbByer 20d) 00 Wea, Gcetonibde or 40, 10 oleo odded- Yseo Q) Ved a0 of = Wed oo Bleaching agent (fermonent ) (3 wm — mevth was hed- 8 Wed om Sod perbarole a sad: pesca vbonale oshich axe V3ed am High duly detergents Heavy Waker (0,0) avoltion: () Exhaustne elecholy ¢) water. © ba by product in fowlWser monvfackring Poferhes © BP 00740 © Peleckic 9 0<¢ t,o constant © FP 0 < Ho Uso) Prefarabion 4 Devtenium corapd So, + 00 —» D,SOy > 8 6n ® Tracer techniqne Ronac, =e? Rac eo.”ree Ser ae 9p ROSH, eC Rech Ro ® He spoke oka in gudear veacler do slow door be speed mov'ng Nev! . Bleaching achon - 64 ~- Retmronent eng RA - Temporary __ eA on Gdlogley Color len Red 9% Calor 0,0)” G2) amanent: Temporary