Calculus I

Tutorial #2 - Solutions

Problem 1. Let ε > 0 be given. We have

|(9 − x) − 5| < ε ⇔ |x − 4| < ε.

Choose δ = ε > 0. Then, for 0 < |x − 4| < δ, we have |(9 − x) − 5| < ε.

By the definition of limit, we have lim (9 − x) = 5.

x→4

Problem 2. For x 6= 1, we have f (x) = x2 . If ε > 0 is given, we assume that 0 < x < 2
(which holds when x is near 1), then

|x2 − 1| = |x + 1||x − 1| ≤ (|x| + 1)|x − 1| < 3|x − 1|.

n εo
Choose δ = min 1, . Then, for 0 < |x − 1| < δ, we have
3
|f (x) − 1| = |x2 − 1| < ε.

By the definition of limit, we have lim f (x) = 1.

x→1

Problem 3. Let ε > 0 be given. We have, for every x 6= −3,

x2 − 9
− (−6) < ε ⇔ |x + 3| < ε.
x+3

Choose δ = ε > 0. For every 0 < |x − (−3)| < δ, we have

x2 − 9
− (−6) < ε.
x+3

x2 − 9
By the definition of limit, we have lim = −6.
x→−3 x + 3

Problem 4.

For every x 6= 0, we have

1
−x2 ≤ x2 sin ≤ x2 .
x

Moreover
lim x2 = 0 and lim (−x2 ) = 0.
x→0 x→0

1
Then, by the squeeze theorem, we have lim x2 sin x1 = 0.
x→0

Problem 5.
We see that

lim f (x) = 1 and lim f (x) = 2.

x→1− x→1+

Since lim− f (x) 6= lim+ f (x), we get that lim f (x) does not exist.
x→1 x→1 x→1

Problem 6. We have

a)lim f (x) = 0, b) lim + f (x) = −2, c) lim − f (x) = 2;

x→2 x→−3 x→−3

d) lim f (x), the limit does not exist;

x→−3

e) lim+ f (x) = −1, f ) lim− f (x) = +∞;

x→0 x→0

2
g)lim f (x), the limit does not exist;
x→0

h) lim f (x) = 1, i) lim f (x) = 0.

x→∞ x→−∞

Problem 7. For every t ∈ R, we have

|y(t) − y(t0 )| = |10 + (t − 70) × 10−4 − 10 − (t0 − 70) × 10−4 | = |t − t0 | × 10−4 .

When |y(t) − y(t0 )| ≤ 5 × 10−4 (cm), we have

|t − t0 | = |y(t) − y(t0 )| × 104 ≤ 5(◦ F ).

Problem 8. We have the equation

√
y= x/2.

Then corresponding to the initial condition y0 = 1 f t3 /min, the initial depth is x0 =

2f t.

a. Within the error 0.2 f t3 /min, the rate varies from 0.8 to 1.2f t3 /min. Then the
depth should stay within from 1.28 to 2.88f t.

b. Similarly, within the error 0.1 f t3 /min, the rate varies from 0.9 to 1.1f t3 /min.
Then the depth should stay from 1.62 to 2.42f t.

Problem 9. We have the equation

V = 36πh.
990
Then if the volume (V ) varies from 990 to 1010cm3 , the level (h) varies from 36π
≈ 8.75
to 1010
36π
≈ 8.93cm.

Problem 10.

x2 1 x2
 
−1
(a) lim+ − = lim+ + lim+ = 0 + (−∞) = −∞.
x→0 2 x x→0 2 x→0 x
x2 1 x2
 
−1
(b) lim− − = lim− + lim− = 0 + (+∞) = +∞.
x→0 2 x x→0 2 x→0 x
 2 √
x2 3

x 1 −1 4 1
(c) lim√ − = lim
√ + lim
√ = − √
3
= 0.
x→ 3 2 2 x x→ 3 2 2 x→ 3 2 x 2 2
 2
x2 (−1)2

x 1 −1 1 3
(d) lim − = lim + lim = − = .
x→−1 2 x x→−1 2 x→−1 x 2 −1 2

3
Problem 11.
 
3 −3
(a) lim+ 2 − = lim+ 2 + lim+ = 2 + (−∞) = −∞.
t→0 t1/3 t→0 t→0 t1/3
 
3 −3
(b) lim− 2 − = lim− 2 + lim− = 2 + (+∞) = +∞.
t→0 t1/3 t→0 t→0 t1/3

1 −1
Problem 12. For any M > 0, if we choose δ = √ > 0 then we have 2 < −M for
M x
−1
every 0 < |x| < δ. By the definition of infinity limit, we have lim 2 = −∞.
x→0 x

1 1
Problem 13. For any M > 0, if we choose δ = √ > 0 then we have >M
M (x + 5)2
1
for every 0 < |x + 5| < δ. By the definition of infinity limit, we have lim =
x→−5 (x + 5)2
+∞.
1 1
Problem 14. For any M > 0, if we choose δ = > 0 then we have < −M for
M x−2
1
every −δ < x − 2 < 0. By the definition of infinity limit, we have lim− = −∞.
x→2 x − 2

cos x
Problem 15. Since cos x and x are continuous on R, we have y = is continuous
x
in R \ {x = 0} = R \ {0}.

Problem 16. Since f (x) = 2x − 1 and g(x) = x1/3 are continuous on R, we have
y = (2x − 1)1/3 = g(f (x)) is continuous on R.

Problem 17. We see that f (x) is continuous at every point x 6= 3. Hence f (x) is
continuous at every x iff it is continuous at x = 3, i.e.,

lim f (x) = lim− f (x) = f (3). (1)

x→3+ x→3

Solving (1), we get a = 4/3.

.....................................................................................

Additional Problems (if time allows)

Problem 18. Consider f (x) ≡ 0 and


x, x ≤ 0,
g(x) =
x + 1, x > 0

Then h(x) = f (x) · g(x) ≡ 0 is continuous on R, but g(x) is not continuous at x = 0.

4
Problem 19. The domain of h(x) is D = (−3/2, +∞).
√ 2|x − 2|
We have |h(x) − h(2)| = | 2x − 3 − 1| = √ ≤ 2|x − 2|.
2x − 3 + 1

Hence, for every ε > 0, if we choose δ = ε/2 > 0 then for every |x − 2| < δ we have
|h(x) − h(2)| < ε.

Thus, h(x) is continuous at x0 = 2.

Problem 20.

(a) ” =⇒ ” Assume that f is bounded on D. Then there are two number N, M

such that M ≤ f (x) ≤ N for all x ∈ D. Choosing B = max |N |, |M |, we get
|f (x)| ≤ B.
” ⇐= ” If |f (x)| ≤ B for all x in D then we have −B ≤ f (x) ≤ B for all x ∈ D.
This means in D, f is bounded from above by B and bounded from below by
−B. Hence, f is bounded on D.

(b) Since f is bounded from above by N , we have f (x) ≤ N for all x ∈ D. Letting
x → x0 , we get L = lim f (x) ≤ lim N = N .
x→x0 x→x0

(c) Since f is bounded from blow by M , we have f (x) ≥ M for all x ∈ D. Letting
x → x0 , we get L = lim f (x) ≥ lim M = M .
x→x0 x→x0