Water Resources 2059
Water Resources 2059
Water Resources 2059
com
IMPORTANCE OF RIVER
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
USES OF WATER
DOMESTIC USES OF WATER
Drinking
Bathing
Watering the yard and gardens
Preparing food
Washing clothes and dishes
For irrigation
For Buffaloes
For Food of Livestock
Importance
Ensures that India does not restrict Pakistan’s water supply. Water supply in
Pakistan is maintained
Pakistan has now exclusive rights to waters of the rivers Indus, Jhelum, and
Chenab
Maintains agricultural production
Tarbela and Mangla dams built [to store water]
Barrages / link canals built [to distribute water]
Enabled construction cost of works to be shared with Western countries and
India
IRRIGATION
MODERN TRADITONAL
Perennial Canals Inundation and Diversion Canals
Tubewell Karez
Sprinklers Persian Wheel
Tankers Shaduf
Tank Irrigation
MODERN METHODS
Advantages
Disadvantages
TRADITIONAL METHODS
Advantages
Disadvantages
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
KAREZ
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
PERSIAN WHEEL
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
SHADUF
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
TANK IRRIGATION
Tank is a reservoir of any specific size
There are practised by constructing mud banks across small streams or
constructed across slopes for collecting and preserving rain water and
surface runoff from mountain slopes
Preserve water for dry season
Occupy large area
Evaporation
INUNDATION CANALS
DIVERSION CANALS
Narrow version of an inundation canal
Water is taken off from narrow streams through small man-made channels
often high up on valley sides to small terraced fields
Irrigates small area
Practiced only when river is full
Practiced in northern mountains
PERENNIAL CANALS
Canals which supply water to their commercial areas throughout the year
Supply water throughout the year
Water is always available when needed
Water can be better controlled
Reliable
Fills rainfall gaps
Irrigates large areas
Non fuel costs
Cheap to use
Evaporation losses
Seepage losses if canals are unlined
Cost of construction is high
Deposition of silt
Growth of dengue
Need extra costs to treat algae growth
LINK CANALS
TUBEWELLS
Pressurized water from public pipes is sprayed over plants to provide then
with water
This system can be of any size, ranging from a home sprinkler used to keep a
lawn green to industrial sized sprinklers used to irrigate crops
Some sprinklers heads only spray in one direction while others rotate as they
spray
Very less water loss
Can be used according to farmer’s requirement can be well controlled
No labour required
Equal distribution of water
More efficient
Less time consuming
Expensive to install
Requires pumping, electricity is expensive
Irrigates limited land
Lack of technology
High winds can drift spray
TANKERS
Tankers collect water from ponds, lakes and ground water and provide it to
households, fields and linear plantations
Expensive
RIVERS
DAMS
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
Tarbela (Indus)
Mangla (Jhelum)
Warsak (Kabul)
BARRAGES
Large structure used for irrigation and flood control
Not involved in the generation of electricity
Cost of construction is less than that of dam
Can be made even in flat areas
Size and capacity of barrage depends on the width of the river
Sukkur Barrage on River Indus and irrigates Nawabshah, Larkana
Guddu Barrage on River Indus and irrigates Jacobad, Ghotki
Kotri Barrage on River Indus and irrigates Hyderabad, Badin, Thatta
Marala Barrage on River Chenab and irrigates Sialkot, Gujranwala
Rasul Barrage on River Jhelum and irrigates Sargodha, Gujrat
SILTATION
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON
CAUSES OF SILTATION
Deforestation
Destruction of mountains by agents of erosion
Unlined canals
EFFECTS OF SILTATION
Blockage of canals
Weakens the foundation of dams
Croaking of irrigation canals
Reduces capacity of reservoir
Less HEP
Less water for irrigation
Rivers available
Rainfall in monsoon
Glaciers melt so water from mountains
Use Flat land for canals
Small Dams should be developed to store surplus flow during monsoon season
Canals should be lined
Fresh – water resources should not be used as dumping sites of solid and
liquid waste
Controlling seepage of toxic waste in to ground
Desalination of sea water
Awareness
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