Water Resources 2059

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IMPORTANCE OF RIVER
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 Adds to scenic beauty


 Provides water to even those areas where rainfall is extremely low
 Helps to generate hydroelectricity
 Increases fertility of land by carrying alluvium and organic matter
 Fishing is practical in rivers
 Provides water for domestic and industrial purposes
 Supplies water for irrigation

USES OF WATER
DOMESTIC USES OF WATER

 Drinking
 Bathing
 Watering the yard and gardens
 Preparing food
 Washing clothes and dishes

INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATER

 Pharmaceutical Industries for injections, syrups


 Tanning industry for washing, dyeing
 Food processing industry for preparing juices and beverages
 Textile Industry for washing, bleaching, blurring, dyeing
 Iron and Steel industry to cool down furnace for making steel
 Thermal power station to produce steam that makes the turbines move

AGRICULTURAL USES OF WATER

 For irrigation
 For Buffaloes
 For Food of Livestock

CONFLICTS OVER WATER


 Domestic vs Industry vs Agriculture
 Punjab vs Sindh
 India vs Pakistan (1947-1960)

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INDUS WATER TREATY

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON


 Most of Pakistan suffers from low rainfall and unreliable rainfall
 Increasing population means more food is needed
 Could only be provided by irrigated land
 India cut off water supplies to Pakistan so famine starvation, crops failed
and land became arid
 Threatened Pakistan
 Pakistan made to buy water from India
 Treaty included construction of Tarbela and Mangla dams, construction of 5
barrages, remodeling of existing canals and head works and construction of
eight link canals

Importance
 Ensures that India does not restrict Pakistan’s water supply. Water supply in
Pakistan is maintained
 Pakistan has now exclusive rights to waters of the rivers Indus, Jhelum, and
Chenab
 Maintains agricultural production
 Tarbela and Mangla dams built [to store water]
 Barrages / link canals built [to distribute water]
 Enabled construction cost of works to be shared with Western countries and
India

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IRRIGATION

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON


 Artificial supply of water

MODERN TRADITONAL
Perennial Canals Inundation and Diversion Canals
Tubewell Karez
Sprinklers Persian Wheel
Tankers Shaduf
Tank Irrigation

MODERN METHODS
Advantages

 More efficient / faster / does not need to rest


 For larger area / more water / goes deeper
 Regular supply / can be used at any time of year / continuous
 Less labour required
 Cleaner water
 Reduces waterlogging and salinity (only tubewells)

Disadvantages

 Expensive / cannot be used by poor farmers


 High Maintenance cost
 Needs fuel /electricity / diesel etc.
 Reduces groundwater / lowers water table

TRADITIONAL METHODS
Advantages

 Cheap / can be used by poor farmers


 Low Maintenance cost
 Does not need fuel /electricity / diesel etc.
 Do not reduce groundwater / lowers water table

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Disadvantages
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 Less efficient / slower


 For smaller area / less water
 No Regular supply / cannot be used at any time of year
 More labour required
 Unclean water
 Waterlogging and salinity

WHY IRRIGATION IS NEEDED?


 Insufficient annual rainfall
 Most of Pakistan is arid
 Monsoon is variable in amount, timings and distributions
 High temperature condition which leads to a great degree of
evapotranspiration
 1/3rd of country in south has less than 10 rainy days in a year
 2/3rd has less than 20 rainy days in a year

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KAREZ
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 When rainfall occurs in mountains, water sinks into the ground


 Karez is a water tunnel or narrow underground canal
 It starts from the base of hill or mountain or run 1-2 km underground before
it emerges above ground
 Length depends on the distance between source of Karez and the command
area
 Throughout its length it is dotted with vertical shafts which are used to
clean and repair it
 Selecting of site for digging is done by experienced village elders
 Digging and repair is done by a group of trained labors
 It is privately owned by group of people rather than a single person
 Owner’s share water according to percentage share in Karez
 Karez are drying out in areas where there are no tube wells
 Karez are drying because they are neglected

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PERSIAN WHEEL
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 Powered by blind-folded bullock using wooden shaft


 It turns a horizontal wooden wheel
 It is geared to a vertical wheel at the end of the shaft
 This carries the vertical metal wheel which is attached to chain of pots
 Pots raise water from the well and spill their contents in to channel that
leads to the fields

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SHADUF
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 Consists of bucket suspended by a rope from one end of a pole


 Weight is placed at the other end of the pole
 The pole is suspended on a y-shaped post at a well or a river bank
 The bucket is dipped in to water by hand and weight at the other end of the
pole helps to lift it up
 One tenth of a hectare can be irrigated daily

TANK IRRIGATION
 Tank is a reservoir of any specific size
 There are practised by constructing mud banks across small streams or
constructed across slopes for collecting and preserving rain water and
surface runoff from mountain slopes
 Preserve water for dry season
 Occupy large area
 Evaporation

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INUNDATION CANALS

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON


 Long canals taken off from large rivers
 They receive water when river is high enough and especially when it is flood
 Active in summers
 No control over water supply
 Irrigates small area
 Taken out from IJCRS
 No waterlogging and salinity because evaporation rate is higher

DIVERSION CANALS
 Narrow version of an inundation canal
 Water is taken off from narrow streams through small man-made channels
often high up on valley sides to small terraced fields
 Irrigates small area
 Practiced only when river is full
 Practiced in northern mountains

PERENNIAL CANALS
 Canals which supply water to their commercial areas throughout the year
 Supply water throughout the year
 Water is always available when needed
 Water can be better controlled
 Reliable
 Fills rainfall gaps
 Irrigates large areas
 Non fuel costs
 Cheap to use
 Evaporation losses
 Seepage losses if canals are unlined
 Cost of construction is high
 Deposition of silt
 Growth of dengue
 Need extra costs to treat algae growth

LINK CANALS

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 Take water from western river for eastern river


MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 To compensate for water lost to India from eastern river


 Balloki – Sulamanki (Ravi to Sutlej)
 Chasma – Jhelum (Indus to Jhelum)
 Marala – Ravi (Chenab to Ravi)
 Qadirabad – Balloki (Chenab to Ravi)
 Rasul – Qadirabad (Jhelum to Chenab)
 Taunsa – Punjnad (Indus to Chenab)

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TUBEWELLS

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON


 Long metal tube is drilled into the ground till it reaches the underground
aquifer
 Water is then pumped up
 In drier regions that don’t receive sufficient rainfall and lack irrigation
systems, tube wells are often attached to motor pumps, which are operated
by electricity or diesel.
 When water is pumped up it flows in to ponds from where it is distributed to
fields by canals pipes or sprinklers
 They can tap water from depth of 92m or more to irrigate farms of more
than 1000 nectars.
 Punjab is leading user of tube wells
 Irrigates large area
 No labour
 Continuous supply
 Reduces water logging and salinity
 Control of water
 Water available throughout the year
 Increases yield
 Lower water table
 Hugh cost of installation High maintenance cost
 Lack of electricity
 Lack of technology for pumps
 Deplete ground water
 Limited to large scale commercial farms

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SPRINKLER / SPRAY IRRIGATION


MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 Pressurized water from public pipes is sprayed over plants to provide then
with water
 This system can be of any size, ranging from a home sprinkler used to keep a
lawn green to industrial sized sprinklers used to irrigate crops
 Some sprinklers heads only spray in one direction while others rotate as they
spray
 Very less water loss
 Can be used according to farmer’s requirement can be well controlled
 No labour required
 Equal distribution of water
 More efficient
 Less time consuming
 Expensive to install
 Requires pumping, electricity is expensive
 Irrigates limited land
 Lack of technology
 High winds can drift spray

TANKERS
 Tankers collect water from ponds, lakes and ground water and provide it to
households, fields and linear plantations
 Expensive

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MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

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RIVERS

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON


 Indus
 Jhelum
 Chenab
 Ravi
 Sutlej
 Kabul

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DAMS
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 Tarbela (Indus)
 Mangla (Jhelum)
 Warsak (Kabul)

SMALL DAMS LARGE DAMS


Store water for irrigation Store water for irrigation
Irrigates local areas only Irrigates a vast area
Supply water for industrial and Supply water from industrial and
domestic use domestic use
Supply little or no electricity Major suppliers of HEP
Silting problem easier to solve Silting problem difficult to solve
Low initial investment High initial investment
Maintenance cost is low Maintenance cost is high
Less construction time More construction time
Less important for flood More important for flood

BARRAGES
 Large structure used for irrigation and flood control
 Not involved in the generation of electricity
 Cost of construction is less than that of dam
 Can be made even in flat areas
 Size and capacity of barrage depends on the width of the river
 Sukkur Barrage on River Indus and irrigates Nawabshah, Larkana
 Guddu Barrage on River Indus and irrigates Jacobad, Ghotki
 Kotri Barrage on River Indus and irrigates Hyderabad, Badin, Thatta
 Marala Barrage on River Chenab and irrigates Sialkot, Gujranwala
 Rasul Barrage on River Jhelum and irrigates Sargodha, Gujrat

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MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

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WATERLOGGING AND SALINITY


MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 An irrigated area is said to be waterlogged when subsoil water rises high


 Caused by too much irrigation water
 Water table rises
 Soil becomes too wet, forming, puddles of water
 Water rises up wards carrying salts
 Evaporation causes salinity
 Salt patches
 Salt poisons crops so they die

Why Problem For Farmers?

 Reduces cultivable area


 Reduces yield
 Reduces income & profit
 Expensive to reclaim land

MEASURES FOR W.LOGGING AND SALINITY


 Use of gypsum
 Canal closures to control volume of water
 Planting eucalyptus tree to lower water underground
 Surface drain
 Planned closures
 Lining of canals
 Installing tube wells

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CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON


 Sewage discharged into rivers
 Domestic waste thrown into rivers
 Pesticides/fertillisers runoff from agricultural fields
 Industrial waste thrown into rivers
 Waste from ship discharged into rivers
 Leakage of oil from ship

EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION


 Not for drinking / poisonous / contaminates groundwater
 Cost of treatment
 Causes disease – risk of cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea , hepatitis, dysentery
etc.
 Not for food processing (e.g. fish canning)
 Smells
 Reduces fish catch / kills fish
 Can damage machinery
 Blocks ditches / canals / causes flooding
 Risk of malaria from stagnant water

SOLUTION OF WATER POLLUTION


 Treatment of sewage
 Improve sanitation facilities in poor quality housing
 Proper dumping of domestic and industrial waste
 Organic farming (Alternative to chemical fertillisers/pesticides)
 Fines on Water polluters
 Maintenance of ships

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SILTATION
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 Deposition of rock/sand/silt in river/dams/barrages

CAUSES OF SILTATION
 Deforestation
 Destruction of mountains by agents of erosion
 Unlined canals

EFFECTS OF SILTATION
 Blockage of canals
 Weakens the foundation of dams
 Croaking of irrigation canals
 Reduces capacity of reservoir
 Less HEP
 Less water for irrigation

SOLUTIONS FOR SILTATION


 Afforestation
 Reforestation
 Lined canals
 Installation of silt traps
 Raise height of dam

HOW WATER IS LOST?


 Seepage from beds of canals/absorbed into the soil/land/no canal lining;
 Evaporation/evapotranspiration from surface of canals/tanks/flooded land;
 Excessive runoff of water immediately into streams/rivers;
 Theft of water/theft from canals;
 Water drawn up by vegetation on side of canal;
 Mismanagement.

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HOW TO INCREASE WATER SUPPLY?


MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

 Rivers available
 Rainfall in monsoon
 Glaciers melt so water from mountains
 Use Flat land for canals
 Small Dams should be developed to store surplus flow during monsoon season
 Canals should be lined
 Fresh – water resources should not be used as dumping sites of solid and
liquid waste
 Controlling seepage of toxic waste in to ground
 Desalination of sea water
 Awareness

PROBLEMS IN INCREASING WATER SUPPLY?


 not enough river water
 not enough rain
 loss by leakage, siltation
 Indus Water Treaty restricts water in reservoirs/rivers
 evaporation in hot climate
 pollution
 demands always increasing
 some places remote (e.g. Baluchistan)
 lack of funds/government will
 Cost of reservoirs, canals etc
 Cost of tubewells
 Lack of reservoirs / dams / barrages
 Indus Treaty limits supply / conflict with India over supplies
 Lower water table restricts groundwater
 Waterlogging and salinity problems
 Lack of / cost of power supplies for pumps
 Other constraints, e.g. education, wastage, conflict between users etc.

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