Spermatogonia – most peripheral germ cells

REPRODUCTIVE that divide through mitosis

SYSTEM Primary spermatocytes – other daughter cells
FUNCTIONS that divide by meiosis and become sperm cells

1. Production of gametes. Secondary spermatocytes – product of first

2. Fertilization. meiotic division
3. Development and nourishment of a Spermatids – product of secondary meiotic
new individual. division
4. Production of sex hormones.
Sperm cell / Spermatozoon – developed
FORMATION OF GAMETES spermatid with a head, midpiece, and
Gametes – sex cells flagellum

Meiosis – a type of cell division in which DUCTS

formation of gametes occur
Epididymis
Synapsis – chromosomes align as pairs
 A tightly coiled series of threadlike
Crossing over – allows exchange of genetic tubules that form a comma-shaped
material bet. chromosomes structure
Reduction division – 1st meiotic division; Rete testis – each seminiferous tubule empty
from 16 to 23 chromosomes into in tubular networks
2nd Meiotic division – similar to mitosis Efferent ductules – carry sperm cells from the
testis to the epididymis
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
Capacitation – final changes in sperm cells
SYSTEM SCROTUM
that occur after ejaculation of semen into the
 Saclike structure containing the testes vagina and prior to fertilization

Dartos muscle – layer of SM beneath the skin Ductus Deferens / Vas deferens
of the scrotum
 Emerges from the epididymis and
Cremaster muscles – extensions of ascends along the posterior side of the
abdominal muscles into the scrotum testis
TESTES Spermatic cord – consists of the ductus
deferens, testicular artery and veins, lymphatic
 Also called male gonads; oval organs
vessels, and testicular nerve
within the scrotum
Ampulla of the ductus deferens – ductus
Seminiferous tubules – where sperm cells
deferens increases in diameter
develop
Interstitial cells / Leydig cells – endocrine Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory Duct
cells that secrete testosterone Seminal vesicle – sac-shaped gland
Sustentacular cells / Sertoli – are large and Ejaculatory duct – formed by the ducts from
nourish the germ cells; produce a number of the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the
hormones ductus deferens
SPERMATOGENESIS
 Formation of sperm cells
Urethra Bulbourethral + urethral mucuous glands –
produce mucus that neutralizes the acidic pH
Prostatic urethra – passes through the of the urethra
prostate gland
PHYSIOLOGY OF MALE
Membranous urethra – passes through the
floor of the pelvis; surrounded by the external REPRODUCTION
urinary sphincter Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion
Spongy urethra – extends the length of the Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) –
penis and opens at its end produced in hypothalamus; stimulates release
of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
PENIS
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates
 Male organs of copulation interstitial cells to produce testosterone
 Functions in transfer of sperm cells from
the male to the female Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – binds
to sustentacular cells and stimulates
Erection – process of the engorgement of the spermatogenesis and secretion of inhibin
erectile tissue with blood that causes the penis
to enlarge and become firm Testosterone – has a negative-feedback effect
on GnRH, LH, and FSH
Corpora cavernosa – two columns of erectile
tissue that form the dorsal portion Inhibin – has a negative-feedback effect on
FSH secretion
Corpus spongiosum – third, small erectile
column that occupies the ventral portion of the Puberty in Males
penis
 Before puberty; small amounts of
Glans penis – a formed cap testosterone inhibit GnRH release.
 During puberty; testosterone does not
External urethra orifice – spongy urethra
completely suppress GnRH release,
that opens to the exterior
resulting in increased prod. of FSH,
Prepuce / foreskin – lose fold of skin that LH, and testosterone.
covers the glans penis
Puberty – sequence of events by which a child
GLANDS is transformed into a young adult

Prostate gland – consists of glandular _ Effects of Testosterone

muscular tissue & empties into the urethra
 Enlargement of the genitals; necessary
Bulbourethral glands / Cowper glands – a for spermatogenesis
pair of small, mucus-secreting glands that  Responsible for the development of
empty into the urethra secondary sexual characteristics (hair
distribution and growth, skin texture,
SECRETIONS fat distribution, skeletal muscle growth,
Semen – mixture of sperm cells + gland changes in the larynx)
secretions
Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sex
Prostate fluid – contains nutrients and Act
proteolytic enzymes; neutralizes the pH of the
Testosterone – required for normal sex drive
vagina
Emission – movement of sperm cells, mucus,
prostatic secretions, and seminal vesicle
secretions into the prostatic, membranous, Fertilization – when a sperm cell penetrates
spongy urethra the cytoplasm of a secondary oocyte
Orgasm / climax – result of pleasurable, Zygote – 23 chromosomes from the sperm +
intense sensation 23 chromosomes from the female gamete
Resolution – penis becomes flaccid; an overall Follicle Development
feeling of satisfaction exists
Primordial follicle – primary oocyte
Erection – first major component of the male surrounded by granulosa cells (single layer of
sex act flat cells)
Erectile dysfunction (ED) – impotence; Primary follicles – oocyte enlarges and the
failure to achieve erections single layer of granulosa cells become
enlarged and cuboidal
Infertility in Males
Zona pellucida – a layer of clear material that
 Common cause is a low sperm cell is deposited around the primary oocyte
count
Secondary follicle – flui-filled vesicles appear
Artificial insemination – concentrating the and a theca forms around the follicle
sperm cells and inserting them into the
Fluid filled spaces - vesicles
female’s reproductive tract
Theca – a capsule that forms around the
FEMALE
follicle
REPRODUCTIVE Antrum – a single, fluid-filled chamber
SYSTEM Graafian follicle – mature follicle
Broad ligament – spreads out on both sides of Cumulus cells – mass of granulosa cells
the uterus and attaches to the ovaries and
uterine tubes Corpus luteum – remaining cells of the
ruptured follicle are transformed into a
OVARIES glandular structure
Suspensory ligament – extends from each Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
ovary to the lateral body wall (hCG) – the corpus luteum enlarges in
Ovarian ligament – attaches the ovary to the response to this hormone
superior margin of the uterus
UTERINE TUBES
Mesovarium – folds of peritoneum
 Fallopian tube or oviduct
OOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION  Receive the secondary oocyte
Oogonia – the cells form which oocytes Fimbriae – long, thin processes that surrounds
develop each the opening of each uterine tube
Primary oocyte – oogonia that has stopped I  Cilia on fimbriae – sweep the oocyte
prophase I into the uterine tube
Ovulation – release of an oocyte from an Ampulla – where fertilization usually occurs
ovary
Implantation – process wherein the fertilized
Secondary oocyte – released when the first oocyte embeds itself in the uterine wall
meiotic division is complete
UTERUS
Fundus – superior to the entrance of the Labia majora – prominent, rounded folds of
uterine tubes skin
Body – main part of the uterus Mons pubis – an elevation of tissue over the
pubic symphisis
Cervix – inferiorly, narrower part
Pudendal cleft – space bet. the labia majora
Uterine cavity & cervical canal – spaces
formed by the uterus Clinical perineum – region bet. the vagina
and the anus
Perimetrium – outer layer; serous layer of the
uterus formed from visceral peritoneum Episiotomy – an incision made I the clinical
perineum to avoid tearing during childbirth
Myometrium – middle layer; muscular layer
hat accounts for the bulk of the uterine wall MAMMARY GLANDS
Endometrium – innermost layer; consists of  Organs of milk production
simple columnar epithelial cells with an  Located in the breasts
underlying CT layer
 Modified sweat glands
Spiral glands – simple tubular glands formed
Areola – a circular, pigmented area that
by folds of endometrium
surrounds the nipple
Prolapsed uterus – occurs when the uterus
Gynecomastia – occurs when the breasts of a
extends inferiorly into the vagina
male become permanently enlarged; results
VAGINA from hormonal imbalance and the abuse of
anabolic steroids
 Female organs of copulation
 Allows menstrual flow and childbirth Glandular lobes – covered by adipose tissue;
gives the breast its form
Muscular layer – smooth muscle + elastic
fibers Lactiferous duct – opens independently to the
surface of the nipple
Mucous membrane – moist stratified
squamous epithelium that forms a protective Myoepithelial cells – surround the alveoli and
surface contract to expel milk from the alveoli

Hymen – thin mucous membrane PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE

REPRODUCTION
EXTERNAL GENITALIA
Puberty in Females
Vulva – pudendum; external female genitalia
Menarche – first episode of the menstrual
Vestibule – the space into which the vagina bleeding
and urethra open
Menstrual cycle – series of changes that occur
Labia minora – thing, longitudinal skin folds in sexually mature, non-pregnant females, and
Clitoris – small, erectile structure; well that culminate in menses
supplied with sensory receptors, made up of Menses – a period of mild hemorrhage; part of
erectile tissue the endometrium is sloughed and expelled
Greater vestibular glands – produce a from the uterus; day 1 – 4: menstrual fluid is
lubricating fluid that helps maintain the produced by degeneration of the endometrium
moistness of the vestibule Proliferative phase – day 5 – ovulation:
epithelial cells multiply and form glands
Secretory phase – day of ovulation – 28:
endometrium becomes thicker, endometrial
glands secete
Blastocyst – a collection of cells produced by
the zygote
Ectopic pregnancy – implantation occurs
anywhere other than in the uterine cavity

MENOPAUSE
 Cessation of menstrual cycles
(Female) Climacteric – the whole time period
from the onset of irregular cycles to their
complete cessation

FEMALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND

THE FEMALE
SEX ACT
Orgasm / climax – triggered by tactile
stimulation of the female’s genitalia during
intercourse or psychological stimuation
Resolution – the overall sense of satisfaction
and relaxation after the sex act

INFERTILITY IN FEMALES
 Caused by malfunction of uterine
tubes, reduced hormone secretion,
interruption of implantation