(Tuberculosis) Public Health

Report
(Tuberculosis)
Public health
Presented by
Ahmed Saad Qaddouri

Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB), also known as the "white death", or historically as

consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can
also affect other parts of the body.[1] Most infections show no symptoms, in which
case it is known as latent tuberculosis. Around 10% of latent infections progress to
active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected.[1] Typical
symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever,
night sweats, and weight loss.[1] Infection of other organs can cause a wide range
of symptoms.
Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people
who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.[1][9] People with
latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people
with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.[1] Diagnosis of active TB is based on
chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids.[10]
Diagnosis of Latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests
Signs and symptoms
The main symptoms of variants and stages of tuberculosis are given,[16] with
many symptoms overlapping with other variants, while others are more (but not
entirely) specific for certain variants. Multiple variants may be present
simultaneously.Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly
occurs in the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis).[8] Extrapulmonary TB
occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary
TB may coexist with pulmonary TB.General signs and symptoms include fever,
chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue.[8] Significant nail
clubbing may also occur
Pulmonary
If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the

lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged
cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e.,
they remain asymptomatic).[15] Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small
amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery
or a Rasmussen's aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding Tuberculosis may
become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the
lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the
lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due to either
better air flow, or poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs.
Extrapulmonary
Main article: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis In 15–20% of active cases, the infection

spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively
denoted as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary TB occurs more
commonly in people with a weakened immune system and young children. In those
with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases.[21] Notable extrapulmonary
infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous
system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck),
the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in
Pott disease of the spine), among others. A potentially more serious, widespread
form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis", it is also known as miliary
tuberculosis. Miliary TB currently makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases
Transmission
When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they
expel infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0 µm in diameter. A single sneeze can
release up to 40,000 droplets.[40] Each one of these droplets may transmit the
disease, since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small (the inhalation of
fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection).
Risk of transmission
People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at
particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate.
A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other
people per year.Transmission should occur from only people with active TB –
those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. The probability of
transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including
the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of
ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain,
the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others.[44] The cascade of
person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active
("overt") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of
effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not
remain contagious to others. If someone does become infected, it typically takes
three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to
transmit the disease to others.

(Tuberculosis) Public Health

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

(Tuberculosis) Public Health

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(Tuberculosis) Public Health

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report

Ahmed Saad Qaddouri

Tuberculosis (TB), also known as the "white death", or historically as

Signs and symptoms

If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the

Main article: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis In 15–20% of active cases, the infection

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.