Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound

with the formula H2S. It is a colorless
chalcogen-hydride gas, and is poisonous,
corrosive, and flammable, with trace
amounts in ambient atmosphere having a
characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.[11]
The underground mine gas term for foul-
smelling hydrogen sulfide-rich gas
mixtures is stinkdamp. Swedish chemist
Carl Wilhelm Scheele is credited with
having discovered the chemical
composition of purified hydrogen sulfide in
1777.[12]

Hydrogen sulfide is toxic to humans and

most other animals by inhibiting cellular
respiration in a manner similar to hydrogen
cyanide. When it is inhaled or its salts are
ingested in high amounts, damage to
organs occurs rapidly with symptoms
ranging from breathing difficulties to
convulsions and death.[13][14] Despite this,
the human body produces small amounts
of this sulfide and its mineral salts, and
uses it as a signalling molecule.[15]
Hydrogen sulfide is
Hydrogen sulfide
often produced
from the microbial
breakdown of
organic matter in
the absence of
Sulfur,
oxygen, such as in
S
swamps and
sewers; this process
Hydrogen,
is commonly known
H
as anaerobic
digestion, which is Names
done by sulfate-
Systematic IUPAC
reducing name
microorganisms. It Hydrogen
sulfide[1]
also occurs in
volcanic gases, Other names
natural gas Dihydrogen
deposits, and monosulfide

sometimes in well- Sour gas

Dihydrogen
drawn water.
sulfide
Properties Sewer gas
Egg gas
Hydrogen sulfide is
Sulfane
slightly denser than Sulfurated
air. A mixture of H2S hydrogen
and air can be Sulfureted
explosive. In hydrogen
general, hydrogen Sulfuretted

sulfide acts as a hydrogen

Sulfur hydride
reducing agent,
although in the
presence of a base, Hydrosulfuric
it can act as an acid acid

by donating a proton Hydrothionic

− acid
and forming SH .
Thiohydroxic
Hydrogen sulfide acid
Sulfhydric acid
burns in oxygen with
a blue flame to form Identifiers

sulfur dioxide (SO2) CAS 7783-06-

Number
and water: 4 (http
s://com
monche
mistry.ca
s.org/det
ail?cas_r
n=7783-0
6-4)
3D Interactive
model
image (htt
(JSmol)
ps://chem
apps.stola
f.edu/jmo
l/jmol.ph
p?model=
S)

3DMet B01206
(http://w
ww.3dm
et.dna.af
frc.go.jp/
cgi/show
_data.ph
p?acc=B
01206)
Beilstein 3535004
Reference

ChEBI CHEBI:16136
(https://ww
w.ebi.ac.uk/c
hebi/searchI
d.do?chebiId
=16136)

ChEMBL ChEMBL120
0739 (http
s://www.eb
ac.uk/chem
ldb/index.p
p/compoun
d/inspect/C
EMBL12007
39)
ChemSpi 391 (http
der s://www.
chemspi
der.com/
Chemical
-Structur
e.391.ht
ml)

ECHA 100.029.07
InfoCard (https://ech
a.europa.e
u/substanc
-informatio
n/-/substan
ceinfo/100.
029.070)
EC 231-977-
Number 3

Gmelin 303
Reference

KEGG C00283
(https://
www.keg
g.jp/entr
y/C0028
3)

MeSH Hydrogen+s
ulfide (http
s://www.nlm.
nih.gov/cgi/
mesh/2014/
MB_cgi?mod
e=&term=Hy
 drogen+sulfi
de)

PubChem 402 (http

CID
s://pubch
em.ncbi.
nlm.nih.g
ov/comp
ound/40
2)

RTECS MX1225000
number

UNII YY9FVM7NS
N (https://pr
ecision.fda.g
ov/uniisearc
h/srs/unii/Y
 Y9FVM7NS
N)

UN 1053
number

CompTox DTXSID402
Dashboard
149 (https:/
(EPA)
comptox.ep
a.gov/dash
oard/chem
al/details/D
XSID40241
9)

InChI
InChI=1S/H2S/h1
H2
Key: RWSOTUBLDI
XVET-UHFFFA
OYSA-N
 InChI=1/H2S/h1H
2
Key: RWSOTUBLDI
XVET-UHFFFA
OYAJ

SMILES
S

Properties

Chemical H2S
formula

Molar 34.08 g·mol−

mass 1

Appeara Colorless
nce gas

Odor Foul,
pungent,
like that
 of rotten
eggs

Density 1.539
g.L−1
(0°C)[2]

Melting −85.5[3] °C
point (−121.9 °F;
187.7 K)

Boiling −59.55[3] °C
point (−75.19 °F;
213.60 K)

Solubility 3.980 g
in water
dm−3 (at
20 °C) [4]

Vapor 1740 kPa

pressure (at 21 °C)
Acidity 7.0[5][6]
(pKa)

Conjuga Sulfonium
te acid

Conjugat Bisulfide
e base

Magnetic −25.5·10−6
susceptibility 3
cm /mol
(χ)

Refractive 1.000644
index (nD)
(0 °C)[2]

Structure

Point C2v
group

Molecular Bent
shape
Dipole 0.97 D
moment

Thermochemistry

Heat 1.003 J
capacity
K−1 g−1
(C )
Std 206 J
molar
mol−1
entropy
(S⦵298) K−1[7]

Std −21 kJ
enthalpy
mol−1[7]
of
formation
(ΔfH⦵298)
Hazards

Occupational safety
and health
(OHS/OSH):

Main Flammable
hazards
and highly
toxic

GHS labelling:

Pictograms

Signal Danger
word

Hazard H220,
statements
H330,
H400

Precautionary
P210, P26
statements
P271, P27
P284,
P304+P34
 P310, P32
P377, P38
P391, P40
P403+P23
P405, P50

NFPA 4
4
0

704
(fire dia
mond)

Flash −82.4 °C
point (−116.3 °F;
190.8 K)[10]

Autoignition232 °C
temperature
(450 °F;
505 K)
Explosive 4.3–46%
limits

Lethal dose or
concentration (LD,
LC):

LC50 (median
713
concentration)
ppm
(rat, 1
hr)
673
ppm
(mouse,
1 hr)
634
ppm
(mouse,
1 hr)
 444
ppm
(rat, 4
hr)[9]

LCLo 600
(lowest ppm
published)
(human,
30 min)
800
ppm
(human,
5 min)[9]

NIOSH (US health

exposure limits):

PEL C 20
(Permissible)
ppm; 50
 ppm [10-
minute
maximum
peak][8]

REL C 10 ppm
(Recommended)
(15 mg/m
[10-
minute][8]

IDLH 100
(Immediate [8]
ppm
danger)

Related compounds

Related Water
hydrogen
Hydrogen
chalcogenides
selenide
Hydrogen
telluride
 Hydrogen
polonide
Hydrogen
disulfide
Sulfanyl

Related Phosphine
compounds

Except where
otherwise noted,
data are given for
materials in their
standard state (at
25 °C [77 °F],
100 kPa).
verify (https://en.w
ikipedia.org/w/inde
x.php?title=Special:
ComparePages&rev
1=477313464&page
 2=Hydrogen+sulfid
e) (what is ?)
Infobox references

2 H2S + 3 O2 → 2 SO2 + 2 H2O

If an excess of oxygen is present, sulfur

trioxide (SO3) is formed, which quickly
hydrates to sulfuric acid:

H2S + 2 O2 → H2SO4

At high temperatures or in the presence of

catalysts, sulfur dioxide reacts with
hydrogen sulfide to form elemental sulfur
and water. This reaction is exploited in the
Claus process, an important industrial
method to dispose of hydrogen sulfide.
Hydrogen sulfide is slightly soluble in
water and acts as a weak acid (pKa = 6.9
in 0.01–0.1 mol/litre solutions at 18 °C),
−
giving the hydrosulfide ion HS (also
−
written SH ). Hydrogen sulfide and its
solutions are colorless. When exposed to
air, it slowly oxidizes to form elemental
sulfur, which is not soluble in water. The
sulfide anion S2− is not formed in aqueous
solution.[16]

Hydrogen sulfide reacts with metal ions to

form metal sulfides, which are insoluble,
often dark colored solids. Lead(II) acetate
paper is used to detect hydrogen sulfide
because it readily converts to lead(II)
sulfide, which is black. Treating metal
sulfides with strong acid or electrolysis
often liberates hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen
sulfide is also responsible for tarnishing
on various metals including copper and
silver; the chemical responsible for black
toning found on silver coins is silver
sulfide (Ag2S), which is produced when the
silver on the surface of the coin reacts
with atmospheric hydrogen sulfide.[17]

At pressures above 90 GPa (gigapascal),

hydrogen sulfide becomes a metallic
conductor of electricity. When cooled
below a critical temperature this high-
pressure phase exhibits superconductivity.
The critical temperature increases with
pressure, ranging from 23 K at 100 GPa to
150 K at 200 GPa.[18] If hydrogen sulfide is
pressurized at higher temperatures, then
cooled, the critical temperature reaches
203 K (−70 °C), the highest accepted
superconducting critical temperature as of
2015. By substituting a small part of sulfur
with phosphorus and using even higher
pressures, it has been predicted that it
may be possible to raise the critical
temperature to above 0 °C (273 K) and
achieve room-temperature
superconductivity.[19]
Hydrogen sulfide decomposes without a
presence of a catalyst under atmospheric
pressure around 1200 °C into hydrogen
and sulfur.[20]

The gas has a characteristic egg-like

odour.

Production
Hydrogen sulfide is most commonly
obtained by its separation from sour gas,
which is natural gas with a high content of
H2S. It can also be produced by treating
hydrogen with molten elemental sulfur at
about 450 °C. Hydrocarbons can serve as
a source of hydrogen in this process.[21]
Sulfate-reducing (resp. sulfur-reducing)
bacteria generate usable energy under
low-oxygen conditions by using sulfates
(resp. elemental sulfur) to oxidize organic
compounds or hydrogen; this produces
hydrogen sulfide as a waste product.

A standard lab preparation is to treat

ferrous sulfide with a strong acid in a Kipp
generator:

FeS + 2 HCl → FeCl2 + H2S

For use in qualitative inorganic analysis,

thioacetamide is used to generate H2S:

CH3C(S)NH2 + H2O → CH3C(O)NH2 + H2S

Many metal and nonmetal sulfides, e.g.
aluminium sulfide, phosphorus
pentasulfide, silicon disulfide liberate
hydrogen sulfide upon exposure to
water:[22]

6 H2O + Al2S3 → 3 H2S + 2 Al(OH)3

This gas is also produced by heating sulfur

with solid organic compounds and by
reducing sulfurated organic compounds
with hydrogen.

Water heaters can aid the conversion of

sulfate in water to hydrogen sulfide gas.
This is due to providing a warm
environment sustainable for sulfur
bacteria and maintaining the reaction
which interacts between sulfate in the
water and the water heater anode, which is
usually made from magnesium metal.[23]

Biosynthesis in the body

Hydrogen sulfide can be generated in cells

via enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways.
H2S in the body acts as a gaseous
signaling molecule which is known to
inhibit Complex IV of the mitochondrial
electron transport chain which effectively
reduces ATP generation and biochemical
activity within cells.[24] Three enzymes are
known to synthesize H2S: cystathionine γ-
lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthetase
(CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate
sulfurtransferase (3-MST).[25] These
enzymes have been identified in a breadth
of biological cells and tissues, and their
activity has been observed to be induced
by a number of disease states.[26] It is
becoming increasingly clear that H2S is an
important mediator of a wide range of cell
functions in health and in diseases.[25]
CBS and CSE are the main proponents of
H2S biogenesis, which follows the trans-
sulfuration pathway.[27] These enzymes
are characterized by the transfer of a
sulfur atom from methionine to serine to
form a cysteine molecule.[27] 3-MST also
contributes to hydrogen sulfide production
by way of the cysteine catabolic
pathway.[26][27] Dietary amino acids, such
as methionine and cysteine serve as the
primary substrates for the transulfuration
pathways and in the production of
hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide can
also be synthesized by non-enzymatic
pathway, which is derived from proteins
such as ferredoxins and Rieske
proteins.[26] There has been continuing
interest in exploiting such knowledge of
hydrogen sulfide's role in signaling through
development of mechanistically related
therapeutic agents.[28][29]
Hydrogen sulfide has been shown to be
involved in physiological processes such
as vasodilation in animals, as well as in
increasing seed germination and stress
responses in plants.[24] Hydrogen sulfide
signaling is also innately intertwined with
physiological processes that are known to
be moderated by reactive oxygen species
(ROS) and reactive nitrogen species
(RNS).[24] H2S has been shown to interact
with NO resulting in several different
cellular effects, as well as the formation of
a new signal called nitrosothiol.[24]
Hydrogen sulfide is also known to increase
the levels of glutathione which acts to
reduce or disrupt ROS levels in cells.[24]
The field of H2S biology has advanced
from environmental toxicology to
investigate the roles of endogenously
produced H2S in physiological conditions
and in various pathophysiological
states.[30] According to a current
classification, pathophysiological states
with H2S overproduction (such as cancer
and Down syndrome) and
pathophysiological states with H2S deficit
(e.g. vascular disease) can be
identified.[31] Although the understanding
of H2S biology has significantly advanced
over the last decade,[32][33][34] many
questions remain, for instance related to
the quantification of endogenous H2S
levels.[26]

Uses

Production of sulfur, thioorganic

compounds, and alkali metal sulfides

The main use of hydrogen sulfide is as a

precursor to elemental sulfur. Several
organosulfur compounds are produced
using hydrogen sulfide. These include
methanethiol, ethanethiol, and thioglycolic
acid.[21]

Upon combining with alkali metal bases,

hydrogen sulfide converts to alkali
hydrosulfides such as sodium hydrosulfide
and sodium sulfide:

H2S + NaOH → NaSH + H2O

NaSH + NaOH → Na2S + H2O

These compounds are used in the paper

−
making industry. Specifically, salts of SH
break bonds between lignin and cellulose
components of pulp in the Kraft
process.[21]

Reversibly sodium sulfide in the presence

of acids turns into hydrosulfides and
hydrogen sulfide; this supplies
hydrosulfides in organic solutions and is
utilized in the production of thiophenol.[35]
Analytical chemistry

For well over a century hydrogen sulfide

was important in analytical chemistry in
the qualitative inorganic analysis of metal
ions. In these analyses, heavy metal (and
nonmetal) ions (e.g., Pb(II), Cu(II), Hg(II),
As(III)) are precipitated from solution upon
exposure to H2S). The components of the
resulting precipitate redissolve with some
selectivity, and are thus identified.

Precursor to metal sulfides

As indicated above, many metal ions react

with hydrogen sulfide to give the
corresponding metal sulfides. This
conversion is widely exploited. For
example, gases or waters contaminated by
hydrogen sulfide can be cleaned with
metals, by forming metal sulfides. In the
purification of metal ores by flotation,
mineral powders are often treated with
hydrogen sulfide to enhance the
separation. Metal parts are sometimes
passivated with hydrogen sulfide.
Catalysts used in hydrodesulfurization are
routinely activated with hydrogen sulfide,
and the behavior of metallic catalysts used
in other parts of a refinery is also modified
using hydrogen sulfide.
Miscellaneous applications

Hydrogen sulfide is used to separate

deuterium oxide, or heavy water, from
normal water via the Girdler sulfide
process.

Scientists from the University of Exeter

discovered that cell exposure to small
amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas can
prevent mitochondrial damage. When the
cell is stressed with disease, enzymes are
drawn into the cell to produce small
amounts of hydrogen sulfide. This study
could have further implications on
preventing strokes, heart disease and
arthritis.[36]

Depending on the level of toning present,

coins that have been subject to toning by
hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur-
containing compounds may add to the
numismatic value of a coin based on the
toning's aesthetics. Coins can also be
intentionally treated with hydrogen sulfide
to induce toning, though artificial toning
can be distinguished from natural toning,
and is generally criticised among
collectors.[37]
A suspended animation-like state has
been induced in rodents with the use of
hydrogen sulfide, resulting in hypothermia
with a concomitant reduction in metabolic
rate. Oxygen demand was also reduced,
thereby protecting against hypoxia. In
addition, hydrogen sulfide has been shown
to reduce inflammation in various
situations.[38]

Occurrence

Deposit of sulfur on a rock, caused by

volcanic gas
Volcanoes and some hot springs (as well
as cold springs) emit some H2S, where it
probably arises via the hydrolysis of
sulfide minerals, i.e.
MS + H2O → MO + H2S. Hydrogen sulfide
can be present naturally in well water,
often as a result of the action of sulfate-
reducing bacteria.[39] Hydrogen sulfide is
produced by the human body in small
quantities through bacterial breakdown of
proteins containing sulfur in the intestinal
tract, therefore it contributes to the
characteristic odor of flatulence. It is also
produced in the mouth (halitosis).[40]
A portion of global H2S emissions are due
to human activity. By far the largest
industrial source of H2S is petroleum
refineries: The hydrodesulfurization
process liberates sulfur from petroleum by
the action of hydrogen. The resulting H2S
is converted to elemental sulfur by partial
combustion via the Claus process, which
is a major source of elemental sulfur.
Other anthropogenic sources of hydrogen
sulfide include coke ovens, paper mills
(using the Kraft process), tanneries and
sewerage. H2S arises from virtually
anywhere where elemental sulfur comes in
contact with organic material, especially at
high temperatures. Depending on
environmental conditions, it is responsible
for deterioration of material through the
action of some sulfur oxidizing
microorganisms. It is called biogenic
sulfide corrosion.

In 2011 it was reported that increased

concentrations of H2S were observed in
the Bakken formation crude, possibly due
to oil field practices, and presented
challenges such as "health and
environmental risks, corrosion of wellbore,
added expense with regard to materials
handling and pipeline equipment, and
additional refinement requirements".[41]
Besides living near gas and oil drilling
operations, ordinary citizens can be
exposed to hydrogen sulfide by being near
waste water treatment facilities, landfills
and farms with manure storage. Exposure
occurs through breathing contaminated air
or drinking contaminated water.[42]

In municipal waste landfill sites, the burial

of organic material rapidly leads to the
production of anaerobic digestion within
the waste mass and, with the humid
atmosphere and relatively high
temperature that accompanies
biodegradation, biogas is produced as
soon as the air within the waste mass has
been reduced. If there is a source of
sulfate bearing material, such as
plasterboard or natural gypsum (calcium
sulfate dihydrate), under anaerobic
conditions sulfate reducing bacteria
converts this to hydrogen sulfide. These
bacteria cannot survive in air but the
moist, warm, anaerobic conditions of
buried waste that contains a high source
of carbon – in inert landfills, paper and
glue used in the fabrication of products
such as plasterboard can provide a rich
source of carbon[43] – is an excellent
environment for the formation of hydrogen
sulfide.
In industrial anaerobic digestion
processes, such as waste water treatment
or the digestion of organic waste from
agriculture, hydrogen sulfide can be
formed from the reduction of sulfate and
the degradation of amino acids and
proteins within organic compounds.[44]
Sulfates are relatively non-inhibitory to
methane forming bacteria but can be
reduced to H2S by sulfate reducing
bacteria, of which there are several
genera.[45]
Removal from water

A number of processes have been

designed to remove hydrogen sulfide from
drinking water.[46]

Continuous chlorination
For levels up to 75 mg/L chlorine is used
in the purification process as an
oxidizing chemical to react with
hydrogen sulfide. This reaction yields
insoluble solid sulfur. Usually the
chlorine used is in the form of sodium
hypochlorite.[47]

Aeration
 For concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
less than 2 mg/L aeration is an ideal
treatment process. Oxygen is added to
water and a reaction between oxygen
and hydrogen sulfide react to produce
odorless sulfate.[48]

Nitrate addition
Calcium nitrate can be used to prevent
hydrogen sulfide formation in
wastewater streams.

Removal from fuel gases

Hydrogen sulfide is commonly found in

raw natural gas and biogas. It is typically
removed by amine gas treating
technologies. In such processes, the
hydrogen sulfide is first converted to an
ammonium salt, whereas the natural gas
is unaffected.

+ −
RNH2 + H2S ⇌ [RNH3] + SH

The bisulfide anion is subsequently

regenerated by heating of the amine
sulfide solution. Hydrogen sulfide
generated in this process is typically
converted to elemental sulfur using the
Claus Process.
 Process flow diagram of a typical amine treating process used in
petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants and other
industrial facilities

Safety
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic and
flammable gas (flammable range: 4.3–
46%). Being heavier than air, it tends to
accumulate at the bottom of poorly
ventilated spaces. Although very pungent
at first (it smells like rotten eggs[49]), it
quickly deadens the sense of smell,
creating temporary anosmia,[50] so victims
may be unaware of its presence until it is
too late. Safe handling procedures are
provided by its safety data sheet (SDS).[51]

Toxicity

Hydrogen sulfide is a broad-spectrum

poison, meaning that it can poison several
different systems in the body, although the
nervous system is most affected. The
toxicity of H2S is comparable with that of
carbon monoxide.[52] It binds with iron in
the mitochondrial cytochrome enzymes,
thus preventing cellular respiration. Its
toxic properties were described in detail in
1843 by Justus von Liebig.[53]

Low-level exposure

Since hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally in

the body, the environment, and the gut,
enzymes exist to metabolize it. At some
threshold level, believed to average around
300–350 ppm, the oxidative enzymes
become overwhelmed. Many personal
safety gas detectors, such as those used
by utility, sewage and petrochemical
workers, are set to alarm at as low as 5 to
10 ppm and to go into high alarm at 15
ppm. Metabolism causes oxidation to
sulfate, which is harmless.[54] Hence, low
levels of hydrogen sulfide may be tolerated
indefinitely.

Exposure to lower concentrations can

result in eye irritation, a sore throat and
cough, nausea, shortness of breath, and
fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema).[52]
These effects are believed to be due to
hydrogen sulfide combining with alkali
present in moist surface tissues to form
sodium sulfide, a caustic.[55] These
symptoms usually subside in a few weeks.

Long-term, low-level exposure may result

in fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches,
irritability, poor memory, and dizziness.
Chronic exposure to low level H2S (around
2 ppm) has been implicated in increased
miscarriage and reproductive health
issues among Russian and Finnish wood
pulp workers,[56] but the reports have not
(as of 1995) been replicated.

High-level exposure

Short-term, high-level exposure can induce

immediate collapse, with loss of breathing
and a high probability of death. If death
does not occur, high exposure to hydrogen
sulfide can lead to cortical pseudolaminar
necrosis, degeneration of the basal
ganglia and cerebral edema.[52] Although
respiratory paralysis may be immediate, it
can also be delayed up to 72 hours.[57]
Diagnostic of extreme poisoning by H2S is
the discolouration of copper coins in the
pockets of the victim.

Inhalation of H2S resulted in about 7

workplace deaths per year in the U.S.
(2011–2017 data), second only to carbon
monoxide (17 deaths per year) for
workplace chemical inhalation deaths.[58]

Exposure thresholds

Exposure limits stipulated by the United

States government:[59]
10 ppm REL-Ceiling (NIOSH):
recommended permissible
exposure ceiling (the recommended
level that must not be exceeded,
except once for 10 min. in an 8-hour
shift, if no other measurable
exposure occurs)
20 ppm PEL-Ceiling (OSHA):
permissible exposure ceiling (the
level that must not be exceeded,
except once for 10 min. in an 8-hour
shift, if no other measurable
exposure occurs)
50 ppm PEL-Peak (OSHA): peak
permissible exposure (the level that
 must never be exceeded)
100 ppm IDLH (NIOSH):
immediately dangerous to life and
health (the level that interferes with
the ability to escape)
0.00047 ppm or 0.47 ppb is the odor
threshold, the point at which 50% of a
human panel can detect the presence of
an odor without being able to identify
it.[60]
10–20 ppm is the borderline
concentration for eye irritation.
50–100 ppm leads to eye damage.
At 100–150 ppm the olfactory nerve is
paralyzed after a few inhalations, and
the sense of smell disappears, often
together with awareness of
danger.[61][62]
320–530 ppm leads to pulmonary
edema with the possibility of death.[52]
530–1000 ppm causes strong
stimulation of the central nervous
system and rapid breathing, leading to
loss of breathing.
800 ppm is the lethal concentration for
50% of humans for 5 minutes' exposure
(LC50).
Concentrations over 1000 ppm cause
immediate collapse with loss of
 breathing, even after inhalation of a
single breath.

Treatment

Treatment involves immediate inhalation

of amyl nitrite, injections of sodium nitrite,
or administration of 4-
dimethylaminophenol in combination with
inhalation of pure oxygen, administration
of bronchodilators to overcome eventual
bronchospasm, and in some cases
hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT).[52]
HBOT has clinical and anecdotal
support.[63][64][65]
Incidents

Hydrogen sulfide was used by the British

Army as a chemical weapon during World
War I. It was not considered to be an ideal
war gas, partially due to its flammability
and because the distinctive smell could be
detected from even a small leak, alerting
the enemy to the presence of the gas. It
was nevertheless used on two occasions
in 1916 when other gases were in short
supply.[66]

On September 2, 2005, a leak in the

propeller room of a Royal Caribbean Cruise
Liner docked in Los Angeles resulted in the
deaths of 3 crewmen due to a sewage line
leak. As a result, all such compartments
are now required to have a ventilation
system.[67][68]

A dump of toxic waste containing

hydrogen sulfide is believed to have
caused 17 deaths and thousands of
illnesses in Abidjan, on the West African
coast, in the 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste
dump.

In September 2008, three workers were

killed and two suffered serious injury,
including long term brain damage, at a
mushroom growing company in Langley,
British Columbia. A valve to a pipe that
carried chicken manure, straw and gypsum
to the compost fuel for the mushroom
growing operation became clogged, and
as workers unclogged the valve in a
confined space without proper ventilation
the hydrogen sulfide that had built up due
to anaerobic decomposition of the
material was released, poisoning the
workers in the surrounding area.[69]
Investigator said there could have been
more fatalities if the pipe had been fully
cleared and/or if the wind had changed
directions.[70]
In 2014, levels of hydrogen sulfide as high
as 83 ppm were detected at a recently
built mall in Thailand called Siam Square
One at the Siam Square area. Shop tenants
at the mall reported health complications
such as sinus inflammation, breathing
difficulties and eye irritation. After
investigation it was determined that the
large amount of gas originated from
imperfect treatment and disposal of waste
water in the building.[71]

In 2014, hydrogen sulfide gas killed

workers at the Promenade shopping
center in North Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
[72] after climbing into 15ft deep chamber
without wearing personal protective gear.
"Arriving crews recorded high levels of
hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide
coming out of the sewer."

In November 2014, a substantial amount

of hydrogen sulfide gas shrouded the
central, eastern and southeastern parts of
Moscow. Residents living in the area were
urged to stay indoors by the emergencies
ministry. Although the exact source of the
gas was not known, blame had been
placed on a Moscow oil refinery.[73]

In June 2016, a mother and her daughter

were found deceased in their still-running
2006 Porsche Cayenne SUV against a
guardrail on Florida's Turnpike, initially
thought to be victims of carbon monoxide
poisoning.[74][75] Their deaths remained
unexplained as the medical examiner
waited for results of toxicology tests on
the victims,[76] until urine tests revealed
that hydrogen sulfide was the cause of
death. A report from the Orange-Osceola
Medical Examiner's Office indicated that
toxic fumes came from the Porsche's
starter battery, located under the front
passenger seat.[77][78]

In January 2017, three utility workers in

Key Largo, Florida, died one by one within
seconds of descending into a narrow
space beneath a manhole cover to check a
section of paved street.[79] In an attempt to
save the men, a firefighter who entered the
hole without his air tank (because he could
not fit through the hole with it) collapsed
within seconds and had to be rescued by a
colleague.[80] The firefighter was airlifted
to Jackson Memorial Hospital and later
recovered.[81][82] A Monroe County Sheriff
officer initially determined that the space
contained hydrogen sulfide and methane
gas produced by decomposing
vegetation.[83]
On May 24, 2018, two workers were killed,
another seriously injured, and 14 others
hospitalized by hydrogen sulfide inhalation
at a Norske Skog paper mill in Albury, New
South Wales.[84][85] An investigation by
SafeWork NSW found that the gas was
released from a tank used to hold process
water. The workers were exposed at the
end of a 3-day maintenance period.
Hydrogen sulfide had built up in an
upstream tank, which had been left
stagnant and untreated with biocide
during the maintenance period. These
conditions allowed sulfate-reducing
bacteria to grow in the upstream tank, as
the water contained small quantities of
wood pulp and fiber. The high rate of
pumping from this tank into the tank
involved in the incident caused hydrogen
sulfide gas to escape from various
openings around its top when pumping
was resumed at the end of the
maintenance period. The area above it
was sufficiently enclosed for the gas to
pool there, despite not being identified as
a confined space by Norske Skog. One of
the workers who was killed was exposed
while investigating an apparent fluid leak
in the tank, while the other who was killed
and the worker who was badly injured
were attempting to rescue the first after he
collapsed on top of it. In a resulting
criminal case, Norske Skog was accused
of failing to ensure the health and safety of
its workforce at the plant to a reasonably
practicable extent. It pleaded guilty, and
was fined AU$1,012,500 and ordered to
fund the production of an anonymized
educational video about the
incident.[86][87][84][88]

In October 2019, an Odessa, Texas

employee of Aghorn Operating Inc. and his
wife were killed due to a water pump
failure. Produced water with a high
concentration of hydrogen sulfide was
released by the pump. The worker died
while responding to an automated phone
call he had received alerting him to a
mechanical failure in the pump, while his
wife died after driving to the facility to
check on him.[89] A CSB investigation cited
lax safety practices at the facility, such as
an informal lockout-tagout procedure and
a nonfunctioning hydrogen sulfide alert
system.[90]

Suicides

The gas, produced by mixing certain

household ingredients, was used in a
suicide wave in 2008 in Japan.[91] The
wave prompted staff at Tokyo's suicide
prevention center to set up a special
hotline during "Golden Week", as they
received an increase in calls from people
wanting to kill themselves during the
annual May holiday.[92]

As of 2010, this phenomenon has

occurred in a number of US cities,
prompting warnings to those arriving at
the site of the suicide.[93][94][95][96][97] These
first responders, such as emergency
services workers or family members are at
risk of death or injury from inhaling the
gas, or by fire.[98][99] Local governments
have also initiated campaigns to prevent
such suicides.
In 2020, H2S ingestion was used as a
suicide method by Japanese pro wrestler
Hana Kimura.[100]

Hydrogen sulfide in the

natural environment

Microbial: The sulfur cycle

Sludge from a pond; the black color is

due to metal sulfides

Hydrogen sulfide is a central participant in

the sulfur cycle, the biogeochemical cycle
of sulfur on Earth.[101]
In the absence of oxygen, sulfur-reducing
and sulfate-reducing bacteria derive
energy from oxidizing hydrogen or organic
molecules by reducing elemental sulfur or
sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. Other bacteria
liberate hydrogen sulfide from sulfur-
containing amino acids; this gives rise to
the odor of rotten eggs and contributes to
the odor of flatulence.

As organic matter decays under low-

oxygen (or hypoxic) conditions (such as in
swamps, eutrophic lakes or dead zones of
oceans), sulfate-reducing bacteria will use
the sulfates present in the water to oxidize
the organic matter, producing hydrogen
sulfide as waste. Some of the hydrogen
sulfide will react with metal ions in the
water to produce metal sulfides, which are
not water-soluble. These metal sulfides,
such as ferrous sulfide FeS, are often
black or brown, leading to the dark color of
sludge.

Several groups of bacteria can use

hydrogen sulfide as fuel, oxidizing it to
elemental sulfur or to sulfate by using
dissolved oxygen, metal oxides (e.g., iron
oxyhydroxides and manganese oxides), or
nitrate as electron acceptors.[102]
The purple sulfur bacteria and the green
sulfur bacteria use hydrogen sulfide as an
electron donor in photosynthesis, thereby
producing elemental sulfur. This mode of
photosynthesis is older than the mode of
cyanobacteria, algae, and plants, which
uses water as electron donor and liberates
oxygen.

The biochemistry of hydrogen sulfide is a

key part of the chemistry of the iron-sulfur
world. In this model of the origin of life on
Earth, geologically produced hydrogen
sulfide is postulated as an electron donor
driving the reduction of carbon dioxide.[103]
Animals

Hydrogen sulfide is lethal to most animals,

but a few highly specialized species
(extremophiles) do thrive in habitats that
are rich in this compound.[104]

In the deep sea, hydrothermal vents and

cold seeps with high levels of hydrogen
sulfide are home to a number of extremely
specialized lifeforms, ranging from
bacteria to fish.[105] Because of the
absence of sunlight at these depths, these
ecosystems rely on chemosynthesis rather
than photosynthesis.[106]
Freshwater springs rich in hydrogen
sulfide are mainly home to invertebrates,
but also include a small number of fish:
Cyprinodon bobmilleri (a pupfish from
Mexico), Limia sulphurophila (a poeciliid
from the Dominican Republic), Gambusia
eurystoma (a poeciliid from Mexico), and a
few Poecilia (poeciliids from
Mexico).[104][107] Invertebrates and
microorganisms in some cave systems,
such as Movile Cave, are adapted to high
levels of hydrogen sulfide.[108]
Interstellar and planetary occurrence

Hydrogen sulfide has often been detected

in the interstellar medium.[109] It also
occurs in the clouds of planets in our solar
system.[110][111]

Mass extinctions

A hydrogen sulfide bloom (green)

stretching for about 150km along the
coast of Namibia. As oxygen-poor
water reaches the coast, bacteria in
the organic-matter rich sediment
produce hydrogen sulfide, which is
toxic to fish.
Hydrogen sulfide has been implicated in
several mass extinctions that have
occurred in the Earth's past. In particular, a
buildup of hydrogen sulfide in the
atmosphere may have caused, or at least
contributed to, the Permian-Triassic
extinction event 252 million years
ago.[112][113][114]

Organic residues from these extinction

boundaries indicate that the oceans were
anoxic (oxygen-depleted) and had species
of shallow plankton that metabolized H2S.
The formation of H2S may have been
initiated by massive volcanic eruptions,
which emitted carbon dioxide and
methane into the atmosphere, which
warmed the oceans, lowering their
capacity to absorb oxygen that would
otherwise oxidize H2S. The increased
levels of hydrogen sulfide could have killed
oxygen-generating plants as well as
depleted the ozone layer, causing further
stress. Small H2S blooms have been
detected in modern times in the Dead Sea
and in the Atlantic ocean off the coast of
Namibia.[112]

See also
Hydrogen chalcogenide – any binary
compound of hydrogen with chalcogens,
including hydrogen polychalcogenides
 Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis
Sewer gas – complex mixture of toxic
and nontoxic gases produced and
collected in sewage systems by the
decomposition of sewage
Targeted temperature management,
also known as induced hypothermia –
Medical procedure
Marsh gas

References
1. "Hydrogen Sulfide - PubChem Public
Chemical Database" (https://pubchem.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=40
2&loc=ec_rcs) . The PubChem Project.
 USA: National Center for Biotechnology
Information.

2. Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). Handbook of

Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill.
ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.

3. William M. Haynes (2016). CRC Handbook

of Chemistry and Physics (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=VVezDAAAQBAJ)
(97th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 4–
87. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3.

4. "Hydrogen sulfide" (https://pubchem.ncbi.nl

m.nih.gov/compound/Hydrogen-sulfide#se
ction=Solubility) .
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
5. Perrin, D.D. (1982). Ionisation Constants of
Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous
Solution (2nd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon
Press.

6. Bruckenstein, S.; Kolthoff, I.M., in Kolthoff,

I.M.; Elving, P.J. Treatise on Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. 1, pt. 1; Wiley, NY, 1959, pp.
432–433.

7. Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical

Principles (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin
Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.

8. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

"#0337" (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/n
pgd0337.html) . National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
 9. "Hydrogen sulfide" (https://www.cdc.gov/ni
osh/idlh/7783064.html) . Immediately
Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations
(IDLH). National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH).

10. "Hydrogen sulfide" (http://www.npi.gov.au/s

ubstances/hydrogen-sulfide/index.html) .
npi.gov.au.

11. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan

(1997). Chemistry of the Elements
(2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
12. Smith, Roger P. (2010). "A Short History of
Hydrogen Sulfide" (https://www.americansc
ientist.org/article/a-short-history-of-hydrog
en-sulfide) . American Scientist. 98 (1): 6.
doi:10.1511/2010.82.6 (https://doi.org/10.1
511%2F2010.82.6) .

13. Shackelford, R. E.; Li, Y.; Ghali, G. E.; Kevil, C.

G. (2021). "Bad Smells and Broken DNA: A
Tale of Sulfur-Nucleic Acid Cooperation" (ht
tps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC8614844) . Antioxidants. 10 (11): 1820.
doi:10.3390/antiox10111820 (https://doi.or
g/10.3390%2Fantiox10111820) .
PMC 8614844 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pmc/articles/PMC8614844) .
PMID 34829691 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/34829691) .
14. Reiffenstein, R. J.; Hulbert, W. C.; Roth, S. H.
(1992). "Toxicology of Hydrogen Sulfide".
Annual Review of Pharmacology and
Toxicology. 32: 109–134.
doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.000545
(https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pa.32.
040192.000545) . PMID 1605565 (https://p
ubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1605565) .
15. Bos, E. M; Van Goor, H; Joles, J. A;
Whiteman, M; Leuvenink, H. G (2015).
"Hydrogen sulfide: Physiological properties
and therapeutic potential in ischaemia" (htt
ps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC4369258) . British Journal of
Pharmacology. 172 (6): 1479–1493.
doi:10.1111/bph.12869 (https://doi.org/10.
1111%2Fbph.12869) . PMC 4369258 (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C4369258) . PMID 25091411 (https://pubm
ed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25091411) .
16. May, P.M.; Batka, D.; Hefter, G.;
Könignberger, E.; Rowland, D. (2018).
"Goodbye to S2-". Chem. Comm. 54 (16):
1980–1983. doi:10.1039/c8cc00187a (http
s://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc8cc00187a) .
PMID 29404555 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/29404555) .

17. JCE staff (March 2000). "Silver to Black -

and Back" (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/1
0.1021/ed077p328A) . Journal of Chemical
Education. 77 (3): 328A.
Bibcode:2000JChEd..77R.328J (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JChEd..77R.3
28J) . doi:10.1021/ed077p328a (https://do
i.org/10.1021%2Fed077p328a) .
ISSN 0021-9584 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/0021-9584) .
18. Drozdov, A.; Eremets, M. I.; Troyan, I. A.
(2014). "Conventional superconductivity at
190 K at high pressures". arXiv:1412.0460
(https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.0460) [cond-
mat.supr-con (https://arxiv.org/archive/con
d-mat.supr-con) ].

19. Cartlidge, Edwin (August 2015).

"Superconductivity record sparks wave of
follow-up physics" (https://doi.org/10.103
8%2Fnature.2015.18191) . Nature. 524
(7565): 277. Bibcode:2015Natur.524..277C
(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Na
tur.524..277C) .
doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18191 (https://do
i.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2015.18191) .
PMID 26289188 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/26289188) .
20. Faraji, F. (1998). "The direct conversion of
hydrogen sulfide to hydrogen and sulfur".
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
23 (6): 451–456. doi:10.1016/S0360-
3199(97)00099-2 (https://doi.org/10.1016%
2FS0360-3199%2897%2900099-2) .
21. Pouliquen, Francois; Blanc, Claude; Arretz,
Emmanuel; Labat, Ives; Tournier-Lasserve,
Jacques; Ladousse, Alain; Nougayrede,
Jean; Savin, Gérard; Ivaldi, Raoul; Nicolas,
Monique; Fialaire, Jean; Millischer, René;
Azema, Charles; Espagno, Lucien; Hemmer,
Henri; Perrot, Jacques (2000). "Hydrogen
Sulfide". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of
Industrial Chemistry.
doi:10.1002/14356007.a13_467 (https://do
i.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a13_467) .
ISBN 3527306730.

22. McPherson, William (1913). Laboratory

manual (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=oaMe7OtctlIC&q=%22aluminium+sulfid
e%22) . Boston: Ginn and Company. p. 445.
23. "Why Does My Water Smell Like Rotten
Eggs? Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Bacteria
in Well Water" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20150311185440/http://www.health.stat
e.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/waterquality/hydros
ulfide.html) . Minnesota Department of
Health. Archived from the original (http://w
ww.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/water
quality/hydrosulfide.html) on 11 March
2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.

24. Hancock, John T. (2017). Cell signalling

(Fourth ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom.
ISBN 9780199658480. OCLC 947925636 (h
ttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/94792563
6) .
25. Huang, Caleb Weihao; Moore, Philip Keith
(2015), "H2S Synthesizing Enzymes:
Biochemistry and Molecular Aspects",
Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
of Hydrogen Sulfide, Handbook of
Experimental Pharmacology, Springer
International Publishing, vol. 230, pp. 3–25,
doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18144-8_1 (https://
doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-18144-8_1) ,
ISBN 9783319181431, PMID 26162827 (htt
ps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26162827)
26. Kabil, Omer; Banerjee, Ruma (10 February
2014). "Enzymology of H 2 S Biogenesis,
Decay and Signaling" (https://www.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3910450) .
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 20 (5):
770–782. doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5339 (http
s://doi.org/10.1089%2Fars.2013.5339) .
PMC 3910450 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pmc/articles/PMC3910450) .
PMID 23600844 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/23600844) .
27. Kabil, Omer; Vitvitsky, Victor; Xie, Peter;
Banerjee, Ruma (15 July 2011). "The
Quantitative Significance of the
Transsulfuration Enzymes for H 2 S
Production in Murine Tissues" (https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118
817) . Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 15
(2): 363–372. doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3781
(https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fars.2010.378
1) . PMC 3118817 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118817) .
PMID 21254839 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/21254839) .
28. Wallace, John L.; Wang, Rui (May 2015).
"Hydrogen sulfide-based therapeutics:
exploiting a unique but ubiquitous
gasotransmitter". Nature Reviews Drug
Discovery. 14 (5): 329–345.
doi:10.1038/nrd4433 (https://doi.org/10.10
38%2Fnrd4433) . PMID 25849904 (https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25849904) .
S2CID 5361233 (https://api.semanticschola
r.org/CorpusID:5361233) .
29. Powell, Chadwick R.; Dillon, Kearsley M.;
Matson, John B. (2018). "A review of
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors: Chemistry
and potential therapeutic applications" (http
s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM
C5866188) . Biochemical Pharmacology.
149: 110–123.
doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.014 (https://doi.
org/10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2017.11.014) .
ISSN 0006-2952 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/issn/0006-2952) . PMC 5866188 (https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5
866188) . PMID 29175421 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29175421) .
30. Szabo, Csaba (March 2018). "A timeline of
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) research: From
environmental toxin to biological mediator"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
s/PMC5862769) . Biochemical
Pharmacology. 149: 5–19.
doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.09.010 (https://doi.
org/10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2017.09.010) .
PMC 5862769 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pmc/articles/PMC5862769) .
PMID 28947277 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/28947277) .
31. Szabo, Csaba; Papapetropoulos, Andreas
(October 2017). "International Union of
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CII:
Pharmacological Modulation of H 2 S
Levels: H 2 S Donors and H 2 S
Biosynthesis Inhibitors" (https://www.ncbi.n
lm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5629631) .
Pharmacological Reviews. 69 (4): 497–564.
doi:10.1124/pr.117.014050 (https://doi.org/
10.1124%2Fpr.117.014050) .
PMC 5629631 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pmc/articles/PMC5629631) .
PMID 28978633 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/28978633) .
32. Wang, Rui (April 2012). "Physiological
Implications of Hydrogen Sulfide: A Whiff
Exploration That Blossomed". Physiological
Reviews. 92 (2): 791–896.
doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2011 (https://d
oi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00017.2011) .
PMID 22535897 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/22535897) . S2CID 21932297 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2193
2297) .
33. Li, Zhen; Polhemus, David J.; Lefer, David J.
(17 August 2018). "Evolution of Hydrogen
Sulfide Therapeutics to Treat
Cardiovascular Disease" (https://doi.org/1
0.1161%2FCIRCRESAHA.118.311134) .
Circulation Research. 123 (5): 590–600.
doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311134 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCRESAHA.118.
311134) . PMID 30355137 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30355137) .
S2CID 53027283 (https://api.semanticscho
lar.org/CorpusID:53027283) .
34. Kimura, Hideo (February 2020). "Signalling
by hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides via
protein S ‐sulfuration" (https://www.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7024735) .
British Journal of Pharmacology. 177 (4):
720–733. doi:10.1111/bph.14579 (https://d
oi.org/10.1111%2Fbph.14579) .
PMC 7024735 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pmc/articles/PMC7024735) .
PMID 30657595 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/30657595) .
35. Khazaei, Ardeshir; Kazem-Rostami,
Masoud; Moosavi-Zare, Ahmad; Bayat,
Mohammad; Saednia, Shahnaz (August
2012). "Novel One-Pot Synthesis of
Thiophenols from Related Triazenes under
Mild Conditions". Synlett. 23 (13): 1893–
1896. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1316557 (http
s://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0032-1316557) .
S2CID 196805424 (https://api.semanticsch
olar.org/CorpusID:196805424) .

36. Stampler, Laura. "A Stinky Compound May

Protect Against Cell Damage, Study Finds"
(http://time.com/2976464/rotten-eggs-hydr
ogen-sulfide-mitochondria/) . Time.
Retrieved 1 December 2014.
37. "Coin Toning 101: The Differences between
Naturally and Artificially Toned Coins" (http
s://www.originalskincoins.com/blogs/new
s/coin-toning-101-the-differences-between-
naturally-and-artificially-toned-coins) .
Original Skin Coins. Retrieved 2021-10-15.

38. Aslami, H; Schultz, MJ; Juffermans, NP

(2009). "Potential applications of hydrogen
sulfide-induced suspended animation".
Current Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (10):
1295–303.
doi:10.2174/092986709787846631 (http
s://doi.org/10.2174%2F092986709787846
631) . PMID 19355886 (https://pubmed.nc
bi.nlm.nih.gov/19355886) .
39. "Hydrogen Sulphide In Well Water" (https://
extension.psu.edu/hydrogen-sulfide-rotten-
egg-odor-in-water-wells) . Retrieved
4 September 2018.

40. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease

Registry (July 2006). "Toxicological Profile
For Hydrogen Sulfide" (https://www.atsdr.c
dc.gov/toxprofiles/tp114.pdf) (PDF).
p. 154. Retrieved 2012-06-20.

41. OnePetro. "Home - OnePetro" (https://web.a

rchive.org/web/20131014053027/http://w
ww.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropre
view?id=SPE-141434-MS) . onepetro.org.
Archived from the original (http://www.one
petro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id
=SPE-141434-MS) on 2013-10-14.
Retrieved 2013-08-14.
42. "Hydrogen Sulfide" (https://www.atsdr.cdc.g
ov/toxfaqs/tfacts114.pdf) (PDF). Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
December 2016.

43. Jang, Yong-Chul; Townsend, Timothy

(2001). "Sulfate leaching from recovered
construction and demolition debris fines".
Advances in Environmental Research. 5 (3):
203–217. doi:10.1016/S1093-
0191(00)00056-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%
2FS1093-0191%2800%2900056-3) .

44. Cavinato, C. (2013) [2013]. "Anaerobic

digestion fundamentals" (http://www.valorg
as.soton.ac.uk/Pub_docs/JyU%20SS%2020
11/CC%201.pdf) (PDF).
45. Pokorna, Dana; Zabranska, Jana (November
2015). "Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in
environmental technology". Biotechnology
Advances. 33 (6): 1246–1259.
doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.007 (http
s://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biotechadv.2015.0
2.007) . PMID 25701621 (https://pubmed.n
cbi.nlm.nih.gov/25701621) .
46. Lemley, Ann T.; Schwartz, John J.; Wagenet,
Linda P. "Hydrogen Sulfide in Household
Drinking Water" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20190819132148/http://waterquality.cc
e.cornell.edu/publications/CCEWQ-07-Hydr
ogenSulfide.pdf) (PDF). Cornell University.
Archived from the original (http://waterquali
ty.cce.cornell.edu/publications/CCEWQ-07-
HydrogenSulfide.pdf) (PDF) on 19 August
2019.
47. "Hydrogen Sulfide (Rotten Egg Odor) in
Pennsylvania Groundwater Wells" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20150104222350/htt
p://extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/w
ater/drinking-water/water-testing/pollutant
s/hydrogen-sulfide-rotten-egg-odor-in-penn
sylvania-groundwater-wells) . Penn State.
Penn State College of Agricultural
Sciences. Archived from the original (http://
extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/wate
r/drinking-water/water-testing/pollutants/h
ydrogen-sulfide-rotten-egg-odor-in-pennsylv
ania-groundwater-wells) on 4 January
2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
48. McFarland, Mark L.; Provin, T. L. "Hydrogen
Sulfide in Drinking Water Treatment Causes
and Alternatives" (http://soiltesting.tamu.ed
u/publications/L-5312.pdf) (PDF). Texas
A&M University. Retrieved 1 December
2014.

49. "Why Does My Water Smell Like Rotten

Eggs?" (https://www.health.state.mn.us/co
mmunities/environment/water/wells/water
quality/hydrosulfide.html) . Minnesota
Department of Health. Retrieved
20 January 2020.
50. Contaminants, National Research Council
(US) Committee on Emergency and
Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for
Selected Submarine (2009). Hydrogen
Sulfide (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/book
s/NBK219913/) . National Academies
Press (US).

51. Iowa State University. "Hydrogen Sulfide

Material Safety Data Sheet" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20090327094137/http://avo
gadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/hydrogen_s
ulfide.pdf) (PDF). Department of
Chemistry. Archived from the original (htt
p://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/hydr
ogen_sulfide.pdf) (PDF) on 2009-03-27.
Retrieved 2009-03-14.
52. Lindenmann, J.; Matzi, V.; Neuboeck, N.;
Ratzenhofer-Komenda, B.; Maier, A; Smolle-
Juettner, F. M. (December 2010). "Severe
hydrogen sulphide poisoning treated with 4-
dimethylaminophenol and hyperbaric
oxygen" (https://archive.today/2013061517
1751/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/
10235) . Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine.
40 (4): 213–217. PMID 23111938 (https://p
ubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23111938) .
Archived from the original on June 15,
2013. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
53. Harrison, J. Bower (1843-11-18). "Some
Remarks on the Production of Sulphuretted
Hydrogen Gas in the Alimentary Canal, and
Its Effects on the System". Provincial
Medical Journal and Retrospect of the
Medical Sciences, BMJ. 7 (164): 127–129.
JSTOR 25492480 (https://www.jstor.org/st
able/25492480) .
54. Ramasamy, S.; Singh, S.; Taniere, P.;
Langman, M. J. S.; Eggo, M. C. (August
2006). "Sulfide-detoxifying enzymes in the
human colon are decreased in cancer and
upregulated in differentiation". American
Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and
Liver Physiology. 291 (2): G288–G296.
doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00324.2005 (https://doi.
org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.00324.2005) .
PMID 16500920 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/16500920) . S2CID 15443357 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1544
3357) .

55. Lewis, R.J. (1996). Sax's Dangerous

Properties of Industrial Materials (9th ed.).
New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
56. Hemminki, K.; Niemi, M. L. (1982).
"Community study of spontaneous
abortions: relation to occupation and air
pollution by sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
and carbon disulfide". Int. Arch. Occup.
Environ. Health. 51 (1): 55–63.
doi:10.1007/bf00378410 (https://doi.org/1
0.1007%2Fbf00378410) . PMID 7152702 (h
ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7152702) .
S2CID 2768183 (https://api.semanticschola
r.org/CorpusID:2768183) .

57. "The chemical suicide phenomenon" (http://

www.firerescue1.com/fire-products/hazmat
-equipment/articles/968922-The-chemical-
suicide-phenomenon/) . Firerescue1.com.
2011-02-07. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
58. "Fatal chemical inhalations in the
workplace up in 2017" (https://www.bls.go
v/opub/ted/2019/fatal-chemical-inhalation
s-in-the-workplace-up-in-2017.htm) . U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved
15 April 2022.

59. "Hydrogen Sulfide - Hazards | Occupational

Safety and Health Administration" (https://
www.osha.gov/hydrogen-sulfide/hazards) .
www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-27.

60. Iowa State University Extension (May

2004). "The Science of Smell Part 1: Odor
perception and physiological response" (htt
p://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publication
s/PM1963A.pdf) (PDF). PM 1963a.
Retrieved 2012-06-20.
61. USEPA; Health and Environmental Effects
Profile for Hydrogen Sulfide p.118-8 (1980)
ECAO-CIN-026A

62. Zenz, C.; Dickerson, O.B.; Horvath, E.P.

(1994). Occupational Medicine (3rd ed.). St.
Louis, MO. p. 886.

63. Gerasimon, Gregg; Bennett, Steven; Musser,

Jeffrey; Rinard, John (January 2007).
"Acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning in a dairy
farmer" (https://zenodo.org/record/123451
7) . Clinical Toxicology. 45 (4): 420–423.
doi:10.1080/15563650601118010 (https://
doi.org/10.1080%2F1556365060111801
0) . PMID 17486486 (https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/17486486) . S2CID 10952243
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:
10952243) .
64. Belley, R.; Bernard, N.; Côté, M; Paquet, F.;
Poitras, J. (July 2005). "Hyperbaric oxygen
therapy in the management of two cases of
hydrogen sulfide toxicity from liquid
manure" (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1481
803500014408) . CJEM. 7 (4): 257–261.
doi:10.1017/s1481803500014408 (https://
doi.org/10.1017%2Fs148180350001440
8) . PMID 17355683 (https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/17355683) .
65. Hsu, P; Li, H-W; Lin, Y-T (1987). "Acute
hydrogen sulfide poisoning treated with
hyperbaric oxygen" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20081207074326/http://archive.rubi
con-foundation.org/4354) . Journal of
Hyperbaric Medicine. 2 (4): 215–221.
Archived from the original on December 7,
2008.

66. Foulkes, Charles Howard (2001) [First

published Blackwood & Sons, 1934]. "Gas!"
The story of the special brigade. Published
by Naval & Military P. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-
84342-088-0.
67. "LA County Department of Public Health" (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/201702180436
31/http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/Acd/re
ports/spclrpts/spcrpt05/DeathsHydrogenS
ulfide05.pdf) (PDF). County of Los
Angeles: Department of Public Health.
Archived from the original (http://publicheal
th.lacounty.gov/acd/reports/spclrpts/spcrp
t05/DeathsHydrogenSulfide05.pdf) (PDF)
on 2017-02-18. Retrieved 2017-06-11.

68. Becerra, Hector; Pierson, David (2005-09-

03). "Gas Kills 3 Crewmen on Ship" (http://a
rticles.latimes.com/2005/sep/03/local/me-
port3) . Los Angeles Times.
69. Ferguson, Dan (September 16, 2011).
"Details of Langley mushroom farm tragedy
finally disclosed" (https://www.abbynews.c
om/news/details-of-langley-mushroom-far
m-tragedy-finally-disclosed/) . Abbotsford
News. Retrieved April 13, 2020.

70. Theodore, Terri (May 8, 2012). "Dozens

could have died because of owner's
negligence in B.C. mushroom farm incident:
investigator" (https://www.theglobeandmai
l.com/news/british-columbia/dozens-could
-have-died-because-of-owners-negligence-i
n-bc-mushroom-farm-incident-investigator/
article4106103/) . The Canadian Press.
The Globe and Mail. Retrieved April 13,
2020.
71. "Do not breathe: Dangerous, toxic gas
found at Siam Square One" (http://bangkok.
coconuts.co/2014/10/21/do-not-breathe-d
angerous-toxic-gas-found-siam-square-on
e) . Coconuts Bangkok. Coconuts Media.
2014-10-21. Retrieved 20 November 2014.

72. "Two sewer workers die, apparently due to

toxic fumes - CBS News" (https://www.cbsn
ews.com/news/two-sewer-workers-die-app
arently-due-to-toxic-fumes/) . CBS News.
26 August 2014.

73. "Russian capital Moscow shrouded in

noxious gas" (https://www.bbc.com/news/
world-europe-29990375) . BBC News.
British Broadcasting Corporation. 2014-11-
10. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
74. "Sources: Mom, daughter found dead in
Porsche likely died from carbon monoxide"
(https://www.wftv.com/news/local/sources
-mom-daughter-found-dead-in-porsche-likel
y-died-from-carbon-monoxide/32878634
2/) . WFTV. 7 June 2016. "Both had red skin
and rash-like symptoms, and had vomited,
sources said."

75. Salinger, Tobias (4 October 2016). "Woman,

girl died after inhaling hydrogen sulfide,
coroners say" (http://www.nydailynews.co
m/news/national/woman-girl-died-inhaling-
hydrogen-sulfide-coroners-article-1.281765
7) . New York Daily News. Retrieved
28 April 2017.
76. Lotan, Gal Tziperman (4 October 2016).
"Hydrogen sulfide inhalation killed mother,
toddler found on Florida's Turnpike in June"
(http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/bre
aking-news/os-latifa-lincoln-dead-hydrogen-
sulfide-20161004-story.html) . Orlando
Sentinel. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
77. Kealing, Bob. "Medical examiner confirms
suspected cause of deaths in Turnpike
mystery" (https://web.archive.org/web/201
61005164308/http://www.wesh.com/new
s/medical-examiner-confirms-suspected-ca
use-of-deaths-in-turnpike-mystery/4193995
4) . Archived from the original (http://www.
wesh.com/news/medical-examiner-confirm
s-suspected-cause-of-deaths-in-turnpike-my
stery/41939954) on 2016-10-05. Retrieved
2016-10-04.
78. Bell, Lisa (19 March 2017). "Hidden car
dangers you should be aware of" (https://w
ww.clickorlando.com/news/investigators/h
idden-car-dangers-you-should-be-aware-o
f) . ClickOrlando.com. Produced by
Donovan Myrie. WKMG-TV. Retrieved
28 April 2017. "Porsche Cayennes, along
with a few other vehicles, have their
batteries in the passenger compartment."
79. "One by one, 3 utility workers descended
into a manhole. One by one, they died" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2017011822035
8/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ampht
ml/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/18/thr
ee-utility-workers-descend-to-their-deaths-in
-florida-manhole-overcome-by-fumes/) .
www.washingtonpost.com. Archived from
the original (https://www.washingtonpost.c
om/amphtml/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/
01/18/three-utility-workers-descend-to-their
-deaths-in-florida-manhole-overcome-by-fu
mes/) on 2017-01-18.
80. Goodhue, David (17 January 2017).
"Firefighter who tried to save 3 men in a
manhole is fighting for his life" (http://www.
miamiherald.com/news/local/community/f
lorida-keys/article126958804.html) . Miami
Herald. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

81. "Key Largo firefighter takes first steps since

nearly getting killed" (https://wsvn.com/ne
ws/local/key-largo-firefighter-takes-first-ste
ps-since-nearly-getting-killed/) . WSVN. 18
January 2017.

82. "Firefighter who survived Key Largo rescue

attempt that killed 3 leaves hospital" (http
s://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/florida/sfl-
ap-key-largo-firefighter-recovering-2017012
6-story.html) . Sun Sentinel. The
Associated Press. 26 January 2017.
83. Rabin, Charles; Goodhue, David (16 January
2017). "Three Keys utility workers die in
wastewater trench" (http://www.miamiheral
d.com/news/local/community/florida-keys/
article126799319.html) . Miami Herald.
Retrieved 28 April 2017.

84. Clantar, Claire (25 Sep 2020). "Former

Victorian paper mill fined $1 million after
deaths of two workers" (https://www.9new
s.com.au/national/norske-skog-paper-mill-
1-million-fine-after-deaths-of-two-employee
s/2320f231-debc-4ae4-9fae-e4933bbb9c8
b) . 9News. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
85. "Two fatalities in suspected hydrogen
sulfide gas leak at paper mill" (https://www.
aihs.org.au/news-and-publications/news/t
wo-fatalities-in-suspected-hydrogen-sulfide-
gas-leak-paper-mill) . Australian Institute of
Health & Safety. 31 May 2018. Retrieved
30 May 2021.

86. Brescia, Paul (28 May 2018). "SafeWork

investigating Norske Skog" (https://www.sp
rinter.com.au/safework-investigating-norsk
e-skog/) . Sprinter. Retrieved 30 May 2021.

87. SafeWork NSW v Norske Skog Paper Mills

(Australia) Limited, NSWDC 559 (https://ww
w.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/174be35ee
49dc41d188b23cd) (District Court of New
South Wales 25 September 2020).
88. SafeWork NSW (29 Mar 2021). Incident
Animation – Hazardous Gas (https://ghost
archive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/bo
2XN43lXAc) (Motion picture). Archived
from the original (https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=bo2XN43lXAc) on 2021-10-30.
Retrieved 30 May 2021.

89. "Feds Probe Fatal 2019 Hydrogen Sulfide

Release in Texas" (https://www.industrialfir
eworld.com/566266/feds-probe-fatal-2019-
hydrogen-sulfide-release-in-texas) .
Industrial Fire World. 27 July 2020.
Retrieved 29 May 2021.
90. "Aghorn Operating Waterflood Station
Hydrogen Sulfide Release" (https://www.cs
b.gov/aghorn-operating-waterflood-station-
hydrogen-sulfide-release-/) . U.S. Chemical
Safety and Hazardous Investigation Board.
21 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.

91. "Dangerous Japanese 'Detergent Suicide'

Technique Creeps Into U.S" (https://www.wi
red.com/threatlevel/2009/03/japanese-det
erg/) . Wired. March 13, 2009.

92. Namiki, Noriko (23 May 2008). "Terrible

Twist in Japan Suicide Spates" (https://abc
news.go.com/Health/story?id=4908320) .
ABC News.

93. http://info.publicintelligence.net/LARTTACh
ydrogensulfide.pdf
94. http://info.publicintelligence.net/MAchemic
alsuicide.pdf

95. http://info.publicintelligence.net/illinoisH2S
suicide.pdf

96. http://info.publicintelligence.net/NYhydroge
nsulfide.pdf

97. http://info.publicintelligence.net/KCTEWhyd
rogensulfide.pdf

98. "Chemical Suicide on Campus" (https://we

b.archive.org/web/20120103193036/http://
www.dhmh.maryland.gov/suicidepreventio
n/safety%20alert.pdf) (PDF).
www.maryland.gov. Archived from the
original (https://www.maryland.gov/Pages/
default.aspx) on January 3, 2012.
99. Scoville, Dean (April 2011). "Chemical
Suicides" (http://www.policemag.com/Cha
nnel/Patrol/Articles/Print/Story/2011/04/D
uty-Dangers-Chemical-Suicides.aspx) .
POLICE Magazine. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
100. Casey, Connor (26 May 2020). "Hana
Kimura Cause Of Death Revealed" (https://c
omicbook.com/wwe/news/hana-kimura-ca
use-of-death-suicide-hydrogen-sulfide-suici
de-wwe-stardom/) . ComicBook.com.
"More details about her death have since
come to light, as Dave Meltzer provided
details about what happened on the night
of her death during a recent Wrestling
Observer Radio. According to Meltzer,
Kimura died after inhalation of hydrogen
sulfide. He explained that concerns about
her health first popped up when she posted
a tweet early Saturday morning indicating
that she was going to cause self-harm."
101. Barton, Larry L.; Fardeau, Marie-Laure;
Fauque, Guy D. (2014). "Hydrogen Sulfide: A
Toxic Gas Produced by Dissimilatory
Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction and
Consumed by Microbial Oxidation". The
Metal-Driven Biogeochemistry of Gaseous
Compounds in the Environment. Metal Ions
in Life Sciences. Vol. 14. pp. 237–277.
doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_10 (http
s://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-9269-1_
10) . ISBN 978-94-017-9268-4.
PMID 25416397 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/25416397) .
102. Jørgensen, B. B.; Nelson, D. C. (2004).
"Sulfide oxidation in marine sediments:
Geochemistry meets microbiology". In
Amend, J. P.; Edwards, K. J.; Lyons, T. W.
(eds.). Sulfur Biogeochemistry – Past and
Present. Geological Society of America.
pp. 36–81.
103. Wächtershäuser, G (December 1988).
"Before enzymes and templates: theory of
surface metabolism" (https://www.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC373159) .
Microbiological Reviews. 52 (4): 452–484.
doi:10.1128/MMBR.52.4.452-484.1988 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.52.4.452-4
84.1988) . PMC 373159 (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC373159) .
PMID 3070320 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/3070320) .
104. Tobler, M; Riesch, R.; García de León, F. J.;
Schlupp, I.; Plath, M. (2008). "Two endemic
and endangered fishes, Poecilia sulphuraria
(Álvarez, 1948) and Gambusia eurystoma
Miller, 1975 (Poeciliidae, Teleostei) as only
survivors in a small sulphidic habitat".
Journal of Fish Biology. 72 (3): 523–533.
doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01716.x (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8649.2007.
01716.x) . S2CID 27303725 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:27303725) .
105. Bernardino, Angelo F.; Levin, Lisa A.;
Thurber, Andrew R.; Smith, Craig R. (2012).
"Comparative Composition, Diversity and
Trophic Ecology of Sediment Macrofauna
at Vents, Seeps and Organic Falls" (https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3
319539) . PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e33515.
Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733515B (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...7335
15B) . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033515
(https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0
033515) . PMC 3319539 (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319539) .
PMID 22496753 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/22496753) .
106. "Hydrothermal Vents" (http://www.mesa.ed
u.au/deep_sea/hydrothermal_vents.asp) .
Marine Society of Australia. Retrieved
28 December 2014.
107. Palacios, Maura; Arias-Rodríguez, Lenín;
Plath, Martin; Eifert, Constanze; Lerp,
Hannes; Lamboj, Anton; Voelker, Gary;
Tobler, Michael (2013). "The Rediscovery of
a Long Described Species Reveals
Additional Complexity in Speciation
Patterns of Poeciliid Fishes in Sulfide
Springs" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm
c/articles/PMC3745397) . PLOS ONE. 8
(8): e71069.
Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871069P (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...8710
69P) . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071069
(https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0
071069) . PMC 3745397 (https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3745397) .
 PMID 23976979 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/23976979) .

108. Kumaresan, Deepak; Wischer, Daniela;

Stephenson, Jason; Hillebrand-Voiculescu,
Alexandra; Murrell, J. Colin (16 March
2014). "Microbiology of Movile Cave—A
Chemolithoautotrophic Ecosystem".
Geomicrobiology Journal. 31 (3): 186–193.
Bibcode:2014GmbJ...31..186K (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GmbJ...31..18
6K) . doi:10.1080/01490451.2013.839764
(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01490451.201
3.839764) . S2CID 84472119 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84472119) .
109. Despois, D. (1997). "Radio Line
Observations Of Molecular And Isotopic
Species In Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)".
Earth, Moon, and Planets. 79 (1/3): 103–
124. Bibcode:1997EM&P...79..103D (http
s://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EM&P...
79..103D) . doi:10.1023/A:1006229131864
(https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006229
131864) . S2CID 118540103 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:118540103) .
110. Irwin, Patrick G. J.; Toledo, Daniel; Garland,
Ryan; Teanby, Nicholas A.; Fletcher, Leigh
N.; Orton, Glenn A.; Bézard, Bruno (May
2018). "Detection of hydrogen sulfide above
the clouds in Uranus's atmosphere" (http
s://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publi
cations/detection-of-hydrogen-sulfide-abov
e-the-clouds-in-uranuss-atmosphere(099d2
fdd-8d3d-4e78-b009-bebffdece302).html) .
Nature Astronomy. 2 (5): 420–427.
Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..420I (https://ui.ads
abs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatAs...2..420
I) . doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0432-1 (http
s://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41550-018-0432-
1) . hdl:2381/42547 (https://hdl.handle.net/
2381%2F42547) . S2CID 102775371 (http
 s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1027
75371) .

111. Lissauer, Jack J.; de Pater, Imke (2019).

Fundamental Planetary Sciences : physics,
chemistry, and habitability. New York, NY,
USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 149–
152. ISBN 9781108411981.

112. "Impact from the Deep" (http://www.sciam.

com/article.cfm?articleID=00037A5D-A938
-150E-A93883414B7F0000&sc=I100322) .
Scientific American. October 2006.
113. Lamarque, J.-F.; Kiehl, J. T.; Orlando, J. J.
(16 January 2007). "Role of hydrogen
sulfide in a Permian-Triassic boundary
ozone collapse" (https://doi.org/10.1029%2
F2006GL028384) . Geophysical Research
Letters. 34 (2): 1–4.
Bibcode:2007GeoRL..34.2801L (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..34.28
01L) . doi:10.1029/2006GL028384 (https://
doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL028384) .
S2CID 55812439 (https://api.semanticscho
lar.org/CorpusID:55812439) .
114. Kump, Lee; Pavlov, Alexander; Arthur,
Michael A. (1 May 2005). "Massive release
of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean
and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic
anoxia" (https://www.researchgate.net/publ
ication/253144294) . Geology. 33 (5): 397–
400. Bibcode:2005Geo....33..397K (https://
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Geo....33..
397K) . doi:10.1130/G21295.1 (https://doi.
org/10.1130%2FG21295.1) . Retrieved
2 April 2023.

Additional resources
Committee on Medical and Biological
Effects of Environmental Pollutants
(1979). Hydrogen Sulfide. Baltimore:
 University Park Press. ISBN 978-0-8391-
0127-7.
Siefers, Andrea (2010). A novel and cost-
effective hydrogen sulfide removal
technology using tire derived rubber
particles (http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11
281/) (MS thesis). Iowa State
University. Retrieved 8 February 2013.

External links
International Chemical Wikimedia
Commons
Safety Card 0165 (htt
has media
p://www.inchem.org/d related to
Hydrogen
ocuments/icsc/icsc/ei
sulfide.
cs0165.htm)
Concise International Chemical
Assessment Document 53 (http://www.i
nchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/c
icad53.htm)
National Pollutant Inventory - Hydrogen
sulfide fact sheet (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20060309114102/http://www.np
i.gov.au/database/substance-info/profil
es/49.html)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/np
g/npgd0337.html)
NACE (National Association of
Corrosion Epal) (https://www.nace.or
g/)
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Hydrogen_sulfide&oldid=1188705552"

This page was last edited on 7 December 2023, at

04:17 (UTC). •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless
otherwise noted.