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    Flotation 2

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    Regulators such as activators, depressants, and pH regulators are used to modify mineral surfaces in flotation. Activators make it possible for collectors like xanthate to attach to surfaces like sphalerite. Copper sulfate activates sphalerite by forming a thin copper sulfide film. Depressants prevent collector attachment to prevent some minerals from floating, like cyanide complexing with metal ions to depress pyrite flotation. Factors like liberation, particle size, pulp density, and reagents affect flotation performance. Flotation columns provide countercurrent flow to improve selectivity over conventional cells.

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    Flotation 2

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    22mt0153
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    Regulators such as activators, depressants, and pH regulators are used to modify mineral surfaces in flotation. Activators make it possible for collectors like xanthate to attach to surfaces like sphalerite. Copper sulfate activates sphalerite by forming a thin copper sulfide film. Depressants prevent collector attachment to prevent some minerals from floating, like cyanide complexing with metal ions to depress pyrite flotation. Factors like liberation, particle size, pulp density, and reagents affect flotation performance. Flotation columns provide countercurrent flow to improve selectivity over conventional cells.

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    FLOTATION 2

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    Regulators such as activators, depressants, and pH regulators are used to modify mineral surfaces in flotation. Activators make it possible for collectors like xanthate to attach to surfaces like sphalerite. Copper sulfate activates sphalerite by forming a thin copper sulfide film. Depressants prevent collector attachment to prevent some minerals from floating, like cyanide complexing with metal ions to depress pyrite flotation. Factors like liberation, particle size, pulp density, and reagents affect flotation performance. Flotation columns provide countercurrent flow to improve selectivity over conventional cells.

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    16 views23 pages

    Flotation 2

    Uploaded by

    22mt0153
    Regulators such as activators, depressants, and pH regulators are used to modify mineral surfaces in flotation. Activators make it possible for collectors like xanthate to attach to surfaces like sphalerite. Copper sulfate activates sphalerite by forming a thin copper sulfide film. Depressants prevent collector attachment to prevent some minerals from floating, like cyanide complexing with metal ions to depress pyrite flotation. Factors like liberation, particle size, pulp density, and reagents affect flotation performance. Flotation columns provide countercurrent flow to improve selectivity over conventional cells.

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    Regulators:

    Regulators or modifiers used to modify the action of the


    collectors. These include
    Activators
    Depressants
    pH regulators.
    Activators:
    These reagents are used to activate the surface of minerals
    to enhance the adsorption of the collectors on to the
    mineral surfaces
    The best example for this is activation of sphalerite by
    copper sulphate. During the activation process, copper
    ions replace the zinc ions at the surface by following
    reaction:
    ZnS + Cu++ = CuS + Zn++
    Activators
    • Activators are specific compounds that make it possible for collectors to adsorb onto
    surfaces that they could not normally attach to. A classic example of an activator is copper
    sulfate as an activator for sphalerite (ZnS) flotation with xanthate collectors.
    • When untreated, xanthate cannot attach to the sphalerite surface because it forms a
    zinc-xanthate compound that quickly dissolves:
    •ZnS(s) + Xanthate- S(s) + ZnXanthate (aq)
    •The surface of the sphalerite can be activated by reacting it with a metal ion that does not
    form a soluble xanthate, such as soluble copper from dissolved copper sulfate:
    •ZnS(s) + CuSO4(aq) CuS(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
    •This forms a thin film of copper sulfide on the sphalerite surface, which allows for stable
    attachment of the xanthate, rendering the sphalerite particle hydrophobic and floatable.
    Depressants:
    The classic example for the depressant includes use of
    sodium cynide and it is widely used in selective flotation
    of lead-zinc complex sulphide ore for activation of
    sphalerite.
    Action of the sodium cynide
    NaCN +HOH = NaOH + HCN
    HCN = H+ + CN-
    From the above equations it may be seen that sodium
    cynide release cynide ions. The released ions combine
    with metal ions and render them hydrophilic. Apart
    from the sodium cynide, zinc sulphate is also used as a
    depressant in complex sulphide flotation.
    Depressants (Cyanide, Lime etc)
    •Depressants have the opposite effect of activators, by preventing collectors from adsorbing
    onto particular mineral surfaces. Their typical use is to increase selectivity by preventing one
    mineral from floating, while allowing another mineral to float unimpeded.

    Cyanide (CN-) is a particularly useful depressant in sufide mineral


    flotation.
    Its activity is believed to be due to its ability to complex with, and in
    some cases dissolve, a number of metal ions, preventing them from
    attaching to the xanthate molecules.
    In particular, it is a strong depressant for pyrite (FeS2), and can be used
    to “deactivate” sphalerite that has been activated by copper ions in
    solution

    Effect of cyanide depressant on flotation of minerals as a function of


    pH. Flotation of galena (PbS) is unaffected by the presence of
    cyanide.
    Operating characteristics and selection
    flotation machines:
    Pulp must be thoroughly mixed and circulated in the cell. For this
    purpose, rising pulp velocity must be more than that of settling velocity
    of coarsest particles.
    Sufficient aeration should be provided to generate momentarily stable
    froath.
    The machine should provide particle bubble collision for selective
    attachment.
    Should have provision for efficient transportation of feed-pulp into cell,
    removal of froth and tailings.
    Reagent dosages and conditioning; Generally very small dosages of
    reagents are used in flotation. However, sufficient conditioning time
    should be provided to enable the reagent adsorption.
    Machine should be selected based on type of ore being treated.
    Machine should generate a fully turbulent lower mixing zone and should
    maintain quiescent condition under froth column.
    Should provide proper dispersion of air and should produce fine air
    bubbles
    Factors affecting flotation
    Liberation: Liberation of value minerals from gangue
    minerals is carried out by comminution . successful
    flotation process necessitates correct degree of liberation
    and the well-liberated particles enhance the action of
    reagents on to their surfaces.
    Particle Size: Particle size is mainly determines the degree
    of liberation and lifting power of the bubble. Most of the
    minerals (except coal) are subjected for fine grinding
    ranging from 100 to75 micron size fractions. The
    recovery and the selectivity index of the value mineral
    decreases with increase in size
    Pulp Density: Effective flotation process is carried out in
    higher pulp densities. However pulp density for mineral
    flotation varies between 25 to 45 % by weight (it may be
    as low as 8-10% in coal flotation)
    Flotation circuits
    Flotation Columns
    •Flotation columns provide a means for improving the effectiveness of froth flotation
    (Eberts,1986).
    •A column essentially performs as if it were a multistage flotation circuit arranged vertically ,
    with slurry flowing downward while the air bubbles travel upward, producing a
    countercurrent flow.
    •The first flotation machine design to use a countercurrent flow of slurry and air was
    developed by Town and Flynn in 1919.
    •It was not until the work of Boutin and Tremblay in the early 1960’s that a new generation
    of countercurrent columns was developed that ultimately became industrially successful.
    •A typical flotation column is shown in Figure.
    •The basic principle of column flotation is the use of countercurrent flow of air bubbles and
    solid particles.
    •This is achieved by injecting air at the base of the column, and feed near the midpoint. The
    particles then sink through a rising swarm of air bubbles.
    Factors Affecting Flotation Process

    Particle size
    Pulp density
    Conditioning
    Reagents and their addition
    The performance differences between columns and
    conventional cells may best be described in terms of the
    these factors:
    collection zone size, particle/bubble contact efficiency,
    and fines entrainment

    The collection zone is the volume where particle/bubble


    contact occurs, and it differs greatly in size between
    column and conventional flotation.

    Columns exhibit higher particle/bubble contact


    efficiency than conventional machines, due to the
    particles colliding with the bubbles head-on.

    As a result, the energy intensity needed to promote


    contact is less, and so power consumption is reduced.
    Main criteria in assessing cell performance

    • Metallurgical Performance i. e. product recovery and grade


    • Capacity in tonnes treated per unit volume
    • Power consumption
    • Economics i.e. initial cost, operating and maintenance cost
    Flotation plant practice
    • Ore and pulp preparation
    • Reagents and conditioning
    • Selection of regents
    Flotation control objective

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