Artificial Intelligencein Health Sector
Artificial Intelligencein Health Sector
Artificial Intelligencein Health Sector
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Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJRCOS/2023/v15i4325
Received: 08/02/2023
Review Article Accepted: 10/04/2023
Published: 15/04/2023
ABSTRACT
The developing fields of artificial intelligence (AI)/ machine learning (ML) offer a significant potential
to improve healthcare services. Many areas of clinical practice, scientific research, and healthcare
management have included AI/ML techniques. Screening and daily fitness monitoring, diagnostic
services in gastroenterology, pathology, and radiology, as well as support for clinical decision-
making and palliative care, are the main categories involved. However, there are significant
obstacles to the widespread use of AI/ML in healthcare, including higher installation and
maintenance costs, potentially harmful medical mistakes, a lack of ethical frameworks for AI,
unemployment, and reduced capacity building within the human workforce. Many business
initiatives have now been created in the field of healthcare AI/ML innovation. They offer everything
from advanced diagnostics to vitals monitoring in their products and services. In short, AI/ML may
be extremely important in addressing the difficulties with complexity and the explosion of data in the
healthcare system. AI/ML is a component of contemporary healthcare, and its further adoption is
contingent on thoroughly addressing pertinent issues.
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Asian J. Res. Com. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1-14, 2023
Nallamothu and Cuthrell; Asian J. Res. Com. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1-14, 2023; Article no.AJRCOS.98566
Keywords: Machine learning; artificial intelligence; health; medical; supervised machine learning;
unsupervised.
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Research and Development (R&D), streamline the use of complex algorithms and pattern
operations, and gain an advantage in an often recognition on massive amounts of sample data.
chaotic and unpredictable work environment. Once refined, these models can be used in
Hospitals and healthcare systems have used ML previously unexplored regions [29-31].
to overcome specific difficulties” [22,23]. Several
companies are making efforts to benefit from Supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and
machine learning, one of the most fascinating reinforcement learning all have quite distinct
branches of artificial intelligence. Machine approaches to learning. Many methods and
learning (ML) is a rapidly developing field that approaches are used to accommodate each of
employs algorithms to facilitate data-driven the three distinct styles of learning. Recently,
learning and has many potential applications in deep learning's ability to recognize subtle
fields as diverse as business and healthcare. patterns in large amounts of data has increased
The healthcare industry is ever-evolving due to its relevance here [32-34].
the constant influx of new ideas and innovations.
ML has the potential to aid medical professionals 2.1 Supervised ML
in these unusual scenarios. Unstructured text,
which was previously impossible to generate and “With supervised machine learning, programmers
utilise widely, may now give useful insights with give the algorithms a ready-made dataset to use
the assistance of current technologies. This new as training material. The algorithms' only duty is
wealth of ML-derived knowledge can help to identify the pattern: Why does this data belong
doctors and executives make better, faster in category A rather than category B? Such
decisions regarding patient care and operational algorithms are used to categorize natural data
software that might have an enormous influence using supervised learning (photos, handwriting,
on the lives of millions of people [24-26]. language, etc.). Moreover, one prominent area of
application for supervised learning is regression
Machine learning (ML) is increasingly employed problems. Based on particular habits, computers
in the real world, and its applications are should be able to forecast things like consumer
ubiquitous. In healthcare, it is especially health” [35-37].
important for protecting sensitive patient
information. Machine learning is used to examine “Assume for the moment that someone wants to
patient information and make illness predictions train algorithms to distinguish l cancerous tumors
[27,28]. from non-cancerous ones. Then, the
2. TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING IN programmers would create a sizable data
collection for this. This might include scans that
HEALTH CARE SECTOR
have all been tagged or are in a specific
Artificial intelligence and machine learning, when category. Think of three categories: malignant,
combined with IoT-enabled WSNs, can non-cancerous, and other. The data collection
significantly improve the healthcare system in must display the most variance possible. Simply
terms of disease prevention, early disease said, the algorithm will assume that all tumors
diagnosis, and therapeutic decision-making. are malignant if the training set solely contains
Future medical care can be more superior and scans of benign tumors. Hence, the data set
individualized. Machine learning is a crucial part should attempt to map the real range of
of artificial intelligence. Models are developed by variations” [38-40].
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ML techniques
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contrast to the other two learning procedures given set of circumstances. Instead, the agent is
(monitored and reinforced) developers are not compensated at predetermined intervals during
involved in the actual training process. This may the process. During training in the simulated
save time, but it also has additional benefit that world, the agent develops the capacity to
makes it simpler to spot patterns that were evaluate the impact of actions given certain
previously unseen. Because of this, it is possible situations. On the basis of this information, the
for algorithms to come up with unique concepts agent can devise a long-term strategy to
through unsupervised machine learning” [52-54]. maximize the payout [59,60].
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Nallamothu and Cuthrell; Asian J. Res. Com. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1-14, 2023; Article no.AJRCOS.98566
going to be the best course of action in this using AI to enhance colon cancer therapy and
particular scenario. Particularly helpful for the diagnostics in November of 2018 and will
early detection of disorders is AI. In point of fact, continue through October of 2020. A support
it may be difficult to identify uncommon diseases system performs analysis on tissue samples that
in their early stages due to the minor symptoms have been obtained during colonoscopies. It
they present with [78]. “A smart phone app was detects irregularities, assesses the likely
recently created by researchers working on the progression of the condition, provides dietary
EU project I-PROGNOSIS to enable the early supplements if they are required, and provides
diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. They are further digital analytical data [81]. In a research
currently gathering data from both healthy and ill that was published in 2019, 157 dermatologists
study participants as part of the research study; from twelve university clinics in Germany fought
routine activities like holding a smartphone, against a computer to determine who was better
making calls, and taking photos are recorded as at detecting skin malignancies. 136 patients had
data in a Cloud. The behavior is examined using their conditions properly identified by the system,
machine learning techniques, and the user is as opposed to by human doctors [81].
urged to see a doctor if there are any anomalies”
[79]. 3.3 Chronic Illness Therapy
Individual recommendations for a patient's Many persons who have a condition that is
lifestyle adjustments might be made through considered to be chronic are need to take
learning systems, which would also assist the medicine for the rest of their lives. Intelligent
patient in self-management. Wearables are technology can help in the administration of
anticipated to play a significant part in this and medication and the determination of the proper
pose new concerns regarding how people and dosage, therefore reducing stress and the
technology interact. Wearables can offer likelihood of bad effects. If a person has
continuing risk assessments, assist in diabetes, for instance, altering their diet, taking
establishing objectives for a healthier way of life, medication, or seeking medical treatment will all
and help develop training programs. Global increase their need for insulin. Investigation into
models could be trained using the local data so-called closed-loop glucose systems is now
gathered from end devices. Afterward, under done with the goal of developing self-
recommendations can be produced for taking sufficient systems that can function in place of
action on several levels (e.g., individually, the pancreas. With such an intelligent system, an
regionally, and globally). Distributed machine algorithm continually obtains data from a sugar-
learning, in which various computers share their measuring device and runs an insulin pump
artificial intelligence training, is what it is called based on this information to enable for
[80]. continuous modifications to be made to blood
sugar management [82,83].
3.2 Care for the Severely Ill
Pure mental problems are usually persistent as
A growing amount of artificial intelligence is being well, and a physical illness that lasts for a long
used to treat individuals who are in an acute time frequently leads to a psychological illness,
state of illness. Imaging methods, carcinomas, which adds to the stress that the patient and his
metastases, and proximity to areas that are family are already under. Artificial intelligence
suspected to be carcinogenic are some of the has the potential to assist in the identification and
ways that practitioners in the field of oncology treatment of psychological issues at an earlier
might more swiftly identify abnormalities. The stage. It is possible for it to provide information
underlying method makes use of technology that that the patient, their loved ones, the nursing
is based on deep learning, and the algorithm staff, or the doctor may use to treat them or, at
identifies places in the picture data that may be the absolute least, to provide them with acts that
suspect. Since doctors no longer have to are reassuring. Researchers at MIT have
manually evaluate the imaging data, they enjoy developed a model that is based on artificial
significant time savings. The expressiveness of neural networks and has the potential to identify
the images can also be improved with the help of depressive changes based on changes in
AI. The tremendous potential offered by the speech patterns. The model was constructed
implementation of artificial intelligence in cancer with the use of data gathered from 142 clinical
detection is seeing rapid expansion at the interviews. This would enable the development of
moment. The "AI in Pathology" effort will begin at least one application for smart phones
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possible; the user's text and speech would be performance of learner systems because they
analyzed in search of strange patterns and any need to process massive quantities of data
signals of aberrant behavior [84]. quickly and effectively while consuming
incredibly little energy so that they may be
3.4 Respite Care controlled via biosignals” [89].
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Nallamothu and Cuthrell; Asian J. Res. Com. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1-14, 2023; Article no.AJRCOS.98566
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Nallamothu and Cuthrell; Asian J. Res. Com. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1-14, 2023; Article no.AJRCOS.98566
Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/98566
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