What is python:

Python is a scripting and general purpose high level and interpreted

programming language.

Programming: programming is a way to instruct computer to do

some specific task

Features of python:
1)Functional programming language: we can write programs by
using functions

2)object oriented programming language: we can write

programs by using classes and objects

3)Dynamicaly typed:no need to declare any type of data we

storing in a variable

4)interpreted language: it compiles the code line by line if it

detects an error then control flow will be terminated

5)scripting language: python is used for scripting purpose

also
Variable: variable is a name it is used to given to memory
location
.py and .pyc: .py is python file that contains source code and source
code can be duplicated and .pyc is compile python file that contains
byte code and byte code can’t be duplicated

Identifiers: identifiers is used to identify the class name,function

name and variable name.
Rules of identifiers:
1. Can’t start with an integers.
2. Special charecters are not allowed except underscore(_).
3. Key words are not allowed(True,False,None,etc total 34 key
words.

Data types: there are two data types are there

1. single value data types
2.collection data types
1.single value data types:(int,float,Boolean,complex):
one variable stores only one value those are single value data
types.
Int: a number without decimal point it is called integer and
default value of integer is zero(0).
a=0
print(a)
print(type(a))
Float: a number with decimal point it is called float and
default value of float is 0.0
a=0.0
print(a)
print(type(a))

Boolean: Boolean data type have only two True and False
Default value of bool is False.
a=False
print(a)
print(type(a))
by default python consider True as 1 and False
False has 0.
 Complex:complex data type will have two parts.
1)real part
2)imaginary part
a=3+4j
print(a)
print(type(a)

Default value of complex is 0j

2.collection data types:(string,list,tuple,set,dictionary):

1)string:
• string is declared by using single coats(‘ ’)
double coats(“ “),triple coats(‘’’ ‘’’).
• if we declare a single line string we use single coats and
double coats and we declare multiline string we use
triple coats.
• String is orderd data type it support indexing.
• String is immutable data type it can’t be modified.

2)List:
• list is declared by using square brackets([]).
• List is ordered data type it support’s indexing.
• List is mutable data type it can be modified.
• It allows duplicate.
• List is both homoginus and heteroginus
Homoginus means having similar
data([1,2,3,4,5])and heteroginus means having
different data([1,2.3,True,3+4j]).
3)Tuple:
• Tuple is declared by using round brackets().
• Tuple is ordered data type it support indexing.
• It is immutable data type it can’t be modified but
mutable data types in tuple can be modifies.
• It allows duplicates
• If we declare single value in tuple comma(,) is
mandatory
• It is both homogenus and heterogenus
4)set:
• Set is declared by using curlie brackets{} but
empty set is declared by using set() function.
• Set is unordered data type it doesn’t support
indexing.
• Set is mutable data type it can be modified.
• It does not allow duplicates.
• It is both homogenus and heterogenus but it
allows only immutable data type.
5)dictionary:
• dictionary is declared by using curlie brackets
{}and elements are in the form of key value pair.
• It ordered data type but it doesn’t support
indexing
• It is mutable data type it can be modified.
• Duplicate keys are not allowed if we add
duplicate keys old value replaced with new value
where as duplicate values are allowed
 • Only immutable keys are allowed but values can
be both mutable and immutable.
Operators:
1.arithamatic operators(+, - , * , % , **, /, //).
2. Comparision operators(>, <, >=, <=, ==, !=).
3. Assignment operators(=,+=,-=,*=,/=,%=,//=).
4. Betwise operators(&,|,^,~,<<,>>).
5. Logical operators(and,or).
6. Membership operators(in,not in)
7. Identity operators(is,is not)
8. Terinary operators(it means we should write if and else
in single line).

Upper(): this method is used to convert all lower case

charecters to upper case charecters.
Example: n='vinay'
print(n.upper())

op: VINAY
Lower():this method is used to convert all upper case
charecters to lower case charecters.
Example: n='VINAY'
print(n.lower())

op: vinay
swapcase: this method is used to convert all uppercase charecters to lo
wer case and lower case charecters to upper case.
Example:
n='vinayVicky'
print(n.swapcase())
op: VINAYvicky

title: this method is used to convert every word of first character into
uppercase.
Example: i='hai vinay how are you'
print(i.title())
Op: Hai Vinay How Are You

Capitalize: this method is used to convert first letter of a string into upperc
ase remaining all lower case.
Example: j='python developer'
print(j.capitalize())
op: Python developer
index:
• it returns index position of first occurrence of a substring
• if substring is not avalible then it throughs value error.
Example: h='hai good morning'
print(h.index('o'))
op:5
rindex:
• it returns index position of last occurrence of a substring
• if substring is not avalible then it throughs value error.
Example: h='hai good morning'
print(h.rindex('o'))
op:8
find:
• it returns index position of first occurrence of a substring
• if substring is not avalible then it will not through any error it returns
-1
Example:
h='hai good morning'
print(h.find('x'))
op:-1
rfind:
• it returns index position of last occurrence of a substring
• if substring is not avalible then it will not through any error it returns
-1
Example:
h='hai good morning'
print(h.find('x'))
op:-1

count:
• it returns no.of times substring occurred in string.
• If substring is not avalible then it returns 0
•
Example:
h='engineering'
print(h.count('e'))
op:3
replace: this method is used to replace one substring with another substri
ng
Example: a='vinay'
print(a.replace('v','s'))
op:sinay
split:
• this method is used to convert string into list.
• Providing argument is not given by default it takes space as a delimator
Example: n='vinay is a python developer'
print(n.split())
op:['vinay', 'is', 'a', 'python', 'developer']

format: this method is used for variable substation in a specified place holder.
Example: i='vinay'
j=20
print(f'{i} is {j} years old')
op: vinay is 20 years old
slicing: slicing is a feature to access part of sequence from string list tuple.
Example:
x='vinay compleated masters'
print(x[:]) op: vinay completed masters
print(x[0:]) op: vinay completed masters
print(x[2:5]) op: nay
 print(x[::2]) op: vnycmlae atr
print(x[-1:-6:-1]) op: srets
print(x[-1:-6:-2]) op: ses
print(x[::-1]) op: sretsam detaelpmoc yaniv

append:
• this method is used to add one value at time
• value is added at end of the list
Example: l=[12,13,14,15]
l.append(16)
print(l)
Op: [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]
Insert:
• this method is used to add one value at a time.
• Value is added at given index position.

Example: l=[11,13,14,15]
l.insert(1,12)
print(l)
op:[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
extend:
• this method is used to add multiple values at time.
• It takes only one argument which is of collection data type.

Remove:
• It is used to remove values into the list.
• If value occurs more than once then it returns first occurrence of value.
• If value is not available then it throughs value error.
Example: x=[11,12,13,14,15,12]
x.remove(12)
print(x)
op:[11, 13, 14, 15, 12]
pop:
• It takes index as an argument.
• It returns removed value.
• Index is not given by default it takes index as -1.
Example: a=[20,30,40,50]
x=a.pop(1)
n=a.pop()
print(x) op:30
print(n) op:50
print(a) op:[20,40

clear: this method is used to remove all values into the list.
Example: x=[1,2,3,4,5,6]
x.clear()
print(x) op: [ ]
index:

Example: n=[22,33,44,55]
print(n.index(33))
op:1
count:
Example: n=[22,33,44,55,22,33,22]
print(n.count(22))
op:3
sort:
• it works only on homoginus of list.
• it is used to arrange the data from ascending and descending.
Example: # ascending order # descinding order

x=[4,3,5,6,2,7,1,8,9] x=[4,3,5,6,2,7,1,8,9]
x.sort() x.sort(reverse=True)
print(x) print(x)
op:[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

Join: this method is used to convert list of substring into a string.

Example:
l=['hai','hello','how are you']
n='@'.join(l)
print(n)
 op:hai@hello@how are you
set inbuilt methods:
add values into the set:
add: this method is used to add values into the set.
Example: i={1,2,3}
# empty set
i.add(4) n=set()
print(i) n.add(1)
op:{1, 2, 3, 4} n.add('vinay')
n.add(True)
n.add(2.0)
n.add(2+2j)
print(n)
op:{(2+2j), 1, 2.0, 'vinay'}

Update: this method is used to add multiple values at a time.

Example: n={22,33,44}
n.update('vinay',[1,33,44,1])
print(n)
op:{'v', 33, 1, 'a', 44, 'y', 'n', 'i', 22}

n={22,33,44}
n.update('vinay',[1,33,44,1])
print(n)
op:{'v', 33, 1, 'a', 44, 'y', 'n', 'i', 22}

remove values into the set:

remove: this method is used to remove values in set if value
is not avalible in set it will through key error.
Example: s={1,2.0,'vinay',(22,33)}
s.remove('vinay') s={1,2.0,'vinay',(22,33)}
print(s)
s.remove(5)
op:{1, 2.0, (22, 33)}
print(s)

op: keyError

op
Discard: this method is used to remove values in set if value
is not avalible in set it will not through any error.
Example: s={1,2.0,'vinay',(22,33)}
s.remove('vinay') s={1,2.0,'vinay',(22,33)}
print(s)
s.remove(5)
op:{1, 2.0, (22, 33)}
print(s)

op: {1,2.0,'vinay',(22,33)}

op

pop:
• it returns the removed value and it will not accept any argument.
• it removes the random value from set.
Example: x={1,2.0,'vinay',(22,33)}
x.pop()
print(x)
op:{2.0, (22, 33), 'vinay'}

clear: this method is used to remove all values in set.

Example: s={1,2.0,'vinay',(22,33)}
s.clear()
print(s)
op:set()

add key value pair into the dictionary:

variable name[key]=value

Example: n={}
n['a']=10
n['b']=20
n[1]=20
n[(22,33)]=30
n[2.0]=40
n['a']=20
print(n)
 op:{'a': 20, 'b': 20, 1: 20, (22, 33): 30, 2.0: 40}
update: this method is used to add multiple key value pair to the dictionary.

Example: x={'a':10,'b':20}
y={'c':30,'d':40}
x.update(y)
print(x)
print(y)
op:{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30, 'd': 40}
op:{'c': 30, 'd': 40}
remove key value pair into the dictionary:
pop:
• pop takes key as an argument
• it returns the value of key provided,if key is not in dictionary it throu
ghs key error.

Example: n={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
m=n.pop('a')
print(m)
print(n)
x=n.pop('d')
print(x)op:key error
op:10
op:{'b': 20, 'c': 30}
get:
• get method is used to return the values of given key.
• If key is not in dictionary it default value.
• If default value is not given it returns none.

Example: g={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30,'d':40}
print(g.get('a'))
print(g.get('f',100))
print(g.get('g'))

op:10
op:100
op:None
setdefault:
• it returns the value of given key.
• if key is not in dictionary it returns the default value and update the d
ictionary with key value pair.

Example: s={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30,'d':40}
print(s.setdefault('d'))
print(s.setdefault('f',100))
print(s)
op:40
op:100
op:{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30, 'd': 40, 'f': 100}

fromkeys:
• from keys is used to create a dictionary with same values for all given
keys.
• If value is not given then dictionary of keys are updated with None ke
y word.
Example: d={}
x=d.fromkeys('abc',[1,2,3])
print(x)
op:{'a': [1, 2, 3], 'b': [1, 2, 3], 'c': [1, 2, 3]

type casting: convert one data type to another data type it is called typ
e casting. boolean
Int A=10 print(bool(A)) op: true
Int(15.5) op:15
Int(True) op:1 A=0 print(bool(A)) op: False
Int(3+2j) op: type error A=0.0001 print(bool(A)) op: True
Int(11.8) op:11
B=0.1 print(bool(B)) op: True
Int(‘10’) op: 10
Int(’11.8’) op: type error C=0.0 print(bool(c)) op: False
C=3+4j print(bool(C)) op: True
float
float(11) op: 11.0 D=’_’ print(bool(D)) op: True
float(2+4j) op: type error A=[1,2,3,4] print(bool(A)) op: True
float(True) op:1.0
float(’12.5’) op: 12.5 A=[0] print(bool(A)) op: False
float(‘12’) op: 12.0 A=(0) print(bool(A)) op: False

complex: A=(0,) print(bool(A)) op: True

B={11,2,3,4,5} print(bool(B)) op: True
d=set() print(bool(d)) op: False
complex(2.5,5.7) op:(2.5+5.7j)
complex(True,True) op: (1+1j)
complex(6) op: (6+0j)
complex(‘2’) op:(2+0j)
complex(‘2’, ‘5’) op: type error
string: we will convert all data types into string.

List: we can’t convert single value data types into list.

Example: a=10
Print(list(a))
Op: type error
We will convert all collection data types into list.

String to list Tuple to list Set to list

a='vinay' n=(1,2,3,4,5) x={1,2,3,4,5}
print(list(a)) print(list(n)) print(list(x))
print(len(a)) print(len(n)) print(len(x))
op:[‘v’,’I’,’n’,’a’,’y’] op:[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] op:[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
op: 5 op:5 op:5

Dictionary to list
y={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
print(list(y))
print(len(y))
op:['a', 'b', 'c']
op:3

tuple: we can’t convert single value data types into tuple.

Example: a=10
Print(tuple(a))
Op: type error
We will convert all collection data types into tuple.

String to tuple list to tuple Set to tuple

a='vinay' n=[1,2,3,4,5] x={1,2,3,4,5}
print(tuple(a)) print(tuple(n)) print(tuple(x))
print(len(a)) print(len(n)) print(len(x))
op(‘v’,’I’,’n’,’a’,’y’) op:(1, 2, 3, 4, 5) op:(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
op: 5 op:5 op:5
 Dictionary to set
y={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
print(tuple(y))
print(len(y))
set: we can’t convert
op:(a', 'b', 'c')single value data types into set.
Example:
op:3 a=10
Print(set(a))
Op: type error
We will convert all collection data types into set.

String to set Tuple to set list to set

a='vinay' n=(1,2,3,4,5) x=[1,2,3,4,5]
print(set(a)) print(set(n)) print(set(x))
print(len(a)) print(len(n)) print(len(x))
op:{‘v’,’I’,’n’,’a’,’y’} op:{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} op:{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
op: 5 op:5 op:5

Dictionary to list
y={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
print(set(y))
print(len(y))
op:{'a', 'b', 'c'}
op:3

dictionary: we can’t convert single value data types into dictionary.

Example: a=10
Print(dict(a))
Op: type error
• We can’t convert string to dictionary

List to dictionary tuple to dictionary set to dictionary

a=[(1,2),['a',4]] a=((1,2),['a',4]) a={(1,2),’ab’}
print(dict(a)) print(dict(a)) print(dict(a))
print(len(a)) print(len(a)) print(len(a))
op:{1: 2, 'a': 4} op:{1: 2, 'a': 4} op:{1: 2, 'a': ‘b}
Op:2 Op:2 Op:2
In python there are 3 conditional statements are there
if,elif,else.
If:
• if given condition is true then control goes to if block
otherwise control goes outside block.
• for if block else block is not mandatory

Else:
• if given condition is false then control goes to else block.
• For else block if block is mandatory.

Elif:
• If previous condition is false then control goes to elif
block.
• For elif block if block is mandatory and else block is not
mandatory.
• For one if block we can write multiple elif blocks.

input method:
• This method is used to take input at run time.
• Input method accept values in the form of string.
X=input(‘enter the value of x’)
Print(type(of(x)) op: str
To convert int
X=int(input(‘enter the value of x’))
Print(type(x)) op: int
Range inbuilt function:
• Range function returns a sequence of numbers starting
from 0 by default and increments one by one and stops
before a specified number.
• Range is work only in list and tuple.
Ex: x=list(range(1,10))
Print(x) op:[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

Ex: x=tuple(range(1,10))
Print(x) op:(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

Ex: x=list(range(-1,-5,,-1))
Print(x) op:[-1,-2,-3,-4]
Ex: y=list(range(-10,-1,-1))
Print(x) op:[-10,-9,-8,-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2]
Loops in python:
In python there are two types of loops are there
1) for ,2)while
1)for loop:
• if we know the iterations then we use for loop.
• Starting point of execution and ending point execution
both has to be same.
• No.of iterations is same as the sequence.
for i in range(1,5):
print(I,end=’ ‘) op:1,2,3,4
for b in range(1,5): for a in range(1,5): for i in range(5):

print(‘vinay’) print(a) print(i)

op: op: op:

vinay 1 0

vinay 1
2
vinay 2
3
vinay 3
4
4

n=[22,33,44,55] X={‘a’:10,’b’:20,’c’:30}
X=’vicky’
for i in n: for a in x:
for a in x:
print(i) print(a)
print(a)
op: a
op:
22 b
v
33 c
i

c 44

k 55

X={‘a’:10,’b’:20,’c’:30}

for a in x.values():

print(a)

op:

10

20

30

for k,v in x.items():

print(f’ {k}={v}’)

(a,10)

(b,20)

(c,30)
2)while loop:
• If we don’t know the iterations then we use while loop.
• If condition is true then control enters the loop
otherwise control goes outside the loop.
n=1 n=5 n=1

while n<=5: while n>=1: while n<=5:

print(n) print(n) print(‘vinay’)

n+=1 n-=1 n+=1

op: op: op:

1 5 vinay

2 4 vinay

3 3 vinay

4 2 vinay

Control statements:
In python there are 3 control statements are there.
1)break 2)continue 3)pass
1)break: if given condition is satisfied then control goes
outside the loop.
for a in range(1,6):
if a==4:
break
print(a)
op:
1
2
3
2.continue: if control reaches continue it will skip the
current iteration and control goes next iteration.
for a in range(1,6):
if a==4:
continue
print(a)
op:
1
2
3
5

Pass: pass will not affect the control flow of a program.

it is used to create an empty block otherwise it will
through syntax error.
for a in range(1,6):
if a==4:
pass
print(a)
op:
1
2
3
4
5
 programs
## wap to print hieghest among 4 numbers.
a,b,c,d=10,20,30,40 n=int(input('enter the value:'))

if a>b: if n%3==0 and n%5==0:

if a>c: print('fizz buzz')

elif n%3==0:
if a>d:
print('fizz')
print('a is highest')
elif n%5==0:
else:
print('buzz')
print('d is highest')
else: year=int(input('eter the year:'))
if b>c: if year%4==0 and year%100!=0 or year%400==0:

if b>d: print('it is a leap year')

print('b is highest') else:

print('is not leap year')
else:
print('d is highest')
s=int(input('enter value:'))
else: st=1
for x in range(s):
if c>d: for y in range(st):
print("*",end=" ")
print('c is highest') print()
if x<s//2:
else:
st=st+1
print('d is highest') else:
st-=1
op: d is highest
enter value: 5
*
**
***
**
*
 pattern programs
s=int(input('enter value:')) for x in range(6):
st=1 for y in range(6):
for x in range(s): print('*',end=' ')
for y in range(st): print()
print("*",end=" ") ******
print() ******
if x<s//2: ******
st=st+1 ******
else: ******
st-=1 ******

enter value: 5 n=int(input('enter the value:'))

* st=n
** for a in range(n):
*** for b in range(st):
** print('*',end=' ')
* print()
st-=1
enter the value: 6
s=int(input('enter value:')) ******
st=1 *****
sp=s//2 ****
for x in range(s): ***
for y in range(sp): **
print(" ",end=" ") *
for z in range(st):
print("*",end=" ") n=int(input('enter the value:'))
print() st=1
if x<s//2: for a in range(n):
st=st+1 for b in range(st):
sp=sp-1 print('*',end=' ')
else: print()
st-=1 st+=1
sp+=1 enter the value: 7
*
enter value: 5 **
* ***
** ****
*** *****
** ******
* *******
st=1 n=11
n=5 st=1
sp=n//2
while n!=0: for a in range(n):
print(' '*(n-1)+'* '*st) for b in range(sp):
st+=1 print(' ',end=' ')
n-=1 for c in range(st):
* if c==0 or c==st-1:
print('*',end=' ')
** else:
*** print(' ',end=' ')
**** print()
***** if a<n//2:
st+=2
sp-=1
sp=0 else:
st-=2
n=5 sp+=1
while n!=0: *
print(' '*sp,'* '*((n*2)-1)) * *
sp+=1 * *
n-=1 * *
* *
* *
********* * *
******* * *
***** * *
*** * *
*
*
n=7
sp=0
st=1
n=5
sp=n//2
while n!=0:
for a in range(n):
print(' '*sp,'* '*((n*2)-1))
for b in range(sp):
sp+=1
print(' ',end=' ')
n-=1
for c in range(st):
if c==0 or c==st-1:
*********
print('*',end=' ')
*******
else:
*****
print(' ',end=' ')
***
print()
*
if a<n//2:
n=1
st+=1
while n<=5:
sp-=1
print('* '*5)
else:
n=n+1
st-=1
*****
sp+=1
*****
*
*****
**
*****
* *
*****
* *
* *
**
*
n=5 n=4
st=1 st=1
for a in range(n): sp=n-1
num=st for a in range(n):
num=1
for b in range(st): for b in range(sp):
print(num,end=' ') print(' ',end=' ')
num=num+1 for c in range(st):
print() print(num,end=' ')
st=st+1 num=num+1
print()
st=st+2
1 sp=sp-1
23 1
345 123
4567 12345
1234567
56789 n=5

n=5 n=5
st=1 st=5
for a in range(n): for a in range(n):
num=st
num=st for b in range(st):
for b in range(st): print(num,end=' ')
print(num,end=' ') num+=1
num=num+1 print()
print() st-=1
56789
st=st+1 4567
345
1 23
23 1
345 n=5
num=1
4567 for a in range(n):
56789 for b in range(n):
n=4 print(num,end=' ')
st=1 print()
sp=n-1 num+=1
11111
for a in range(n): 22222
num=st 33333
for b in range(sp): 44444
print(' ',end=' ') 55555
for c in range(st):
print(num,end=' ')
num=num-1
print()
num+=1
st=st+2
sp=sp-1
1
321
54321
7654321
r=5
sp=r//2
st=1
for a in range(r):
for b in range(sp):
print(' ',end=' ')
for c in range(st):
print('*',end=' ')
print()
if a<r//2:
st+=2
sp-=1
else:
st-=2
sp+=1
*
***
*****
***
*
r=5
st=1
sp=n//2
for a in range(r):
num=st
for b in range(sp):
print(' ',end=' ')
for c in range(st):
print(num,end=' ')
print()
if a<r//2:
st+=2
sp-=1
else:
st-=2
sp+=1
1
333
55555
333
1
 Number programs:
## write a program to check given ## write a program to find sum of digits ## write a program to find
number is prime number or not. in a given number. product of digits in given a
number.
n=int(input(‘enter n value’:) n=55677
a=2345
if n>1: num=n
num=a
for a in range(2,n//2+1): res=0
res=1
if n%a==0: while n!=0:
while a!=0:
print("is not prime") rem=n%10
rem=a%10
break res=res+rem
res=res*rem
else: n=n//10
a=a//10
print('is prime') print(f"{num} value is sum of {res}")
print(f"{num} value product is
else:
{res}")
print('is not prime') ## write a program to check given
number is niven number or not.
## write a program to print
write a program to check given n=8447 prime digits in a given
number is composit number or not. number.
num=n
n=int(input('enter the value:')) n=1245746
res=0
for x in range(2,n//2+1): while n!=0:
while n!=0:
if n%x==0: rem=n%10
rem=n%10
print(f"{n} is composite") n=n//10
res=res+rem
break if rem>1:
n=n//10
else: for x in
if n%res==0:
range(2,rem//2+1):
print(f"{n} is not composit") print(f"{num} is niven")
if rem%x==0:
else:
break
write a program to print factors of a print(f"{num} is not niven")
given number. else:

n=int(input('enter the value:')) print(rem)

for x in range(1,n+1):

if n%x==0:

print(x)
## write a program to print ## wap to print factorial of a given
## wap to check given number is
number
prime numbers from 20,30. disarum number or not.
n=5
for a in range(20,31): n=135
fact=1
if a>1: p=len(str(n))
for a in range(1,n+1):
for v in range(2,a//2+1): num=n
fact=fact*a
if a%v==0: res=0
print(fact)
while n!=0:
break
## wap to check given number is
rem=n%10
else: special number or not.
res=res+rem**p
print(a) n=145
p=p-1
## write a program to check num=n
given number is armstrong n=n//10
res=0
number or not. if num==res:
while n!=0:
n= 371 print("disarum number")
rem=n%10
p=len(str(n)) else:
n=n//10
res=0 print("is not dissrum num")
fact=1
num=n ## wap a program to riverse the given
for a in range(1,rem+1):
number.
while n!=0: fact=fact*a
n=123
rem=n%10 res=res+fact
num=n
res=res+rem**p if num==res:
res=0
n=n//10 print("is a special number")
while n!=0:
if res==num: else:
rem=n%10
print("is armstrong num") print("is not special number")
res=res*10+rem
else: ## wap to check given number is
n=n//10
polyprime number or not.
print("is not arm strong num") print(f" revers of{num} is {res}")
n=151
## write a program to odd even ## wap to check given number is
num=n
digits and substract odd digits in palindrome number or not.
a given number res=0
n=121
n=2358746 while n!=0:
num=n
num=n rem=n%10
res=0
res=res*10+rem
res=0 while n!=0:
n=n//10
while n!=0: rem=n%10
if num==res:
rem=n%10 res=res*10+rem
if num>1:
n=n//10 n=n//10
for a in range(2,num//2+1):
if rem%2==0: if num==res:
if num%a==0:
print("is polindrom number")
res=res+rem
print("is not poly prime")
else:
else:
break
print("is not polindrom number")
res=res-rem
else:
print(res) print("is poly prime")
## wap to print all 3 digit disrum ## wap to check given number is
numbers. ## wap to replace value
emirp or not.
for a in range(100,1000): n=23537
n=13
num=a res=0
num=n
res=0 p=1
res=0
p=len(str(a)) while n!=0:
while n!=0:
while a!=0: rem=n%10
rem=n%10
rem=a%10 n=n//10
res=res*10+rem
a=a//10 if rem==3:
n=n//10
res=res+rem**p res=res+6*p
if num!=res:
p=p-1 else:
if num>1:
if num==res: res=res+rem*p
for a in range(2,num//2+1):
print(res) p=p*10
if num%a==0:
print(res)
print("not emirp")
## wap to check given number is # WAP TO CHECK GIVEN NUMBER IS
break AUTOMORPHIC NUMBER OR NOT
strong number or not.
else: a=5
n=6
for b in range(2,num//2+1): s=a*a
num=n
if num%b==0: l=len(str(s))
res=0
print('not emirp') res=s%10**1
for a in range(1,n):
break if res==a:
if n%a==0:

res=res+a print('automorphic')
else: else:
if num==res:
print("is emirp") print('not automorphic')
print("strong")
else: n=192
else:
print("is not emirp") s=str(n*1)+str(n*2)+str(n*3)
print("not strong")
check='123456789'
## wap to convert binary to decimal for a in s:
wap to convert decimal to binary.
n=1110 if str(a) not in check:
n=14
res=0 print('it is not fascinating number')
res=0
p=0 break
x=1
while n!=0: else:
while n!=0:
rem=n%10 print('it is fascinating number')
rem=n%2
n=n//10
n=n//2
res=res+rem*2**p
res=res+rem*x
p=p+1
x=x*10
print(res)
print(res)
# wap to check given number is spy def fib(n): l=[4,2,6,3]
number or not fib=[0,1] for x in range(max(l)):
n=6 for a in range(2,n): for y in range(len(l)):
fib.append(fib[a-2]+fib[a- if l[y]>x:
res1=0 1]) print('*',end=' ')
return fib else:
res2=1
a=fib(7) print(' ',end=' ')
while n!=0: f=a[::2] print()
s=a[1::2] ****
rem=n%10 t=s[::-1] ****
res1+=rem z=f+t * **
n=7 * *
res2*=rem space=0 *
for a in range(n): *
n=n//10
print(' '*space,end='')
if res1==res2: print(z[a]) s=[{'service':'aws'},{'service':'
space=space+1 if a<n//2 azure'},{'os':'windows'},{'os':'l
print('it is spy number') else space-1
inux'}]
0
else:
1 d={}
print('it is not spy number') 3 for a in s:
8 for k,v in a.items():
5 if k not in d:
x=5 2 d[k]=[v]
st=1 1
else:
for a in range(x):
d[k]+=[v]
for b in range(st):
if b==0 or a==x-1 or print(d)
a==b: {'service': ['aws', 'azure'], 'os':
print('*',end=' ') ['windows', 'linux']}
else:
print(' ',end=' ')
print()
st+=1

*
**
* *
* *
****
n=5
for a in range(n):
for b in range(n):
if a==0 or a==n-1 or
b==n-1 or a==n//2:
print('*',end=' ')
print()
*****
*
*****
*
*****
 # wap to count each charecter in a
list
list programs a=[1,2,3,1,3,4,5,6]
## wap to print even numbers in given ## wap to print heighest vallue l=[]
a list in a list for x in range(0,len(a)):
n=[11,22,14,15,17,18]
n=[9,14,3,6,7] if a[x] not in l:
for a in range(0,len(n)):
h=n[0] l.append(a[x])
if n[a]%2==0:
for a in range(1,len(n)): print(f'{a[x]}={a.count(a[x])}')
print(n[a])
if h<n[a]: # wap to to sort list (selection sort)
## wap to print even index position of
h=n[a] n=[21,12,15,10,19,16]
a list
print(h) for a in range(0,len(n)-1):
s=[11,12,14,15,18,22,19]
## wap to sort values in list m=a
for a in range(0,len(s)):
without using sort method for b in range(a+1,len(n)):
if a%2==0:

print(s[a])
s=[6,4,3,7,2,8,5] if n[m]>n[b]:

for a in range(0,len(s)): m=b

## wap to print even num and odd in
given a list for b in range(0,len(s)-1-a): n[a],n[m]=n[m],n[a]
n=[11,22,33,44,66,14,17,19] print(n)
if s[b]>s[b+1]:
even=[] ## wap to reverse the given string
s[b],s[b+1]=s[b+1],s[b]
without using slicing .
odd=[]
print(s)
s='vinay'
for a in range(0,len(n)):
# wap to print second heighest
res=''
if n[a]%2==0: value in given list
for a in range(-1,-(len(s)+1),-1):
even.append(n[a]) s=[11,14,15,17,5]
res=res+s[a]
else:
for a in range(0,2):
print(res)
odd.append(n[a])
for b in range(0,len(s)-1-a):
## wap to check given string is
print(even+odd)
if s[b]>s[b+1]: palindrome or not(reverse ga
## wap to remove duplicates in given a chadivina same ga untey it is
list. s[b],s[b+1]=s[b+1],s[b] palindrome)
n=[11,33,11,44,22,11,22,33,44] print(s[-2]) v='madam'
res=[] # wap to print unique values in res=''
given a list
for a in range(0,len(n)): for i in range(-1,-(len(v)+1),-1):
a=[1,2,3,1,3,4,5,6]
if n[a] not in res: res=res+v[i]
res.append(n[a])# or
for x in range(0,len(a)):
if res==v:
res=res+[n[a]] if a.count(a[x])<=1: print('it is palindrome')
print(L) print(a[x]) else:

print('not palindrome')
 ## wap to reverse the given string #wap to convert given string into all
without using slicing . lower case charecters to uppercase
and all uppercase to lowercase
s='vinay'

res='' string programs x='vinay VICKY'

res=''
for a in range(-1,-(len(s)+1),-1):
## wap to remove duplicates in a
res=res+s[a] for y in range(0,len(x)):
given string
print(res) if 'a'<=x[y]<='z':
a='engineering'
## wap to check given string is res=res+chr(ord(x[y])-32)
res=''
palindrome or not(reverse ga
elif 'A'<=x[y]<='Z':
chadivina same ga untey it is for b in range(0,len(a)):
palindrome) res=res+chr(ord(x[y])+32)
if a[b] not in res:
v='madam' else:
res=res+a[b]
res='' res=res+x[y]
print(res)
for i in range(-1,-(len(v)+1),-1): print(res)
## wap to count vowels in given a
res=res+v[i]
string ## WAP TO PRINT SUB
if res==v: PALINDROMES IN GIVEN A SSTRIN.
c='engineering'
print('it is palindrome') n='ABCBA'
count=0
else: for a in range(0,len(n)):
vow='aeiouAEIOU'
print('not palindrome') for b in range(a+1,len(n)+1):
for a in range(0,len(c)):
## wap to print vowels in given s=n[a:b]
string by using index if c[a] in vow:
if s==s[::-1] and len(s)>1:
s='engineering' count=count+1
print(s)
vow='aeiouAEIOU' print(count)
res='' ## wap to split given string without
## wap to convert given string into
using split method
for i in range(0,len(s)): uppercase
s='we are groot'
if s[i] in vow: s='Vinay'
L=[]
res=res+s[i] res=''
res=''
print(res) for i in range(0,len(s)):
for a in range(0,len(s)):
## wap to print vowels in given if 'a'<=s[i]<='z':
string without using index if s[a]!=' ':
res=res+chr(ord(s[i])-32)
s='engineering' res+=s[a]
else:
vow='aeiouAEIOU' else:
res=res+s[i]
res=''
L.append(res)
print(res)
for i in s:
res=''
if i in vow:
L.append(res)
res=res+i
print(L)
print(res)
 ## wap to count special charecters
## WRITE A PROGRAM TO COUNT # wap to print most freequently
in given a string
EACH CHARETER IN A GIVEN occured word in a string
STRING. s="%^%@^$^%@FYF*@YR@F"
n='we want to attend class everyday
s='ENGINEERING' count=0 because we want job'

ch="@#$%^&*" l=n.split()
count=0
for a in range(0,len(s)): d={}
res=''
if s[a] in ch: for a in range(0,len(l)):
for a in range(0,len(s)):
count=count+1 if l[a] not in d:
if s[a] not in res:
print(count) d[l[a]]=1
res=res+s[a]
# wap to print most freequently else:
print(f"{s[a]}={s.count(s[a])}") occured charecter in given a stirrng
d[l[a]]+=1
## pinadi idi same idi inko n='engineering'
val=list(d.values())
methods
d={}
h=val[0]
s='engineering'
for a in range(0,len(n)):
for a in range(1,len(val)):
d={} if n[a] not in d:
if h<val[a]:
for a in range(0,len(s)): d[n[a]]=1
h=val[a]
if s[a] not in d: else:
for k,v in d.items():
d[s[a]]=1 d[n[a]]+=1
if h==v:
else: val=list(d.values())
print(k)
d[s[a]]+=1 h=val[0]
# wap to print most freequently
for k,v in d.items(): for a in range(1,len(val)): occured word in a string

print(f"{k}={v}") if h<val[a]: n='we want to attend class everyday

because we want job'
# wap to count each charecter in h=val[a]
l=n.split()
given a string in dictionary for k,v in d.items():
d={}
n='we want to attend class if h==v:
everyday because we want job' for a in range(0,len(l)):
print(k)
m=n.split() if l[a] not in d:
# wap to reverse the string without
d={} reversing wordds d[l[a]]=len(l[a])

s='vinay is good boy' val=list(d.values())

for a in range(0,len(m)):
l=s.split() h=val[0]
if m[a] not in d:
for a in range(0,len(l)//2): for a in range(1,len(val)):
d[m[a]]=m.count(m[a])
l[a],l[len(l)-1-a]=l[len(l)-1-a],l[a] if h<val[a]:
print(d)
res=' '.join(l) h=val[a]

print(res) for k,v in d.items():

if h==v:

print(k)
 # wap to replace the charecteer l=[1,2,3,4,5,0,6,10,7,8,9]
# wap to reverse the string without
e=[]
reversing wordds without using replace method
o=[]
s='vinay is good boy' s='abcdabcd' d={}
for a in range(0,len(l)):
l=s.split() res='' if l[a]%2==0:
for a in range(0,len(l)//2): e.append(l[a])
for a in range(0,len(s)):
else:
l[a],l[len(l)-1-a]=l[len(l)-1-a],l[a] if s[a]=='a': o.append(l[a])
n=e+o
res=' '.join(l)
res+='@' l=[]
print(res) for a in n:
else: if a>1:
# wap to reverse each word in a for x in range(2,a//2+1):
string
res=res+s[a]
if a%2==0:
s='vinay is good boy' print(res) break
else:
l=s.split() l.append(a)
# wap to print all index position of d['even']=e
for a in range(0,len(l)):
d['odd']=o
given chareccter in a string
l[a]=l[a][::-1] d['prime']=l
s='abcbasna' print(d)
res=' '.join(l) output:
print(res)
ch='a' {'even': [2, 4, 0, 6, 10, 8], 'odd': [
1, 3, 5, 7, 9], 'prime': [2, 3, 5, 7,
for a in range(0,len(s)):
9]}
s='aaabbccccbaaf' if s[a]==ch:

res='' print(a)
n='vinay'
count=1 t=int(input('enter table name:'))
for a in range(1,11): res=''
for a in range(0,len(s)-1): print(t,'x',a,'=',t*a)
l=[]
if s[a]==s[a+1]: enter table name: 6
6x1=6 for a in range(-1,-(len(n)+1),-1):
count+=1 6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18 res=res+n[a]
else:
6 x 4 = 24
res+=str(count)+s[a] 6 x 5 = 30 l.append(res)
6 x 6 = 36 print(l)
count=1 6 x 7 = 42
res+=str(count)+s[a+1] 6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
print(res) 6 x 10 = 60 matrix
n=3
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
n='a3b5c7' for i in range(n):
res='' for j in range(n):
for a in range(0,len(n),2): print(l[j][n-1-i],end=' ')
print()
res+=n[a]+(chr(ord(n[a])+int(n[a 369
+1]))) 258
print(res) 147
adbgcj
n=3 l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] n=3
for a in range(3): l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
for i in range(n):
for j in range(n): print(l[3-a-1][3-a-1]) for i in range(n):
print(l[n-1-j][i],end=' ') 9 for j in range(n):
print() 5 print(l[n-1-j][i],end=' ')
741 1 print()
852
963 741
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
for a in range(3): 852
n=3 print(l[a][1]) 963
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] 2
t=0
5 l1=[1,2,3,4,5]
for i in range(n):
8 l2=[1,2,3,4,5]
for j in range(n):
t+=l[j][i] x=[]
print(t)
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] for a in range(len(l1)):
for a in range(3): x.append(l1[a]+l2[a])
45 print(x)
print(l[a][2])
3
6 [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
for a in range(3): 9
for b in range(3):
print(l[a][b],end=' ') n=4
print() l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] st=4
for a in range(3): for a in range(n):
123 print(l[3-1-a][3-1-a]) for b in range(st):
456 9 if a==0 or a==3 or b==0
789 5 or b==3:
1 print('*',end=' ')
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] else:
for a in range(3): print(' ',end=' ')
print(l[a][0]) l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] print()
1 for a in range(3):
4
****
print(l[a][3-1-a]) * *
7
3 * *
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] 5 ****
for a in range(3): 7
print(l[2][a])
7 s1=input('enter string1')
8 l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] s2=input('enter string2')
9 for a in range(3): if sorted(s1)==sorted(s2):
print(l[3-1-a][a]) print(f'{s1} and {s2} are
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] 7 anagrams')
for a in range(3): 5 else:
print(l[0][a]) 3 print('not anagrams')
1
2
enter string1 rajuharivinay
3 n=3
enter string2 vinayhariraju
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] rajuharivinay and vinayharir
for i in range(n):
for a in range(3): aju are anagrams
for j in range(n):
print(l[a][a]) print(l[j][n-1-i],end=' ')
1
print()
5
9
369
258
147
❖ There are 2 types of functions are there.
• Inbuil functions
• User defined functions
Function:
• It is a block of organized and reused code that we
can executed when function is called.
• Function call is given after function declaration.
• Function is declared by using def keyword.
Ex: def sample():
print(‘vinay’)
sample()
op: vinay
return:
• Return is a key word it is used to return the values
to the function call.
• By using return keyword we can return multiple
values to the function call.
• It takes control flow from fuctional space to main
space. def sum(a,b,c):
return a+b+c
Ex: def sample(): x=sum(10,20,30)
print(x)
print(‘vinay’) y=sum(1,2,3)
print(y)
return 100 # or
def sum(a,b,c):
sample() return a+b+c
op: vinay print(sum(10,20,30))
100 print(sum(1,2,3))
60
6
60
6
 Types of arguments:
1. Positional arguments.
2. Keyword arguments
3. Default arguments
4. Variable length non keyword arguments
5. Variable length key word arguments
1.Positional arguments.
• In positional arguments we pass values to the functional call
without name.
• While passing values we need to follow the order.
• no.o arguments in function call and function declaration both
has to be same.
Ex:def details(name,age,gender):
print(f'name : {name}')
print(f'age : {age}')
print(f'gender :{gender}')
details('vinay',25,'male')
op:name : vinay
age : 25
gender :male
2.keyword arguments:
• in keyword arguments we pass values to the function call with
specific variable name.
• no.of arguments in function call and function declaration both
has to be same.
Ex: def details(name,age,gender):
print(f'name : {name}')
print(f'age : {age}')
print(f'gender :{gender}')
details(gender='female',name='vinay',age=25)

Op:name : vinay
age : 25
gender :female
3.default arguments:
• it takes default arguments when we are not pass any values to
the function call.
• No.of arguments in functional call and function declaration no
need to be same.
Ex: def sample(a=0,b=0,c=0):
print(f'a : {a}')
print(f'b : {b}')
print(f'c : {c}') a : 10
sample(10,20,30) b:0
sample(10) c:0
a : 10
b : 20
c : 30
4.variable length keyword arguments:
• It allows a function to accept any no.of values to the function
call.
• Variable name is prefixed with single star.
Ex: def sample(*args):
print(f'args : {args}')
sample(10,20,30)
sample()
args : (10, 20, 30)
args : ()
5.variable length keyword arguments.
• It allows a function to accept any no.of key word arguments.
• Keyword arguments are stored in dictionary.
• Variable name is prefixed with double star(**)
Ex: def star(**kwrgs):
print(f'kwargs : {kwrgs}')
star(a=10,b=20,c=30)
star()
kwargs : {'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}
kwargs : {}
# WAP TO PRINT GIVEN NUMBER IS # wap to check given number is
# wap to print factorial of given
PRIME OR NOT polyndrome or not by using function
number number
def prime(n): def reverse(n):
def factorial(n):
if n<=1: res=0
fact=1
return False while n!=0:
for a in range(1,n+1):
for a in range(2,n//2+1): rem=n%10
fact=fact*a
if n%a==0: res=res*10+rem
return fact
return False n=n//10
print(factorial(5))
return True return res
# wap to check the given number is
n=17 n=121 emrip number or not

if prime(n): num=n def prime(n):

print('it is prime') if reverse(n==num): if n<=1:

else: print('polyndrome') return False

print('not prime') else: for a in range(2,n//2+1):

# wap to print prime numbers in print('not polyndrome') if n%a==0:

given range by using function
# wap to check the given number is return False
def prime(n): polyprime or not
return True
if n<=1: def prime(n):
def poly(n):
return False if n<=1:
res=0
for a in range(2,n//2+1): return False
while n!=0:
if n%a==0: for a in range(2,n//2+1):
rem=n%10
return False if n%a==0:
res=res*10+rem
return True return False
n=n//10
for y in range(1,21): return True
return res
if prime(y): def poly(n):
x=11
print(y) res=0
r=poly(x)
# wap to reverse the number by while n!=0:
if x!=r and prime(n) and prime(r):
using function
rem=n%10
print('emrip number')
def reverse(n):
res=res*10+rem
else:
res=0
n=n//10
print('not emrip number')
while n!=0:
return res
rem=n%10
x=11
res=res*10+rem
r=poly(x)
n=n//10
if x!=r and prime(x):
return res
print('polyprime')
print(reverse(12345))
else:

print('not polyprime')
# wap to check given number is # wap to print 10th number fibnoccie
special number or not series
def factorial(n): def fib(n):
fact=1 f,s=0,1
for a in range(1,n+1): if n==1 or n==2:
fact=fact*a return n-1
return fact for a in range(0,n-2):
def special(n): t=f+s
res=0 f=s
while n!=0: s=t
rem=n%10 return t
res=res+factorial(rem) print(fib(5))
n=n//10 # wap to print first 10 fibnoccie
return res numbers

s=40585 def fib(x):

num=s f,s=0,1

if special(num==s): if x==1 or x==2:

print('special num') return x-1

else: for a in range(0,x-2):

print('not special') t=f+s

f=s
s=t
return t
for a in range(1,11):
print(fib(a))
 Recursion
# Function call inside same function or function calling
itself it is called recursion.
advantages
# by using recursion we can avoid loops.
# no.of lines of code can be reduced.
disadvantages
# it takes lot of memory space while execution.
# wap to print numbers from 1 to # wap to reverse the given def armstrong(n,p):
10 by using recurssion string. if n==0:
def fun(n): def revstr(n): return 0
if n==11: if n==-(len(s)+1): return
return return '' (n%10)**p+armstrong(n//10,p)
print(n,end=' ') return s[n]+revstr(n-1) n=153
fun(n+1) s='vinay' p=len(str(n))
fun(1) print(revstr(-1)) if armstrong(n,p)==n:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 yaniv print('armstrong number')
else:
# wap to print numbers from -1 to # wap to print factorial of a print('not armstrong number')
-11 bu using recurssion given number
def fun(n): def factorial(n): Armstrong number
if n==-11: if n==0 or n==1:
return return 1
print(n,end=' ') return n*factorial(n-1) def disarum(n,p):
fun(n-1) print(factorial(5)) if n==0:
fun(-1) 120 return 0
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 return
# wap to print 10th number (n%10)**p+disarum(n//10,p-1)
# wap to to find sum of digits in a fibnoccie series n=135
number by using recurtion def fib(n): p=len(str(n))
def sumdig(n): if n==1 or n==2: if disarum(n,p)==n:
if n==0: return n-1 print('disarum')
return 0 return fib(n-1)+fib(n-2) else:
return n%10+sumdig(n//10) print(fib(6)) print('not')
sumdig(12345)
disarum
15
 Name space
Global variables:
• Global variables are declared as global space or main space.
• Global variables can be accessed both global space as well as
local space.
def sample():
print(f' local space : {z}')
z=500

sample()
print(f' global space : {z}')
local space : 500
global space : 500

local variables:
• Local variables are declared as local space or
functional space.
• Local variables can be access only local variables.
def sample():
a=100
print(f' local space : {a}')
sample()
print(f' global space : {a}')
• Local variables can be used in global space by
declaring local variables as global by using global
keyword.
• Global declaration has to be done before assigning
the value.
 def sample():
global a
a=100
print(f' local space : {a}')
a=200
sample()
print(f' global space : {a}')

local space : 100

global space : 100
non local variables:

these variables are declared in nested function.

Non local variables are not bound to local are global
space.
def outer(): def outer(): def outer():
print('one') x=200
print(f'non local:{x}') x=200
def inner():
print('two') def inner(): print(f'non local:{x}')
print('three') x=300
outer() print(f'local:{x}') def inner():
one inner()
x=300
three print(f'non local:{x}')
x=500 print(f'local:{x}')
outer()
inner()
print(f'global:{x}')
def outer(): non local:200 print(f'non local:{x}')
print('one') local:300
def inner(): non local:200 x=500
print('two') global:500 outer()
print('three')
inner() print(f'global:{x}')
outer()
one
three
two
Lambda function:
# lambda function is a function without name and it is
also called as ananumous function.
# it takes more than one argument and returns only
one value.
# lambda function is used to execute simple
mathematical operation.
n=lambda x,y:x+y
print(n(5,6))
11

n=lambda x,y:x+y
print(n('vinay','vicky'))
vinayvicky
n=lambda x,y:x//y
print(n(10,2))
5
n=lambda x,y:x%y
print(n(10,2))
0
n=lambda x,y:x*y
print(n(10,2))
20
n=lambda x,y:x**y
print(n(2,3))
8

from functools import reduce l=[10,20,15,18,25,19]

l=[20,10,30,4] x=reduce(lambda x,y:x if x>y
n=reduce(lambda x,y:x-y,l) else y,l)
print(n) print(x)
-24 25
 Map function:
# map function is used to access and modify the values
in sequence or iterable data type.
# map function returns always map object.
# by using map function we can avoid loops.
# no.of inputs and outputs both are same.
l=[2,3,4,5,6] def square(n):
n=list(map(lambda n:n**2,l)) return n**2
l=[2,3,4,5,6]
print(n)
n=list(map(square,l))
[4, 9, 16, 25, 36] print(n)
[4, 9, 16, 25, 36]

Filter function:
# filter function is used to filter the values based on
user requirement.
# filter function returns always filter object.
# by using filter function we can avoid loops.
# no.of input values and output values are not same.
l=[10,11,12,13,14,15] def prime(n):
n=list(filter(lambda n:n%2==0,l)) if n<=1:
print(n) return False
[10, 12, 14] for a in range(2,n//2+1):
if n%a==0:
return False
def mod(n): return True
return n%2==0 l=[11,12,13,14,15]
l=[10,11,12,13,14,15] x=list(filter(prime,l))
n=list(filter(mod,l)) print(x)
print(n) [11, 13]
[10, 12, 14]
 a file
def fact(n):
t=1
if n==0 or n==1:
return 1
return n*fact(n-1)
def fib(n):
if n==1 or n==2:
return n-1
return fib(n-1)+fib(n-2)
def prime(n):
if n<=1:
return False
for a in range(2,n//2+1):
if n%a==0:
return False
return True
if __name__==’__main__’:
print(prime(5))
print(fib(6))
print(prime(3))
b file
import a
x=a.fact(5)
print(x)
n=a.prime(4)
print(n)

➢ Object oriented programing language(oops)

➢ We can write programs by using classes and objectes.
Class: class is a blue print that is used to create an object.

Object:
➢ Object is real time entity that has state and behaviour.
➢ State is defined by using variables and behaviour is
defined by using methods.
➢ Object is created by using class name.
➢ We can create any no.of objects by using class name.
class sample():
pass
n=sample()
print(n)
print(type(n))
op:<__main__.sample object at 0x00000274BA187610>
op:<class '__main__.sample'
advantages of oops:
➢ Bottom to approach
➢ Data security(by using encaptulation)
➢ Code reusability(by using inheritance)
➢ Hiding the data(by using abstraction)
 Types of variables:
➢ There are two types of variables are there.
1)class variables
2)object variables
1)class variables:
• Class variables are declared inside the class.
• We can access class variables by using class
name as well object name.
• If we modify class variables by using class
name it affect all the objects that belongs to a
class
• If we modify class variables by using object
name that affect only that particular object.
class jspyders(): class jspyders(): class jspyders():
cname='python fullstac dev' cname='python' cname='python'
tname='santhosh'
tname='vinay' tname='santhosh'
ob1=jspyders()
ob1=jspyders() ob1=jspyders()
ob2=jspyders()
ob2=jspyders() ob2=jspyders() ob3=jspyders()
print(ob1.cname,ob1.tname) ob3=jspyders()
print(ob2.cname,ob2.tname) ob1.cname='java'
print(jspyders.cname,jspyders.tname) jspyders.cname='java' ob1.tname='vinay'
ob1.tname='vinay'
python fullstac dev vinay
python fullstac dev vinay print(ob1.cname,ob1.tname)
print(ob1.cname,ob1.tname) print(ob2.cname,ob2.tname)
print(ob2.cname,ob2.tname) print(ob3.cname,ob3.tname)
print(ob3.cname,ob3.tname)
java vinay
python santhosh
java vinay
python santhosh
java santhosh
java santhosh
 class pyspiders():
cname='python development'
tname='vinay'
ob1=pyspiders()
ob2=pyspiders()
def details(obj,name,age,gender,mno):
obj.name=name
obj.age=age
obj.gender=gender
obj.mno=mno
details(ob1,'vinay',21,'male',91193783892)
details(ob2,'madhu',22,'male',98798786787)
print(ob1.name,ob1.age,ob1.gender,ob1.mno)
print(ob2.name,ob2.age,ob2.gender,ob2.mno)
vinay 21 male 91193783892
madhu 22 male 98798786787

1)object variables:
• Object variables are declared inside the constructor
• We can access object variables only by using object
name.
Constructor:
• Constructor is a special method that is called at the time
of object creation.
• Constructor is used to initialize the object
varaibles(members or attributes).
• It takes mandatory argument self that holds address of
the object. class a():
c='vinay'
def __init__(self):
print('constructor called')
ob1=a()
ob2=a()
constructor called
constructor called
 class pyspiders():
cname='python development'
tname='vinay'
def __init__(self,name,age,gender,mno):
self.name=name
self.age=age
self.gender=gender
self.mno=mno
ob1=pyspiders('vinay',21,'male',91193783892)
ob2=pyspiders('madhu',22,'male',98798786787)
print(ob1.name,ob1.age,ob1.gender,ob1.mno)
print(ob2.name,ob2.age,ob2.gender,ob2.mno)

vinay 21 male 91193783892

madhu 22 male 98798786787

types of methods:
1. Object method
2. Class method
3. Static method
1)object method:
➢ object method is used to access and modify object
varaibles(members or attributes).
➢ Object method is called(access) by using object
name.
➢ It takes mandatory argument self that holds
adderess of the object.
class bank():
bname='SBI'
ROI=0.07
def __init__(self,name,mob,acno,bal):
self.name=name
self.mob=mob
self.acno=acno
self.bal=bal
def checkbalence(self):
print(f'{self.name}current account balence is {self.bal}')
def deposit(self,amt):
self.bal+=amt
print('amount deposited')
def withdrawl(self,amt):
if self.bal>=amt:
self.bal-=amt
print('amount debit successfullly')
else:
print('insufficient')
ob1=bank('vinay',9133119384,69676479237923779,15000)
ob1.checkbalence()
ob1.deposit(10000)
ob1.withdrawl(2000)
vinaycurrent account balence is 15000
amount deposited
amount debit successfullly
2)class method:
➢ Class method is declared by using @classmethod decarator.
➢ class method is used to access and modify the class
variables.
➢ Class method is called(access) by using class name as well
object name.
➢ It takes mandatory argument cls that holds address of the
class.
class bank():
bname='ANDHARA BANK'
ROI=0.07
def __init__(self,name,mobn,accn,bal):
self.name=name
self.mobn=mobn
self.accn=accn
self.bal=bal
@classmethod
def changeROI(cls,n):
cls.ROI=n
ob1=bank('amar',99434333,34333403430000,50000)
ob2=bank('vinay',88434333,3433340344564,40000)
ob3=bank('hari',77434333,35555403430000,30000)
ob4=bank('shiva',66434333,876633403430000,20000)
print(ob1.ROI,ob2.ROI,ob3.ROI,ob4.ROI)
ob1.changeROI(0.09)
print(ob1.ROI,ob2.ROI,ob3.ROI,ob4.ROI)
0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
3.static method:
• Static method is declared by using @staticmethod
decarator.
• In static method we can’t access class attributes or
object attributes.
• It is access by using class name and object name.
• It will not accept any mandatory argument.
class bank:
bname='RBI'
ROI=0.09
def __init__(self,name,mbn,accn,bal,pin):
self.name=name
self.mbn=mbn
self.accn=accn
self.bal=bal
self.pin=pin
@classmethod
def changeROI(cls,n):
cls.ROI=n
def withdraw(self):
if self.pin==self.getpin():
amt=int(input('enter amount:'))
if self.bal>=amt:
self.bal-=amt
print('amount debited sucessfully')
else:
print('insufficient balence')
 else:
print('incorrect pin')

def checkbalence(self):
if self.pin==self.getpin():
print(f'{self.name} current balence is {self.bal}')
else:
print('incorrect pin')
@staticmethod
def getpin():
return int(input('get pin:'))
ob1=bank('vinay',9133119385,8946234724779832749,50000,913
3)
ob1.checkbalence()
ob1.withdraw()
get pin: 9133
vinay current balence is 50000
get pin: 9133
enter amount: 50000
amount debited sucessfull

there are 3 access modifiers in python.

1)public access modifiers: by default all public variables are declared
as public.
➢ We can access public variables to any where in the program.
2)protected variables:
➢ Protected variables are declared by using single underscore
ex:_a,_b
➢ We can access protected variables only with in same package.
3)private variables:
➢ private variables are declared by using double underscore ex:
__a,__b.
➢ we can access private variables only with in a same class.

Getter method: this method is used to get the values of private data
members out side the class.
Setter method: this method is used to modify the values of private
data members outside the class
Class a()
def __init__(self):
self. __x=20
def getter(self):
return self. __x
def setter(self,n):
self. __x=n
obj=a()
print(obj.getter()) op:20
obj.setter(50)
print(obj.getter()) op:50

There are 4 pillers of concept

1.encaptulation
2.inheritence
3.polymorphism
4.abstraction
1.encaptulation:
➢ Binding data members and functionalities in a single unit
it is called encaptulation.
 ➢ it is used to secure the data by declaring datamembers
private to avoid accidental modification from
unauthorized users.
2.inheritence: inheriting properties from one class to
another class is called inheritance.
Types of inheritance:
1. single level inheritance.
2. Multilevel inheritance.
3. Multiple inheritance.
4. Hyrarichal inheritance
5. Hybrid inheritance.
1.single level inheritance: inheriting properties from
parent class to child class is called single level
inheritance.
class parent():
class p(): def method1(self):
print('m1 of parent class')
x=20 def method2(self):
print('m2 of parent class')
y=30
class child(parent):
class c(p): def method1(self):
print('m1 of child class')
x=40 ob1=child()
ob1.method1()
z=30 ob1.method2()
obj1=c() m1 of child class
m2 of parent class
obj2=p()
print(obj1.z,obj1.x)
print(obj2.y,obj2.x)
30 40
30 20
class bankv1():
def __init__(self,name,mno,acno,bal):
self.name=name
self.mno=mno
self.acno=acno
self.bal=bal
def details(self):
print(f'name: {self.name}')
print(f'mobile num: {self.mno}')
print(f'account num: {self.acno}')
print(f'balence: {self.bal}')
class bankv2(bankv1):
def __init__(self,name,mno,acno,bal,mail,aadhar):
bankv1.__init__(self,name,mno,acno,bal)
self.mail=mail
self.aadhar=aadhar
def details(self):
super().details()
print(f'mail id :{self.mail}')
print(f'aadhar no:{self.aadhar}')
obj=bankv2('vinay',913311,12339894949,50000,'vina
y@gmail.com',7285860)
obj.details()
name: vinay
mobile num: 913311
account num: 12339894949
balence: 50000
mail id :vinay@gmail.com
aadhar no:7285860
2.multilevel inheritance: inheriting properties from one child
class to another child class is called multilevel inheritance.
class bank1():
def __init__(self,name,mbn,acn,bal):
self.name=name
self.mbn=mbn
self.acn=acn
self.bal=bal
def details(self):
print(f'name:{self.name}')
print(f'mbn:{self.mbn}')
print(f'acno:{self.acn}')
print(f'balence:{self.bal}')
class bank2(bank1):
def __init__(self,name,mbn,acno,bal,aadhar,mail):
bank1.__init__(self,name,mbn,acno,bal)
self.aadhar=aadhar
self.mail=mail
def datails(self):
super().details()
print(f'mail:{self.mail}')
print(f'aadhar:{self.aadhar}')
class bank3(bank2):
def __init__(self,name,mbn,acno,bal,aadhar,mail,pan):
super().__init__(name,mbn,acno,bal,aadhar,mail)
self.pan=pan
def details(self):
super().details()
print(f'pan id:{self.pan}')
ob=bank3('vinay',9133119,98344499489,500000,285860
79397,'vinay@123','jjpj12435')
ob.details()
name:vinay
mbn:9133119
acno:98344499489
balence:500000
pan id:jjpj12435
3.multiple inheritance: inheriting properties from one child
class to more than one parent class is called multiple
inheritance.
class a():
x=100
class b(a):
z=100
class c(a):
d=100
class d(b,c):
pass
obj=d()
print(obj.x)

100

class parent1():
def __init__(self):
print('constructor of class parent1')
class parent2():
def __init__(self):
print('constructor of class parent2')
class child(parent1,parent2):
def __init__(self):
parent1.__init__(self)
parent2.__init__(self)
print('constructor child class')
obj=child()
constructor of class parent1
constructor of class parent2
constructor child class
4.hirarichal inheritance: inheriting properties from one
Parent class to more than one child class is called hiraricha
l inheritance.

class a():
x=100
class b(a):
z=100
y=200
class c(a):
pass
obj=c()
print(obj.x)
100
5.hybrid inheritance: combination of more than one type
of inheritance is called hybrid inheritance.
class a():
x=100
class b(a):
z=100
class c(a):
d=100
class d(b,c):
pass
obj=d()
print(obj.x)

100
method resolution order(MRO): the way of resolving metho
ds and attributes is known as method resolution order.
class a():
pass
class b():
pass
class c(b,a):
pass
print(c.mro())
op: [<class '__main__.c'>, <class '__main__.b'>, <class '__main__.a'>, <class 'object'>]
 3.polymorphism:
➢ One object behaving many forms is called polymorphism.
➢ By using both overloading and overriding we can achive poly
morphism.

Overloading:
• Overloading is also known as compile time polymorphism.
• Having same method names with different method signatur
es in a same class.
• In python overloading is not possible because it takes latest
defined method.

class sample(): we can achive Without using default

def sum(self,a,b): overloading by using argument we can achive
return a+b default argument. overloading in python
def sum(self,a,b,c): below method.
return a+b+c class sample():
def sum(self,a,b,c,d): def class sample():
return a+b+c+d sum(self,a=0,b=0,c=0,d= def sum(self,*args):
obj=sample() 0): t=0
print(obj.sum(2,3,4,4)) return a+b+c+d for i in args:
print(obj.sum(1,2,3)) obj=sample() t+=1
print(obj.sum(1,2,3)) return t
op:13 print(obj.sum(1,2,3,4)) ob=sample()
Op: type error print(obj.sum(1,2,3,4,)) print(ob.sum(1,2,3,4))
6 print(ob.sum(1,2,3,4,6,5)
from functools import 10 )
reduce 10 print(ob.sum(1,2,3))
class sample(): 4
def sum(self,*args): 6
return reduce(lambda
a,b:a+b,args)
3
obj=sample()
print(obj.sum(1,2,3,4))
print(obj.sum(1,2,3,4,3,4))
10
17
Overriding:
• Overriding is also known as runtime polymorphism.
• In overriding inheritance is mandatory.
• Having same method names with same method
signatures with in both parent and child class then
parent class is overridden with child class.
class a():
def __init__(self):
print('inside class a')
class b(a):
def __init__(self):
print('inside class b')
a.__init__(self)
obj=b()
inside class b
inside class a
magic methods:
class a():
def __init__(self,x):
self.x=x
def __add__(self,other):
return self.x+other.x
def __sub__(self,other):
return self.x-other-x
def __mul__(self,other):
return self.x*other.x
def __pow__(self,other):
return self.x**other.x
def __le__(self,other):
return self.x<=other
ob1=a(2)
ob2=a(3)
print(ob1+ob2) op:5
print(ob1*ob2) op:6
print(ob1**ob2) op:8
4.abstraction:
• In abstraction we will hide internal functionalities and show
only basic implementation to the user.
• Abstract class is created by inheriting properties from
ABC(abstract base class) from abc module.
• Abstract class can have both abstract method and concrit
method
• Abstract method can’t have any implementation
• Abstract method is created by using @abstract method
decarator from abc module.
• We can’t create an object for abstract classss.
• All abstract method implementation we have to give child
class
from abc import ABC ,abstractmethod
class animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def speek(self):
pass
def move(self):
print('walking')
class dog(animal):
def speek(self):
print('bow')
class cat(animal):
def speek(self):
print('meow')
class cow(animal):
def speek(self):
print('OYE')
ob1=dog()
ob2=cat()
ob3=cow()
 ob1.speek()
ob2.speek()
ob3.speek()
bow
meow
OYE

Function alising: it is a process of calling one function withou

t using actual name of the function.
# copying the address of function to new variable.

Decarator: decarator is a designed pattern in python that allo

ws new functionalities toa function or class without modifying
it.
def outer(arg): def outer(arg):

def inner(): def inner(a,b):

arg() arg(a,b) if a>b else arg(b,a)

print('inside sample funcrion') return inner

return inner @outer

@outer def sample(x,y):

def sample(): print(x/y)

print('outside sample function') sample(10,2)

sample() sample(2,10)

outside sample function 5.0

inside sample funcrion 5.0

 Singleton class: a class which can create only one object in its
life time it is called singleton class.

def singleton(arg): def singleton(arg):

d={} d={}
def inner():
def inner():
if arg not in d:
if arg not in d: d[arg]=arg()
d[arg]=arg() return d[arg]
return inner
return d[arg]
@singleton
return inner class dhamaka():
@singleton def __init__(self):
class sample(): self.tickets=250
def booking(self,n):
def __init__(self):
if self.tickets>=n:
print('constructor called') self.tickets-=n
print('object create') print('tickets booked')
print(f' {self.tickets} tickets are avalible')
obj=sample()
else:
obj=sample() print('tickets completed')
constructor called def bookmyshow():
obj=dhamaka()
object create
obj.booking(int(input('enter tickets')))
bookmyshow()
bookmyshow()
enter tickets 33
tickets booked
remaining 217 tickets are avalible
enter tickets 3
tickets booked
remaining 214 tickets are avalible
 Exception handling
# there are 3 types of errors
1. Syntax error
2. Exception
3. Logical error

1.syntac error: this error occurs when interpreter encounters invalid

syntax in the python code.
2.exception:
• These are the errors that occurs while executing the program.
• When exception occurs control flow will be terminated.
3.logical error: this errors occurs when program is syntactically
correct but it will not give desire output.

Base exception errors:

1)exception
2)keyboardInterupt

1)exception: it is a base class of all types of exceptions

2)keyboard interrupt: this exception is raised when we pressed cnt+c

Types of exception:
1. AttributeError
2. ArithamaticError
I. ZeroDivisionError
II. FloatingPointError
III. OverviewError
3.EoFError
4.NameError
5.LookupError
i)IndexError ii)KeyError
 6)stopIterationError
7)OSError
i)FileExistsError
ii)PermitionError
8)ValueError
1)AttributeError:it is raised when we try to print the attribute that
doesnot belongs to class or object then we will get attribute Error.

2)ArithamaticError:
i)ZeroDivisionError: it is raised when we perform True division or
FloorDivision or modular division with 0

ii)FloatingPointError:it is raised when Floating point caluculation

Fails.

iii)OverFloawError: it is raised when caluculation exceeds for

numeric type.

3)EOFError: it is raised when input method or raw input method fails.

4)NameError: it is raised when variable is used out of its scope.

5)LookUpError:
i)indexError: it is raised when index is not found in the sequence
ii)keyError: it is raised when key is not found in dictionary.

6)StopIterationError: it is raised when next method does not point to

any object in the iterator

7)OSError:
i)FileExiastsError: it is raised when user try to create the file that is
already created.
 ii)PermitionError: it is raised when we try to open the file that is
protected with password.

8)valueError: it is raised when we try to find index of value that is not

in sequence.

try:
▪ in this try block we can write the code to test
▪ when error is raises in try block then control goes to
inside except block.
▪ For try block either except block or finally block need to
be declared.
try: try: try:
x=10 num=120 num=120
print('inside block') l=[2,5,6,'a',0] l=[2,5,6,0,'a']
print(x) for i in l: for i in l:
print(num//i) print(num//i)
except:
except ZeroDivisionError: except ZeroDivisionError:
print('inside except block') print('ZeroDivision error occured') print('ZeroDivision error occured')
except IndexError: except IndexError:
inside block print('index error occured') print('index error occured')
10 except: except:
print('unknown error occured') print('unknown error occured')
60
try: 60 24
print('inside try block') 24 20
print(y) 20 ZeroDivision error occured
unknown error occured
except:
print('inside except block')
try:
inside try block try: l=[10,20,30,0,'a']
inside except block l=[10,20,30,0,'a'] x=60
x=60 print(l[100])
for i in range(len(l)): for i in range(len(l)):
try: print(x//l[i]) print(x//l[i])
l=[1,3,4,0,5,7]
for i in l: except ZeroDivisionError as msg: except ZeroDivisionError as msg:
print(msg) print(msg)
print(l[i])
except TypeError as msg: except TypeError as msg:
except: print(msg)
print('inside except block') print(msg)
except: except IndexError:
print('unexcepted error') print('index error occured')
3 index error occured
0 6
5 3
1 2
7 integer division or modulo by zero
inside except block
 except:
▪ If any error raises in try block then except
block will be executed.
▪ For one try block we can write multiple except
blocks.
try:
x='vinay'
print(y)
except:
print('inside except block')
inside except block

else: if there is no errors in try block then else block will b

e executed.
try:
l=[10,20,30,]
x=60
for i in range(len(l)):
print(x//l[i])
except (ZeroDivisionError,TypeError) as msg:
print(msg)
except:
print('unexcepted error')
else:
print('no errors are there')

6
3
2
no errors are there
 finally: it is always executed.
try:
ad=0
l=[1,2,3,'a']
for i in l:
ad+=i
except:
print('error occured')
else:
print('no errors are there')
finally:
print(ad)69
error occured
6
raise: raise is a keyword it is used to through an exceptio
n whenever user need of it.

class even(Exception): class prime(Exception):

try:
def __init__(self,msg): def __init__(self,msg):
n=int(input('enter the value:'))
self.msg=msg self.msg=msg
if n%2!=0:
def __str__(self): def __str__(self):
raise Exception ('not even')
return self.msg return self.msg
except exception as msg:
try: try:
print(msg)
n=int(input('enter number:')) n=int(input('enter number:'))
else:
if n%2!=0: for a in range(2,n//2+1):
print('even')
raise even ('not even') if n%a==0:
except even as msg: raise prime ('not prime')
enter the value: 8
print(msg) except prime as msg:
even
else: print(msg)
print('even') else:
print('prime')
enter number: 9
not even enter number: 5
prime
 assert: assert is a keyword it is used to check the condition if the
condition is false it will through assertion error.
try:
n=4
assert n%2==0,'it is not even'
except AssertionError as msg:
print(msg)
else:
print('even')
even
iterator: iterator is an object it is used to iterate over itera
ble data type.
l=[1,2,3,4,5] try:
print(next(l)) l=[1,2,3,4,5] class seq():
ob=iter(l) def __init__(self,s,e):
print(next(l)) print(next(ob))
self.s=s
print(next(ob))
print(next(l))
print(next(ob))
self.e=e
print(next(l)) print(next(ob)) def __iter__(self):
print(next(ob)) return self
OP: Type Error
print(next(ob)) def __next__(self):
except: n=self.s
print('completed
l=[1,2,3,4,5] if self.s>=self.e:
iteration')
ob=iter(l) raise StopIteration
print(next(ob)) self.s+=1
1
print(next(ob))
2 return n
print(next(ob))
print(next(ob))
3 ob=seq(1,6)
4 x=iter(ob)
print(next(ob))
5
print(next(ob)) for i in x:
completed iteration
1 print(i)
2
3
1
4
5
2
StopI teration Error 3
4
5
Generators:
• Generator is a normal function with yield keyword.
• Output of generator function is generator object.
• Generator object are used either by calling next
method on generator object or for using for loop
on generator object.

def sample(): def fact(n): def fib(n):

yield 1 t=1 f=0
yield 2 if n==0 or n==1: s=1
x=sample() return 1 for i in range(n):
print(next(x)) for i in range(1,n+1): t=f+s
print(next(x)) t=t*i yield f
yield t f,s=s,t
1 x=fact(5) x=fib(6)
2 for i in x: for i in x:
print(i) print(i)
1 0
def sample():
2 1
yield 1
6 1
yield 2
24 2
yield 3
120 3
x=sample()
for a in x: 5
print(a)
1
2
3
Difference between yield and return:
• return returns the control flow from functional space to
main space.
• Yield doesnot return control flow from functional space
to main space.
• Return returns values to the function call where as yield
returns generator object to the functiona call.

File handling:
▪ file is a collection of data the data the data is like video
file, audio file ,text file etc.
▪ we have two types of files.
1)text file 2)binary file
1)text file: it is used to store charecters.
2)binary file: binary files have byte code it is used to
store audio files,,video files,image fules etc.
File handling: file handling is nothing but opening a file and
doing some operations like write,read,append access modes
and closing a file
Syntax:
Fileobject=open(‘filename.txt’, ‘access mode’)
Write:
• by using write access mode we can write the content in
a file
• the provided file is not there then it will create a new file
with provided file name.
• if the provided file is already exists then old content is
overridden with new content.
 • In write access mode file pointer always starts at
beginning.

fo=open(‘vinay file.txt’ , ‘w’)

fo.write(‘hai how are you’)
fo.close()

read:
• By using read accessmode we can read a content in a
file.
• If the provided file is not there then it will through file
not found error.
• If the provided file is already exists then it will print
content in a file
• In read access mode file pointer always starts at
beginning.
append:
• By using append access mode we can add the additional
content to the file.
• If the provided file is not there then it wil create a new
file with provided file name
• If the file is already exists then it will add additional
content to that file
• In append access mode file pointer is always starts at
end position.
1) wap to print how many charecters are found in a file.
fo=open(‘vinay.txt’, ‘r’)
x=fo.read()
print(len(x)
2) wap to print how many words are found in a file
fo=open(‘vinay.txt’, ‘r’)
x=fo,read()
n=x.split()
print(len(n))
3) wap to print how many lines are present in a file.
fo=open(‘hello.txt’, ‘r’)
fo.readlines()
fo.seek()
l=fo.readlines()
print(len(l))
seek(): it is used for taking the cursor to specified index
position.
Tell(): tell method is used for specifying the current
position of the cursor.
4) wap to print all the words which are starting with ‘ha’
fo=open(‘hello.txt’, ‘r’)
x=fo.read()
y=x.split()
for i in y:
if i.startswith(‘ha’):
print(i)
5)wap to print how many words are present in a file with 5
charecters.
fo=open(‘hello.txt’, ‘r’)
x=fo.read()
y=x.split()
c=0
for i in y:
if len(i)==5:
c+=1
print(c)
regular expression
• regular expression is sequence of charecters that form a
search patterns.
• Regular expression can be used to check if a string
contains the specifies search patterns.
• In oreder to achive regular expression we have to import
re module
1)match:
• It returns a match object if there is a match at starting of
the string.
• It returns none if there is no matches are found.
import re
s='vinay vicky'
x=re.match('v',s)
y=re.match('i',s)
z=re.match('\w{4}',s)
print(x) op: <re.Match object; span=(0, 1), match='v'>
print(y) op:None
print(z) op: <re.Match object; span=(0, 4), match='vina'>
2)search:
• it returns a match object if there is a match anywhere in
the string.
• It returns none if no matches are found.
x='vinay is a python developer'
a=re.search('y',x)
print(a)
<re.Match object; span=(4, 5), match='y'>
3)findall:
• it returns a list containing all matches are and returns an
empty list if no matches are found.
x='vinay is a python developer'
b=re.findall('y',x)
print(b)
['y', 'y']

a='vinay'
x=a.startswith('v')
y=a.endswith('x')
print(x)
print(y)
True
False

Split:
• returns a list where the string has been split at each
match
 • by specifying the maxsplit we can control splitting of
parent string.
import re
x='hai how are you'
n=re.split('\s',x)
print(n)
['hai', 'how', 'are', 'you']

5)sub: replaces one or many matches with a string.

import re
x='how many members'
n=re.sub('\s','#',x)
print(n)
how#many#members

6.subn:
• by specifying count we can restrict the replacing
character for not
• more than n times even though string is present.
import re
x='hai hello how are'
n=re.subn('\s','#',x)
print(n)
('hai#hello#how#are', 3)
\d: returns a match where the string contains(numbers from 0_9)
\D: returns a match where the string does not contain digits.
\s: returns a match where the string contain a white space character.
\S: returns a match where the string does not contain a white space charact
er.
W\: returns a match where the string contains any word character(charect
ers from a to z,digits from 0-9 and the underscore character.
\w: returns a match where the string does not contain any word charecters
[abc]: tofind any of a or b or c in souce
[a-c]: to find any of a,b,c,in source
[^abc]: to find all charecters except abc
[0-9]: to find non digit character.

comprehensions
• comprehensions are used for creating new sequences from
iterables or another sequences.
• Comprehensions are single line statements.
• Based on expression if we want to define sequences.
• In python there are 3 types of comprehensions are there.
1)List comprehension
2)Set comprehension
3)dictionary comprehension
1)list comprehension:
One value and one for loop:
l=[i for i in range(1,10)]
print(l)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Adding the squares of numbers into list by using list compren

sion approach.

l=[i**2 for i in range(1,10)]

print(l)
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

One value one for loop and one if condition:

l=[i for i in range(1,10) if i%2==0]

print(l)
[2, 4, 6, 8]
One value one for loop and multiple if condition:

m=(11,28,34,99,23,67,90,70)
l=[i for i in m if i%2!=0 and i>50]
print(l)
[99, 67]

one value and multiple for loops:

l=[[i]*3 for i in range(1,11)]
print(l)
[[1, 1, 1], [2, 2, 2], [3, 3, 3], [4, 4, 4], [5, 5, 5], [6, 6, 6], [7, 7, 7], [8, 8, 8], [9, 9, 9], [10, 10, 10]]

m=(11,28,34,99,23,67,90,70)
l=[1 if i%2==0 else 0 for i in range(1,11)]
l=[i for i in m if i%2==1] print(l)
print(l) [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
[11, 99, 23, 67]

2)dictionary comprehension:

n='abcd'
d={i.upper():i.lower()*3 for i in n}
print(d)
{'A': 'aaa', 'B': 'bbb', 'C': 'ccc', 'D': 'ddd'}

n='abcd'
d={i.upper():i.lower()*3 for i in n}
print(d)
{'A': 'aaa', 'B': 'bbb', 'C': 'ccc', 'D': 'ddd'}

s='pqrs'
d={i:s[i] for i in range(len(s))}
print(d)
{0: 'p', 1: 'q', 2: 'r', 3: 's'}
Enumerate function: enumerate function is used for returning e
numerate object which consists of index positions and its respecti
ve values as pairs.

s='pqrs'
list(enumerate(s))
[(0, 'p'), (1, 'q'), (2, 'r'), (3, 's')]

s='pqrs'
d={k:v for k,v in enumerate(s)}
print(d)
{0: 'p', 1: 'q', 2: 'r', 3: 's'}

s='pqrs'
l=[10,20,30,40]
d={s[i]:l[i] for i in range(len(s))}
print(d)
{'p': 10, 'q': 20, 'r': 30, 's': 40}

Zip function:

s='pqrs'
l=[100,200,300,400]
list(zip(s,l))
s='pqrs'
l='abcdefg'
[('p', 100), ('q', 200), ('r', 300), ('s', 400)] list(zip(s,l))

[('p', 'a'), ('q', 'b'), ('r', 'c'), ('s', 'd')]

s='pqrs'
l=[100,200,300,400]
d={k:v for k,v in zip(s,l)}
print(d)
{'p': 100, 'q': 200, 'r': 300, 's': 400}