1

REQUIREMENTS

- A minimum of 15 scholarly/industry/professional references (Wikipedia, about.com,

consultant links, blogs, and so on, are not acceptable references.)

- Well written with proper grammar, spelling, punctuation, and references.

- A minimum of 15 pages (double-spaced, standard format, excluding cover page,

references, and exhibits)

- Double-spaced using 12-point "Times New Roman" font and standard one-inch

margins.

- Correctly formatted and documented using the APA style.

- Cover Page: Include members' names and the topic's name

1. Country Overview

Canada is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy located in North America,

bordered by the United States to the south and west. As one of the world's most powerful and

stable nations, Canada has a population of approximately 38 million people spread across its

ten provinces and three territories. The country spans from coast to coast, ranging from

coastal cities to the interior plains and from boreal forests to the Arctic tundra. Canada enjoys

a high quality of life with universal healthcare and has a diverse economy focused on

resources like oil and gas, manufacturing, advanced technology, finance, and creative

industries like film production. Its multicultural heritage stems from indigenous inhabitants

and waves of immigration over centuries.

2. The Country’s Business Environment

2.1 Political environment

2.1.1 Political system and structure

According to Elections Canada (2023), the political structure of the United Kingdom serves

as the model for Canada. Moreover, in Canada’s election, the single-member constituency is
 2

the foundation of the electoral system in Canada (Christian & Jansen, 2006). The structure of

Canada can be described in the figure 1.

2.1.2 Political parties

This country divides its parties into two parts, namely national parties and local parties

(Christian & Jansen, 2006) (Figure 2). However, Canadian parties are not usually well-

integrated with each other.

2.1.3 Political risk

- Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)in 2022): 14 out of 180 nations

- Second place in G7 countries for political stability (Invest in Canada, 2023).

=> The political and economic climates are favorable.

2.2 Legal environment (legal system, legal issues in international business, legal risk)

2.2.1 Legal System

Canada's legal system includes both the “civil law” system in Québec and a “common law”

system in all other provinces and territories.

2.2.2 Legal Issues in International Business

When conducting business in the country, we need to be aware of the following legal issues:

Legal issues Detail

Intellectual property law Canada has strict regulations on protecting many types of intellectual property.
Therefore, foreign businesses need to follow the requirements to register their
trade secrets.

Tax law The Canadian tax system is complex as it can vary from different provinces and
tax status (residents, non-residents, corporations).

Competition Act Including strict criminal and non-criminal provisions, it prohibits anti-
competitive practices such as price fixing, misleading advertising, etc.

Anti-Corruption Canada’s anti-corruption and bribery law is included in the Corruption of

Compliance Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA). The CFPOA prohibits the influence on
foreign officials through personal payment or political contributions.
 3

Employment Law More than 90% of employment relationships in Canada are regulated by province
(Taras & Walsworth, 2020). Therefore, we should pay attention to the distinctive
employment law in the operated province to follow.

2.2.3 Legal Risk

According to the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index, Canada ranked 23/190 in both

2019 and 2020, indicating that the legal environment in Canada is relatively favourable for

foreign businesses. However, some factors that can increase the legal risk for foreign

businesses such as:

Contract disputes Due to the Canadian complex legal system, foreign businesses need to ensure that they
are compliant with all applicable laws as misinterpretation in contract with local parties
is costly to resolve.

Language barriers Canada is a bilingual country, some provinces such as Quebec require that contracts and
other legal documents are translated into both English and French.

Employment disputes As the employees’ rights are strictly protected in Canada, foreign businesses need to
make sure to comply with provincial legal requirements to avoid conflicts in
employment relationships.

2.3 Economic environment

2.3.1 Economic system:

Canada has a market economy where a free price system sets the prices for products and

services (globalEDGE, n.d.). A mixed economy can be used to describe Canada's economic

system (Economy of Canada, n.d.). The economy of Canada is mostly market-oriented

(Canada economy, 2023) and is defined by free trade concepts like the United States-Mexico-

Canada Agreement (USMCA), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and

others. (Government of Canada, 2022)

To maintain fair competition, consumer protection, and environmental sustainability, the

government is heavily involved in monitoring and controlling economic activity. (Canada,

N.R., 2023). Consumer protection is overseen by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency
 4

(CFIA), which also regulates agricultural goods, seeds, fertilizers, animal feed, and animal

health. It also handles food, meat, and fish inspection. Environment and Climate Change

Canada (ECCC)

2.3.2 Main products and services:

Timber, minerals, and energy resources like oil and natural gas are among the many natural

resources that Canada produces in large quantities. Energy items saw the biggest growth in

exports in 2022, accounting for a 22.5% increase in overall exports worth over $142 billion.

The largest contributor to the increase in exports of energy goods in 2022 was crude oil

exports (+50.8%). In 2022, natural gas exports increased by +85.0%.

Farm, fishery, and intermediate food product exports increased 14.7% to $54.5 billion in

2022. Mineral items made of metal and non-metal. Following an annual growth of 23.1% in

2021, exports of non-metallic minerals and metal ores grew by 28.1% in 2022. (Canadian

Government, 2023)

2.3.3 Economic risk:

The Canadian economy is characterized by a number of weaknesses. Because of its strong

reliance on the US economy and energy prices, the country is vulnerable to changes in the

outside world. Manufacturing businesses are facing difficulties as a result of declining labor

productivity, which has affected their competitiveness. Moreover, the nation's potential for

long-term prosperity is hampered by insufficient investment in research and development.

The importance of selective immigration policy is highlighted by demographic trends, which

are typified by a decline in the working population. The financial burden on Canadian

households is apparent, as household debt exceeds 180% of disposable income and home

affordability is falling. Inadequate supply pipelines have also hampered energy exports,

underscoring the interdependence of the country's economic problems. (WorldEDGE, n.d.-b)

 5

2.4 Financial and Monetary environment (financial, currency, and accounting practices,

and foreign trade policies)

Canada's financial sector is robust and well-regulated, characterized by a diverse banking

system. Major Canadian banks provide a wide array of financial services, ensuring stability

and reliability in the financial industry. (Brean & Roberts, 2014)The official currency of

Canada is the Canadian dollar (CAD), known for its stability and widespread acceptance in

global trade, with the rate steadily increasing to 17.704 dong per Canadian dollar in

November 2023. Since 2011, Canada has abandoned Canadian Generally Accepted

Accounting Principles (GAAP) and adopted International Financial Reporting Standards

(IFRS) in financial reporting, ensuring transparency, accuracy, and comparability in financial

statements. These accounting practices are aligned with international standards, fostering

confidence among investors and stakeholders. (Burnett, 2015)

2.4.2 Foreign Trade Policies:

Canada actively participates in various trade agreements like NAFTA (now USMCA),

CETA, and TPP (now CPTPP), which include Vietnam Canada’s largest trading partner in

ASEAN, providing favorable trade conditions for international business. The country

imposes tariffs and duties on specific imports, affecting the cost structure for companies

engaged in foreign trade. The country's trade policies aim to facilitate global commerce, with

a significant emphasis on exporting commodities, manufactured goods, and services.

(Faturachman Alputra, 2019). Moreover, Canada is also negotiating the Canada-ASEAN Free

Trade Agreement, of which Vietnam is a member. (A'yun, 2020)

Pros and Cons for Vietnamese Companies Doing Business in Canada:

Pros:
 6

Stable Financial System: Canadian financial stability provides a conducive environment for

Vietnamese companies, ensuring reliable banking services and financial support for business

operations. (Brean & Roberts, 2014)

Aligned Accounting Standards: According to the Vietnam Ministry of Finance, since 2020,

businesses have been encouraged to develop their financial statements in line with

international financial reporting standards (IFRS) (Vietnam Ministry of Finance, 2020). This

aligns with the Canada Accounting Practices, which help simplify financial reporting and

enhance transparency, aiding Vietnamese companies in complying with regulatory

requirements. (Burnett, 2015)

Trade Opportunities: Canada's active participation in global trade agreements presents

opportunities for Vietnamese companies to access a broader market and diversify their export

portfolio. (Faturachman Alputra, 2019).

Cons:

Competitive Market: Canada's business landscape is competitive, posing challenges for

Vietnamese companies to establish their foothold amidst local and international competitors.

(Yang, 2021)

Regulatory Compliance: Adapting to Canadian regulatory standards, including taxation and

legal compliance, might pose initial complexities and additional administrative burdens for

Vietnamese companies. (Triyawan, 2019)

Trade environment (major exports/imports, main trading partners, regional economic

integration, tariff and trade barriers, government incentives for conducting business

there)
 7

Major Exports/Imports: The broad range of exports and imports seen in Canada's trading

environment reflects the country's different economic capabilities. Natural resources such as

minerals, forestry products, and energy resources like oil and natural gas are all examples of

Canada's major exports. Furthermore, Canada is an integral exporter of machinery,

automobiles, and agricultural goods, demonstrating its industrial and agricultural capabilities

internationally. The richness of the nation's export portfolio is a reflection of its advanced

industrial skills as well as its abundance of natural resources

● The top exports of Canada are Crude Petroleum ($81.2B), Cars ($29B), Petroleum

Gas ($15B), Gold ($14.3B), and Sawn Wood ($13.3B), exporting mostly to United

States ($355B), China ($22.5B), Japan ($11.9B), United Kingdom ($11.8B), and

Mexico ($7.14B).

Canada sources a wide range of items through imports to meet domestic demand. Machinery

and equipment make up a large portion of imports shows how dependent the country is on

imported industrial gear and technology. Imports into Canada also include a sizable amount

of consumer items, vehicles, and technology. This varied import profile demonstrates the

country's readiness to acquire foreign products and technologies to augment its home market

and its openness to international commerce.

● The top imports of Canada are Cars ($27.2B), Motor vehicles; parts and accessories

(8701 to 8705) ($14.5B), Delivery Trucks ($14.2B), Refined Petroleum ($12.5B), and

Crude Petroleum ($11.9B), importing mostly from United States ($259B), China

($57.1B), Mexico ($17.4B), Germany ($12.4B), and Japan ($9.62B).

The export and import depictions both highlight Canada's involvement in international

commerce and its reliance on foreign markets for economic expansion. The country's imports

demonstrate its openness to international goods and technology to meet domestic wants,

while its export diversification highlights its economic capabilities across all industries. This
 8

complex trade balance demonstrates Canada's position as a major participant in the world

market, continually pursuing trade agreements to fortify its economy and satisfy the demands

of its industries and customers.(Canada (CAN) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners | OEC,

n.d.)

Main Trading Partners: Canada has a strong trading network with significant trading

partners that have a big impact on its economy. With a strong and vital business relationship,

the United States is by far Canada's largest and most important trading partner. The

foundation of Canada's export-import dynamics is the complex web of cross-border

commerce that has been formed due to this closeness across a range of industries. The two

countries have substantial commercial relations that span a wide range of commodities and

services, highlighting their interdependence and mutual economic benefit (Figure 3).

Canada also has a worldwide trading presence in addition to the US. Relationships with other

major economies—like the European Union, China, Mexico, and Japan—are significant.

Meanwhile, with Vietnam, Canada's diversified trade portfolio is enhanced by its strategic

connections with these varied partners, which provide access to markets for a wide range of

Canadian exports and facilitate the import of products and services to meet domestic demand

(Canada Trade | WITS Data, n.d.) (Figure 4).

Moreover, Canada's involvement in trade agreements enhances its interaction with many

areas and economies. Canada's trading horizons have expanded as a result of its membership

in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP),

which has strengthened ties with nations throughout the Pacific Rim. Through improved

market access throughout Asia-Pacific, this international agreement promotes trade

diversification outside of North America.

In general, Canada's involvement in trade agreements and its interaction with other major

economies demonstrate its commitment to broadening its trading landscape and establishing
 9

global economic linkages. This diverse strategy strengthens Canada's standing in the

international market and acts as a buffer against economic volatility.

Regional Economic Integration: Canada is part of the North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific

Partnership (CPTPP), fostering trade with the US, Mexico, and various Pacific Rim countries.

Canada actively takes part in regional economic integration initiatives as a nation with a

strong international trading sector. Through this deal, Canada will be able to strengthen its

economic relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific area, including Japan, Mexico,

Australia, and others (Gunderson, 1996)By lowering trade obstacles and improving Canada's

access to markets, the CPTPP increases trade flows and opens up new markets for Canadian

companies. By expanding the range of economic involvement and decreasing reliance on

particular markets, this integration has assisted in diversifying trade beyond conventional

partners.

In addition, Canada is involved in regional economic integration through the United States-

Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), a development of the North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA). In addition to integrating with Mexico, this pact strengthens Canada's

commercial ties with the US, its biggest trading partner. Through the resolution of several

trade issues and the modernization of rules pertaining to digital commerce, intellectual

property, and labor standards, the USMCA enables more seamless trade flows between the

member nations. Canada's participation in this agreement guarantees stability and

predictability in commercial ties within North America, creating a climate that is favorable

for cross-border corporate operations.

By taking part in these accords, Canada hopes to improve its position as a competitive player

in the world market, increase market access for its companies, and advance a rules-based

trading system that encourages honest and open commerce among its constituent countries.
 10

Understanding and taking advantage of these regional integration projects might be crucial

for Vietnamese managers wishing to interact with Canadian markets in order to explore new

trade opportunities and establish successful relationships within Canada's vast trading

network.

Tariffs and Trade Barriers: Canada facilitates foreign commerce by maintaining a

reasonably open trade policy with low average tariff rates. Nonetheless, certain industries use

tariffs and non-tariff obstacles as protective measures. The dairy and agriculture sectors in

Canada are two significant areas where trade restrictions are present. To safeguard

indigenous farmers, the government has put supply management mechanisms in place and

imposed hefty taxes and limits on imported dairy and poultry goods.(Elliot, 19550 While the

goal of these policies is to keep Canadian farmers' prices consistent, they also put up barriers

for foreign producers looking to enter the Canadian market. Vietnam has been Canada’s

largest trading partner in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region since

2015. It is a rapidly emerging economy, with a forecasted GDP growth of over 6.3% in 2018.

On investment, the CPTPP allows Canadian companies to invest with greater confidence in

Vietnam, offering them protections from unfair and discriminatory treatment as well as

greater predictability and transparency.

Vietnam’s commitments to financial services go beyond what it has offered in previous free

trade agreements, creating new opportunities for Canadian financial services providers.

Trade in Canada is also impacted by non-tariff trade barriers, including product certifications

and regulatory norms. To ensure consumer protection, environmental sustainability, and

product safety, the nation enforces strict laws across a range of industries. Since compliance

may be difficult and time-consuming, companies hoping to do business in Canadian markets

must adhere to these criteria.

 11

Furthermore, despite Canada's participation in a number of trade agreements that lower tariffs

and ease trade with partner nations, such as the CPTPP and NAFTA (now known as the

USMCA), some industries continue to be protected by safeguards. Entering the Canadian

market requires a thorough grasp of sector-specific rules and market dynamics due to trade

obstacles. Therefore, in order to assure effective market entrance and ongoing operations,

navigating the trade landscape in Canada necessitates careful consideration of both tariff and

non-tariff barriers.

Government Incentives: In order to foster company expansion and boost economic activity,

the Canadian government provides a range of incentives and support systems. The

aforementioned incentives are intended to stimulate foreign commerce, investment,

innovation, and research and development (R&D). Tax credits and incentives are an

important source of funding. To promote innovation and technical improvement across

industries, the Canadian government offers tax credits to enterprises that participate in

research and development (R&D) operations. By offsetting R&D costs, these credits hope to

encourage businesses to invest in innovative technologies and strengthen their competitive

position in the international market.(Tigerstrom et al, 2011)

Additionally, Canada provides subsidies and grants that are specially designed to assist

companies in a range of industries. These initiatives help businesses grow their operations,

reach new customers, and improve their skills. Funding initiatives that offer financial

assistance for growth and development projects may target certain industries, including

technology, manufacturing, renewable energy, and agriculture. Furthermore, the government

actively encourages commerce across nations by assisting companies that expand into new

markets. Export development initiatives, trade missions, and resource access that make it

easier to enter foreign markets are examples of assistance. Through government efforts,
 12

Canadian firms may make use of professional advice, market research, and networking

opportunities that help to simplify the complexity of foreign commerce.

3. Cultural analysis

3.1 Cultural determinants

The cultural determinants of Canada can be divided into many parts (The World Factbook,

2023):

- History: Gained independence as a dominion in 1867 but maintained its connections to the

British monarchy. In 1931, Canada achieved legislative independence from Britain

- Geography: The second-biggest country in the world (after Russia) and the largest in the

Americas, and freshwater makes up nearly 9% of the country's total area.

- Population and religion: 38th place and the Christian religion accounts for over 50% of the

population

3.2 Hofstede's cultural dimensions

Canada is a highly equal, individual society with low power distance. Moreover, Canadians

tend to have a work-life balance and easily accept future risks (Figure 5).

3.3 Norms

Based on the Live&Learn website (2016), it can be easily concluded some norms of Canada:

- Prioritize equality: Canadian people appreciate equality and they said that everyone

ought to have equal opportunities and rights.

 13

- Privacy is crucial: Everyone values privacy, which indicates that they want to keep

details about their personal lives private and it can be seen as rudeness if they are

asked too much about their lives.

- Individual society but consistent of communication group: Although the society has a

high individualism, the Canadian people believe that belonging to a group of

individuals is crucial. They consider their responsibility to their community seriously

and often take part in volunteer activities.

- Respect is a need: Their respect is about treating people nicely. They do not like

talking badly about others and they could politely state that they disagree with others

on a certain issue.

- A wide range of races in the society: Canada has a diversification in races so they

value different ways of living and they are aware of words and actions so as not to

hurt others’ feelings.

- The love for regional places and nature: People who reside in Canada are quite fond

of their regions. Their local neighborhood is frequently their favorite place in the

entire nation. The final thing in this section is that Canadian people love nature so

much.

3.4 Cross-cultural communications

- Canada is an ethnoculturally diverse country with enormous amount of immigrants

(Statistics Canada, 2018).

- The amount of foreign-born people held the largest share among the G8 countries (23% of

the total population (8,361,505 people)) with mostly from Asia (Statistics Canada, 2022).

- China, the Philippines, and India were among the countries of recent immigration to Canada

and they mainly live in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia (Statistics Canada, 2023)
 14

- English and French are the two languages that are most often spoken in Canada.

- To understand and avoid mistakes, many international enterprises may apply the LEARN

model, which stands for Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, and Negotiate to deal

with these situations (Ladha, et al, 2018).

4. General Leadership Style (Leadership Approach, Management Decision and Control,

Motivation approach)

The general leadership style of Canada includes a variety of methods, including democratic,

participatory, and inclusive leadership styles. These leadership styles are prominent in

Canadian firms and are known to encourage employee decision-making involvement, open

communication, and inclusivity. In Canada, democratic leadership, also known as

participatory or collaborative leadership, is appreciated for its potential to boost employee

enthusiasm, engagement, and innovation. Leaders in this method solicit their team members'

perspectives, include them in decision-making, and foster a good work atmosphere, all of

which enhance productivity, creativity, and innovation (Al-Mahayreh et al., 2016).

Leadership Style:

Canadian leadership is frequently defined in an organisational environment by delegating,

participative decision-making, and a genuine interest in workers' ideas (Choi, 2007). This

reflects a more democratic leadership style in which leaders include employees in decision-

making processes and build an open, transparent atmosphere.

Management Decision and Control: Before making major choices, Canadian leaders often

seek inclusive discourse, respecting the opinion of diverse stakeholders. They recognize that

delegating authority may lead to enhanced efficiency, better judgments, and more

commitment (Lipman, 2013).

Motivation Approach:
 15

While income and perks are key extrinsic motivators in Canada, intrinsic motivators like

meaningful work and opportunity for learning and progress are also vital. Employees are

driven in a Canadian workplace when they feel acknowledged, appreciated, and valued for

their efforts (Pink, 2011).

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's conduct during the COVID-19 situation has been recognized

as an example of good crisis leadership in Canada's political sector. While dealing with

economic and societal turmoil, Trudeau used an inclusive, open, and sympathetic approach

(Algahtani, 2021).

Compare to Vietnamese Leadership (Figure 6):

According to Hofstede's The Culture Factor, Vietnam's collectivist culture values hierarchy

and group coherence over individual uniqueness, resulting in a more directive and conformist

leadership style. Leaders of Vietnamese firms, particularly state-owned organisations, may

take a more directive and conformist attitude. This is consistent with preserving hierarchical

order and group interests. Canada's autonomous culture, on the other hand, empowers team

members while simultaneously fostering creativity and inclusivity. Canadian organisations

frequently adopt a more transformational leadership style, which is distinguished by

motivating and inspiring people, enabling innovation, and supporting professional

advancement.

5. Human Resource Management: An analysis of human resource management issues

facing domestic and transnational companies in that country con tan 1 tuan lo j

Criteria Domestic Explain

Ability to adapt

Technical competence

Spouse and family

adaptability

Human relations skill

 16

Desire to serve overseas

Previous overseas
experience

Understanding of host-
country culture

Academic qualifications

Knowledge of language of
country

Understanding of home-
country culture

6. Outline of challenges and opportunities of doing business in the country (i.e., analysis

and integration of information from other parts of the paper and other country data)

Challenges: Canada's business landscape poses hurdles for expansion, such as complex

regulatory environments in sectors like healthcare and energy, intricate tax systems impacting

profitability, and the need for nuanced understanding of diverse consumer preferences across

regions (Triyawan, 2019; Tran, 2017). The bilingual nature, an aging workforce, and

challenges in diversity retention further add to the complexities.

Opportunities: Despite challenges, Canada provides a secure foundation for long-term

investments due to its stable political and economic environment, supported by strong legal

systems and global market access through trade agreements (Faturachman Alputra, 2019).

Moreover, the country's focus on innovation and sustainability aligns with changing market

trends, offering opportunities for businesses to meet evolving consumer demands

(Tigerstrom, 2011). Canada's significant presence in international trade allows enterprises to

diversify revenue streams despite its relatively small domestic market (Faturachman Alputra,

2019).

7. Recommendations: Do and don't when you do business in this country

 17

Recommendations for Doing Business in Canada:

Do:

● Understand Cultural Nuances: Appreciate the diverse cultural landscape and value

systems. Respect for diversity and inclusivity is crucial in business interactions.

● Comply with Regulations: Familiarize yourself with Canadian business laws,

including labor regulations, tax codes, and industry-specific standards to ensure

compliance.

● Build Relationships: Invest time in relationship-building; Canadians often value trust

and long-term partnerships in business dealings.

● Emphasize Quality and Innovation: Canadian markets appreciate quality products and

innovative solutions. Highlight these aspects in your offerings.

● Prioritize Sustainability: Show commitment to sustainability and environmentally

friendly practices; it aligns well with Canadian values and business preferences.

Don't:

● Underestimate Cultural Differences: Avoid assuming homogeneity in cultural norms;

be sensitive to regional and individual differences within Canada.

● Neglect Networking: Networking is crucial. Don’t overlook opportunities to engage

with industry peers, associations, and local communities.

● Be Overly Aggressive: Canadians prefer a collaborative and polite business approach.

Avoid overly aggressive or pushy tactics in negotiations.

● Disregard Bilingualism: While English is predominant, French is significant in certain

regions. Consider bilingual communication or support if necessary.

● Overlook Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Ensure meticulous adherence to legal

and regulatory frameworks. Don't assume similarity with regulations in other

countries.(Canadian Workplace Culture Do’s and Don’ts, 2015)

 18

8. Summary, Lesson Learned, and Conclusions

8.1 Summary

Canada's business environment is diverse and stable, with a favorable political and economic

climate. The country's market-oriented economy is driven by natural resources, agricultural

goods, and mineral products. Effective cross-cultural communication is crucial due to

Canada's ethnocultural diversity and large immigrant population. The leadership style is

inclusive and participatory, and human resource management issues include an aging

workforce, skills mismatch, and diversity and inclusion challenges.

8.2 Lessons Learned

Prioritize compliance and build strong relationships.

Focus on quality, innovation, and sustainability.

Understand and respect cultural nuances and adopt an inclusive leadership approach.

8.3 Conclusions

Canada offers long-term investment and trade opportunities, but businesses face challenges

such as regulatory complexity, an aging workforce, and cultural diversity. Adhering to

recommended practices can help businesses thrive in Canada's business landscape.

References

1. The Culture Factor Group. (2023). Country Comparison Tool. Retrieved from

https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison-tool?countries=canada

2. Elections Canada. (2023). Canada Political System. Retrieved from

https://electionsanddemocracy.ca/parliament/canadas-political-system?

fbclid=IwAR3IKNIa4saYnorvIG7VrJdTOa88bRGS_gpyBqhAUnVkREHgensD0dP

RU1M
 19

3. Christian, W., & Jansen, H. (2006). Party System. Retrieved from

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/party-system?

fbclid=IwAR1QsHc_GRsgV18gyz0Swab7pVaHIKLDLY4svtyGNuXk11FIHj6rdeh-

P64

4. Canada, N. R. (2023, May 29). The Minerals and Metals Policy of the Government of

Canada. https://natural-resources.canada.ca/our-natural-resources/minerals-mining/

mining-policy-taxation-and-industry/minerals-metals-policy-government-canada/8690

5. Canada economy. (n.d.). 2023 INDEX OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM.

https://www.heritage.org/index/country/canada

6. Economy of Canada. (n.d.). Canada’s Mixed Economy.

http://wilsonopps.weebly.com/uploads/8/7/3/9/8739080/8geo_ch5_unit2_text.pdf

7. Public Service Alliance of Canada. (2023). Federal Party Platform Comparison.

Retrieved from https://psacunion.ca/federal-party-platform-comparison?

fbclid=IwAR3gnKAQk4tb50gA2lB8v4q8ac1BvabvtrhQmswH5iXZDlRWjkJueITW

Zog

8. Adbulle, S. A., Anderson, H., & Brar, N. (2021). Political Parties. Retrieved from

https://welcometocanadianpolitics.ca/voting-and-elections/political-parties/?

fbclid=IwAR3BYh-

RZrAP4u46uaiuBTJb83_HR_Mm78Pkhy0roNYXkDoWvcviZoRbNHI

9. CPI. (2022). Canada. Transparency.org.

https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/canada

10. Invest in Canada. (2023, May 17). Stability. https://www.investcanada.ca/stability

11. globalEDGE. (n.d.-b). Canada: Risk assessment.

https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/canada/risk
 20

12. Statistics Canada. (2022, October 26). Immigrants make up the largest share of the

population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians. The

Daily . https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm

13. The World Factbook. (2023, November 28). Explore All Countries - Canada - North

America. Central Intelligence Agency.

https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/#people-and-society

14. globalEDGE. (n.d.). Canada: Introduction.

https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/canada#:~:text=Canada%20has%20a%20market

%20economic,-Pacific%20Partnership%20(TPP)

15. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. (2023, May 9). The Daily — Canadian

international merchandise trade: Annual review 2022.

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230509/dq230509a-eng.htm

16. Government of Canada. (2022). Free Trade Agreements. 2022 CANADA’S STATE

OF TRADE. https://www.international.gc.ca/transparency-transparence/assets/pdfs/

state-trade-commerce-international/2022/sot-2022-eng.pdf

17. The Lawyer & Jurists. (2023). Political system in Canada. The Lawyers & Jurists.

https://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/political-system-in-canada/

18. Noël, A. (2013, March 6). Bloc québécois. The Canadian Encyclopedia.

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bloc-quebecois

19. Conservative Party of Canada. (2023, September 15). About Us.

https://www.conservative.ca/about-us/

20. Whitehorn, A. (2021, September 29). Green Party of Canada. The Canadian

Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/green-party-of-

canada
 21

21. NDP. (2023). Reconciliation at the heart of what we do. Canada’s NDP.

https://www.ndp.ca/reconciliation

22. Whitehorn, A. (2019, October 24). New Democratic Party (NDP). The Canadian

Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-democratic-

party

23. Azzi, S., Clarkson, S., McCall, C., & Smyth, J. (2012, January 17). Liberal Party. The

Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/liberal-

party

24. Tirtiroglu, D., Bhabra, H. S., & Lel, U. (2004). Political uncertainty and asset

valuation: Evidence from business relocations in Canada. Journal of banking &

finance, 28(9), 2237-2258.

25. Live&Learn. (2016). Canadian Cultural Values And Beliefs. Retrieved from

https://livelearn.ca/article/about-canada/canadian-cultural-values-and-beliefs/?clb-

version=clb3-4

26. Statistics Canada. (2018). Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada.

Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-

x2011001-eng.cfm#a10

27. Do, T. T. (2023). Canada-co-gi-kham-pha-dat-nuoc-giau-tai-nguyen-va-van-hoa.

Retrieved from https://www.igocanada.ca/vi/canada-co-gi-kham-pha-dat-nuoc-giau-

tai-nguyen-va-van-hoa/#Tieng_Anh_va_tieng_Phap

28. Statistics Canada. (2023, October 4). Focusing on a selected geographic area, this

product presents data highlights for each of the major releases of the 2021 census.

these data highlights are presented through text, tables and figures. A map image of

the geographic area is also included in the product. the geographic levels presented

in this product include Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas,
 22

census agglomerations, census divisions and census subdivisions. Focus on

Geography Series, 2021 Census - Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-

recensement/2021/as-sa/fogs-spg/page.cfm?

lang=E&topic=9&dguid=2021A000011124

29. CEI. (2022). 10 nét đặc trưng trong văn hóa Canada. Retrieved from

https://vietnam.canada-edu.org/10-net-dac-trung-trong-van-hoa-canada/

30. Ladha, T., Zubairi, M., Hunter, A., Audcent, T., & Johnstone, J. (2018). Cross-

cultural communication: Tools for working with families and children. Retrieved

from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5815116/

31. Brean, D. J., Kryzanowski, L., & Roberts, G. S. (2014). Canada and the United States:

Different roots, different routes to financial sector regulation. In History and

Financial Crisis (pp. 75-95). Routledge..

32. Burnett, B. M., Gordon, E. A., Jorgensen, B. N., & Linthicum, C. L. (2015). Earnings

quality: Evidence from Canadian firms' choice between IFRS and US GAAP.

Accounting Perspectives, 14(3), 212-249.

33. A'yun, I. Q. (2020). ASEAN-Canada free trade agreement: Potential economic for

ASEAN member countries. Journal Optimum, 10(1), 1-14.

34. Faturachman Alputra, S., & Wulandari, S. (2019). Understanding The Canadian

Foreign Policy Ratified Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific

Partnership (CPTPP) in 2018. Dynamics, 2(4), 99-110.

35. Vietnam Ministry of Finance. (2020). Vietnam Ministry of Finance speeds up the

adoption of international financial reporting standards. Retrieved from

https://mof.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/btcen/pages_r/l/newsdetails?

dDocName=MOFUCM186335
 23

36. Yang, M. J., Li, N., & Lorenz, K. (2021). The impact of emerging market competition

on innovation and business strategy: Evidence from Canada. Journal of Economic

Behavior & Organization, 181, 117-134.

37. Triyawan, A., Latifa, H., Seriki, L. L., & Alfaqeeh, A. (2021). INFLUENCE OF

EXPORT AND IMPORT TOWARD ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CANADA IN

2010-2019. Fokus Ekonomi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, 16(2), 341-355.

38. Tran, T. T. Q., Admiraal, W., & Saab, N. (2017). Cultural distance in the workplace:

Differences in work-related attitudes between Vietnamese employees and Western

employers. International Journal of Business and Management, 12(10), 91-110.

39. Al-Mahayreh, M., Kilani, Y. M., & Harahsheh, F. A. (2016). The Influence of the

Leadership Style on Managerial Creativeness from the Perspective of Employees

within Jordanian Industrial Corporations. International Business and Management,

13(3), 27-39.

40. Choi, S. (2007). Democratic Leadership: The Lessons of Exemplary Models for

Democratic Governance. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 2(3), 243-262.

41. Lipman, V. (2013). Why Sharing Power At Work Is The Very Best Way To Build It.

Forbes.

42. Pink, D. H. (2011). Drive: the surprising truth about what motivates us. Canongate.

43. Algahtani, A. (2021). Leadership amid economic uncertainty and social instability: A

case study of Canada's leadership approach during COVID-19. Journal of Leadership

Studies, 14(4), 51-58.

44. Canada (CAN) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners | OEC. (n.d.). OEC - the

Observatory of Economic Complexity. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/can

45. Canada Trade | WITS Data. (n.d.).

https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/CAN
 24

46. Gunderson, M. (1996). Regional productivity and income convergence in Canada

under increasing economic integration. Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 19(1),

1-24.

47. von Tigerstrom, B., Larre, T., & Sauder, J. (2011). Using the tax system to promote

physical activity: critical analysis of Canadian initiatives. American journal of public

health, 101(8), e10–e16. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300201

48. Canadian workplace culture do’s and don’ts. (2015, February 25). Live & Learn: A

Project of English Online Inc. https://livelearn.ca/article/employment/canadian-

workplace-culture-dos-and-donts/

49. Taras, D. G., & Walsworth, S. (2020). Employment relations in Canada. In

International and Comparative Employment Relations (pp. 75-102). Routledge.

50. Rankings. (2019). World Bank. https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings#

Appendix

Figure 1: The structure of Canadian government

Source: (The Lawyer & Jurists, 2023)

 25

Figure 2: Political parties in Canada

Figure 3: Main trading partners of Canada

Source:
 26

Figure 4:

Source:

Figure 5: Hofstede’s Insights of Canada

Source: The Culture Factor Group (2023)

 27

Figure 6:

Source: The Culture Factor Group (2023)