St.

Mary’s School
Hayatpur Nurpur Bedi Rupnagar (Dist.) Punjab – 140117

Science (Chemistry)
Grade: 10

CH - 1 : CHAPTER: CHEMICAL EACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

Activity 1.1 Full Explanation:-

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 1

Aim: To show the reaction between magnesium and oxygen present in the air.

Apparatus: Mg ribbon, watch – glass, pair of tongs, burner, sand paper

Procedure: Clean a magnesium ribbon about 2 cm long by rubbing it with

sandpaper. Hold it with a pair of tongs Burn it using a burner and collect the
ashes so formed in a watch – glass as shown in the fig.
While burning the magnesium ribbon keep it as far as possible from your eyes.

Observation: magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling white flame and

changes into a white powder.

This powder is magnesium oxide

Conclusion: MgO is formed due to the reaction between magnesium and
oxygen present in the air.
Equation, 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Q. What will happen when magnesium ribbon is burnt in air?

When magnesium Ribbon Burns it produces the white dazzling flame as you
see in above activity\. After burning a white color powered compound
MgO(Magnesium oxide) is Produced.

Q. What is the Color of magnesium?

The color of magnesium is silvery-white. And after Burning in the presence of
Oxygen the color Changes to white (MgO===> Magnesium oxide).

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 2

Activity 1.2

Aim: To show change in state and colour when a chemical reaction takes place.

Apparatus: lead nitrate solution, potassium iodide solution, test tube, and a
conical flask.

Procedure: Take lead nitrate solution in a test tube Add potassium iodide
solution to this.

Observation: lead nitrate reacts with potassium iodide to give lead iodide and
potassium nitrate.

The colour of the products is different from that of the reactants.

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 3

Conclusion: Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3.

The change in colour is because lead iodide and potassium nitrate have been
formed after the reaction. PbI2 is a yellow ppt. KNO3 is a colourless solution
Important Questions Related to this Activity:-

Q. What is Precipitation Reaction?

This is a type of reaction in which when two aqueous soluble solutions
Combine/React together to form a semi-soluble Salt and that salt is called as
Precipitate.

And in any reaction, when Precipitate is formed then, that is called a

Precipitation reaction.

Q. Give some More Examples of Precipitation Reaction?

Some more examples of Precipitation reactions are:-

 AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) —–AgCl(ppt.) + KNO3(aq)

 2KOH(aq) + CaCl2(aq)—-Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2KCl(aq)

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 4

Activity 1.3

Aim: To show the interaction between zinc granules and hydrochloric acid or
sulphuric acid (formation of H gas)

Apparatus: Zinc granules, conical flask, test tube, hydrochloric acid /

sulphuric acid

Procedure: Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask or a test tube. Add
dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid to this.

Touch the conical flask or test tube.

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 5

Observation: A gas is evolved and the conical flask is warm

Conclusion: From this we conclude that when a chemical reaction takes place
there is a change in the state, colour, and temperature.

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2↑ + heat

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2↑ + heat

Questions Related to Activity 1.3

Q. Why it is Recommended always to use Dilute Acids?

There are many reasons But according to your syllabus:

 Because, If the Concentration of the Acid will be higher than it will be a

More Exothermic Reaction and if the activity will not be completed in the
presence of the right Mentor then it can be very harmful.
 To prevent the danger. Because you all know how Acids are harmful If the
concentration will be higher it can Even burn the skin. And to prevent
Danger, we use the highly dilute Acid.

What happened when Zn Granules are added to the HCl/H2SO4?

Hope you find your answer in the above Activity Explanation.

**The reaction for the above activity is here:

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2↑ + heat

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2↑ + heat

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 6

Activity 1.4

Aim: Formation of slaked lime by the reaction of calcium oxide with water

Apparatus: Calcium oxide, beaker, and water

Procedure: Take a small amount of calcium oxide or quick lime in a beaker.

Slowly add water to this. Touch the beaker

Observation: The beaker becomes hot (exothermic reaction). It reacts

vigorously with water.

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 7

Conclusion: Slaked lime is formed by the reaction of the combination of
calcium oxide with water
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + heat
(quick lime) (Slaked lime) (exothermic reaction)

This is a combination reaction, and also an exothermic reaction.

Q.-***What happened when Calcium Oxide reacts with H2O? OR…

What happened when Quick lime reacts with water?
When CaO (Quick lime/Calcium oxide) Reacts with the water to form a new
compound called Slaked lime [Ca(OH)2]. Also, the heat is produced at the time
of reaction.

Q. Write some more Examples of Combination Reactions?

(i) Burning of coal:-
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
(ii) Formation of water:-
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 8

Activity 1.5

Aim: To show a decomposition reaction

Apparatus: ferrous sulphate crystals, dry boiling tube and burner

Procedure: Take about 2g ferrous sulphate crystals in a dry boiling tube. Note
the colour of the ferrous sulphate crystals. Heat the boiling tube over the flame
of a burner or spirit lamp observe the colour of the crystals after heating

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 9

Observation: The light green colour of the ferrous sulphate crystals has
changed to white there is also the characteristic odour of burning sulphur.

Conclusion: This is a Decomposition reaction, shown by the reaction

2FeSO4(s) + Heat → Fe2O3 + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

Q. Give some examples of Decomposition Reaction?

***2FeSO4(s) ⎯→ Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

***CaCO3(s) ⎯→CaO(s) + CO2(g)

***2Pb(NO3)2(s) ⎯→ Heat 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 10

Activity 1.6

Aim: Heating of lead nitrate and emission of nitrogen dioxide

Apparatus: lead nitrate powder, boiling tube, pair of tongs and burner
Procedure: Take about 2 g lead nitrate powder in a boiling tube. Hold the
boiling tube with a pair of tongs and heat it over a flame. Observe the change if
any.
Observation: We observe the emission of brown fumes.
Conclusion: These fumes are of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The reaction that
takes place is

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 11

2Pb(NO3)2(s) ---Heat→ 2PbO(s) + NO2(g) + O2(g)
(Lead nitrate) (Lead oxide) (Nitrogen dioxide) (Oxygen)

Q. What is the Equation for the Following Reaction?

—–** 2Pb(NO3)2(s) ⎯→ Heat 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 12

**Activity 1.7

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 13

Aim: To show that water is a compound containing 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1
atom of oxygen.

Apparatus: Plastic mug, rubber stoppers, carbon electrodes, 6 volt battery,

water, dilute sulphuric acid, burning candle

Procedure: Take a plastic mug. Drill two holes at its base and fit rubber
stoppers in these holes. Insert carbon electrodes in these rubber stoppers as
shown in fig then connect these electrodes to a 6 volt battery. Fill the mug with
water such that the electrodes are immersed.

Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the water. Take two test tubes filled
with water and invert them over the two carbon electrodes. Switch on the
current and leave the apparatus undisturbed for some time.

Observe the formation of bubbles at both the electrodes. These bubbles displace
water in the test tubes. The volume of the gas collected is not the same in both
the test tubes. Once the test tubes are filled with the respective gases, remove
them carefully.

Test these gases one by one by bringing a burning candle close to the mouth of
the test tubes.

Observation: We observe the formation of bubbles at both the electrodes.

These bubbles displace water in the test tubes. The volume in one test tube is
twice that in the other test tube. `The test tube containing hydrogen gas has

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 14

doubled the volume of the test tube containing oxygen gas. Hydrogen gas burns
with a light blue flame with a pop sound.

Conclusion: Water is a compound containing 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom

of oxygen.

***Why the amount of one gas produced in one Test tube is Double than
the other one?

Ans:- H2 + O2—-> H2O Hydrogen gas and the oxygen gas formed are always
in the ratio of 2:1 in 1 molecules of water. Therefore
the volume of gas collected in the first test tube is double the volume of
the gas collected in the second test tube.

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 15

Activity 1.8

Aim: To show how silver chloride is affected by sunlight

Apparatus: silver chloride and a china dish.

Procedure: Place this china dish containing silver chloride in sunlight for
some time. Observe the colour of the silver chloride after some time.

Observation: White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.

Conclusion: This is due to the decomposition of silver chloride into silver and
chlorine by sunlight

2AgCl(s) ----Sunlight→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)

Important questions related to this Exercise:-

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 16

Q. Why AgCl kept in a Black color of Botel?

As you know now, AgCl is a photolytic Decomposing material that’s why

when we kept AgCl in a black color bottle to protect it from the Sunlight.

Q. Give some examples of more Photolytic Docomposing Substances and

their Relations?

2AgBr(s) + Sunlight ⎯ → ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Ag(s) + Br2(g)

Q. Which Reaction is Used for Black and White Photography?

Ans. 2AgBr(s) + Sunlight ⎯ → ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Ag(s) + Br2(g),

This reaction is also Similar to the Above one(2AgCl—–=> 2Ag + Cl2).

And this Reaction is used for the Black and white Photography.

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 17

Activity 1.9

Aim: To show displacement reaction

Apparatus: two iron nails, sand paper, copper sulphate solution, thread and
two test tubes.
Procedure: Take two iron nails and clean them by rubbing them with sand
paper. Take two test tubes marked as (A) and (B). In each test tube, take about
10 ml copper sulphate solution.
Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 18
Tie one iron nail with a thread and immerse it carefully in the copper sulphate
solution in test tube A for about 20 minutes. Keep one iron nail aside for
comparison.

After 20 minutes, take out the iron nail from the copper sulphate solution.
Compare the intensity of the blue colour of copper sulphate solutions in the test
tubes (A) and (B). Also, compare the colour of the iron nail dipped in the
copper sulphate solution with the one kept aside.

Observation: the iron nail dipped in the copper sulphate solution in test tube A
becomes brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper sulphate solution
fades in test tube A. While the blue colour of copper sulphate solution in test
tube B remains the same.

Conclusion: iron has displaced or removed another element, copper, from

copper sulphate solution in test tube A. This reaction is known as displacement
reaction.

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

[copper sulphate] [Iron sulphate]

Some Important Questions related to this Activity?

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 19

Q. Why does the Iron nail become brownish in color and the blue color
of copper sulphate solution fade?

In this reaction, the Iron nail becomes brownish in color and the blue color of
copper sulphate solution fade Because Iron displaces Cu (Copper) from its
Positon (CuSO4) Copper Sulphate.

Because Iron is more reactive than Copper and it easily displaces Cu(Copper)
from Copper Sulphate(CuSO4).

And that’s why the color of CuSO4 solution changes from Blue color to fade
because finally the solution of Copper sulphate was got to converted into Iron
Sulphate (FeSO4).

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 20

Activity 1.10

Aim: To show double displacement reaction

Apparatus: 3 ml of sodium sulphate, 2 test tubes, 3 ml of barium chloride

solution.

Procedure: Take about 3 ml of sodium sulphate solution in a test tube. In

another test tube, take about 3 ml of barium chloride solution, Mix the two
solutions.

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 21

Observation: A white substance, which is insoluble in water, is formed. This
insoluble substance formed is known as a precipitate. Any reaction that
produces a precipitate can be called a precipitation reaction.

Conclusion: This is a double displacement reaction shown by the equation

below where Na+ being more reactive than Ba+2 displaces Ba+2 from its
compound BaCl2 and takes its place to form NaCl.

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

(sodium sulphate)(Barium chloride) (Barium sulphate) (Sodium chloride)

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 22

Activity 1.11

Aim: To show oxidation and reduction reaction

Apparatus: China dish , 1g copper powder, burner, wire gauze, tripod stand
and Hydrogen gas.

Procedure:
Heat a china dish containing about 1 g copper powder.
Now pass hydrogen gas over this heated material.

Observation:
The surface of copper powder becomes coated with black copper oxide.
Hydrogen gas is passed over this heated material [CuO] the black coating on
the surface turns brown as the reverse reaction takes place and copper is
obtained.

Conclusion: In the first case copper, was oxidized to copper oxide by the
following reaction

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 23

2Cu + O2 -----Heat→ 2CuO

this is an oxidation reaction (black coating)

In the second case when hydrogen gas was passed over heated [CuO] copper
metal was obtained because copper oxide got reduced to copper metal by the
following reaction
2CuO + H2 -----Heat→ Cu + H2O

Q. What is Redox Reaction and what are the examples of Redox Reactions.

Ans. A reaction in which one reactant undergoes oxidation whereas the other
gets reduced during the course of reaction is termed as oxidation-reduction or
redox reaction.

Example:
2Cu + O2 -----Heat→ 2CuO (Oxidation)

2CuO + H2 -----Heat→ Cu + H2O (Reduction)

Grade: 10 Science (Chemistry) 24