Lab Session # 04

Objective:
Draw displacement diagram and cam profile for the uniform motion cam B using
cam and follower mechanism.

Apparatus:
 Cam and follower mechanism.
 Dial Gauge

Theory:
Cam and follower mechanism:
A cam and follower mechanism is a profiled shape mounted on a shaft that
causes a lever or follower to move. Cams are used to convert rotary to linear
(reciprocating) motion. The follower maintains contact with the cam through the force of
gravity or by a spring. A cam follower, also known as a track follower, is a specialized
type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cam lobe profiles.

Use of cam and follower mechanism:

The cam and follower mechanism are widely used for operating the inlet and exhaust
valves of internal combustion engines. They are used in wall clocks and the feed mechanism of
automatic lathe machines. They are also used in paper cutting machines and weaving textile
machinery.
Working Principle:
Follower inhibits the push and pulls of the Cam. A follower is used to transfer the
motion to the required machine part. The Follower rotates in an oscillating or circular arc. The
mechanism for Cam and the mechanism for Follower depends on each other so that the main
mechanism of Cam and Follower.

Parts of cam follower mechanism:

A cam mechanism has two main parts:
1. A cam
2. A follower

Cam:
A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in transforming
rotary motion into linear motion. It is often a part of a rotating wheel (e.g., an eccentric wheel) or
shaft (e.g. a cylinder with an irregular shape) that strikes a lever at one or more points on its
circular path.

Follower:
A follower is a mechanical component concerning which, the Cam rotates in an oscillatory
or circular motion. Follower inhibits the push and pulls of the Cam. A follower is used to
transfer the motion to the required machine part. The Follower rotates in an oscillating or
circular arc.
Types of follower:
 Followers are classified to the nature to surface in contact.
 Knife edge follower.
 Roller follower.
 Flat face
follower. According to motion of
follower
 Reciprocating follower/translating.
 Oscillating
follower/rotating. According to path of
motion of follower
 Radial follower
 Offset follower
Knife edge follower:
A cam follower having a sharp narrow edge or point like that of a knife; useful in developing
cam profile relationships.
This is the simplest type, Is not often used due to the rapid rate of wear.
When it is adopted, it is usually for reciprocating motion, Running in slides and there is
considerable side thrust, This being a component of the thrust from the cam. Excessive wear and
tear. Have small area of contact with the cam. It has less practical use.

Roller follower:
The Roller Follower is a compact and highly rigid bearing system. It contains needle
bearings and is used as a guide roller for cam discs and straight motion. Since its outer ring
rotates while keeping direct contact with the mating surface, this product is thick- walled and
designed to bear an impact load.
The roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary
gas and oil engines and aircraft engines.

Flat face follower/(mushroom follower):

Flat faced or mushroom follower. When the contacting end of the follower is a perfectly
flat face, it is called a flat-faced follower,

Working:
Flat face or mushroom follower: These are used where space is limited to operate
valve of automobile engine. The contact surface is perfectly flat. The side thrust between guide
and follower is much reduced. It is called a mushroom follower when the flat face is circular.
Motions of the follower:
1. Uniform velocity motion
2. Simple harmonic motion
3. Cycloidal motion

Uniform Velocity Motion:

The displacement velocity and acceleration diagram of the uniform motion consist of
four strokes.
1. Rise stroke (follower moves upward up to maximum lift)
2. Dwell stroke (stable follower neither move up nor down)
3. Return stroke (follower moves down to the original position)
4. Dwell stroke (stable follower neither move up nor down)

Procedure:
 First of all we placed a apparatus on a horizontal table.
 After that we attached the uniform motion cam on the apparatus
 Set the readings of dial gauge.
 Roller follower are attached by us on the apparatus.
 After that we move the cam to 15 degree and note the readings on the dial gauge.
 After that we note the readings at 30 degree and so on took 360 degree with the
difference of angle 15 degree.
 After that we drew the displacement, velocity and cam profile diagram.
Safety precautions
• Keep the hand and loosing clothes away from moving part to avoid any injuries.
• The dial gauge with care to avoid damage to its delicate components.

Comments:
 The procedure conclude with the reminder to discuss observations promoting critical
thinking and understanding of the experimental outcomes.
 Cam systems play a role in manufacturing machinery to control the movement of
different components, ensuring precision and reliability in the production process.
Observation & Calculations:
Angle θ Angle θ Angle θ Linear
Linear Linear Displacement
(deg) (deg) (deg)
Displacement Displacement
X
X X
(mm)
(mm) (mm)
 Lab Session # 05
Objective:

To draw the cam profile, velocity, displacement and acceleration diagrams for roller follower performing
constant acceleration cam.
Apparatus:

• Cam & Follower Apparatus

• Roller Follower

• Constant Acceleration Cam

• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram:

Cam & Follower Apparatus

Theory:
Cam and follower mechanism:
A cam and follower mechanism is a profiled shape mounted on a shaft that causes a lever or
follower to move. Cams are used to convert rotary to linear (reciprocating) motion. The follower
maintains contact with the cam through the force of gravity or by a spring. A cam follower, also
known as a track follower, is a specialized type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow
cam lobe profiles.
Use of cam and follower mechanism:
The cam and follower mechanism are widely used for operating the inlet and exhaust valves of
internal combustion engines. They are used in wall clocks and the feed mechanism of automatic
lathe machines. They are also used in paper cutting machines and weaving textile machinery.

Working Principle:
Follower inhibits the push and pulls of the Cam. A follower is used to transfer the motion to the
required machine part. The Follower rotates in an oscillating or circular arc. The mechanism for
Cam and the mechanism for Follower depends on each other so that the main mechanism of Cam
and Follower.

Parts of cam follower mechanism:

A cam mechanism has two main parts:
1-A cam
2-A follower

Cam:
A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in transforming
rotary motion into linear motion. It is often a part of a rotating wheel (e.g., an eccentric wheel) or
shaft (e.g. a cylinder with an irregular shape) that strikes a lever at one or more points on its
circular path.

Follower:
A follower is a mechanical component concerning which, the Cam rotates in an oscillatory or
circular motion. Follower inhibits the push and pulls of the Cam. A follower is used to transfer
the motion to the required machine part. The Follower rotates in an oscillating or circular arc.
Types of follower:
 Followers are classified to the nature to surface in contact.
 Knife edge follower.
 Roller follower.
 Flat face
follower. According to motion of
follower
 Reciprocating follower/translating.
 Oscillating
follower/rotating. According to path of
motion of follower
 Radial follower
 Offset follower
Knife edge follower:
A cam follower having a sharp narrow edge or point like that of a knife; useful in developing
cam profile relationships.
This is the simplest type, Is not often used due to the rapid rate of wear.
When it is adopted, it is usually for reciprocating motion, Running in slides and there is
considerable side thrust, This being a component of the thrust from the cam. Excessive wear and
tear. Have small area of contact with the cam. It has less practical use.

Roller follower:
The Roller Follower is a compact and highly rigid bearing system. It contains needle bearings
and is used as a guide roller for cam discs and straight motion. Since its outer ring rotates while
keeping direct contact with the mating surface, this product is thick- walled and designed to bear
an impact load.
The roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary gas
and oil engines and aircraft engines.

Flat face follower/(mushroom follower):

Flat faced or mushroom follower. When the contacting end of the follower is a perfectly flat
face, it is called a flat-faced follower,

Working:
Flat face or mushroom follower: These are used where space is limited to operate
valve of automobile engine. The contact surface is perfectly flat. The side thrust between guide
and follower is much reduced. It is called a mushroom follower when the flat face is circular.
Motions of the follower:
1. Uniform velocity motion 3.Simple harmonic motion
2. Cycloidal motion

Uniform Velocity Motion:

The displacement velocity and acceleration diagram of the uniform motion consist of
four strokes.
1. Rise stroke (follower moves upward up to maximum lift)
2. Dwell stroke (stable follower neither move up nor down)
3. Return stroke (follower moves down to the original position)
4. Dwell stroke (stable follower neither move up nor down)

Procedure:
• Initially, we positioned an apparatus on a level table.
• Next, we a fixed the constant acceleration cam onto the apparatus.
• Established the dial gauge readings.
• Attached roller followers to the apparatus.
• Subsequently, we rotated the cam to 15 degrees and recorded the dial gauge readings.
• Continuing in increments of 15 degrees, we documented readings at 30-degree intervals
up to 360 degrees.
• Finally, we constructed diagrams illustrating displacement, velocity, and the cam profile.
Safety precautions
 Ensure that setup is in good working condition and all parts securely fastened.
 Keep the hand and loosing clothes away from moving part to avoid any injuries.
Comments:
 The procedure conclude with the reminder to discuss observations promoting critical
thinking and understanding of the experimental outcomes.
 Its help in optimizing and designing these system for the specific task.
Observation & Calculations:
Diameter of Roller Follower = 25.04 mm
Min. radius of Cam = 34.90mm

Angle Angle Linear Angle Linear

θ Linear θ Displacement θ Displacement
Displacement
X X
(deg) (deg) (deg)
X (mm) (mm)
(mm)
 Lab Session # 06
Objective:
To draw the displacement diagram and cam profile for the uniform motion cam using knife
follower.

Apparatus:

• Cam & Follower Apparatus

• Knife Edge Follower

• Uniform Motion Cam

• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram:

Cam & Follower Apparatus

Theory:
Cam and follower mechanism:
A cam and follower mechanism is a profiled shape mounted on a shaft that causes a lever or
follower to move. Cams are used to convert rotary to linear (reciprocating) motion. The follower
maintains contact with the cam through the force of gravity or by a spring. A cam follower, also
known as a track follower, is a specialized type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow
cam lobe profiles.
Use of cam and follower mechanism:
The cam and follower mechanism are widely used for operating the inlet and exhaust valves of
internal combustion engines. They are used in wall clocks and the feed mechanism of automatic
lathe machines. They are also used in paper cutting machines and weaving textile machinery.

Working Principle:
Follower inhibits the push and pulls of the Cam. A follower is used to transfer the motion to the
required machine part. The Follower rotates in an oscillating or circular arc. The mechanism for
Cam and the mechanism for Follower depends on each other so that the main mechanism of Cam
and Follower.
Parts of cam follower mechanism:
A cam mechanism has two main parts:
1. A cam
2. A follower

Cam:
A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in transforming
rotary motion into linear motion. It is often a part of a rotating wheel (e.g., an eccentric wheel) or
shaft (e.g. a cylinder with an irregular shape) that strikes a lever at one or more points on its
circular path.

Follower:
A follower is a mechanical component concerning which, the Cam rotates in an oscillatory or
circular motion. Follower inhibits the push and pulls of the Cam. A follower is used to transfer
the motion to the required machine part. sThe Follower rotates in an oscillating or circular arc.
Types of follower:
 Followers are classified to the nature to surface in contact.
 Knife edge follower.
 Roller follower.
 Flat face
follower. According to motion of
follower
 Reciprocating follower/translating.
 Oscillating
follower/rotating. According to path of
motion of follower
 Radial follower
 Offset follower
Knife edge follower:
A cam follower having a sharp narrow edge or point like that of a knife; useful in developing
cam profile relationships.
This is the simplest type, Is not often used due to the rapid rate of wear.
When it is adopted, it is usually for reciprocating motion, Running in slides and there is
considerable side thrust, This being a component of the thrust from the cam. Excessive wear and
tear. Have small area of contact with the cam. It has less practical use.

Roller follower:
The Roller Follower is a compact and highly rigid bearing system. It contains needle bearings
and is used as a guide roller for cam discs and straight motion. Since its outer ring rotates while
keeping direct contact with the mating surface, this product is thick- walled and designed to bear
an impact load.
The roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary gas
and oil engines and aircraft engines.

Flat face follower/(mushroom follower):

Flat faced or mushroom follower. When the contacting end of the follower is a perfectly flat
face, it is called a flat-faced follower,

Working:
Flat face or mushroom follower: These are used where space is limited to operate valve of
automobile engine. The contact surface is perfectly flat. The side thrust between guide and
follower is much reduced. It is called a mushroom follower when the flat face is circular.
Motions of the follower:
1. Uniform velocity motion
2. Simple harmonic motion
3. Cycloidal motion

Uniform Velocity Motion:

The displacement velocity and acceleration diagram of the uniform motion consist of four strokes.
1. Rise stroke (follower moves upward up to maximum lift)
2. Dwell stroke (stable follower neither move up nor down)
3. Return stroke (follower moves down to the original position)
4. Dwell stroke (stable follower neither move up nor down)

Procedure:
• Begin by placing the apparatus on a horizontal table for stability.
• Attach the knife follower securely to the apparatus, ensuring proper alignment with the
uniform motion cam.
• Set up the dial gauge to establish a reference for measuring the movements of the knife
follower.
• Affix the uniform motion cam onto the apparatus, taking care to secure it properly.
• Rotate the cam to 15 degrees and record dial gauge readings corresponding to the knife
follower's position.
• Progressively record readings at 30-degree intervals up to 360 degrees, noting
measurements each time.
• Utilize the collected data to construct the displacement diagram, representing the knife
follower's movement.
Safety precautions
 Ensure that setup is in good working condition and all parts securely fastened.
 Keep the hand and loosing clothes away from moving part to avoid any injuries.
Comments:
 Its help in optimizing and designing these system for the
 The systematic procedure ensures a step-by-step collection of data, contributing to a
comprehensive understanding of how the cam and follower mechanism interact specific
task.
Observation & Calculations:

Angle Angle Linear Angle Linear

θ Linear θ Displacement θ Displacement
Displacement
X X
(deg) (deg) (deg)
X (mm) (mm)
(mm)
 Lab Session # 07
Objective:
To draw the cam profile, velocity, displacement and acceleration diagrams for roller follower performing
tangent cam.

Apparatus:

• Cam & Follower Apparatus

• Roller Follower

• Tangent Cam

• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram:
/

Cam & Follower Apparatus

Theory:
Tangent Cam:

When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle and nose circle, then
the cam is known as a tangent cam these cams are usually symmetrical about the centre line of the cam
shaft. Such type of cams is used for operating the inlet and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines

Tangent Cam
Roller Follower:
The Roller Follower is a compact and highly rigid bearing system. It contains needle bearings
and is used as a guide roller for cam discs and straight motion. Since its outer ring rotates while
keeping direct contact with the mating surface, this product is thick- walled and designed to bear
an impact

Application:
Understanding the motion of a roller follower in tangent cam systems finds applications in various
fields, including:
Automotive Engineering: Controlling valve movements in engines for optimal performance.
Manufacturing machinery: Enhancing precision in production processes.
Robotics: Governing controlled movements of robotic components.
Material handling system: Efficiently controlling conveyors and related equipment.

Procedure:
• We put the apparatus on a table.
• Then, we attached the uniform motion cam.
• We set the dial gauge and attached a roller follower.
• We turned the cam in steps, noting readings at 15-degree intervals up to 360 degrees.
• After that, we made drawings showing how the roller follower moves displacement,
velocity, and cam profile diagrams.

Comments:
• This experiment provides valuable insights into the behavior of a roller follower in a
tangent cam system. The resulting diagrams offer a clear visual representation of
displacement, velocity, and the cam profile.
Safety precautions:
 Keep the hand and loosing clothes away from moving part to avoid any injuries.
 Ensure the apparatus is securely placed to prevent accidents.
Observation & Calculation:
Diameter of Roller = 25.04 mm Min radius
of Cam = 35.06 mm

Angle Angle Angle Linear

θ θ θ Displacement

(deg) Linear (deg) Linear (deg) X

Displacement Displacement (mm)
X X
(mm) (mm)
 Lab Session # 08
OBJECTIVE:

To draw displacement diagram and cam profile for the eccentric cam operating
knife edge follower.

Apparatus:

• Cam & Follower Apparatus

• Knife Edge Follower

• Eccentric Cam

• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram:

Theory:
• Eccentric cam:
An eccentric cam is a disc with its Eccentric of rotation positioned 'off Eccentric '. This
means as the cam rotates the flat follower rises and falls at a constant rate. This type of cam is
the easiest to make and yet it is one of the most useful.
Circular cam is also known as an 'eccentric' cam. The center of rotation of the cam is offset from
the geometric center of the circle. This type of cam produces a smooth form of motion called
simple harmonic motion.
Uses of eccentric cam:
It is used most often in steam engines and used to convert rotary motion into linear
reciprocating motion to drive a sliding valve or pump ram. To do so, an eccentric usually has a
groove at its circumference closely fitted a circular collar (eccentric strap).

Eccentric cam and follower mechanism:

1. The objective of a cam or eccentric is to give a reciprocating motion of a specified
character to a part of a mechanism, called follower. A cam or eccentric when combined
with a follower, forms a mechanism which is technically called cam-follower or
eccentric- follower.
2. An eccentric cam is a disc with its center of rotation positioned 'off center'. This means
as the cam rotates the flat follower rises and falls at a constant rate. This type of cam is
the easiest to make and yet it is one of the most useful.

Working of eccentric cam and follower:

Stud type cam followers are available with an eccentric stud. The stud has a bushing pushed onto
it that has an eccentric outer diameter. This allows for adjustability during installation to
eliminate any backlash. The adjustable range for an eccentric bearing is twice that of the
eccentricity.

Cam eccentricity:
An eccentric cam is a disc with its center of rotation positioned 'off center'. This means as the
cam rotates the flat follower rises and falls at a constant rate.
Eccentricity is how far the geometric center (= the center of a rotating part and its assembly)
moves from the true center (= the center the assembly tries to rotate around naturally)

Eccentric cam with roller follower:

Procedure:
• Place the apparatus on a table to ensure stability.
• Attach the eccentric cam securely to the apparatus.
• Set the dial gauge to measure the movements accurately.
• Attach the knife-edge follower to the apparatus with careful alignment. Gradually rotate
the cam, starting at 15 degrees, and note the dial gauge readings
• Continue recording readings at 30-degree intervals up to 360 degrees with a consistent
15- degree difference
• Utilize the collected data to draw diagrams illustrating the displacement and cam profile.

Comments:
• The procedure conclude with the reminder to discuss observations promoting critical
thinking and understanding of the experimental outcomes.
• Its help in optimizing and designing these system for the specific task.
• This experiment provides valuable insights into the behavior of an eccentric cam
operating with a knife-edge follower. The resulting diagrams offer a clear visual
representation of displacement and cam profiles, aiding in the understanding of
mechanical interactions.

Safety precautions:
• Ensure that setup is in good working condition and all parts securely fastened.
• Keep the hand and loosing clothes away from moving part to avoid any injuries.
• Handle the dial gauge carefully to prevent damage.

Observation & Calculation:

Angle θ Angle θ Angle θ Linear
Linear Linear Displacement
(deg) (deg) (deg)
Displacement Displacement X
X X (mm)
(mm) (mm)