TABLES TO COMPARE BOTH STANDARDS BS CODE AND EUROCODE

1. Material Properties:-

1.1 BS 5400-4 - 1990 : Code of practice for design of concrete bridges

The two materials whose properties must be known are concrete and steel
reinforcement. In the case of concrete, the property with which the designer is primarily
concerned is its compressive strength. For steel, however, it is its tensile strength
capacity which is important.

● Characteristic cube strength, fcu = 50 (N/mm​2​)

● Characteristic strength of reinforcement, fy = 500 (N/mm​2​)
● Prestressing Reinforcement - 7 wire strand dimensions and properties to
BS5896: 2012, nominal diameter 15.2mm, Tensile grade 1770 MPa, braking load
265 kN and modulus of elasticity 195 kN/mm​2

1.2 EN1992 : Eurocode 2 - Part 2: Concrete bridges - Design and detailing rules

Unlike BS 8110, the design rules in EC 2 are based on the characteristic (5 percent)
compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days ( fck). Equivalent cube strengths
( fck,cube) are included in EC 2 but they are only regarded as an alternative method to
prove compliance. Generally, the cylinder strength is approximately 0.8 × the cube
strength of concrete i.e. fck ≈ 0.8 × fck,cube.

● Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days, fck = 40

(N/mm​2​)
● Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement, fyk = 500 (N/mm​2​)
● Prestressing Reinforcement - 7 wire strand dimensions and properties to
BS5896: 2012, nominal diameter 15.2mm, Tensile grade 1770 MPa, braking load
265 kN and modulus of elasticity 195 kN/mm​2
 TABLES TO COMPARE BOTH STANDARDS BS CODE AND EUROCODE

2. Partial Factors:-

2.1 BD 37/01 Loads for highway bridges, Table - 1 (copy attached)

2.2 NA to BS EN 1990: 2002 - 2005 Basis of structural design,

Table NA.A2.4 (A) and (B) (copy attached)
Appendix A Volume 1 Section 3
Composite Version of BS 5400: Part 2 Part 14 BD 37/01

Table 1. Loads to be taken in each combination with appropriate γ fL

ULS: ultimate limit state SLS: serviceability limit state
Clause Load Limit γ fL to be considered in combination
number state
1 2 3 4 5
5.1 Dead: steel ULS* 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
concrete ULS* 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
5.2 Superimposed dead: deck surfacing ULS+ 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
SLS+ 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
other loads ULS 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
5.1.2.2 & Reduced load factor for dead and superimposed dead load
5.2.2.2 where this has a more severe total effect ULS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
5.3 Wind: during erection ULS 1.10
SLS 1.00
with dead plus superimposed dead load only, and ULS 1.40
for members primarily resisting wind loads SLS 1.00
with dead plus superimposed dead plus other ULS 1.10
appropriate combination 2 loads SLS 1.00
relieving effect of wind ULS 1.00
SLS 1.00
5.4 Temperature: restraint to movement, except frictional ULS 1.30
SLS 1.00
frictional bearing restraint ULS 1.30
SLS 1.00
effect of temperature difference ULS 1.00
SLS 0.80
5.6 Differential settlement ULS 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
5.7 Exceptional loads to be assessed and agreed between the engineer
& the appropriate authority
5.8 Earth pressure: vertical loads ULS 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
retained fill and/ SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
or live load
non-vertical loads ULS 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
relieving effect SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
5.9 Erection: temporary loads ULS 1.15 1.15
SLS 1.00 1.00
6.2 Highway bridges live loading: HA alone ULS 1.50 1.25 1.25
SLS 1.20 1.00 1.00
6.3 HA with HB or HB alone ULS 1.30 1.10 1.10
SLS 1.10 1.00 1.00
6.5 footway and cycle track ULS 1.50 1.25 1.25
loading SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00
6.6 accidental wheel loading** ULS 1.50
SLS 1.20

*γfL shall be increased to at least 1.10 and 1.20 for steel and concrete respectively to compensate for inaccuracies
when dead loads are not accurately assessed.
+γfL may be reduced to 1.2 and 1.0 for the ULS and SLS respectively subject to approval of the appropriate
authority (see 5.2.2.1).
**Accidental wheel loading shall not be considered as acting with any other primary live loads.

A/18 August 2001

Volume 1 Section 3 Appendix A
Part 14 BD 37/01 Composite Version of BS 5400: Part 2

Table 1 (continued)

Clause Load Limit γ fL

to be considered in combination
number state
1 2 3 4 5
6.7.1 Loads due to vehicle Local effects: parapet load
collision with parapets low & normal containment ULS 1.50
& associated pimary SLS 1.20
live load: high containment ULS 1.40

each secondary live load shall be considered separately together with the other combination 4 loads as appropriate
SLS 1.15
associated primary live load: ULS 1.30
low, normal & high containment SLS 1.10
6.7.2 Global effects: parapet load
Massive structures:
bridge superstructures and non- ULS 1.25
elastomeric bearings
bridge substructures and wing ULS 1.00
& retaining walls
elastomeric bearings SLS 1.00
Light structures:
bridge superstructures & non- ULS 1.40
elastomeric bearings
bridge substructures and wing ULS 1.40
& retaining walls
elastomeric bearings SLS 1.00
associated primary live load:
Massive & light structures:
bridge superstructures, non- ULS 1.25
elastomeric bearings, bridge
substructures & wing &
retaining walls
elastomeric bearings SLS 1.00
6.8 Vehicle collision Effects on all elements ULS 1.50
loads on bridge excepting elastomeric
supports and bearings
superstructures: Effects on elastomeric SLS 1.00
bearings
6.9 Centrifugal load & associated primary live load ULS 1.50
SLS 1.00
6.10 Longitudinal load: HA & associated primary live ULS 1.25
load SLS 1.00
HB associated primary live load ULS 1.10
SLS 1.00
6.11 Accidental skidding load and associated primary live load ULS 1.25
SLS 1.00
7 Foot/cycle track live load & effects due to ULS 1.50 1.25 1.25
bridges: parapet load SLS 1.00 1.00 1.00
vehicle collision loads on ULS 1.50
supports and superstructures***
8 Railway bridges: type RU and RL, and SW/0 primary ULS 1.40 1.20 1.20
and secondary live loading SLS 1.10 1.00 1.00

***This is the only secondary live load to be considered for foot/cycle track bridges.

NOTE. For loads arising from creep and shrinkage, or from welding and lack of fit, see Parts 3, 4 and 5 of this
standard, as appropriate.

August 2001 A/19

 TABLES TO COMPARE BOTH STANDARDS BS CODE AND EUROCODE

3. Loads:-

3.1 Dead Loads

Weight of the supporting members (beams and slabs) directly assigned in the analysis
software by using self-weight command with the Weight of concrete as 25 kN/m​3

3.2 Live Loads

The comparison of traffic loading and the actions of loads in accordance with the BS and
Eurocode copy attached.

3.3 Wind Loads

Wind load intensity calculation and comparison is attached.

3.4 Temperature Load

Differential temperature effects in concrete bridge decks to BD 37/01 and also in

accordance with BS EN 1992-2 : 2005 and BS EN 1991-1-5 : 2003 are performed and
copies are attached for ready reference.

3.5 Critical beam forces

Kindly refer to the respective pages in the detailed analysis and design in the original
design of bridge using BS code and structural validation report critical beam design
check & the conclusion.
3.2 Live Loads

BASIS OF TRAFFIC LOADINGS IN THE CODES

Most of the bridges are designed to carry normal and abnormal traffic loading. BS defined these loads as HA and
HB loadings, while EC defined as Load Model 1 (LM1) and Load Model 3 (LM3), as the normal and abnormal traffic
loadings respectively. LM1 and HA loadings for both codes are intended to cover flowing, congested or traffic jam
situations with a high percentage of heavy lorries. LM1-UDL for EC is a system of uniformly distributed loads (UDL)
having a weight density per square meter of α qi×qki while BS is based on weight density per unit length. The
comparison of the normal and abnormal traffic loadings from both design codes is summarised in Table 1. In addition,
the U.K. National Annex (NA to BS EN 1991-2:2003) [4] in comparison to recommended values in EN 1991-2 [5]
are also included in Table 1. The loaded length considered in the design provides significant difference between the
BS and EC. The intensity of the UDL in BD37 reduces rapidly as the loaded length increases to about 30 m and
gradually thereafter. In EN1991-2, the load intensity for the UDL remains constant with loaded length and has the
dominant effect in the case of longer length. The KEL and TS are two parameters that are utilised to obtain equivalence
between the loading effects obtained from actual vehicles and those obtained from the loading model [6]. These loads
must be placed in such a position so as to cause worst effects. In other words, it is a parameter to provide the similar
UDL to imitate the bending and shearing effects of the actual traffic loads. The TS system is comprising of two
concentrated axle loads, one per notional lane i, representing a tandem system weighing 2×ߙQi×Qki. KEL is
comprising of 120 kN load that need to be applied at each lane. Both HA and LM1 loadings must be multiplied by the
lane factor as provided in Table 2.

TABLE 1. Traffic loading comparison values

Type of Traffic BS Standard (BD Eurocode Standard (EN NA to BS EN 1991-2:2003
Loading 37/01)[7] 1991-2)
Normal traffic HA Loading LM1(Load Model 1) LM1(Load Model 1)
(UDL + KEL) (UDL + TS) (UDL + TS)
Refer Table 2 for detail Refer Table 2 for detail Refer Table 2 for detail
Abnormal HB LM3 (SV) LM3 (SV1)) LM3 (SOV 2))
traffic
Class of Roads Annex A in the codes
Motor way and 45 unit provide the detail SV80,SV100, SOV250,SOV350,
trunk roads (180 tonnes) guideline to defines SV196 SOV450 SOV600
standardized models of
Principal roads 37.5 unit special vehicles that can SV80, SV100 -
(150 tonnes) be used for the design of
road bridges. -
Other public 30 unit SV80
roads (120 tonnes)
*Note: UDL= Uniformly distributed load, TS = Tandem System, KEL= Knife edge load, SV= Special Vehicle, SOV=Special Order Vehicle,
1)
Accordance to Special Types General Order (STGO) Regulations,
2)
Accordance to the Special Order (SO) Regulations

The lane factor, βi, of KEL and UDL has considered similar value as in BD37. On the other hand, the UDL and TS
in EC are associated to their respective lane factor values which are defined as αq and αQ respectively. The adjustment
factors αQi and αqi depend on the class of the route and on the expected traffic type. In the absence of specific
indications, they are assumed as 1.0. It is observed that the U.K. National Annex has modified the αq-factor and
resulting to a constant intensity of 5.5 kN/m2 for UDL in all lanes. The application of the constant intensity of UDL
in all lanes across the carriageway offers considerable simplicity in the analysis of bridges to determine critical load
effects. Meanwhile, the αQ-factor values for the TS load remains unchanged as recommended in EN 1991-2. For the
abnormal traffic loading, Table 1 describes how HB and LM3 could be applied for the design purposes of different
classes of roads. The EC (EN 1991-2) provides a detail guideline in Annex A in the code to define the standardised
model of special vehicles (SV) that can be customised by specified country. U.K. National Annex defines its own SV

020037-2
vehicle and further defines for SOV vehicle as shown in Table 1. Basic longitudinal configuration for each SV model
vehicle can be referred in NA to BS EN 1991-2:2003.

TABLE 2. LM1 and HA with α and β-lane factor values

EN 1991-2:2003 NA to BS EN 1991-2:2003 BS Standard (BD37/01)

Lane TS/axle UDL TS/axle UDL KEL UDL

Qik αq qik αQ Qik αq qik βi βi1) W2)
αQ
(kN) (kN/m2) (kN) (kN/m2) (kN) (kN/m)
0.6111 The lane factor 120 The lane The UDL
Lane 1 1.0 300 1.0 9.0 1.0 300 9.0 value is varying factor value value is
2.2 depends on 120 is varying varying
Lane 2 1.0 200 1.0 2.5 1.0 200 2.5
loaded length depends on depends on
2.2 120
Lane 3 1.0 100 1.0 2.5 1.0 100 2.5 loaded loaded
2.2 120 length length
Other - - 1.0 2.5 - - 2.5
Remaining - - 1.0 2.5 - - 2.2 2.5 No remaining area defined in BD37/01
area (qrk)
1)
Refer Table 14 in BD37/01 for detail, 2) Refer Clause 6.2 and Table 13 in BD37/01 for detail

By comparing the abnormal traffic load between BD37 and U.K. NA, it is noteworthy that there is a reduction
from 150 tonnes and 120 tonnes to 100 tonnes and 80 tonnes accordingly based on road classes on maximum gross
weight for principal and public roads. However, the maximum gross weight for motor way and trunk roads classes is
observed to increase from 180 tonnes to 196 tonnes. There are another two load models mentioned in EC, viz. LM2
and LM4. LM2 is a single axle load applied on specific tyre contact area which covers the dynamic effects of the
normal traffic on short structural members predominantly in the range of loaded lengths from 3 m to 7 m. Meanwhile,
LM4 is a crowd loading that intended only for general verification and applied particularly for bridges located in or
near towns when its effects are not considered in LM1. Nevertheless, these two load models are not discussed further
in this paper and further references can be made in EN 1991-2. In brief, the shifting of bridge codes application from
BD37 to EN 1991 especially in Malaysia would give some implications on the analysis and design of road bridges.
Perhaps, it would also give some implications towards the cost aspect on bridges construction in Malaysia in future.

020037-3
3.3 Wind Loads

Introduction
The scope of the following calculation is to present the wind actions and effects usually applied
on a bridge based on BS EN 1991-1-4: General Actions-Wind actions and BD37/01.

Brief description of the procedure BS EN 1991-1-4

Basic Values (Clause 4.2)
The basic wind velocity vb is expressed by the formula:
vb = (Cprob) × Cdir × Cseason × vb,0

Where:
vb is the basic wind velocity
vb,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
Cdir is the directional factor; the recommended value is 1.0
Cseason is the season factor; the recommended value is 1.0

Mean Wind (Clause 4.3)

Variation with Height (Clause 4.3.1)
The mean wind velocity is expressed by the formula:
vm(z) = cr(z) × co(z) × vb

where:
cr(z) is the roughness factor, and is recommended to be determined according to (Clause4.3.2)
co(z) is the orography factor, taken as 1.0.
Terrain Roughness (Clause 4.3.2)
cr(z) is the roughness factor, and is recommended to be determined according to the following formuls:

where:
z0 is the roughness length [Table 4.1]

kr terrain factor depending on the roughness length and evaluated according the following formula:
Wind Turbulence (Clause 4.4)
Iv(z): is the turbulence intensity at height z, as the ratio of the standard deviation of
the turbulence divided be the mean velocity, and is expressed by the following formula

where:

kI: is the turbulence factor. The recommended value, used is 1.0

co(z): is the oreography factor

z0: is the roughness length [Table 4.1]

Peak Velocity Pressure (Clause 4.5)

The peak velocity pressure qp(z) at height z, includes the mean and the short-term (turbulent)
fluctuations and is expressed by the formula:

qp (z) = (1+7 × Iv (z)) × 0.5 × ρ × vm 2 (z) = ce (z) × qb = ce (z) × 0.5 × ρ × vb2

where:

ρ: is the air density (which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to be
expected in the region during wind storms; the recommended value, used in this calculation, is
1.25 kg/m3

vm(z): is the mean wind velocity at a height z above the ground

Wind Forces (Clause 5.3)
The general expression of a wind force Fw (Clause 5.3) acting on a structure or structural member is given by
the following formula:

Fw = cs × cd × cf × qp (ze ) × Aref (Clause 5.3)

Where:
Cs, Cd is the structural factor taken as 1.0

qp(ze) is the peak velocity pressure at reference height ze, which is usually taken as the height
z above the ground of the C.G. of the structure subjected to the wind action

Aref is the reference area of the structure

Cf is the force coefficient for the deck

𝑏𝑏
𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �2.4, (max(2.5 − 0.3 � � , 1.3)�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Where:

b is the width of the bridge

dtot represents the depth of the parts of the deck which are considered to be subjected to the wind
pressure.
Wind actions on the deck BS EN 1991-1-4: General Actions-Wind actions.
basic wind velocity vb,0 = 45 m/s. It is also considered that cdir = 1.0 and cseason = 1.0.

Concerning the reference height of the deck ze, this may be considered more or less equal to the
mean distance z between the centre of the bridge deck and the soil surface. In the general
case of a sloppy valley it is more conservative to use a lower (deeper) point of the soil surface (or the
water) beneath the bridge deck. It has been considered, for simplicity, that ze = z = 8.25m.

For terrain category 0, z0 = 0.003 and zmin = 1 m < 8.25 m = z [Table 4.1], thus:

0.05 0.07
𝐾𝐾𝑟𝑟 = 0.19 × � � = 0.23
0.003

8.25
𝐶𝐶𝑟𝑟 (8.25) = 0.19 × 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � � = 0.97
0.05

Therefore, the peak wind velocity is:

vm(z) = cr(z) × co(z) × vb

vm (8.25) = 0.97 x 1.0 x 45 = 43.65 m/s

The turbulence intensity is:

1
𝐼𝐼𝑣𝑣 (8.25) = � � = 0.196
8.25
1 × ln � �
0.05

And,
qp (z) = (1+7 × Iv (z)) × 0.5 × ρ × vm 2 (z) = ce (z) × qb = ce (z) × 0.5 × ρ × vb2
qp (8.25) = (1+7 × 0.196) × 0.5 ×1.25 × 43.65 2 = 2824.65N/m2
Wind Forces (Clause 5.3)
The general expression of a wind force Fw (Clause 5.3) acting on a structure or structural member is given by
the following formula:

Fw = cs × cd × cf × qp (ze ) × Aref (Clause 5.3)

𝑏𝑏
𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �2.4, (max(2.5 − 0.3 � � , 1.3)� = 1.3
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(2.4, (max(0.94,1.3)) = 1.3

Fw = 1× 1 × 1.3× 2.82 × Aref

Fw = (3.64× Aref) kN/m2
Wind actions on the deck Accordance to BD37/01.

Actions due to wind shall be calculated in accordance with BD37/01 with basic hourly wind speed
45m/s
Basic hourly mean wind speed, Vb = 45m/s 5.3.2.2.1
Probability factor, Sp = 1.05 5.3.2.2.2
Altitude factor, Sa = 1.003 5.3.2.2.3
Direction factor Sd = 1.00 5.3.2.2.4
Site hourly wind speed, Vs = 47.4m/s

Gust factor 5.3.2.3

Bridge and terrain factor, Sb` = 1.50 5.3.2.3.1 Table 1
Town reduction factor, Tg = 1.00 5.3.2.3.2
Topography factor, Sh` = 1.00 5.3.2.3.3
Gust factor, Sg = 1.50
Maximum wing gust speed Vd = 71.1m/s 5.3.2.1
Drag coefficient CD = 1.2 Figure 5
Dynamic pressure head q = 3098 N/m2

Total wind force Fw Fw = CD × q × A

Fw = 1.2 × 3.1 × A
Fw = (3.72 × A) kN/m2

Total wind force applied in our calculations based on BD37/01 (Fw = 3.72 × A) kN/m2 is more than the total
wind force accordance to Eurocode standard BS EN 1991-1-4 which is equal to (Fw = 3.64 × A) kN/m2 ,
Hence SAFE
 3.4 Temperature Load




















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Road Bridge

Page 57 of 75
Page 58 of 75
Page 59 of 75
Page 60 of 75
Page 61 of 75
Page 62 of 75
Page 63 of 75
Page 64 of 75