Haloalkane Notes PDF Lecture 1 - 4

SANKALP EDUCATION
CLASS - 12
Organic Chemistry
Unit : 10 A - Halo alkane

Lecture -1
Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane
Haloalkane
General Formula = CnH2n+1 – X
Function group = -X
Secondary Prefix = Halo
Common name = Alkyl Halide

(Prefix – n, sec, Iso etc according to structuere)
IUPAC Name = Haloalkane

(Minimum Position of functional Group for C > 3)
Compound Common Name IUPAC Name
CH2 = CH - Cl Vinyl Chloride Chloroethene
CH2 = CH – CH2 - Cl Allyl Chloride 3 – chloroprop – 1 - ene
CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloromethane
What is the common name of CH2 = CHCl
CH2 = CHCl dk dkWeu uke D;k gksrk gS \

A. Ethyl chloride B. Aryl chloride
C. Vinyl chloride D. Allyl chloride

What is the common name of CH2 = CH – CH2 - Cl
CH2 = CH – CH2 - Cl dk dkWeu uke D;k gksrk gS \

A. Ethyl chloride B. Aryl chloride
C. Vinyl chloride D. Allyl chloride

Compound Common Name IUPAC Name
CH3 – CHCl2 Ethylidene Chloride 1,1 - dichloroethane
CH2 Cl – CH2 - Cl Ethylene dichloride 1,2 - dichloroethane
CHCl3 Chloroform Trichloromethane
What is the common name of CH3 - CHCl2
CH3 - CHCl2 dk dkWeu uke D;k gksrk gS \

A. Ethyl chloride B. Ethylidene chloride
C. Ethylene dichloride D. Dichloroethane

Hydrocarbon
-H
[Alkane] Haloalkane = IUPAC
+X
Alkyl halide = C.N.
Hybridisation of carbon in haloalkane = sp3

-H
Aromatic [Arene] Haloarene
+X
Hybridisation of carbon in haloarenes = sp2

Remember These Points
Chloroamphenicol - Typhoid fever
Thyroxine – Iodine containing hormones - Goiter
Chloroquine – Treatment of malaria
Halothane – Anaesthetic use in surgery
Certain fluorinated compound – blood substitute

in surgery.

Classification of haloalkane , haloarene
gSyksvYdsy rFkk gSyks,jhu dk oxhZsdj.k

On the basis of number of Halogen atoms
alkyl halide (haloalkane), Haloarene, are
classified as
la[;k ds vk/kkj ij gSyksvYdsu rFkk gSyks,jhu dk
oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS
Monohalides Trihalides
Dihalides Polyhalides

Classification on the basis of hybridisation of
carbon with halogen bonding
izlaLd`r dkcZu rFkk gSykstu ds ca/ku ds vk/kkj ij

gSyksvYdsu dk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fd;k tkrk
gSA
sp3C – X (Haloalkane)
Primary (1o) alkyl halide izkFkfed vYdkby gSykbM

Secondary (2o) alkyl halide f}rh;d vYdkby gSykbM
Tertiary (3o) alkyl halide r`rh;d vYdkby gSykbM
Allylic halides ¼,yk;fyd gSykbM½
H H H
I I I
H–C=C–C–X I
H

Benzylic halide ¼csatk;fyd gSykbM½
H
I
H–C–X

sp2C - X
Vinylic ¼fouk;fyd gSykbM½
H H
I I
H – C = C – Cl
Aryl halides ¼,sjkby gSykbM½

Cl

Dihalides ¼Mk;gSykbM½
Gem – dihalides ¼tse Mk;gSykbM½
X
I Ethylidene halide
C–C I
X bFkhyhMhu gSykbM
Vic – dihalides ¼fod~ Mk;gSykbM½
C–C Ethylene dihalide

I I
X X
¼bFkhfyu Mk;gSykbM½
Isomers in Haloalkane ¼gSyksvYdsu ds leko;;h½
C3H7Br – Structural isomers = 2
Q- Total number of 1o, 2o ,3o - carbon atoms
lHkh leko;;h esa mifLFkr 1o, 2o ,3o ds dkcZu ijek.kqvksa

dh la[;k

Isomerism of Haloalkane ¼gSyksvYdsu ds leko;ork½
Molecular formula = C4H9Cl

Total number of structural Isomers = 4
v.kq lw= = C4H9Cl
lajpukRed leko;;h dh dqy la[;k = 4
Molecular formula = C5H11Br

v.kq lw= = C5H11Br

Isomerism of Haloalkane ¼gSyksvYdsu ds leko;ork½
Molecular formula = C4H8Cl2

v.kq lw= = C4H8Cl2

Molecular formula = C4H9X

2 – Halobutane shows optical isomerism.
v.kq lw= = C4H9X

2 – gSyksC;qVsu izdk”kh; leko;ork n”kkZrh gSA
SANKALP EDUCATION
CLASS - 12
Organic Chemistry

Lecture -1 Completed
SANKALP EDUCATION
CLASS - 12
Organic Chemistry

Lecture - 2
Preparation of Haloalkane
1. Alkane reacts with halogen in presence of
u.v. light forms alkyl halide
vYdsu dh izfrfØ;k gSykstu ds lkFk ijkcSxuh
izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa djus ij vYdkby gSykbM
dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
U.V. light
R – H + X2 R – X + HX

Points
Halide group substitutes at mid carbon
atom if C > 3
;fn dkcZu dh la[;k rhu ;k rhu ls vf/kd gks rks
gSykbM xzqi dk izfrLFkkiu 2o okys (Secondary
Carbon) dkcZu ij gksrk gSA
Iodination of alkane takes place in
presence of oxidising agent (HNO3)
vYdsu dk vk;ksMhdj.k ges'kk vkWDlhdkjd dh
mifLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gSA
Direct fluorination of alkane is not possible
due to high reactivity of fluorine radical.
vYdsu dk ¶yksjhdj.k lh/kk laHko ugha gS ftldk
dkj.k ¶yksjhu dh mPp fØ;k'khyrk gSA
It has free radical mechanism.
;g Lora= ewyd dk esdsfuTe gksrk gSA
The order of reactivity of Halogen in
halogenation
gSykstu dh fØ;k'khyrk dk Øe fuEufyf[kr gksrk gS
I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2.
Allylic and benzylic compounds are more
reactive than saturated hydrocarbons in
free radical mechanism.
,yk;fyd rFkk csatk;fyd ;kSfxdksa dh fØ;k'khyrk
lar`Ir gkbMªksdkcZu dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA

Groove’s Process
Reaction of alcohol with halogen acids in
presence of anhydrous zinc chloride forms
alkyl halide.
vYdksgy dh izfrfØ;k gkbMªkstu DyksjkbM ds lkFk
'kq"d ftad DyksjkbM dh mifLFkfr esa djus ij
vYdkby DyksjkbM dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
Anhydrous
R – OH + HCl R - Cl + H2O
ZnCl2

Points
Mixture of conc. HCl, anhydrous ZnCl2 is

called Lucas reagent.
lkUnz gkbMªksDyksfjd vEy rFkk 'kq"d ftad DyksjkbM
ds feJ.k dks yqdkWl vfHkdeZd dgrs gSaA
The order of reactivity of hydrogen halide
is HI > HBr > HCl > HF (due to bond
dissociation enthalpy order)
gkbMªkstu gSykbM dk fØ;k'khyrk dk Øe
fuEufyf[kr gksrk gS HI > HBr > HCl > HF
Brorodine Hunsdiecker Reaction
Reaction of silver salt of acid with Bromine in

presence of CCl4 forms alkyl bromide.
vEy ds flYoj yo.k dh izfrfØ;k czksehu ds lkFk
dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM dh mifLFkfr esa djus ij vYdkby
czksekbM dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
CCl4
RCOOAg + Br2 R – Br + AgBr + CO2

Halide Exchange Reaction (Finkelstein Reaction)
Reaction of alkyl halide with sodium iodide in

presence of acetone forms alkyl iodide.
vYdkby gSykbM dh izfrfØ;k lksfM;e vk;ksMkbM ds
lkFk ,lhVksu dh mifLFkfr esa djus ij vYdkby
vk;ksMkbM dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
Acetone
R – X + NaI reflux R - I + NaX

Points
It has SN2 mechanism.
bl izfrfØ;k dk esdsfuTe SN2 gksrk gSA

It is helpful for synthesis of alkyl iodide.
blds }kjk vYdkby vk;ksMkbM dh izkfIr vklkuh

ls gksrh gSA

Swart’s Reaction
Reaction of alkyl chloride, alkyl bromide with

mercurous fluoride, cobalt fluoride ,silver
fluoride forms alkyl fluoride.
vYdkby DyksjkbM] vYdkby czksekbM dh izfrfØ;k
ejD;qjl ¶yksjkbM] flYoj ¶yksjkbM] dksckYV ¶yksjkbM
ds lkFk djus ij vYdkby ¶yksjkbM dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
2R – Cl + Hg2F2  2R – F + Hg2Cl2
R – Br + AgF  R – F + AgBr

2. Reaction of alkene with hydrogen
bromide forms alkyl bromide, [C > 3 –
Alkene follows Markonikov's Rule]
vYdhu dh izfrfØ;k gkbMªkstu czksekbM ls djus
ij vYdkby czksekbM dh izkfIr gksrh gSA ¼C > 3,
Markonikov's Rule ds fu;e dk mi;ksx gksrk
gSA½
R – CH = CH2 + HBr  R – CH – CH3
I
Br

Points
It follows electrophilic addition reaction
mechanism.
;g izfrfØ;k bysDVªkWu Lusgh izfrfØ;k dks n'kkZrk gSA
There is formation of carbocation after H+
addition.
fdlh vYdhu esa H+ vk;u ds la;ksx }kjk
dkcksZdsVk;u dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

The stability of carbocation is
3o > 2o > 1o > CH3+
dkcksZdsVk;u dh LFkk;hRo dk Øe fuEufyf[kr gS
3o > 2o > 1o > CH3+
There is 1,2- hydride shift or 1,2 – methyl
shift for greater stability of carbocation.
dkcksZdsVk;u dh LFkk;hRo 1,2 – gkbMªkbM ;k 1,2 –
feFkkby ds LFkkukarj.k ds dkj.k vf/kd gksrh gSA

Chlorinating Agent : PCl5, PCl3, SOCl2, SO2Cl2
Reaction of Alkyl alcohol with Chlorinating

agent forms alkyl chloride.
vYdksgy dh izfrfØ;k DyksjhusfVax vfHkdeZd ls djus
ij vYdkby DyksjkbM dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
Chlorinating
R – OH R - Cl
agent

Brominating Agent : PBr5, PBr3, Red P + Br2
Reaction of Alkyl alcohol with Brominating

agent forms alkyl bromide.
vYdksgy dh izfrfØ;k czksfeusfVx vfHkdeZd ls djus ij
vYdkby czksekbM dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
Brominating
R – OH R - Br
agent

Iodinating Agent : PI5, PI3, Red P + I2
Reaction of Alkyl alcohol with Iodinating

agent forms alkyl iodide.
vYdksgy dh izfrfØ;k vk;ksfMusfVax vfHkdeZd ls djus
ij vYdkby vk;ksMk;M dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
Iodinating
R – OH R-I
agent

Bromoalkane, Iodoalkane
Reaction of alcohol with potassium bromide

in presence of Conc. sulphuric acid forms
alkyl bromide.
vYdksgy dh izfrfØ;k iksVkf'k;e czksekbM ls lkUnz
lYk¶;qfjd vEy dh mifLFkfr esa djus ij vYdkby
czksekbM dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – OH + KBr + H2SO4  R – Br + KHSO4
+ H2O
R – OH + KI + H3PO4  R – I + KH2PO4 + H2O

SANKALP EDUCATION
CLASS - 12
Organic Chemistry

Lecture – 2 Completed
SANKALP EDUCATION
CLASS - 12
Organic Chemistry

Lecture - 3
Physical Properties of Alkyl Halide
vYdkby gSykbM dk HkkSfrd xq.k
Physical State ¼HkkSfrd voLFkk½
Pure alkyl halide is colourless.
'kq) vYdkby gSykbM jaxhu gksrk gSA
RBr, RI developes colour on exposing to
light.
vYdkby czkeksbM rFkk vYdkby vk;ksMkbM izdk'k
dh mifLFkfr esa jaxhu gks tkrs gSaA
RX or ArX are less inflammable than
hydrocarbon.
vYdkby gSykbM rFkk ,jkby gSykbM de
Toyu'khy gksrs gSaA
The inflammability decreases with increase
in number of – X
gSykbM dh la[;k c<+us ij Toyu'khyrk esa deh
vkrh gSA
Use as solvent for oils and fats.
bldk mi;ksx rsy rFkk pchZ dks ?kqykus esa gksrk gSA

Compound Bond Length
CH3 - F 139 Pm
CH3 - Cl 178 Pm
CH3 - Br 193 Pm
CH3 - I 214 Pm
Which of the following compound has maximum bond length
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ;kSfxd dk ca/ku yackbZ egÙke gksrh gS \

A. CH3F B. CH3Cl
C. CH3Br D. CH3I

Compound Bond enthalpies
CH3 - F 452
CH3 - Cl 351
CH3 - Br 293
CH3 - I 234
Which of the compound has maximum bond dissociation enthalpy
fdl ;kSfxd dh ca/ku fo[kaMu bYFkSyih egÙke gksrh gS \

A. CH3F B. CH3Cl
C. CH3Br D. CH3I

Compound Dipole moment
CH3 - F 1.847
CH3 - Cl 1.860
CH3 - Br 1.830
CH3 - I 1.636
Which of the compound has maximum value of dipole moment
fdl ;kSfxd dh f}/kzqo vk?kw.kZ dk eku egÙke gksrh gS \

A. CH3F B. CH3Cl
C. CH3Br D. CH3I

The order of stability is
R – F > R – Cl > R – Br > R – I
vYdkby gSykbM dk Øe
R – F > R – Cl > R – Br > R – I
Which of the compound has maximum Stability
fdl ;kSfxd dh LFkk;hRo egÙke gksrh gS \
A. R - F B. R - Cl
C. R - Br D. R - I

The order of the bond strength
C – F > C – Cl > C – Br > C - I
vYdkby gSykbM dh ca/ku 'kfDr dk Øe
C – F > C – Cl > C – Br > C - I
Which of the compound has maximum bond

strength
fdl ;kSfxd dh ca/ku LFkk;hRo egÙke gksrh gS \
A. R - F B. R - Cl
C. R - Br D. R - I

Solubility
RX slightly soluble in water and completely

soluble in organic solvent.
ty esa de ?kqyu'khy rFkk dkcZfud ;kSfxd esa T;knk
?kqyu'khy gksrk gSA
Alkyl halide has solubility in which solvent ?
vYdkbZy gSykbM dh ?kqyu”khyrk fdl ?kksyd esa vf/kd gksrh

gS \
A. Water B. Organic solvent
C. Both D. None
Reason of Solubility of Alkyl halide
vYdkbZy gSykbM dh ?kqyu”khyrk dk dkj.k
The energy required to overcome attractive
force. (Dipole – dipole or Vanderwaal’s force
of attraction) between alkyl halide and to
break H – bond in water is more than the
energy released between new attraction of
alkyl halide and water.
vYdkby gSykbM esa f}/kzqo ds chp vkd"kZ.k cy rFkk
ty ds gkbMªkstu ca/ku ds chp vkd"kZ.k cy dk eku
vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k ÅtkZ eqDr gksrh gSA
Density ¼?kuRo½
The density of alkyl halide increases with
increase in number of carbon atoms.
vYdkby gSykbM ds ?kuRo esa o`f) gksrh gS tc
vYdkby esa dkcZu dh la[;k c<+rh gSA
Which of the following compounds has maximum
density
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ;kSfxd dk /kuRo egÙke gksrh gS \

A. CH3Cl B. C2H5 Cl
C. C3H7 Cl D. C4H9 Cl

Density ¼?kuRo½
The density of alkyl halide increases with
increase in number of halogen atoms.
vYdkby gSykbM ds ?kuRo esa o`f) gksrh gS tc
gSykstu xzqi dh la[;k c<+rh gSA
density

A. C2H5 Cl B. C2H4Cl2
C. C2H3Cl3 D. C2H2Cl4

Density ¼?kuRo½
Decreasing order of density
?kuRo dk ?kVrk Øe
RI > RBr > RCl > RF
density

A. RI B. RCl
C. RBr D. RF

Compound Density
CCl4 1.59
CHCl3 1.49
CH2Cl2 1.33
CH3Cl 1.003

Compound Density
n – C3H7 - I 1.75
n – C3H7 - Br 1.35
n – C3H7 - Cl 0.89
n – C3H7 - F 0.796
Which of the following compounds has maximum density
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ;kSfxd dk ca/ku yackbZ egÙke gksrh gS \

A. n – C3H7 - I B. n – C3H7 - Cl
C. n – C3H7 - F D. n – C3H7 - Br
Melting and Boiling Point ¼nzo.kkad rFkk DFkukad½
RX is a polar compound.
vYdkby gSykbM ,d /kzqoh; ;kSfxd gSA
It has dipole – dipole interactions or
Vanderwaal’s force of attraction.
blesa f}/kzqo & f}/kzqo vkd"kZ.k cy ik;k tkrk gSA
RX has higher b.p. than corresponding
hydrocarbon.
vYdkby gSykbM ds DoFkukad dk eku gkbMªksdkcZu
dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrk gSA
Melting Point and Boiling Point
Lower members - gas
Higher members - liquid

Highest members - solid
Boiling Point – RI > RBr > RCl > RF

Reason – Increase in size of alkyl increases
Vanderwaal’s force of attraction. Hence melting
and boiling point also increase.
vYdkby ds vkdkj esa o`f) gksus ij ok.Mjoky vkd"kZ.k
cy dk eku c<+rk gSA vr% nzo.kkad rFkk DoFkuaakd dk
eku Hkh c<+rk gSA
melting point, boiling point ?
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ;kSfxd dk nzo.kkad] DoFkukad egÙke gksrh gS

A. CH3Cl B. C2H5 Cl
C. C3H7 Cl D. C4H9 Cl

Reason – Increase in size and mass of
halogen atom. Increase in Vanderwaal’s
force of attraction.
vYdkby ds vkdkj rFkk gSykbM ds vkdkj esa o`f)
gksus ij ok.Mjoky vkd"kZ.k cy dk eku c<+rk gSA
vr% nzo.kkad rFkk DoFkuaakd dk eku Hkh c<+rk gSA
RI > RBr > RCl > RF Compound Boiling Point
CCl4 350
CHCl3 334
CH2Cl2 313
CH3Cl 251

Branching of alkyl halides decreases the
surface area, Hence b.p. decreases.
vYdkby gSykbM esa vYdkby dh 'kk[kk ftruh
vf/kd gksrh gS mldk lrgh {ks=kQy mruk gh de
gksrk gSA ok.Mjoky vkd"kZ.k esa deh ds dkj.k mlds
DoFkukad dk eku ?kVrk gSA
C4H9Br Boiling Point
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br 375K
CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3 364K
(CH3)3CBr 346K

Reason
Increase in molecular mass / molecular size.

(Reason – Large molecular mass.)
vkdkj esa o`f) ;k vkf.od nzO;eku esa o`f) gksus ij
DoFkukad dk eku c<+rk gSA
C2F6 > C2H6
194 K 184 K

Physical Properties of Alkyl Halide
vYdkby gSykbM dk HkkSfrd xq.k
Order of boiling point in presence of same
alkyl group (Large the size of halide ion).
vYdkby gSykbM esa gSykbM dk vkdkj ftruk cM+k
gksrk gS mldk DoFkukad mruk gh vf/kd gksrk gSA
R – I > R – Br > R – Cl > R – F

Order of boiling point increases with
increase in size of alkyl.
vYdkby gSykbM esa vYdkby dk vkdkj ftruh
vf/kd gksrh gS mldk DoFkukad mruk gh vf/kd
gksrk gSA
C4H9Cl > C3H7Cl >C2H5Cl > CH3Cl

SANKALP EDUCATION
CLASS - 12
Organic Chemistry

Lecture - 3 completed
SANKALP EDUCATION
CLASS - 12
Organic Chemistry

Lecture - 4
Chemical Properties of Alkyl Halide
vYdkby gSykbM dk jklk;fud xq.k
Order of reactivity of nucleophilic
substitution reaction.
Nucleophilic izfrLFkkiu izfrfØ;k dk ØeA
R – I > R – Br > R – Cl > > R – F

Reason – High value of bond
dissociation enthalpy of fluoro, chloro
compounds.
vYdkby ¶yksjkbM] DyksjkbM dh ca/ku fo[kaMu dh
ÅtkZ vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k mldh izfrfØ;k dh nj
de gksrh gSA

Reaction of alkyl halide with aq. KOH or aq NaOH
or moist Ag2O forms alcohol
Alkyl halide reacts with aqueous potassium
hydroxide or moist silver oxide forms
alcohol.
vYdkby gSykbM dh izfrfØ;k tyh; iksVkf'k;e
gkbMªksDlkbM] ueh;qDr flYoj vkWDlkbM ls djus ij
vYdksgy dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
R – Br + aq. KOH  R – OH + KBr
2.R – Br + moist Ag2O  2.R - OH + 2.AgBr

Reaction of alkyl halide with dry Ag2O forms
ether
Alkyl halide is heated with dry silver oxide
forms ether.
vYdkby gSykbM dks 'kq"d flYoj vkWDlkbM ds lkFk
xeZ djus ij bZFkj dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
2R – X + Ag2O (dry) R – O – R + 2Agx
2C2H5Br + Ag2O (dry) C2H5 - O - C2H5 + 2AgBr

Reaction of alkyl halide with alc. KCN forms
Alkyl cyanide
Alkyl halide reacts with alcoholic potassium
cyanide form alkyl cyanide.
vYdkby gSykbM dh izfrfØ;k vYdksgfyd iksVkf'k;e
lk;ukbM ls djus ij vYdkby lk;ukbM dh izkfIr
gksrh gSA
R – X + KCN (alc.) R – CN + KX
C2H5Br + KCN C2H5 – CN + KBr

Reaction of alkyl halide with AgCN form alkyl
iso – cyanide
Alkyl halide reacts with alcoholic silver

cyanide form alkyl Ioscyanide.
vYdkby gSykbM dh izfrfØ;k flYoj lk;ukbM ls
djus ij vYdkby vk;lkslk;ukbM dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – X + AgCN R – NC + AgX
C2H5Br + AgCN C2H5 – NC + AgBr

Reaction of alkyl halide with KNO2 forms alkyl
nitrite
Alkyl halide reacts with potassium nitrite
forms alkyl nitrite
vYdkby gSykbM dh izfrfØ;k iksVkf'k;e ukbVªkbV ls
djus ij vYdkby ukbVªkbV dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – X + KNO2 R – O – N = O + KX
C2H5Br + KNO2 C2H5 – O – N = O + KBr

Reaction with AgNO2 (Silver Nitrite)
Alkyl halide reacts with silver nitrite forms
nitroalkane.
vYdkby gSykbM dh izfrfØ;k flYoj ukbVªkbV ls
djus ij ukbVªksvYdsu dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – X + AgNO2 R–N + AgX
C2H5Br + AgNO2 C2H5 – N + AgBr

Reaction of alkyl halide with Magnesium
Alkyl bromide reacts with magnesium in
presence of dry ether forms Grignard reagent.
vYdkby czksekbM dh izfrfØ;k eSXuhf'k;e ds lkFk 'kq"d
bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa djus ij fxzxukMZ vfHkdeZd dh
izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – Br + Mg Dry ether R – MgBr
C2H5Br + Mg Dry ether C2H5 – MgBr

Reaction of alkyl halide with Sodium in
Presence of dry ether (Wurtz Reaction)
Haloalkanes react with sodium in presence of
dry ether forms alkane (double carbon)
vYdkby czksekbM dh izfrfØ;k lksfM;e ds lkFk 'kq"d
bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa djus ij vYdsu ¼nks xq.kk dkcZu½
dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – Br + 2Na Dry ether R – R + 2NaX
C2H5Br + 2Na Dry ether C4H10 + 2NaBr

Reaction of alkyl halide with Zinc
(Frankland Reaction)
Haloalkane reacts with zinc forms double

carbon alkane
gSyksvYdsu dh izfrfØ;k ftad ds lkFk djus ij vYdsu
¼nks xq.kk dkcZu½ dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
2R – X + Zn R – R + ZnX2
2CH3Br + Zn C2H6 + ZnBr2

Reaction with salt of Acid
Haloalkane on heating with silver salt of acid
forms ester.
gSyksvYdsu dks vEy ds flYoj yo.k ds lkFk izfrfØ;k
djus ij bLVj dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
O O
II II
R – C – OAg + X – R1  R – C – O – R1 + AgX
O O
II II
CH3 – C – OAg + Br – C2H5  CH3 – C – O – C2H5

Reaction with alc NH3 (Hoffmann Ammonolysis)
Haloalkane reacts with alcoholic ammonia at

high temperature form alkyl amine.
gSyksvYdsu dh izfrfØ;k vYdksgfyd veksfu;k ls mPp
rki ij djus ij vYdkby ,ekbu dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – X + NH3 R – NH2 + HX
C2H5Br + NH3 C2H5 NH2 + HBr

Reaction with Sodium Alkoxide (Williamson’s Systhesis)
Sodium alkoxide reacts with alkyl bromide
forms ether.
lksfM;e vYdkWDlkbM dh izfrfØ;k vYdkby czksekbM ls
djus ij bZFkj dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – Br + Na+ O– – R1  R – O – R1 + NaBr
C2H5Br + Na+OC2H5  C2H5 - O - C2H5 + NaBr

Reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Sulphide
Haloalkane heated with sodium hydrogen
sulphide form alkyl thiol.
gSyksvYdsu dks lksfM;e gkbMªkstu lYQkbM ds lkFk xeZ
djus ij vYdkby Fkk;ksy dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – X + NaSH R – SH + NaX
C2H5 – Br + NaSH C2H5 – SH + NaBr

Reaction with Sodium Alkylide
Alkyl halide reacts with sodium alkylide or
disodium alkylide forms higher alkyne.
vYdkby gSykbM dh izfrfØ;k lksfM;e vYdhbykbM
;k Mk;lksfM;e vYdhbykbM ls djus ij mPp
vYdkbu dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – X + Na+ C  C – R1  R – C  C – R1 + NaX
2R – X + Na+C  C–Na+  R – C  C – R + 2NaX

Reaction with Sodium Mercaptide
Haloalkane reacts with sodium mercaptide

(Sulphide) forms thioether
gSyksvYdsu dh izfrfØ;k lksfM;e ejdsiVkbM ls djus
ij Fkk;ksbZFkj dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R . X + Na+ SR'  R – S – R' + NaX
C2H5Br + Na+S – C2H5  C2H5 -S- C2H5 + NaBr

Elimination Reaction ¼foyksiu dh izfrfØ;k½
Haloalkane containing – hydrogen on
boiling with alcoholic potassium hydroxide
gives alkene.
gSyksvYdsu dh izfrfØ;k vYdksgfyd iksVkf'k;e
gkbMªksDlkbM ls djus ij vYdsu dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
H H
I I
H – C – C – H + alc. KOH
I I CH2 = CH2 +
H H KBr + H2O

Reduction of Haloalkane with Ni/H2, Pt/H2, Pd/H2 or Zn -
Cu couple, C2H5OH or Red P + HI or Sn + HCl forms
alkane.
gSyksvYdsu dk vodj.k Ni/H2, Pt/H2, Pd/H2 or Zn - Cu
couple ls djus ij vYdsu dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
R – Br + Zn - Cu couple, C2H5OH  RH + HBr
C2H5Br + Zn - cu couple, C2H5OH  C2H6 + HBr

SANKALP EDUCATION
CLASS - 12
Organic Chemistry
Unit : 10 A – Haloalkane
Lecture – 4 Completed

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SANKALP EDUCATION

Unit : 10 A - Halo alkane

Secondary Prefix = Halo

Common name = Alkyl Halide

IUPAC Name = Haloalkane

CH2 = CH - Cl Vinyl Chloride Chloroethene

CH2 = CH – CH2 - Cl Allyl Chloride 3 – chloroprop – 1 - ene

CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloromethane

What is the common name of CH2 = CHCl

CH2 = CHCl dk dkWeu uke D;k gksrk gS \

C. Vinyl chloride D. Allyl chloride

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

CH2 = CH – CH2 - Cl dk dkWeu uke D;k gksrk gS \

C. Vinyl chloride D. Allyl chloride

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

CH3 – CHCl2 Ethylidene Chloride 1,1 - dichloroethane

CH2 Cl – CH2 - Cl Ethylene dichloride 1,2 - dichloroethane

CHCl3 Chloroform Trichloromethane

What is the common name of CH3 - CHCl2

CH3 - CHCl2 dk dkWeu uke D;k gksrk gS \

C. Ethylene dichloride D. Dichloroethane

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Hybridisation of carbon in haloalkane = sp3

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Hybridisation of carbon in haloarenes = sp2

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Chloroamphenicol - Typhoid fever

Thyroxine – Iodine containing hormones - Goiter

Chloroquine – Treatment of malaria

Halothane – Anaesthetic use in surgery

Certain fluorinated compound – blood substitute

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

gSyksvYdsy rFkk gSyks,jhu dk oxhZsdj.k

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

izlaLd`r dkcZu rFkk gSykstu ds ca/ku ds vk/kkj ij

Primary (1o) alkyl halide izkFkfed vYdkby gSykbM

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Aryl halides ¼,sjkby gSykbM½

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Vic – dihalides ¼fod~ Mk;gSykbM½

C–C Ethylene dihalide

C4H9Br – Structural isomers = 4

C5H11Br – Structural isomers = 8

Q- Total number of 1o, 2o ,3o - carbon atoms

lHkh leko;;h esa mifLFkr 1o, 2o ,3o ds dkcZu ijek.kqvksa

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Molecular formula = C4H9Cl

Molecular formula = C5H11Br

v.kq lw= = C5H11Br

Molecular formula = C4H8Cl2

v.kq lw= = C4H8Cl2

Molecular formula = C4H9X

v.kq lw= = C4H9X

Unit : 10 A - Halo alkane

Unit : 10 A - Halo alkane

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Class – XII Topic : Haloalkane

Mixture of conc. HCl, anhydrous ZnCl2 is