RAMACHANDRAA PUBLIC SCHOOL

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT(2023-24)
ON
3D-HOLOGRAM
SUBMITTED BY:
SRIHARI.V
XII-A
12132
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all i would like to show my gratitude
towards those who have assisted me
through the process of completing the
project. Without their guidance and
encouragement it would have been difficult
to submit the project on time.
I am extremely thankful and pay my sincere
gratitude to my teacher Mr. Ravi Kumar
I extend my sincere gratitude to our
principal Mrs. Priya Sridharan for the moral
support extended during tenure of this
project.
I would also like to thank my parents and
friends for their beneficial suggestions
given to me in the completion of the project
AIM
To study the phenomena of 3d- hologram
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the future of visual technology! In this
project ,we delve into the mesmerizing world of
holograms. Holography once a staple of science fiction, has
now become a reality, captivating our imagination and
pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in the realm of
visual displays.in the following pages we’ll explore the
principles ,technologies and applications of 3d holograms,
taking you on a journey through the fascinating world of
three dimensional light projections. Get ready to be awed
and inspired as we unravel the magic behind 3d
holography.A hologram is a three-dimensional image of an
object that we can almost grasp. Holography is a technique
that enable wavefront to be recorded and later
reconstructed. It is best known as a method of generating
real three-dimensional images, but also has a wide range
of other applications. In principle, it is possible to make a
hologram for any type of wave.Holography is a technique
for recording and reconstructing light fields. A light field is
generally the result of a light source scattered off objects.
Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar
to sound recording, whereby a sound field created by
vibrating matter like musical instruments or vocal cords,
is encoded in such a way that it can be reproduced later,
without the presence of the original vibrating
matter. However, it is even more similar to
ambisonic sound recording in which any listening angle of
a sound field can be reproduced in the reproduction.
Principle
A hologram is made by superimposing a second wavefront
(normally called the reference beam) on the wavefront of
interest, generating an interference pattern which is
recorded on a physical medium. When only the second
wavefront illuminates the interference pattern, it
is diffracted to recreate the original wavefront. Holograms
can also be computer-generated by modelling the two
wavefronts and combining them digitally. The resulting
digital image is then printed onto a suitable mask or film
and illuminated by a suitable source to reconstruct the
wavefront of interest.
Theory
A wavefront is an imaginary surface representing corresponding
points of a wave that vibrate in unison. For a better understanding
of the process, it is necessary to understand interference and
diffraction. Interference occurs when one or more wavefronts are
superimposed. Diffraction occurs when a wavefront encounters
an object. The process of producing a holographic reconstruction
is explained below purely in terms of interference and diffraction.
Plane wavefronts
A simple hologram can be made by superimposing two plane
waves from the same light source on a holographic recording
medium. The two waves interfere, giving a straight-line fringe
pattern whose intensity varies sinusoidally across the medium.
The spacing of the fringe pattern is determined by the angle
between the two waves, and by the wavelength of the light ..
Point sources
If the recording medium is illuminated with a point source and a
normally incident plane wave, the resulting pattern is a sinusoidal
zone plate, which acts as a negative Fresnel lens whose focal
length is equal to the separation of the point source and the
recording plane.
When a plane wave-front illuminates a negative lens, it is
expanded into a wave that appears to diverge from the focal point
of the lens. Thus, when the recorded pattern is illuminated with
the original plane wave, some of the light is diffracted into a
diverging beam equivalent to the original spherical wave; a
holographic recording of the point source has been created.
Complex objects
To record a hologram of a complex object, a laser beam is first
split into two beams of light. One beam illuminates the object,
which then scatters light onto the recording medium. According
to diffraction theory, each point in the object acts as a point
source of light so the recording medium can be considered to be
illuminated by a set of point sources located at varying distances
from the medium.
The second (reference) beam illuminates the recording medium
directly. Each point source wave interferes with the reference
beam, giving rise to its own sinusoidal zone plate in the recording
medium. The resulting pattern is the sum of all these 'zone plates',
which combine to produce a random (speckle) pattern as in the
photograph above.
Applications
Early on, artists saw the potential of holography as a medium and
gained access to science laboratories to create their work.
Holographic art is often the result of collaborations between
scientists and artists, although some holographers would regard
themselves as both an artist and a scientist.
Sensors or biosensors
The hologram is made with a modified material that interacts
with certain molecules generating a change in the fringe
periodicity or refractive index, therefore, the color of the
holographic reflection
Security
Holograms are commonly used for security, as they
are replicated from a master hologram that requires expensive,
specialized and technologically advanced equipment, and are thus
difficult to forge. Holographic scanners are in use in post offices,
larger shipping firms, and automated conveyor systems to
determine the three-dimensional size of a package. They are often
used in tandem with checkweighers to allow automated pre-
packing of given volumes, such as a truck or pallet for bulk
shipment of goods.
Data storage
Holographic data storage is a technique that can store
information at high density inside crystals or photopolymers. The
ability to store large amounts of information in some kind of
medium is of great importance, as many electronic products
incorporate storage devices. As current storage techniques such
as Blu-ray Disc reach the limit of possible data density
holographic storage has the potential to become the next
generation of popular storage media. The advantage of this type
of data storage is that the volume of the recording media is used
instead of just the surface.
Materials required
1) Transparent plastic bag
2) Cardboard
3) Black cloth
4) Adhesive
Procedure
1) Take the plastic bag and cut it (14 cm x 14 cm)
2) cut the cardboard as given below

3)take another cardboard and cut it as given below

5)take another cardboard of size given below and

6) Cover it with the black cloth and keep it over the model.

Result
When you keep your mobile on top you will be able to see
the content of your mobile in 3d in the plastic transparent
sheet.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1)WWW.WIKIPIDEA.COM
2) Hariharan P, 1996, Optical Holography,
Cambridge University Press
3) Hariharan P, 2002, Basics of Holography,
Cambridge University Press
4) Lipson A., Lipson SG, Lipson H, Optical Physics,
2011, Cambridge University Press