Practice Problems

PSG INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES, COIMBATORE - 641 004
3rd Sem. BE - COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

19IZ301 - LINEAR ALGEBRA
Practice Problems
System of linear equations - Direct methods
(1) Solve the linear system x + y = 4; 3x + 3y = 6.

(2) Solve the linear system 4x − 2y = 1; 16x − 8y = 4.
(3) Solve the linear system x − y + 2z = 5; 2x − 2y + 4z = 10; 3x − 3y + 6z = 15.
(4) Deduce the solution of a linear system in the unknowns x, y, z, w from the augmented matrix
given below  
 1 0 0 0 3 
 
 0 1 0 0 −1 
 
 .
 0 0 1 0 0 
 
 
0 0 0 1 5
(5) Reduce the matrix

 
0 0 −2 0 7 12
 
 
 2 4 −10 6 12 28 
 
2 4 −5 6 −5 −1
in row echelon form and reduced row echelon form.
(6) Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the homogeneous linear system
x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 + 2x5 = 0
2x1 + 6x2 − 5x3 − 2x4 + 4x5 − 3x6 = 0
5x3 + 10x4 + 15x6 = 0
2x1 + 6x2 + 8x4 + 4x5 + 18x6 = 0.
(7) Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the non-homogeneous linear system
x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 + 2x5 = 0
2x1 + 6x2 − 5x3 − 2x4 + 4x5 − 3x6 = −1
5x3 + 10x4 + 15x6 = 5
2x1 + 6x2 + 8x4 + 4x5 + 18x6 = 6.
(8) Solve the system of equations x + y + 2z = 9; 2x + 4y − 3z = 1; 3x + 6y − 5z = 0 by employing

elementary row operations through augmented matrix.
1
2
Vector spaces
(1) Prove that Rn is a vector space under usual operations.

(2) Prove that set of 2 × 2 matrices with real entries is a vector space under usual operations.
(3) Prove that V = R2 under the operations u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ) and ku = (ku1 , 0), where
u = (u1 , u2 ), v = (v1 , v2 ) and k is any real number is not a vector space.
(4) Let V be the set of positive real numbers and define the operations on V to be u + v = uv and
ku = uk . Verify whether V forms a vector space under the above operations.
(5) List out the subspaces of R2 and R2 .
(6) Show that the vector w = (9, 2, 7) is a linear combination of the vectors u = (1, 2, −1) and
(6, 4, 2).
(7) Show that the vector w = (4, −1, 8) is not a linear combination of the vectors u = (1, 2, −1) and
(6, 4, 2).
(8) Determine whether the vectors v1 = (1, 1, 2), v2 = (1, 0, 1) and v3 = (2, 1, 3) span the space R3 .
(9) Determine whether the vectors v1 = (1, −2, 3), v2 = (5, 6, −1) and v3 = (3, 2, 1) are linearly
independent or linearly dependent in R3 .
(10) Use the Wronskian to show that the functions f = 1, g = xx and h = e2x are linearly indepen-
dent.
(11) Use the Wronskian to show that the functions f = x, g = sin x are linearly independent.
(12) Write the standard basis of 2 × 2 matrices with real entries and hence find its dimension.
(13) Find a basis and the dimension of the solution space of the homogeneous system
2x1 + 2x2 − x3 + x5 = 0
−x1 − x2 + 2x3 − 3x4 + x5 = 0
x1 + x2 − 2x3 − x5 = 0
x3 + x4 + x5 = 0.
(14) Find a basis and the dimension of the solution space of the homogeneous system
x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 + 2x5 = 0
2x1 + 6x2 − 5x3 − 2x4 + 4x5 − 3x6 = 0
5x3 + 10x4 + 15x6 = 0
2x1 + 6x2 + 8x4 + 4x5 + 18x6 = 0.

3
System of linear equations - iterative methods
(1) Solve the system of equations 4x1 + x2 + x3 = 2, x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = −6, x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = −4
using the Jacobi iteration method. Use the initial approximations as (i) xi = 0, i = 1, 2, 3, (ii)
x1 = 0.5, x2 = −0.5, x3 = −0.5. Perform five iterations in each case.
(2) State the sufficient conditions for the existence of solution for system of linear equations using
Gauss-Jacobi method.
(3) Solve the system of equations 26x1 +2x2 +2x3 = 12.6, 3x1 +27x2 +x3 = −14.3, 2x1 +3x2 +17x3 =
6.0 using the Jacobi iteration method. Obtain the result correct to three decimal places.
(4) What is the disadvantage of the Gauss-Jacobi method?
(5) Distinguish between Gauss-Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel method.
(6) Find the solution of the system of equations 45x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 58, −3x1 + 22x2 + 2x3 = 47,
5x1 + x2 + 20x3 = 67 correct to three decimal places, using the Gauss-Seidel iteration method.
(7) Computationally show that Gauss-Seidel method applied to the system of equations 3x1 − 6x2 +
2x3 = 23, −4x1 + x2 − x3 = −8, x1 − 3x2 + 7x3 = 17 diverges. Take the initial approximations
as x1 = 0.9, x2 = −3.1, x3 = 0.9. Interchange the first and second equations and solve the
resulting system by the Gauss-Seidel method. Again take the initial approximations as x1 = 0.9,
x2 = −3.1, x3 = 0.9, and obtain the result correct
 totwo decimal places.
1 2
(8) Determine the dominant eigen value of A =   by power method.
3 4
(9) Determine the numerically largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the following
 
25 1 2
 
 
matrix, using the power method.  1 3 0 .
 
2 0 4
Nonlinear equations
(1) Locate the intervals which contain the positive real roots of the equation x3 −3x+1 = 0. Obtain
these roots correct to three decimal places, using the method of false position.
(2) Find the root correct to two decimal places of the equation xex = cos x, using the method of
false position.
(3) Perform four iterations of the Newton’s method to find the smallest positive root of the equation
f (x) = x3 − 5x + 1 = 0.
(4) Derive the Newton’s method for finding 1/N , where N > 0. Hence, find 1/17, using the initial
approximation as (i) 0.05, (ii) 0.15. Do the iterations converge?
(5) State the advantages of Newton’s method over method of false position.
4
Interpolation and curve fitting
(1) Using the data sin(0.1) = 0.09983 and sin (0.2) = 0.19867, find an approximate value of sin
(0.15) by Lagrange interpolation.
(2) Use Lagrange’s formula, to find the quadratic polynomial that takes the values
x 0 1 3
y 0 1 0
(3) Given that f(0) = 1, f(1) = 3, f(3) = 55, find the unique polynomial of degree 2 or less, which
fits the given data
x -1 1 4 7
(4) Construct the Lagrange interpolation polynomial for the data
y -2 0 63 342
x -1 0 2 3
(5) Obtain the divided difference table for the data
f(x) -8 3 1 12
(6) Find f(x) as a polynomial in x for the following data by Newton’s divided difference formula
x -4 1 0 2 5
f(x) 1245 33 5 9 1335
(7) Find f(x) as a polynomial in x for the following data by Newton’s divided difference formula
x -2 -1 0 1 3 4
Hence, interpolate at x = 0.5 and x = 3.1.
f(x) 9 16 17 18 44 81
x -1 0 1 2
(8) Construct the forward and backward difference table for the data
f(x) -8 3 1 12
(9) For the following data, calculate the differences and obtain the Newton’s forward and backward
difference interpolation polynomials. Are these polynomials different? Interpolate at x = 0.25
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
and x = 0.35.
f(x) 1.40 1.56 1.76 2.0 2.28
Differentiation and integration
x 1 2 3 4
(1) Find dy/dx at x = 1 from the following table of values
f(x) 1 8 27 64
x 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0

(2) Find f ′ (3) for the following data:
f(x) -14 -10.032 -5.296 -0.256 6.672 14
∫2 1
(3) Find the approximate value of I = 1 1+x dx, using the trapezium rule with 2, 4 and 8 equal
subintervals. Using the exact solution, find the absolute errors.
∫1 1
(4) Evaluate I = 0 1+x dx with 4 and 8 subintervals using the trapezium rule. Compare with the
exact solution and find the absolute errors in the solutions.
∫2 1
(5) Find the approximate value of I = 1 1+x dx, using the Simpson’s 1/3rd rule with 2, 4 and 8
equal subintervals. Using the exact solution, find the absolute errors.
5
∫1 1
(6) Evaluate I = 0 1+x dx with 4 and 8 subintervals using the Simpson’s 1/3rd rule. Compare with
the exact solution and find the absolute errors in the solutions.
∫2 1
(7) Find the approximate value of I = 1 1+x dx, using the Simpson’s 3/8th rule with 2, 4 and 8
equal subintervals. Using the exact solution, find the absolute errors.
Ordinary differential equations

′′
(1) Reduce the following second order initial value problem 2y − 5y ′ + 6y = 3x, y(0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 2
into systems of first order equations.
(2) Solve the initial value problem yy ′ = x, y(0) = 1, using the Euler method in 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8, with
h = 0.2 and h = 0.1. Compare the results with the exact solution at x = 0.8.
(3) Consider the initial value problem y ′ = x(y +1), y(0) = 1. Compute y(0.2) with h = 0.1 using (i)
Euler method (ii) Taylor series method of order two, and (iii) fourth order Taylor series method.
(4) Solve the following initial value problem using the modified Euler method with h = 0.1 for
x ∈ [0, 0.3]. y ′ = y + x, y(0) = 1. Compare with the exact solution y(x) = 2ex − x − 1.
⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆ ⋆⋆

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PSG INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES, COIMBATORE - 641 004

3rd Sem. BE - COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

System of linear equations - Direct methods

(1) Solve the linear system x + y = 4; 3x + 3y = 6.

(5) Reduce the matrix

x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 + 2x5 = 0

2x1 + 6x2 − 5x3 − 2x4 + 4x5 − 3x6 = 0

5x3 + 10x4 + 15x6 = 0

2x1 + 6x2 + 8x4 + 4x5 + 18x6 = 0.

(7) Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the non-homogeneous linear system

x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 + 2x5 = 0

2x1 + 6x2 − 5x3 − 2x4 + 4x5 − 3x6 = −1

5x3 + 10x4 + 15x6 = 5

2x1 + 6x2 + 8x4 + 4x5 + 18x6 = 6.

(8) Solve the system of equations x + y + 2z = 9; 2x + 4y − 3z = 1; 3x + 6y − 5z = 0 by employing

(1) Prove that Rn is a vector space under usual operations.

−x1 − x2 + 2x3 − 3x4 + x5 = 0

x1 + 3x2 − 2x3 + 2x5 = 0

2x1 + 6x2 − 5x3 − 2x4 + 4x5 − 3x6 = 0

5x3 + 10x4 + 15x6 = 0

2x1 + 6x2 + 8x4 + 4x5 + 18x6 = 0.

System of linear equations - iterative methods

Interpolation and curve fitting

Differentiation and integration

x 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0

Ordinary differential equations

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