ARCHITECTURAL(C0NSTRUCTION)

WORKING DRAWING
COTM 2082
Objectives: -
At the end of this learning the
student/trainees must be able to:
 Read and interpret building drawing
 Develop building drawing by your own
 TYPES OF DRAWING
Drawings classified as
1.Building drawings
2.Artistic drawing
3.Machine drawings etc

BUILDING DRAWINGS
Building drawings generally defined as drawings prepared
to show the general and detail design, construction system
construction material of the building etc,
 Building drawings further divided in to two
1.Presentation drawings :-drawings prepared
to show the general appearance of the building
after the completion of the construction.
Shape of the building
Form of the building
Aesthetics of the building
Size and other aspects of the building.
2.Construction working drawing:-are drawings prepared to
show the construction system, construction material and
other information's like
Size of building parts
Construction materials
Descriptions etc

Drawing from which a design is constructed often

called working drawings because it describes and
gives the dimensions of the details building parts
being presented.
FUNCTION PROVIDED BY BUILDING (WORKING) DRAWING DURING
THE REALIZATION OF THE PROJECT.
 Communicate technical information throughout
the building team.
 To show how the design is to materialize.
 Convey in formations for people concerned in
erecting the building.
 Give information to specification writer.
 For instructing the contractors and others
members of the building team.
 Means of obtaining official approval.
 Helps in the analysis of cost factor.
 Establish use of materials.
 Provides details for tendering.
 Indicate contractual commitment.
 Indicate degree of supervision
 Demonstrate construction detailing.
 Assist in the measurement of progress.
 Forms parts of documentation in site meetings.
 Establish type and amount of labor required.
 Basic for ordering materials and components.
 Generally presentation drawings presented to
client, while working drawings presented to
contractors
 General aspects relating to building
drawing
Working drawing drawings should be:
 Clearly representative
 Easily under stood
 Comprehensive
 Free from necessary notes(repetitive details)
 Accurately drawn (proper also in line work)
 Drawn with appropriate symbols and proper
convention
 Dimensional well
 Drawn by referring building code
 Proper in graphical representation
 Proper titled (information panel)
 Logically and rarely arranged to give a
balanced layout on the short paper
 Drawn in appropriate scale
 Construction(working) drawings classified as

Architectural drawings(AR)
Structural drawings(ST)
Sanitary drawings(SN)
electrical drawings(EL)
BUILDING PARTS
Parts of buildings are divided in to different
categories with different criteria's
1.Depending on their position
A. Super structure:-are parts of the building
which found above ground level
e.g. Roof,door,window etc
B.sub structure:-parts of the building which
is found below ground level
e.g. foundation colon, footing pad etc
2.Depending on their function
A. Structural፡-pats of a building which
perform the task bear and support
e.g. footing, colon , beam etc
B. Non structural:- pats of a building which
doesn't perform the task bear and support
e.g. Door , window, skirting etc
Architectural Presentation Drawing (cont…)
Architectural Presentation Drawing (cont…)
Architectural Presentation Drawing (cont…)
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING PACKAGES
1.PLAN DRAWINGS
Floor plan
Site plan
Reflected ceiling plan
Roof plan
2.ELEVATION DRAWIMNGS
Front elevation
Rear elevation
Left side elevation
Right side elevation
3.SECTIONAL DRAWINGS
A.STRUCTURAL SECTION
1.Longitudinal section
2.Cross section
B.WALL SECTION
C.DETAIL SECTION
4.DETAIL DRAWINGS
 Stair detail
 Roof detail etc
5.SCHEDULES
 Door and window
 finishing
Floor
 Floors are horizontally aligned parts of a
building.
 Types of floors depending on their
location on the building
1.Basement floors
2.Ground floors
3.Upeer floors
 Floors can constructed from the
following materials
Floor constructing materials
 Brick
 Stone
 Concrete
 Granolithic
 Tiled
 Wooden
 Terrazzo
 Pvc
 Mosaic
 Marble
 Asphalt
 Rubble
 Cork
 Glass
 linoleum
Purposes of floors
 Supporting
 Transferring loads
Requirement of floor
 Initial coast
 Appearance
 Durability
 Fire resistance
 Resistance to water or chemicals
 Sound and thermal insulation etc
Steps to be followed to develop floor plan drawing
1.Construct grid lines
2.Construct wall
3.Mark openings (door, window ,hole etc)
4.Add all necessary drawing and building
elements
 Symbols
 Descriptions
 dimensioning
 Hatches etc
 Steps to be followed to develop elevation
drawing
1.Project vertical lines
2.Construct horizontal line
3.Construct roof
4.Add all necessary drawing and building
elements
 Symbols
 Descriptions
 dimensioning
 Hatches etc
wall
 A wall is one of the most important part of a building
which used for enveloping the building and also
dividing spaces for different purposes.
 Types of walls
Wall types categorized depending on
1.Their location
2.Their function
Depending on their location
Wall in sub structure
1.Founadtion wall
2.Basement wall
 Wall in super structure
1.External wall
2.Internal wall
Depending on their function
1.Load bearing wall
2.Non load bearing wall
Function of walls
1.Foundation walls
 Transmitting loads
2.Basment walls
 Support vertical loads
 Resist lateral loads
 Protect the building from dampness
3.External walls
 Support floors and roofs
 Protection from sun,wind,rain ,noise etc
4.Internal walls
 Separate rooms
 Insulating purpose(heat and sound)
REQUIREMENT OF WALLS
 Resistance to dampness
 Thermal insulation
 Sound insulation
 Fire resistance
 Durability
 Stability
 Provide privacy ,security and protection from
wheather
Materials for wall construction
 Brick
 Stone
 Concrete
 Wood
 Chika
 HCB
 Timber
 Light weight building boards
 Check list for building section
 Grid /modular section lines
 Existing and new finished ground floor levels
 Dimensions
A. External
i/ changes of direction, openings etc
ii/ over all of a building
B.Internal
i/ door and window openings, stair cases,
ducts built in furniture, guard rails etc
ii/ room height /floor to floor
- Floor to ceiling
- Floor to top of a wall
- Floor to top of beam, column etc
4. Foundation construction in section
A. Description and dimensions including
compositions, size an stepping details
B. Foundation walls - material
- Thickness
- Back filling
-DPC
- Holes for drainage etc
C. Fill and hard core materials, thickness and
layering.
5. Floor in section
A. Thickness, composition, hard core,
reinforced slab screed, floor finish
B.Intermediate floor construction / type,
material, dimensions, fixing, ceiling etc /
6. Wall construction
 Exterior / interior wall-type, materials,
dimensions, fixing finishes.
 Door and door frames, window and window
frames
 Dimensions and description (referenced to
schedule)
Steps to be followed to develop sectional
drawing
1.Project vertical lines
2.Construct horizontal line
3.Construct roof
4.Add all necessary drawing and building
elements
 Symbols
 Descriptions
 dimensioning
 Hatches etc
ROOF
 A roof is a super structure part of building
which is installed in the most upper part of a
building, act as covering of a building from
external whether exposure such as rain, sun,
wind etc
ROOF TYPES
depending on their slopes roofs classified as
1.Flat roofs:-roofs have small
slope.Recommendeded in hot regions.
2.Piched roofs:-roofs have some angle of
inclination. Recommended in areas have high
amount of rain and snow.
Sloping roof can be one of the following
1.Shed roof
2.Gable roof
3.Hip roof
4.Butterfly roof
5.Pyramid roof
6.Gambrel roof
7.Mansared roof etc
Roof covering materials
1.Piched roofs
 Thatch
 2.galvnized corrugated iron
 Corrugated asbestos cement sheet
 Fiber cement profiled sheet
 Aluminum sheeting
2.Flat roofs
 RCC flat roofs
 Asphalt
 Lead covered flat roofs
 Copper covered
 Stone, wood and mud
3.Dome and shell roofs
 Stone
 Brick
 concrete
Curved roofs/dome and shell
- Curved roofs, also called shell roofs ,are generated from different curve types.
- Large span roof is possible by curved roofs because the shape enables the roof to resist both horizontal
and vertical forces .
- Advanced skill and construction system is required to construct these roofs.

Vault/barrel Dome Hyperbolic paraboloid roofs

101
Purpose: - explains the overall configuration
of the roof and the elements that penetrate
or rest on the roofing membrane
Steps to be followed to develop roof plan
drawing
1.Trace the most outer line from the most
upper floor plan
2.Construct roof configuration
3.Insert down pipe and gutters etc
4.Add all necessary drawing and building
elements
 Symbols
 Descriptions
 dimensioning
 Hatches
 SITE PLAN
 Site plan is the top view of building which
shows the location of the house on the site
together with information on terraces, walks,
driveways, contours, elevations and utilities
 Checklist for site plan
 Property lines-lengths each side, direction
 Adjoining building, streets, sidewalk parking,
curbs parkways.
 Existing structures and proposed structure.
 All utilities lines (sewer, electric, telephone).
 Contours, existing, new: contour elevations.
 Dimension
 Property lines
 Side yards, pears, front yard
 Street center line
 Length of walks and walls
 Dimensions of building to property line
 Fences, structural retaining walls, area ways
and pools
 North arrow
 Drainage lines
 All existing paving weather to remain or to
remove, new paving, parking lots, steps,
platforms, signs, play fields, foundations, etc
 Tree, shrubs, if exist
 Legend showing all symbols and materials
and materials used on the site.
Architectural Presentation Drawing (cont…)
Steps to be followed to develop site plan
drawing
1.Draw the boundary of site
2.Install existing and proposed structures
3.Add all necessary drawing and building
elements
 Symbols
 Descriptions
 dimensioning
 Hatches