JOBLESS GROWTH IN INDIA: A MYTH OR REALITY

Apurva, Economics Honors

Shri Ram College of Commerce, Delhi University

ABSTRACT

India has recently surpassed China to become the most populous country in the world. According to UNFPA projections,
it also has the youngest population as compared to any other nation with every 1 in 5 young people being Indian which
provides the nation with a unique “demographic advantage”. With the right policy measures and initiatives, it might
transform India into the biggest economy in the world. However, a failure to do so might turn this demographic advantage
into a demographic disaster. On the growth front, the recent RBI bulletin stated that India has been ranked 5th largest in
the world in terms of GDP. India's economy boasts of diversity and swift growth, fuelled by key sectors such as
information technology, services, agriculture, and manufacturing. While all these reports paint a rather fair picture of the
economy in the media, the issue of ‘jobless growth’ continues to concern economists and the general public.

Keywords: Jobless growth, GDP rate, unemployment rate, growth sectors

INTRODUCTION

According to the UN Population Statistics database, India is set to add another 183 million people to the working age
group (aged 15-64 years) between 2020 and 2050. To be precise, a huge 22 percent of the growing global workforce will
come from India over the next 30 years. This data poses a very real and serious question, “Is India capable of generating
enough employment to maximize the potential of the rising jubilant workforce, or will the youth continue to suffer
through the shackles of poverty and unemployment?”

Jobless growth is when a macroeconomy experiences growth while its employment level stays constant or declines
gradually. Soon after Independence, the five-year plans initiated for the growth of the entire economy eventually adopted
a biased approach that uprooted a lot of people from agriculture and failed to provide them with enough opportunities in
the manufacturing or service sector primarily due to lack of education and skill development. Although the economy
started doing better during the early 2000s, as can be inferred from the NSSO data and MoSPI reports stating that the
unemployment rate in India continued to hover around 2 percent under usual status (ps+ss) and fell under CDS, the
problem of unemployment was far from over.

This paper investigates the reality of “jobless growth” in India in recent years, especially after the worldwide pandemic,
and whether or not the economy is generating enough employment to sustain the youth of tomorrow.

POST-COVID GROWTH RATE

India witnessed a V-shaped growth trajectory as the economy started reviving from the effects of COVID-19. While the
pandemic scarred our psyche and tested our patience, our economy stood the test of time with utmost resilience and
perseverance. The authorities responsible for the welfare of the country were able to formulate such measures that
allowed the economy to get back on its feet in little to no time.

The monetary policies formulated by the RBI during this time period specifically focussed on increasing the flow of
liquidity in the economy. A report published by the PRS Legislative Research stated that the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
was reduced by the central bank which resulted in liquidity support of Rs 1,37,000 crore. Credit was encouraged by
lowering the repo rate to restore financial stability among the masses. The government’s focus on self-reliance, structural
reforms, and ease of doing business also played a pivotal role in driving this rebound. Initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat
and PLI schemes aimed at making India self-reliant and reducing the number of imports thereby contributing fairly to the
growth in GDP post-Covid.

Put together, these steps proved to play a monumental part in the overall recovery of the economy. The graph below
shows the growth trend in India from 2019-20 to 2022-23:
 GROWTH RATE
30

21.6
20
13.1
10 9.1
6.2 6.1
growth rate

5.1 4.3 5.2 4 4.5

3.3 2.9 3.4
1.6
0
2019- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4) 2020- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4) 2021- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4) 2022- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4)
20 21 22 23
-10 (Q1) (Q1) -5.7 (Q1) (Q1)

-20

-23.4
-30
time period
Source: AnnualReport2022-23 by Mospi

Looking at the trend line shown above, we can summarise that the economy slid into recession during the financial year
of 2020 and took about 12 to 18 months to step out of the downward spiral and regain stability.

However, this bird’s eye view of the economy fails to highlight the complex reality.

COVID-19 AND UNEMPLOYMENT

With the pandemic outbreak, the country went through a nationwide lockdown. Industries and businesses were shut down
abruptly leaving lakhs of daily wage workers unemployed. A lot of people employed in big cities and urban areas fled
back to their hometowns grappling with the fear of impending doom and disaster. Self-employed people and business
owners had no choice but to lay off their staff as they could not afford to pay them while they earned absolutely nothing.
Unemployment spread across all sectors and affected the entire workforce of our nation including the skilled as well as
non-skilled workers. It rose to as high as 20.9% in the first quarter of FY2021, as shown in the graph below. Chaos and
disruption took over as the general public went erratic trying to get hold of the situation while trying to ensure their and
their family’s safety. The trend line drawn below shows the rise in the unemployment rate during the pandemic:

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
25
20.9
20
unemployment rate

15 13.3 12.7
10.3 9.8
10 8.9 9.1 9.4 8.8
8.4 7.9 8.2 7.6 7.2 7.2 6.8
5

0
2019- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4) 2020- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4) 2021- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4) 2022- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4)
20 (Q1) 21 (Q1) 22 (Q1) 23 (Q1)
time period

Sourc
e: AnnualReport2022-23 by Mospi
As the economy started recovering from the repercussions of the pandemic, people believed that the employment
situation of the country would improve too as growth is often considered synonymous with employment generation.
However, this wasn’t entirely true.

To understand things better, let us look at the trend lines together:

30

20

10
rate of growth

0
2019- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4) 2020- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4) 2021- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4) 2022- (Q2) (Q3) (Q4)
20 (Q1) 21 (Q1) 22 (Q1) 23 (Q1)

-10

-20

-30
time period

Source: AnnualReport2022-23 by Mospi

Intuitively, we believe that the unemployment rate must fall as the GDP rate rises. The graph shown above indicates that
with the revival of the economy in the subsequent quarters of 2020-21, the labour market showed a swift recovery. The
UR gradually declined during this period to reach 9.3% in the last quarter of 2020-21 (January-March, 2021). Further, UR
declined to 8.2% in the last quarter of 2021-22 (January-March, 2022). Although the employment situation started
improving, the employment generation in India failed to catch up with respect to growth and has been lagging behind.

This led to the situation of ‘jobless growth’ that calls for immediate attention. If neglected, it may spiral into something
more destructive and damaging.

REASONS FOR UNEMPLOYMENT

Before diving into the cause of unemployment in India, let us look at some of the data sourced from the Annual Report
published by the MoSPI. The graph below shows the share of GDP held by the three major sectors in our economy.
Now let us look at the graph of employment contribution.

These two graphs are enough to show the irony that leads to unemployment in India. The agriculture sector employs
almost 45% of the population while contributing just 16% percent to the GDP, and the service sector contributes the most
to the GDP but employs less than 30%. The labor-intensive sectors of India have failed to emerge as the engines of
growth. Labor, being the most abundant resource in India, thereby remains underutilized.

Another critical factor that contributes to the rise of unemployment is the slow progress in worker education and skill
levels.
The development of human capital has not received the kind of resource allocation and policy attention it deserves. As a
result, the labor force remains devoid of basic skills and education. The government needs to invest more in human
capital if we aim to increase employability. Investment in this sector will not only increase the chances of people finding
better jobs but will also inspire them to come up with ideas to drive the nation forward on a path of progress.

SHOULD GROWTH BE PRIORITISED

The entire debate about jobless growth poses another question: “Should exponential growth be discouraged because it
fails to lower the unemployment rate by the same proportion and rather focus on measures that directly increase
employment opportunities?” The answer is quite simple. No.

India needs growth, in all sectors, throughout the economy. The economy will never be successful in sustaining
employment generation unless it has huge growth prospects. Therefore, economic growth should remain at the center of
all future policy decisions and endeavours. GDP has to be the driver of employment generation. We need heavy growth to
suck people into the labor market and give them a sustainable life.

The pie graph shown below depicts the data published by the Press Information Bureau of India (PIB) in 2022.
2.8 Financial
Service 4.2 Transport

22.0 Education 5.3 Trade

10.4 Health

SECTORAL
GDP 11.0
CONTRIBUTION Information
Technology

2.6
Hospitality
39.4 Manufactur-
ing 2.0 Construction
It stated that manufacturing, construction, trade, transport, education, health, accommodation & and restaurants, IT/
BPOs, and financial services are the top nine sectors that account for about 85% of the total employment in our country.
The Manufacturing Sector is the largest employer accounting for around 39% of the estimated total number of workers
followed by the Education Sector at 22%. These sectors have future prospects of expansion and hence the opportunity to
generate more and more jobs for the people of this country. Therefore, growth needs to be encouraged, especially in these
sectors so that it drives employment in the long run.

CONCLUSION

There is no doubt in the fact that the state of unemployment in India is alarming and needs immediate attention. However,
it also has the potential that is required to drag the population out of the state of crisis. Looking back at the combined
trend line graph, one can notice that the rate of unemployment has continued to remain constant following a downward
trend which provides us with some amount of hope and relief. As stated in a recent article published in The Hindu, PLFS
2022-23 revealed a strengthening of the labor market, with unemployment rates falling and labor force participation
rates (LFPRs) rising. Rural women’s LFPRs rose from 19.7% in 2018-19 to 41.5% in 2022-23.

While it is too soon to tell whether these gains indicate the beginning of a sustained recovery, the fact that every cohort
saw an increase in real earnings marks a distinct break from earlier periods. With the right policy measures and
initiatives, the state of employment in India can very well be taken care of.
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337094158_Jobless_Growth_in_India_The_Way_Forward

This paper investigated the employment sector's dismal growth even after the economy's liberalization and privatization.
A large number of workers in the manufacturing industry lost their jobs due to technological advancements, courtesy of
globalization; these losses failed to be compensated by the growing service sector because it required them to have special
skills and as it is evident, none of them had that. Negligible focus on the improvement of human capital in the wake of
this transitioning period was one major reason for the failing employment sector in India. NSSO reported the highest rate
of joblessness in the country during 2017-18 at 6.1% of the total labor force. Another concern besides the rising
unemployment is the quality of employment in terms of remuneration which is abysmally low in India. Two-thirds of
those employed (including self-employed) earn far below the per capita income.

The problem of jobs lies in the interplay of two surpluses –excess capital and excess labor (Jagannathan, 2018). Excess
capital is generally invested in labour-saving technologies and automation which addresses the issue of high wages in
developed countries and archaic labour laws in developing countries. Apart from automation and robotization, a
formidable reason behind jobless growth is the reluctance of corporate houses to employ people due to rigid labor laws in
India.

2. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24915753

This paper investigates the relationship between output growth and employment growth in India for the period 1978–2010 at the
aggregate and sectoral levels. It examines some explanations for why these Kaldor–Verdoorn effects have become pronounced
over time and is not convinced that wage pressure has been one of the reasons. A shift in the composition of demand towards
higher-productivity sectors, however, does appear to be an important part of the explanation. We also find mixed evidence that
forces of international competition have generated pressures to adopt more capital-intensive techniques of production.

3. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3719969

This paper tries to breach and discover the depths of the Indian job market and possibly assemble the reasons behind the
accusation of insufficient development regarding the formerly mentioned. If a developing country such as India is facing
such charges despite the excessive labor force that it has to offer then there is some substantial influence such as pressure
from the OECD's growth demands, growing capital intensity or even lack of credit for small firms. As per in-depth
research, comparing jobless growth in advanced capitalist countries with India's present condition provides further clarity
into this matter.

SOURCES

https://www.businesstoday.in/union-budget/opinion/story/from-skilling-to-modern-labour-force-heres-how-budget-2023-
can-unlock-talent-in-india-368383-2023-02-01

https://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/featured/special-editorial/look-forward/india-s-demographic-dividend-the-
key-to-unlocking-its-global-ambitions

https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Statistical_year_book_india_chapters/ch32.pdf

https://www.livemint.com/news/india/42-of-graduates-under-25-remain-unemployed-post-covid-job-creation-slows-
report-11695227721500.html

https://cse.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/state-of-working-india/

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1820803

https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/careers/story/retail-infrastructure-healthcare-sectors-to-hire-more-in-india-25821-
2011-11-25

https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/have-earnings-grown-post-pandemic/article67450614.ece
 Syllabi
1. English (Writing Skills):

The paper on English shall be framed in a manner to assess the writing skills including expression and
understanding of the topic.

2. Economic and social Issues:

Growth and Development – Measurement of growth: National Income and per capita income – Poverty
Alleviation and Employment Generation in India – Sustainable Development and Environmental issues.
Economic Reforms in India – Industrial and Labour Policy – Monetary and Fiscal Policy – Privatization – Role of
Economic Planning. Globalization – Opening up of the Indian Economy – Balance of Payments, Export-Import
Policy – International Economic Institutions – IMF and World Bank – WTO – Regional Economic Co-operation.
Social Structure in India – Multiculturalism – Demographic Trends – Urbanization and Migration – Gender
Issues – Social Justice : Positive Discrimination in favor of the under privileged – Social Movements – Indian
Political System – Human Development – Social Sectors in India, Health and Education.

Suggested reference material:

Books:
1. Indian Economy: Uma Kapila.(Series of Books)

2. Indian Economy: Mishra Puri. (Latest Edition)

3. Growth And Development: Devraj Ray

4. Sociology: C.N. Shankar Rao

News Papers:
1. Economic Times

2. Hindu

3. Business Standard

Weekly/Monthly Magazines/Bulletins /Reports:

1. Economic and Political Weekly

2. Southern Economist

3. Yojana

4. Business India

5. RBI Bulletins

Reports:
1. World Development Report

2. Economic Survey of India

3. Finance and Management:

(A)Finance
(a) Financial System
1. Regulators of Banks and Financial Institutions
2. Reserve Bank of India- functions and conduct of monetary policy, Banking System in India, Financial
Institutions – SIDBI, EXIM, NABARD, NHB, etc.

(b) Financial Markets

Primary and Secondary Markets (Forex, Money, Bond, Equity, etc.), functions, instruments, recent
developments.
(c) General Topics
1 Risk Management in Banking Sector
2. Basics of Derivatives: Forward, Futures and Swap
3. Changing Landscape of Banking sector
4. Recent Developments in the Financial Sector, Portfolio Investment, Public Sector Reforms,
Disinvestments
5. Financial Inclusion- use of technology
6. Alternate source of finance, private and social cost-benefit, Public-Private Partnership
7. Corporate Governance in Banking Sector, role of e-governance in addressing the issues of corruption
and inefficiency in the government sector.
8. The Union Budget – Direct and Indirect taxes; Non-tax sources of Revenue, GST, Thirteenth Finance
Commission and GST, Finance Commission, Fiscal Policy, Fiscal Responsibility and Budget
Management Act (FRBM),
9. Inflation: Definition, trends, estimates, consequences, and remedies (control): WPI, CPI - components
and trends.

Suggested reference material:

a. An introduction to Economics – A W Stonier and D C Hauge

b. Monetary Theory and Public Policy – Kenneth Kurihara

c. Indian Economy – Mishra and Puri

d. Indian Economy – R. Dutt and KPM Sundaram

e. Economic Growth and Development – Mayer and Baldwin

f. Major economic newspapers and Economic and Political Weekly

g. Public Finance – K K Andley and Sundaram

h. Financial Management – Prasanna Chandra

 (B)Management:

Management: its nature and scope; The Management Processes; Planning, Organisation, Staffing, Directing and
Controlling; The Role of a Manager in an Organisation. Leadership: The Tasks of a Leader; Leadership Styles;
Leadership Theories; A successful Leader versus an effective Leader. Human Resource Development: Concept of
HRD; Goals of HRD; Performance Appraisal – Potential appraisal and development – Feedback and Performance
Counselling – Career Planning – Training and Development – Rewards – Employee Welfare. Motivation, Morale
and Incentives: Theories of Motivation; How Managers Motivate; Concept of Morale; Factors determining
morale; Role of Incentives in Building up Morale. Communication: Steps in the Communication Process;
Communication Channels; Oral versus Written Communication; Verbal versus non-verbal Communication;
upward, downward and lateral communication; Barriers to Communication, Role of Information Technology.
Corporate Governance: Factors affecting Corporate Governance; Mechanisms of Corporate Governance.
The questions on this section will be basic in nature.
4. Economics

(a) Microeconomics

1. Consumers behaviour and firms; value of resources like land, labour and capital
2. Markets-monopoly, perfect and imperfect competition
3. General Equilibrium of price and activity, economic welfare and case for regulatory / policy interventions

(b) Macroeconomics

1. Measuring national income and its components; basic macro identities and idea of macro-balance; Goods
and Financial Market Equilibrium (IS-LM Framework)
2. Major macro-economic school of thoughts; Classical, Keynesian and Monetarist
3. Consumption and Investment demand; demand management policies and their effectiveness
4. Money demand and supply; monetary and fiscal policies

(c) International Economics

1. Benefit of International trade; comparative and absolute advantage; effect of International trade on
resources allocation and factor price equalisation; non-conventional trade barriers, optimum currency
areas and effect of customs union
2. International finance and exchange rates issues in an open economy, benefits and costs of an inter-
connected financial markets; evolution of international financial architecture

(d) Public Economics

1. Public Goods, instruments of financing, government tax and non-tax revenue

2. Direct and Indirect taxes, efficiency costs of commodity taxes, income taxation, labour supply and savings,
corporate taxation and corporate behaviour
3. Government expenditure policy-various components, deficit financing and its impact on the economy,
government debt and crowding out of private capital
(e) India’s Economy and Development Issues

1. India’s experimentations with planned development models and the outcomes, structural issues-savings
and investment, demography, urbanization, productivity, etc., issues with poverty, inequality and
employment
2. Agriculture- policy and developments, manufacturing competitiveness; what is holding India back, role of
public sector enterprises in the key economic sectors, India’s resilient service sector; trade, tourism,
communication, ITES, etc.
3. Financial sector regulation and reforms-banking, insurance and capital market, fiscal policy and the
changing priorities of government, emergence of monetary policy and its new role
Suggested reference material:

a. Microeconomics, Student Value Edition (8th edition) by Robert Pindyck, Daniel Rubinfeld

b. Intermediate Microeconomics : A modern Approach (8th edition) by Hal R. Varian

c. Macroeconomics (2011) by Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fisher, Richard Starz

d. Macroeconomics by N. Gregory Mankiw, (Seventh Edition),

e. International Economics (2013) by Domimick Salvatore

f. International Economics (2011) by Paul Krugman and Maurics Obstfeld

g. International Finance and Open Economy Macroeconomics (1993) by Francisco L. Rivera- Batiz, Luis A. Rivera-
Batiz

h. Public Finance in Theory and Practice (1989) by Richard Abel Musgrave and Peggy B. Musgrave

i. The Concise Oxford Companion to Economics in India, Edited by Kaushik Basu & Annemie Maertens

j. Indian Economy since Independence (2014) edited by Uma Kapila

k. Indian Economy : Performance and Policies (2015) edited by Uma Kapila

l. India Development Report (2015) edited by S. Mahendra Dev

5. Statistics:

(1) Probability: Random variables, Theorems of probability, Conditional probability, Independent events, Bayes'
theorem and its application, expectation, moments, distribution functions, Binomial, Poisson, Geometric,
Exponential, Negative binomial, Hyper geometric, Cauchy, Laplace, Logistic, Pareto, Log-normal, Beta
and Gamma distributions, Weibull, Uniform, Bivariate normal distribution and truncated distributions,
Markov’s inequality, Chebyshev’s inequality, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Laws of large numbers, Central
limit theorems and applications.
(2) Statistical Methods: Population and sample, Measures of central tendencies Parameter and Statistic,
Correlation and Regression, intra-class correlation, multiple and partial correlations, Spearman's coefficient
of rank correlation, Z, chi-square, t and F statistics and their properties and applications, Large sample
distributions, Variance stabilizing transformations, sin inverse, square root, logarithmic and z
transformation.
(3) Linear Models: General Linear models, BLUE, method of least squares, Gauss-Markoff theorem, estimation
of error variance, Simple and Multiple linear regression models, Important assumptions and treatments in
case of assumption’s violation, Regression diagnostics, Analysis of variance in one, two and three-way
classifications, Analysis of Covariance in one and two-way classifications.
(4) Statistical Inference: Properties of estimators, MVUE, Rao-Blackwell and Lehmann-Scheffe theorems,
Cramer-Rao inequality, methods of estimation, properties of maximum likelihood and other estimators,
confidence intervals. Simple and composite hypotheses, Type I and Type II errors, size and power of a test,
Most Powerful and Uniformly Most Powerful tests, Neyman-Pearson lemma, Likelihood Ratio test and its
properties and applications. SPRT, OC and ASN functions, Tests of goodness of fit. Parametric vs. Non-
parametric Test, Frequently-used non-parametric inferential statistical methods.
(5) Multivariate Analysis: Bivariate and Multivariate normal distribution, marginal and conditional distribution,
Estimation of mean vector and covariance matrix, Asymptotic properties of estimators, Sampling
distribution of and S, Mahalanobis D2 and Hotelling's T2 and its applications. X
(6) Optimisation Techniques and Statistical Quality Control: Linear Programming, Transportation Problem,
Assignment Problem, Basics of Simulation, Quality control, Process Control and Product Control, control
charts, Acceptance Sampling plan, single and double sampling plans (ASN, OC, ATI, LTPD, AOQL).
(7) Sample Surveys and Design of Experiments: Simple and Stratified random sampling, ratio and regression
methods of estimation, Double sampling, Systematic, Cluster, two stage and PPS sampling. Sampling and
 Non-sampling errors. Principles of Design of Experiments, Completely Randomized Design, Randomized
Block Design, Latin Square Design, missing plot technique, 2 2 and 23 factorial designs, Split-Plot Design
and Balanced Incomplete Block Design, Fractional factorial experiments
(8) Applied Economic Statistics: Time Series vs. cross sectional data, Multiplicative and additive models, Auto-
correlation, Partial autocorrelation, Smoothing techniques, Seasonal and cyclical adjustment. Price and
Quantity Index numbers, Types of index numbers and their properties. Chain and Fixed base index
numbers, Cost of Living Index numbers, Wholesale Price Index, Consumer Price Index, Index of Industrial
Production, Gini’s coefficient, Lorenz curves, Application of Pareto and Lognormal as income
distributions.
(9) Vital Statistics: Sources of vital statistics compilation, Errors in census and registration data, Measurement of
population, rate and ratio of vital events, Stationary and Stable population, Life Tables, Measures of
Fertility, Mortality and Reproduction, Crude rates of natural growth, Pearl’s Vital Index.
(10) Numerical Analysis: Principles of floating point computations and rounding errors, Linear Equations
factorization methods, pivoting and scaling, residual error correction method, Iterative methods, Jacobi,
Gauss-Seidel methods, Newton and Newton like methods, unconstrained optimization, Lagrange
interpolation techniques, Cubic Splines, Error estimates, Polynomials and least squares approximation;
Integration by interpolation, adaptive quadratures and Gauss methods.
(11) Basic Computer Applications: Functional organization of computers, algorithms, basic programming
concepts, Program testing and debugging, Subprograms and Subroutines, Sorting/searching methods,
Database Management Systems, Software Engineering, Basic of Networking, Internet Technologies, Web
and HTML, Distributed systems, Programming using C, MINITAB and FORTRAN.

Suggested reference material:

1. Atkinson, K.E. (1989): An Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Wiley.

2. Bhat, B.R. (2007): Modern Probability Theory, New Age International.
3. Cochran, William G. (1977): Sampling Techniques. John Wiley and Sons, New York
4. Das, M.N. and N. C. Giri (1986): Design and Analysis of Experiments. Wiley Eastern Ltd.
5. Draper, N.R. and H. Smith (1998): Applied Regression Analysis, John Wiley & Sons.
6. Goon, A.M., M. K. Gupta and B. Dasgupta (2001): Fundamentals of Statistics. (2 Vols.), World Press, Kolkata.
7. Gibbons, J.D. & S. Chakrabarti (2007): Non parametric Statistical Inference, Chapman and Hall.
8. Gupta, S.C. and V. K. Kapoor (2007): Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, Sultan Chand and Sons.
9. Gupta, S.C. and V. K. Kapoor (2008): Fundamentals of Applied Statistics, Sultan Chand and Sons.
10. Hollander Myles and Douglas A. Wolfe (2006): Non Parametric Statistical method, Wiley.
11. Kshirsagar, A.M. (1983): A Course in Linear Models Marcel Dekker, New York.
12. Montgomery, D. C. (2008): Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley and Sons.
13. Montgomery, D.C., E. A. Peck and G. G. Vining(2006): Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis, John Wiley
and Sons.
14. Murthy, M.N. (1967): Sampling Theory and Methods. Statistical Publishing Society, Kolkata.
15. Rajaraman, V. (2010): Fundamentals of Computers, Prentice-Hall India.
16. Rohatgi, V. K. and A. K. Md. Ehsanes Saleh (2009): An Introduction to Probability and Statistics, John Wiley and
Sons.
17. Saxena, H.C. (2005): Finite Differences and Numerical Analysis, S. Chand and Co.
18. Silberschatz, A., H. F. Korth and S. Sudarshan (1997): Database System Concepts, McGraw-Hill.
19. Sinha, P.K. (2010): Computer Fundamentals, University Science Press.
20. Sukhatme, P.V., B. V. Sukhatme, S. Sukhatme and C. Asok (1984): Sampling Theory of Surveys with Applications,
Iowa State University Press, Iowa, USA.
21. Swaroop, K., P. K. Gupta and M. M. Singh (1985): Operations Research, Sultan Chand and Sons.
22. Taha, H.A. (1982). Operations Research: An Introduction, Macmillan Publishing Company.
PATTERN

(i) Phase-I: Objective Type - 2 hours - 200 marks

(ii) Phase-II: Three Papers - 300 marks

(a) Paper-I – online- English-( writing skills)- 1½ hours - 100 marks

(b) Paper-II – Economic and Social Issues – 1½ hours – 100 marks

(c) Paper-III - Optional Paper (Finance & Management/ Economics/ Statistics) –

1½ hours - 100 marks

(iii) Interview: 50 marks

The interview will continue in its existing format