NARAYANA E TECHNO SCHOOL

#349, Srinidhi Avenue, beside Canara Bank , Nobo Nagar,

Doddakammanahalli Main Road, Bangalore: 560076.

PHYSICS PROJECT
2023-24

HARSHA.V
BY: PREETam N GOwda
TOPIC: ElECTROmaGNETIC INduCTION
 Table of ConTenTs
➢ Certificate
➢ Declaration
➢ Acknowledgement
➢ Aim of project
➢ Introduction
➢ Theory
➢ Apparatus Required
➢ Law
➢ Conclusion
➢ Bibliography
 CeRTIfICaTe

This is hereby to certified that, the original and genuine

investigate project work has been carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and related data collections and
investigate has been completed solely, sincerely and
satisfactory done by Preetam N Reddy
Harsha .v Gowda a student of class
12th under the role number _____ for the academic session
2023-24. Regarding the investigatory project entitled
“Electromagnetic induction”.

For Physics Department under the direct supervision of the

undersigned as per the requirement for the board
examination.

Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner

 DeClaRaTIon
I hereby declare that the project work entitled

“ Electromagnetic Induction ” ,

submitted to Department of Physics,

Narayana E Techno School(BGT) is prepared by

me.
 aCknowleDgemenT

I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and

gratitude to my project guide Mr. Naresh sir for guiding me
immensely through the course of the project. He always
envinced keen intrest in my
project. His constructive advice & constant motivation
have been responsible for the successful completion of his
project.

My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his co-

ordination in extending every possible support for
the completion of this project.

I must thanks to my classmates for their timely help and

support for completion of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those
who had helped directly or indirectly towards the
completion of this project.
 aIm
“To determine the
Faraday’s law of
Electromagnetic
Induction using a
copper wire wound
over an iron rod and
strong magnet”
 InTRoDuCTIon
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that
predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit
to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers , inductors, and many types of
electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday
was the first to publish the results of his experiments.
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept
he called lines of force. These equation for electromagnetic
are extremely important since they provide a means to
precisely describe how many natural physical phenomena in
our universe arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively
describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a
better understanding of our universe, but it also makes
possible a host of technological innovations that define
modern society. Understanding Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial since so many
aspects of our daily life function because of the principles
behind Faraday’s Law. From natural technologies that
improve our quality of life such as electric power generation,
Faraday’s Law has a great impact on many aspects .

Faraday’s law is the circuit of the experiments of the English

chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered
simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph, an
American scientist working in New York, but Faraday is
credited for the law since he published his work first. An
important aspect of the equation that qualifies Faraday’s law
comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist
who made his contribution to Faraday’s law, now known as
Lenz’s law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby

an electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing
magnetic field. Before expanding upon this description, it is
necessary to develop an understanding of the fields, as well
as the related concept of potentials.
Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped
two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or “torus”
(an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer)
to induce current.

Faraday’s First Experiment:-

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday’s law is a
single equation describing two different phenomena :-
The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a
moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer
EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the Maxwell-Faraday equation).
James Clerk Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his
1861 paper on physical lines of force. In this latter half
part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical
explanation for each of the two phenomena. A
reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic
induction is made in some modern textbooks.
 TheoRy
Magnetic flux :-

The magnetic flux (often denoted 𝚽 or 𝚽B ) through a

surface is the component of the B field passing through that
surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in
derived units :- voltsecond), and the CGS unit is the
Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux-
meter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to
calculate the magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux passing
through a surface of vector area S is
𝜱B = B ∙ S = BS cos 𝜽
Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the
magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla),
S is the area of the surface, and 𝛉 is the angle between the
magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the
magnetic flux through an infinitesimal area
element dS, where we may condiser the field to
be constant
d B= B dS

From the definition of the magnetic vector

potential A and the fundamental theorem of the
curl, the magnetic flux may also be defined as :

B= d

Where the line integral is taken over the

boundary of the surface S, which is denoted dS.
 appaRaTus RequIReD

1. Insulated copper wire

2. An iron rod
3. A strong magnet, and
4. A light emitting diode (LED)
 law
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law states :-

“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is

equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.”

This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when the

closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in
other circumstances as discussed below. A different
version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation (discussed below),
is valid in all circumstances.

When the flux changes – because B changes, or because

the wire loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday’s law
of induction says that the wire loop acquires an EMF 𝜀 ,
defined as the energy available per unit charge that travels
once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is the volt).
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by
cutting the wire to create an open circuit and attaching a
voltmeter to the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),
F = q(E + V × B)
The EMF on a wire loop is :-

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka

magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), is an
infinitesimal arc length along the wire, and the line integral
is evaluated along the wire (along the curve the coincident
with the shape of the wire).

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying

magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying,
nonconservative electric fields, and vice-versa. The
Maxwell-Faraday equation is :-

Where is the curl operator and again E(r,t) is the electric

field and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can
generally be functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell’s equation (including the Maxwell-
Faraday equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a
sufficient foundation to derive everything in classical
electromagnetism. Therefore it is possible to “prove”
Faraday’s law starting with these equation. Faraday’s law
could be taken as the starting point and used to “prove” the
Maxwell Faraday equation and/or other laws.
 ConClusIon
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, first
observed and published by Michael Faraday in the
mid-nineteenth century, describes a very
important electromagnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp : it
relates an induced electric potential or voltage to
a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many
farreaching ramifications that touch our lives in
many ways : from the shining of the sun to the
convenience of mobile communications, to
electricity to power our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound Faraday’s
law has on us.
 bIblIogRaphy

❖ https://en.wikipedia.org
❖ https://www.google.co.in
❖ Class 12 Physics Lab Manual
❖ Class 12 NCERT Textbook
❖ https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com