Fundamentals of laws

Chapter 1: THE STATE /Nhà n ước/

ồ ố ả ấ
1.1 - The origin /ngu n g c/ and nature /b n ch t/ of the state

The origin of the state

The state is then taken into consideration only as a legal phenomenon,

as a juristic person, that is a corporation. Its nature is thus in principle
determined by our earlier definition of the corporation

Under Marxist - Leninist Theory

The state is not a permanent and unchangeable factor in our society

The origin of the state was from the first eco-social form (stage)
(primitive communism - non-class divided society); (possession of
ế ữ ệ ế ộ
slaves: chi m h u nô l (Slaver - owning); Feudatory: ch đ phong
ế ủ ư ả ủ
ki n; Capitalism: ch nghĩa t b n; Socialism: ch nghĩa xã h i → ộ
class divided society)

ủ ộ ả
Primitive communism <ch nghĩa c ng s n nguyên th y> ủ
Economic condition

Low development level

Equality: no privilege, self-supply

Social condition

No class division (because of equality in econ conditions)

Not yet has a state

Clan - race - tribe → control the society

There is a power held by all people in society, no exclusive power

For example, in primitive communism, people volunteer to implement social
rules. No one has the right to ask others to do or not to do something.
Human behaviors are adjusted by social rules. These rules are not
compulsory rules → optional rules

Fundamentals of laws 1
 Relation between the change in economy and change in society
Change in economy → change in society. If the economy is permanent
→ society has no change. However, the economy is not permanent.

POSSESSION <economic condition> → CLASS DIVISION → DISPUTES

ể ả ế
CAN NOT BE SETTLED <không th gi i quy t tranh ch p> → THE ấ
APPEARANCE OF THE STATE <social condition>
In primitive communism: low development level → produce goods to serve
their lives
→ when some people have excess assets → class division (the rich - the
poor) → can not settle disputes → the rich decide to set up entities in society
→ to make an order to control the society → the state appears

Why do the rich need to set up the state? → to have power, to control
other people … <special power> → final aim: protect & maintain their
benefit, properties <since they have much more than other> →
revolution to set the dispute

Who set up the state /created the state/? The ruling class /giai c p ấ
ố ị
th ng tr /
→ the rich who make the rule for society
created due to the win of the rich

⇒ The state appears at the end of the primitive communism /non-class

divided society/
The state is created only in the class-divided society
CLASSES

The slave-owning: the slave-owner - slave

ị ủ
Feudatory: landowner /đ a ch / - farmer

Capitalism: capitalist /tư bản/ - worker

Socialism: working-class → ruling class

The working class in Vietnam. The class corporates with the peasantry
and the intelligentsia
Article 2 of The constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 2013
1. The State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a socialist state ruled
by law and of the People, by the People and for the People.
2. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a country where the People are
the masters; all the state power belongs to the People and is based on
the alliance /liên minh/ of the working class, the peasantry, and the

Fundamentals of laws 2
 ỉ ấ
intelligentsia → ruling class <không ch giai c p công nhân mà c giaiả
ấ ầ ớ ứ
c p nông dân và t ng l p trí th c>
3. The state power is unified and delegated to state agencies which
coordinate with and control one another in the exercise of the legislative
executive and judicial powers.”

The nature of the state

2 main nature:
- Class nature: The state is special enforcement machinery to protect the
right to possession of property of the ruling class
/different classes have different gaps in society: the slave-owning >
ấ ỏ ầ ư
Feudatory > Capitalism >Social nature: gap r t nh , g n nh ko có distance/
→ different states have different rules: the position of the ruling class is
important → they decide the regulation of the society
If the ruling class is low → class nature is low
The level of class nature is not the same in all societies.
Vietnamese do not have to pay money for… Covid 19, citizens in some other
states have to pay money
- Social nature:
Take care of people’s standard of living
Build infrastructure system
Build the education and training system
Build healthcare system …..
The state also protects the benefits of the community. For example, during
the covid-19 pandemic, the state protects not only the ruling class but other
classes

1.2 - The characteristics of the state

Diagram

Fundamentals of laws 3
 ể ế ế ế
+ are bodies/organizations/institutions(th ch /thi t ch ) of societies
We have a number of institutions in society that have different groups of
people → each group need a representative body → these bodies are
representative institutions of groups of people
ụ
Ví d :
The state is a representative organization of the ruling class / the rich
ả
The parties /các đ ng phái/ → have the same political idea (democratic
ả ộ ả
parties, communist parties: đ ng c ng s n,…)
Farmer union, communist youth union → mình là member ← includes NEU
students
+ differences between the state and others
The state has close relationships with all the other institutions.
Vietnam has only 1 party: the communist parties → member of the party
often is voted to become a state officer. The party, the leader of the society,
will give us policies and resolutions to help the state control the society.
ả ủ
US has 2 parties: Democratic Party /đ ng dân ch / and the Republican
Party /đảng cộng hòa/
Thành lập một đảng những người yêu mến kinh tế quốc dân được không?
→ không, because of the constitution: If the constitution does not allow
someone to set up a second party in VN → ko thể thành lập

+ The state makes legal basis for the existence of organizations

Constitution: Article 4: we have only one party in VN: communist party
+ These organizations are not bodies of the state → independent

Fundamentals of laws 4
 Characteristics

ề ậ ặ ệ
The state has an exclusive public power /quy n lu t công đ c bi t/
(state power) Page No. 255 Hans Kelsen
→ Có nhà nước → phải thực hiện theo luật pháp (bắt buộc)
→ Subject (chủ thể): ruling class
In primitive communism: public power
Còn ở chế độ cộng sản nguyên thủy, ko ai có quyền bắt người khác phải
làm gì
→ Subject (chủ thể): all people

The state is a representative of sovereignty.

The state enacts legal documents. (Under the will of the ruling
class)
ỉ
Ch có nhà n ước mới có thể tạo ra luật
The ruling class can not enact legal documents since they do not have
any tool or body to convert the will of the ruling class to the system of
legal regulation → need the state which has the resources to enact the
law

The state divides its territory into administrative units so as to

control the people who live in the units.
Note: Page No.181- 192 Hans Kelsen Text books.

Why does the police officer has the right to ask me to turn left or turn
ề ạ
right? → Because he/she has a state power/ jurisdiction /quy n h n/ to
do that

Why does the state have power? Since the state is given power by the
ruling class
Why does the ruling class have power? They have property/money to
ensure the working of the state agency

The power of the state

ọ ế ề ự
Decentralization: h c thuy t phân chia quy n l c

This is one of the elements of the state (territory, people, power)

→ is implemented by the state agency/ state officer who is the authority
having a special power. Activities of the state are conducted by the state
agency & state officer. State power is divided into small parts and state
officer holds one part
For example, in Feudatory, the king has the right to hold all state power,

Fundamentals of laws 5
 state power is not divided into 3 parts as nowadays
Feudatory or Slave-owning: centralization

It is thought possible to distinguish between three different

component powers

ề ậ
The legislative: quy n l p pháp

The executive: quyền hành pháp

The judicial: quyền tư pháp

⇒ Each of them is held by a special or certain state agency

For example, the national assembly/quốc hội/ has the right to make the
law → the government implement the law → The court set a case to
protect the right or duties of someone /judicial activities/

ệ ự
The “power” of the state must be the validity/hi u l c/ and
efficacy/hiệu quả/ of the national legal order /trật tự pháp lý quốc
gia/ if sovereignty/chủ quyền/ is to be considered as a quality of
this power
→ Aristotle described the state as order (legal order)
ả
/Aristotle mô t nhà n ước như một trật tự pháp lý/
The state is a representative of sovereignty. Only the state has
sovereignty

1.3 - The functions of the state

Function → implement the power of the state, are main activities of the state
ụ ả ả
Ví d : gi ng viên + use car to make money → function: gi ng viên (main salaries
to serve her life)

1. Base on the framework of the state activities, the functions of the state
are divided into two kinds:

INTERNAL FUNCTIONS: Economic, Culture, Education…

main activities in the country/ in the state

Fundamentals of laws 6
 EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS: Foreign affairs, security protection

2. Base on the state power, the functions of the state are divided into 3
kinds:

The legislative function: create the law

The executive function: apply the law

The judicial function: protect the law (“are all ultimately aimed at the
execution of a legal sanction” page No. 192 Hans Kelsen)

2 main systems of the state agency - 3 elements/ kinds of state

ơ ộ ậ
1.4 - The organs of the state /các c quan, b ph n nhà n ước/
The concept of the state organ

“Whoever fulfills a function determined by the legal order is an

organ” (Hans
ấ ứ ự ệ ộ ứ
Kelsen, Page No. 192) → b t c ai th c hi n m t ch c năng nào đó
được quy định bởi trật tự pháp lý là cơ quan nhà nước
“Has a specific legal position” → có ví trí pháp lý cụ thể

Stage agency are both individuals and organization

induvidual: president, prime minister,..

Officials (narrower sense)

What are the factors deciding legal position of state agency → most
important: power
Power decide the legal position
ẩ
Jurisdiction of a state agency: th m quy n ề
Example

ẩ
The judge (the judicial): th m phán → the court, the president, the
ủị ố ộ
chairman of the national assembly/ch t ch qu c h i/, the head of a
ố ở
department at the province level(giám đ c s )… → state agency
(individual), have specific jurisdiction

ợ ồ
The contracting parties of a contract: các bên tham gia h p đ ng
→ not state agency

ị ệ
The parliament: ngh vi n (the legislative) → in VN: national
assembly
→ state agency

Fundamentals of laws 7
 The citizen takes part in the election of the parliament by voting
ầ ử ố ộ ằ ể
performs: công dân tham gia b u c qu c h i b ng bi u quy t th c ế ự
ệ
hi n
→ not state agency because they do not have power → do not
have legal position
ớ ự ệ ược function
Có power → m i th c hi n đ

The creation of the state organ

By appointment, election (vote), or lot

- The judge: appointment (decision)
ố
The supreme court /tòa án nhân dân t i cao/ is appointed by the
president
The court at the province is appointed by the judge the supreme court
- The president:
ạ ể
+ elected by deputies /đ i bi u/ of the NA, not by all citizens
(VietNam)
+ voted by the people (USA)
- The chairman of NA: elected by deputies of NA
- The head of a department at the province level: voted by the people
ộ ồ
council /h i đ ng nhân dân/
- NA: voted by citizens who are 18 years old and over

Classification of the state organ:

Based on the functions of the state: the state organs are divided into
three groups:

The legislative organs: NA/parliament

The executive organs: government, The people’s committee at 3

levels: province, district, and commune, bodies of the state
agencies,

The judicial organs: The “People” Court, The “People” Procuracy

ệ ể
(vi n ki m sát)

ứ
1.5 - Forms of government /các hình th c chính th / ể
How to organize the state power considered as the criterion of the
ứ ủ
classification of the forms of government? → Các hình th c c a nhà n ước
ự ổ ứ ề ự
d a trên cách t ch c quy n l c

ề ự ố
The sovereign power /quy n l c t i cao/

Fundamentals of laws 8
 ướ
MONARCHY: nhà n c quân ch (nhà n ủ ước nắm quyền lực)
State power is held by one individual
Feudatory → King/Queen holds all state power

ể ế ủậ ế ạ
Th ch Quân ch l p hi n (Constitutional Monarchy): là lo i hình th ể
chế mà trong nhà nước vẫn tồn tại ngôi Vua, nhưng có Hiến pháp do
Nghị viện ban hành
The king does not the right to do such things since most of state power
belongs to the parliament → United Kingdom: Queen is considered the
symbol of the state and does not hold all state power.
Japan, Thailand

ể ế ủ ệ ố ể ế
Th ch Quân ch tuy t đ i (Absolute Monarchy):là th ch chính tr ị
ở ộ ề ự ộ ề ắ ừ ế
mà đó toàn b quy n l c thu c v nhà Vua (theo nguyên t c th a k )
và quyền lực này được chuyển giao theo nguyên tắc “cha truyền - con
nối”. Trong xã hội đương đại, thể chế này hầu như không còn tồn tại.

Why are the modern states set up by monarchy? Because it only exists
in feudatory or slave-owning

ướ ộ
REPUBLIC: nhà n c c ng hòa
State power is held by several individuals
Socialism → NA is the state agency holding state power

ộ ộ
Aristocracy /C ng hòa quý t c/

Democracy /Cộng hòa dân chủ/: the parliament holds state power

Cộng hòa XHCN (Socialist republic): Việt Nam

In Vietnam, the NA is voted by citizens who are 18 years old and
over → republic democracy

ộ ổ ố
C ng hòa t ng th ng (Presidential system): M ỹ
US → democracy republic, the president is the head of the state,
has the right to control the government, and is voted by the people in
society

ộ ạ ị
C ng hòa đ i ngh (Parliamentary republic)

Cộng hòa hỗn hợp

Territorial division /phân chia lãnh th / ổ

CENTRALIZATION
Viet Nam is divided into provinces → districts → communes. We have only 1

Fundamentals of laws 9
 central gov. Under the central gov, we have local gov. We have only 1
ề
system of state agency: from central gov /chính quy n trung ương/ to local
ề ị ươ
gov /chính quy n đ a ph ng/.

DECENTRALIZATION
The state includes member states

Chapter 2: THE LAW /Pháp lu t/ ậ

2.1 General issues of the law

The origin of the law

Under the Marxist – Leninist theory, the law has the same origin as
the state:
(The law and the state appear at the same time)

Non-class divided societies/ non-state

ộ ả
society: Primitive Communism (C ng s n Class divided societies (CDS)
ủ
nguyên th y)

Clan - race - tribe → do not have any

The state
state have no social form to control

The law Others rules → We must

follow many rules. Our behaviors
are adjusted by a number of rules.
The main rule is the law. Besides
Moral rules Religious rules Others → did ậệ
the law: other rules: by-laws: lu t l
not have any state and law ủ ị ươ ế ủ
(c a) đ a ph ng; quy ch (c a
ộ
m t) ngành VD: rules of
organization (school) Social rules:
Moral rules, Religious rules, and
Others → still exist with the law

⇒ The law appears in class-divided societies.

In a certain period of society, maybe we did not have any law → law
is not a permanent factor of the society → law appears in labor rule
society
→ Our behavior is adjusted by the law and other rules

The law’s punishment is stronger than moral rules, religious rules,

and others
The law appears in our society → protect (the right of the ruling
class)

Fundamentals of laws 10
 People in CDS do not have balance as in PC→ have different
benefits → do not want to follow moral or other rules because it
affects their benefits
→ sometimes, they break the rules

Not everyone wants the law, only the ruling class wants it because
they hold the most benefits in the society
⇒ The ruling class creates the law

The nature of the law

Class nature: To exercise the will /ý chí/ of the ruling class

The position of the ruling class can affect the content of the law
(Relationship between the working class and other classes)

Social nature: To create, and maintain public order, and protect

common benefits…

The concept of the law

“The law is an order of human behavior. An “order” is a system of rules

ậ ậ ự ắ ửự ủ ườ ỗ ậ ự
→ pháp lu t là tr t t hành vi (quy t c x s ) c a con ng i. M i tr t t
ộ ệ ố ắ
là m t h th ng quy t c [Page no.1-2, Hans Kelsen (2007), General
theory of law and state]

“However, besides law, there are other orders of human behavior, such
as morals and religion. A definition of law must specify in what respects
ắ
law differs from these other orders /quy t c/ of human behavior”
Page no.1-2, Hans Kelsen (2007), General theory of law and state

HOW SHOULD YOU BUILD THE DEFINITION OF THE LAW? → pháp

ậ ắ ửự
lu t khác gì quy t c x s khác.
Black Law Dictionary
”A body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority,
and having binding legal force. That which must be obeyed and followed
by citizens subject to sanctions or legal consequence is a law”
ộ ộ ậ ộ ắ ề ử ự ượ
M t b ph n/ m t nhóm các quy t c v hành vi, các x s đ c quy
định bởi cơ quan có thẩm quyển và mang tính chất bắt buộc. Công dân
phải tuân theo các quy tắc bị ràng buộc bởi các trách nhiệm pháp lý,
hậu quả pháp lý

The concept of law: The law is a set of compulsory rules which is

enacted and ensured by the state. The law exercises the will of the ruling
class and adjusts social relationships for the ruling class’s benefit.

Fundamentals of laws 11
 The basic characteristics of the law

Class characteristic

Social characteristic

The law as coercive /b t bu c, cắ ộ ưỡng chế/ orders

Coercive order:
Sanction, Coercive measure → implemented by state organs (since
state organs have state power from the ruling class)
Object: everybody in society

The law is enacted by the state

ỉ ướ ớ ệ ố
Ch có nhà n c m i có h th ng chuyen môn, chuyên gia .. → chuy n ể
ệ ố ấ ắ
hóa h th ng ý chí đ y thành quy t c

→ Từ đặc điểm đưa ra điểm khác nhau giữa pháp luật và other rules

The proposes of the law

Preserve individual rights

Maintain the status quo

Keep the peace

Provide orderly social change

2.2 Regulative mechanism of the law

The central concepts of jurisprudence

Legal norm

ế
the Sanction: Ch tài / trách nhi m pháp lý ệ
ứ ử ạ
administrative sanction: các hình th c x ph t hành chính
criminal sanction = punishment → hình s ự
ạ ậ
The delict: /Vi ph m pháp lu t/ ≠ Hành vi trái pháp lu t ậ
The legal duty /nghĩa v pháp lý/ụ
ề
The legal right /quy n pháp đ nh/ ị
ệ
and so on: liability /trách nhi m pháp lý/: bad consequences of the
delict

ạ
2.2.1 Legal norm /Quy ph m pháp lu t/ ậ
Definition

Fundamentals of laws 12
 According to Hans Kelsen’s Textbook
“Law is made up of legal norms and legal acts determined by
these norms”

Vietnamese textbooks
“Law includes a set of norms”.
Each norm is considered the smallest unit of the law.

ệ
Phân bi t

Legal norm /Quy Legal rule /Quy ề ậ

An article of a statue /1 đi u lu t
ạ ậ
ph m pháp lu t/ ị
đ nh pháp lu t/ậ ủ ả
c a văn b n/

A form of legal norm expressed

• Express the actual
• Too general • by legal documents or articles of
behavior • The cause
Ought to behave statue → some components of
of
the legal norm

In Law → has many

legal norms

Elements of a legal norm

ủ
<Legal norm → có đ 3 elements>

1 - Conditions, facts /gi đ nh/ ả ị

2 - Acts (have the right to do something; not allowed to do
something, forced to
do something) /quy đ nh/ ị
3 - Sanction (bad results if someone did not comply with the acts
under the norm
ế
as provided) /ch tài/

provided by the legal order to bring about certain human

behavior which the legislator considers to be desirable

have the character of coercive acts in the sense developed

above.

Classification

Criminal sanction: punishment involving life, health,

freedom, property

Civil sanction: deprivation of property with the purpose of

providing

Fundamentals of laws 13
 reparation: compensation for illegally caused damage

Administrative sanction: in terms of money, license,

certification
…..

Example

ộ ậ
THE PENAL CODE 2015 OF VIETNAM /B lu t hình s / ự
“Article 173. Theft 1. A person who steals another person's
property which is assessed at from VND 2,000,000 to under
VND 50,000,000 or property assessed at under VND 2,000,000
in any of the following cases /conditions/ shall face a penalty of
up to 03 years' community sentence or 06 - 36 months'
imprisonment /sanction/
a) The offender previously incurred a civil penalty for the
appropriation of property;
b) The offender has a previous conviction for theft or any of the
criminal offenses specified in Articles 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,
174, 175, and 290 hereof which has not been expunged;
c) The offense has a negative impact on social safety, order, and
security;
d) The property stolen is the primary means of livelihood of the
victim and the victim's family; the property taken is a souvenir,
memento, or religious item that has a spiritual value to the
victim.” /conditions/

→ article of a statute: contains some components of the legal

norm

Every citizen who reaches the age of eighteen /conditions/ has

the right to vote /acts/

ườ ố ị
Note: citizen of VN → ng i mang qu c t ch VN
ả ườ ướ
the people → tính c ng i n c ngoài

Expression

ộ ậ ạ
“The different elements of a norm /các b ph n quy ph m pháp
ậ ượ ư
lu t/ may be contained /đ c đ a vào/ in very different products
of the law - marking procedure and they may be linguistically
expressed in very different ways” Hans Kelsen on page no. 45

Fundamentals of laws 14
 ậ
Example: When a legislator /nhà lu t pháp/ forbids theft, he
may, for instance, first define the concept of theft in a
number of sentences that form an article of the statute /mà
ểạ ộ ề ả ả
có th t o thành m t đi u kho n trong văn b n vi ph m pháp ạ
ậ ị
lu t/, and then stipulate /= regulate: quy đ nh, = provide/ the
ế
sanction /ch tài/ in another sentence /câu, quy đ nh khác/ ị
Classification
Based on Legal Resources
+ General norms: common norms provided by some legal documents
(constitution, law) → legal basis for individual norms
E.g. The regulations under the constitution, the law on the organization
of NA, or the organization of the people's court
+ Individual norms: may be provided by decisions or for a certain
situation
E.g. The norm in decisions of the court, Judgement of the court, Other
decisions of the administrative agency

ệ
2.2.2 Legal relationship /quan h pháp lu t/ ậ
ệ ộ
A social relationship /quan h xã h i/ → A legal norm → A legal
relationship

A social relationship: coworkers, distant relatives, and acquaintances

→ moral rules, religious rules, family law (contains a set of the legal
norm)

ợ ồ ố ẹ
A legal norm: (v ch ng, b m - con)
→ the law, moral rules, religious rules

Legal norm (first condition) + Acts/Behaviors/situation happening in fact

ả ị
(second condition: gi đ nh) → arise/stop legal relationship

Legal relationship

3 elements:

Objects <khách
Subjects (legal person)
th >ể Content

- Physical (natural) - Material value - - Rights - Duties by

ể
persons/Individual: Th nhân/ Mental value → là enforcement of the
Cá nhân created by nature - ứ ủ ể ố
th ch th mu n law, or ensured by the
Juristic persons (legal có đc qua legal coercive measure of
relationship the law

Fundamentals of laws 15
 Objects <khách
Subjects (legal person)
ể
th >
Content

persons/ Legal entity): Pháp

nhân created by the law

ợ
Vd: khi có v thì k đc
E.g. company: (is a type of) legal A concludes a
ấ
l y thêm ng khác →
entity/ organization Company
ồ
g m 3 công ty thành viên, m iỗ
contract with B to
buy a phone →
ế ợ
n u ko, ng v có thể
ỏẽ ỉ ị
công ty nh s ch ch u trách material value:
ask the court/ state

ệ ỗ ầ
nhi m m i ph n process the phone
agency to protect her
right

Legal subjects:
ự
+ Competence (legal capacity) /năng l c pháp lý, năng l c ch ự ủ
ể
th /
It means the ability of an individual to perform or omit the act
qualified by legal conditions and legal consequences under a norm
(to enter into a legal relationship)
ả ộ ự ệ ặ ự ệ ộ
→ kh năng (m t ai đó th c hi n ho c không th c hi n m t hành vi)
ượ ị ở ề ệ ậ ả ộ
đ c xác đ nh b i đi u ki n pháp lý và h u qu pháp lý theo m t
quy phạm pháp luật → để tham gia vào một quan hệ pháp luật cụ
thể
+ Legal conditions and legal consequences:
- A certain minimum age, vd criminal ≥ 14
- A certain mental capacity
- Certain qualities

ổ ứ
Legal entity and organization (t ch c) are not the same
Organization (pháp nhân + ko là pháp nhân) > Legal entity (th c th ự ể
ậ
pháp lu t)

ộ ổ ứ ấ ị ủ ươ ượ
Note: Pháp nhân là m t t ch c nh t đ nh c a con ng i, đ c
ậ ủ ộ ướ ị ề ủ ể
pháp lu t c a m t Nhà n c quy đ nh có quy n năng ch th . Tuy
nhiên, không phải bất kỳ một tổ
chức nào cũng được Nhà nước công nhận có tư cách pháp nhân.
Chỉ những tổ chức được thành lập theo trình tự, thủ tục và có đủ
các điều kiện do pháp luật quy định hoặc tồn tại trên thực tế đáp
ứng đầy đủ các điều kiện do pháp luật quy định và được Nhà nưốc
công nhận thì mới có tư cách pháp nhân.

Fundamentals of laws 16
 ụề ổ ầ ữ ổ
Ví d v pháp nhân: Công ty TNHH, Công ty c ph n là nh ng t
ứ ư
ch c có t cách pháp nhân.

Ví dụ về tổ chức được thành lập nhưng không phải là pháp nhân:

Doanh nghiệp tư nhân <do một cá nhân, làm chủ và tự chịu trách
nhiệm bằng toàn bộ tài sản của mình về mọi hoạt động của doanh
nghiệp> vì không đáp ứng đủ hai điều kiện: Tài sản của DNTN
không có tính độc lập với chủ sở hữu; Chủ DNTN phải chịu trách
nhiệm vô hạn về mọi hoạt động của DNTN; DNTN không có tính
độc lập khi tham gia quan hệ tố tụng tại Tòa án và Trọng Tài

2.2.3 The delict /Vi phạm pháp luật/

Khác hành vi trái pháp luật

Illegal, unlawful act, wrongdoing, and violation of law /Hành vi trái pháp
ậ
lu t/

Criteria:

Act, behavior (actions or non-performance of actions)

Contrary to the law (desire of legislator) “No sanction without a legal

norm providing this sanction, no delict without a legal norm
determining that delict” Hans Kelsen)
ỏ ừ ậ
Khi đèn xanh thì đi, đèn đ thì d ng → làm đúng theo lu t → không
ả
ph i contrary to the law

Intention (excepting some special cases such as in terms of

ế ỗ ủ ể
environmental compensation) (mens rea/ti ng la tinh - l i ch th /,
subjective elements) (intention: lỗi cố ý, negligence: lỗi vô ý)
Ví dụ xe cứu thương, xe cứu hỏa vượt đèn đỏ → ko có lỗi

Legal capacity
ụ ướ ổ
Ví d d i 14 tu i → does not have enough legal capacity → is not
ậ ư
considered a criminal delict → là hành vi trái pháp lu t nh ng ch aư
ả ạ ậ
ph i là vi ph m pháp lu t

Fundamentals of laws 17
 2.3 Sources of the law

The concept of the legal sources

The Source of law is a figurative and highly ambiguous expression.

(Hans Kelsen’s Textbook, on page no. 131)

1. Narrow sense: Designate methods of creating law. The source of law is

always law: a superior legal norm in relation to an inferior legal norm or
the method of creating an (inferior) norm determined by a (superior)
ồ ứ ự
norm, and that means a specific content of the law. /ngu n ch a đ ng
các quy định pháp luật/
→ Phương thức xây dựng pháp luật. Nguồn của luật chính là luật: các
quy phạm cao cấp đặt trong mối quan hệ với các quy phạm thứ cấp hay
chứa đựng các cách tạo ra quy phạm thứ cấp được quy định bởi quy
định cao cấp, và chính là nội dung cụ thể của pháp luật.

2. Wider sense: narrow sense and also include non-juristic sense: all
ideas which actually influence the law – creating organs: moral norms,
political principles, legal doctrines, the opinions of juristic experts, and so
ồ ứ ự ố
on. /ngu n ch a đ ng + g c/
ồ ẹ ữ ư ưởng, quan điểm
→ bao g m nghĩa h p và nghĩa phi pháp lý: nh ng t t
thực sự ảnh hưởng tới cơ quan luật pháp: quy phạm đạo đức, các quy
tắc chính trị, các học thuyết pháp lý, các ý kiến, quan điểm của chuyên
gia pháp luật,…

Kinds of the legal sources

ả ạ
1. Legal normative documents /Văn b n quy ph m pháp lu t/ ậ
(Statutory law, statue, act, code, bylaw) /legislation/

ủ ơ ậ
Legislative acts /hành vi c a c quan l p pháp/

Judicial acts /hành vi của cơ quan tư pháp/

Administrative acts /hành vi của cơ quan hành chính/

Legal transactions

ệ
2. Precedent / Case law (án l ) ← judgment/ decision of the
court/administrative agencies
→ considered as a legal basis, rules/regulation of law to set a similar
case which happens later <use the result of the settlement of the case
happening before>
→ Legal resources are from activities of the judicial agencies and

Fundamentals of laws 18
 administrative agencies, not the result of the legislative agency.
Judgment/Decision → considered legal rules. The people who enact
legal rules → the people court, administrative agencies, not the
legislative agency
→ The law is made by court activities, court operations, administrative
operations, not legislative operation

ậ
3. Customary law /T p quán pháp/

Custom ← not in writing (oral - mi ng) ệ

Often used by the old state (feudatory of slave-owning) → modern
state: don’t like customary law → consider it as old sources

VN → 2 legal sources Precedent (since 2017) + Legal normative

documents
(These 2 legal sources: are most popular all over the world)
ư
→ customary law ch a đc ch p nh n VN ấ ậ ở
Most of regulation of law is provided by Legal normative documents
(main kind of legal resources of VN, France, Japan)
In the past, we did not accept the precedent due to its disadvantages →
made by activities of judicial & administrative agencies → worry about
the content & effect of the law because they are not issued/enacted by
legislative agency under a close/strict order, procedure provided by the
law → sometimes may not exactly
Nowadays, we can see many advantages of this kind of legal resource.
It’s also popular in many developed state → improve the system of law

US, UK: Precedent → main resource, ngoài ra còn có legal normative

documents
US: in business law: a famous legal normative document: code of
commercial law (UCC)

Legal normative documents

ậ
Under Law on promulgation /lu t ban hành/ of legal normative documents
ả ạ ậ
/văn b n quy ph m pháp lu t/ No.80/2015/QH13 The definition of legal
normative documents
/enact: ban hành, issue → producing, writing/

The system of legal normative documents (article 4)

1. Constitution → just mention its name
2. NA has the right to enact 3 kinds of legal normative documents:

Fundamentals of laws 19
 codes, laws, resolutions
ị ị
5. Government has the right to enact decrees /ngh đ nh/ (only 1)
Other documents enacted by the gov are not considered legal normative
documents
…

The number and symbols of legal normative documents

The validity of a legal normative document

The application principles

Constitution → highest legal normative document in VN → not provided by

this law
Constitution also provides some fundamental issues of our state
The validity of these legal normative documents here are not the same and
they have orders → should know the level of validity to apply
E.g. Make a comparison between the validity of the constitution -
code/law of NA - decrees of gov. Tell the order of validity → highest
validity: constitution → code/law of NA → decrees of gov (since
+ legal position will decide the validity of the legal normative
documents:
NA is the highest state power agency, the gov is an executive agency and
exercises executive power, and is an agency controlled by the NA/ The NA
has the right to supervise all activities of gov → validity gov < NA
+ provided by Chapter II of LNDocuments → contents of each kind of
documents
article 15 → gov, article chap 16 → NA
article 19: “Specific guidelines for articles, clauses, and paragraphs assigned
in the laws and
resolutions of the National Assembly, ordinances and resolutions of Standing
Committee
of the National Assembly, orders and decisions of the President;”
→ validity gov < NA

For example, you have a number of regulations under the law and
decrees of the gov but the content of them are not suitable for each
other → choose the higher validity to implement: the law of NA

2.4 Legal system

ệ ố
Definition of the legal system /h th ng pháp lu t/ ậ

Fundamentals of laws 20
 No definition of the legal system
→ no common/unique definition of the legal system
→ it has different meanings
→ each state has different ways to organize the legal system

Depends on culture, politics, and so on

→ 2 Meanings:
+ Domestic legal system: If you access the meaning of the legal system as
a kind of system regulation of a certain state: for example, in VN, you will
care about the structure of the law in VN (number of fields, sectors,
regulations, whether it is a domestic or national system)
+ Groups of the law: The kinds of the law of the state → divided into
groups, depending on the characteristics of each state → kinds of the legal
system

Classification of the legal system

Based on 2 meanings of the legal system:

GROUPS OF LAW

ệ ố ậ ệ ố ậ ệ ố
Civil law: h th ng dân lu t, h th ng lu t thành văn, h th ng lu t ậ
Pháp Đ c ứ
Legal resource → must be enacted in writing
Main legal resource: legal normative documents
2 main members: France, Germany (ngoài ra còn có VN, TQ,…)
→ law is made by legislative agencies

ệ ố ậ ệ ố ậ ệ ệ ố
Common law: h th ng thông lu t, h th ng lu t án l , h thu ng lu t ậ
Anh M ỹ
Main legal resource: precedents/case law
2 main members: US, UK
→ law is made by judicial agencies & administrative agencies

DOMESTIC LEGAL SYSTEM → Types (fields) of law

Public law: Administrative Law, Criminal Law, Tax Law…

ậ
Lu t công: The relationship between the state and individuals
→ at least one side of the relationship is the state (state agency, state
officer)
ấ ộ ự ể
→ ít nh t m t th c th công (public entity) (has the right to hold state
power or authorize to hold state power)

Fundamentals of laws 21
 Private law: Civil law (Tort law, property law), Family law, Business
Law…
ậ ư
Lu t t : The relationship between individuals (organization)
Có thể state tham gia private law nhưng trường hợp này không mang
power state. For example, the state concludes a contract to buy
something (chairs, tables) for the operations of the state agency →
state-company → state can not ask the company the price which the
state wants → must negotiate

⇒ Main differences: objects

International law: Public International Law and Private International
Law

Domestic law

….

Criteria to classify components of each type of law

Adjusting objects: Social relationships

Adjusting methodologies:
+ Equality: 2 sides of contracts → civil relationship → no side has state
power
+ Authority: The state let the subject negotiate with each other besides
the contents of the relationship. On the other side, the state interfere or
the public entity has the right to ask other do or not do something, it’s
called authority
E.g. The police officer has the right to ask you do or not to do something

Chapter 3: PUBLIC LAWS /Lu t công/ ậ

ậ
3.1 Administrative law /lu t hành chính/

General issues

Administrative Law is the law that governs administrative relationships

A branch of public law

Adjusting objects: administrative relationships. The relationship of

individuals (a natural person/ a juristic person with administrative bodies
(excepting some special cases: authorize to exercise a part of executive
power, for instance Captain of airplane, ship)

Fundamentals of laws 22
 → Objects of adminstrative relationships: individuals + administrative
bodies (the government is the higest administrative agency (ministry is a
body of gov), the people’s commitee, department of the people
ơ ủ
commitee (c quan y ban nhân dân) at all level, Councils…)

Adjusting methodology: authority

Legal sources: Include a set of legal normative documents, precedents

(if have)

Main features (Administrative legal relationships)

The rights and duties of the subjects are always in terms of state
administrative management.

The relationships are arisen by the requirements of any side. No need

for an agreement between the sides.

At least one side of the administrative legal relationships holds the

state's power.

Almost all administrative disputes are settled by the administrative

process

The administrative violators /ng ười vi phạm hành chính/ have to be liable
for the illegal acts before the state.

Administrative process

ủụ
Ad process /th t c hành chính/: when violating some rules with police
officer → punished

ủụ ốụ
Ad procedure <th t c t t ng hành chính/

Conducted /thực hiện/ by adminsistrative agencies

Framework: Only in state administrative management

ủụ ốụ ủụ ư
Ad/Judicial procedure (Th t c t t ng - th t c t pháp)

Conducted by the People’s Court

Framework: In many legal relationships

ạ
Administrative delict /vi ph m hành chính/

ỏ
Both administrative violation + criminal violation: <đâm xe làm h ng xe +
ế ế ỉ ộ ạ ả
khi n ng khác ch t>→ sai, ch là t i ph m thui, không ph i là vi ph m ạ

Fundamentals of laws 23
 hành chính
ỉ ạ ỏ
Ch gây tai n n h ng xe → administrative violation

Main characteristics

Level of danger: lower than crimes (criminal law violations)

Subject: Individuals and juristic person (the same as the subject of

crime, but
not in the past in Vietnam)
VD juristic person → harm environment

Violation sector: State administrative management (only)

ệ
The administrative sanction /trách nhi m hành chính/

Main characteristics

In state administrative management/ad sanction sector: ph m vi ch ạ ỉ

ằ ổ ả
n m trong khuôn kh qu n lý hành chính nhà n c ướ
ơ ẩ ề
Competence agencies: các c quan có th m quy n → có trách nhi m ệ
hành chính & có thẩm quyền để xử lý các trách nhiệm hành chính
(administrative agencies)

Process: order to apply administrative sanction

Adjusting objects /Đ i t ố ượng điều chỉnh/

Legal basis

ị ệ
The subjects liable /ch u trách nhi m/ for the violations before the
state
Article 5 → đ i t ố ượng
Article 21 → sanctions
Chapter III article 32, 39 → system of competence

ề ộ
Ti n hành chính → n p vào kho b c nhà nạ ước
Complains /luật khiếu nại/

→ The machanism to review administrative decisions/actions: c ch đ ơ ế ể

ạ ế ị
xem xét l i, đánh giá các quy t đ nh, hành vi hành chính (administrative
mechanism + judicial mechanism)

Why does the state have to build the law on complaints? → Ensure
that the state agency implement rightly and do not violate the right of

Fundamentals of laws 24
 other subject. Sometime state agency or state power subject use the
state power to abuse or violate the right and duties of other

Objects (Article 3 of The Law on Complaints 2011)

“8 Administrative decision means a document which is issued by a

state administrative agency or a competent person in such agency
to decide on a specific issue in state administration management
activities and is applied once to one or several specific subjects.

9. Administrative act means an act of a state administrative agency

or a competent person in such agency of performing or failing to
perform a task or official duty as prescribed by law.

10. Disciplinary decision means a written decision issued by the

head of an agency or organization in order to apply one of forms of
disciplining against a cadre or civil servant under his/her
management under the law on cadres and civil servants.”

Complaint-settling competence (Chapter 3 of The Law on Complaints

2011)

Order of making complaints (Article 7 of the law on complaints 2011)

ậ
3.2 Criminal law = Penal code /lu t hình s / ự
code = weak law

General summary of the criminal law

Definition: includes 2 elements/ 2 basis

ố ượng điều chỉnh/: the relationship between

Adjusting objects/đ i t
offenders /người phạm tội/ and the state

A uses a shotgun to kill B → 2 individual

ả
→ not adjusting objects (vì ph i có state trong relationship)
ả ạ ủ
→ Tài s n, tính m ng c a B đc nhà n ước bảo vệ
→ A xâm ph m ạ
→ A breaks the law/ violates the regulation of the state
→ A involves in the relationship with the state → adjusting
objects
A và B: civil relationship

Adjusting methodology /Ph ương pháp điều chỉnh/: Authority

ề
/Quy n uy/
Public state: state power áp đặt chủ thể

Fundamentals of laws 25
 offender: ng ười phạm tội
crime: tội phạm (một loại delict)

the independent sector of law

compare with administrative law

ậ
Lu t hình sự
ậ ộ ậ
+ lu t đ c l p
+ luật công → có sự tham gia của nhà nước
Luật hành chính → chỉ bàn đến state management
Hình sự k chỉ quản lý mà còn là tính mạng, sức khỏe, tài sản,…
cá nhân, tổ chức

Sources: 3 version 1985, 1999, 2015(main)

ệ
Ngoài ra còn có các án l (precedents)

Penal code 2015

ệ ự ự ọ
Validity (hi u l c): Article 5, 6, 7 <t đ c> territory + time

ộ ạ ạ ậ
CRIMES /t i ph m, vi ph m pháp lu t hình s / ự
→ not criminal violation

Criminal delict, Offenders (ng ười phạm tội), Criminal violation (trái pháp
ậ
lu t)

“Article 8. Definition of crime

1. A crime means an act that is dangerous for society and defined in

Criminal Code, is committed by a person who has the criminal capacity
of the corporate legal entity, whether deliberately or involuntarily,
infringes the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the nation, infringes
the political regime, economic regime, culture, national defense and
security, social order and safety, the lawful rights and interests of
organizations, human rights, the lawful rights and interests of citizens,
other aspects of socialist law, and leads to criminal prosecution as
prescribed by this Code.

2. An act showing signs of a crime but not remarkably dangerous for

society is not a crime and shall be dealt with otherwise.”

Differences between crime delict (crime) and administrative delict <có

ể
th có trong đ > ề

Fundamentals of laws 26
 Classification of crimes: Under Article 9 of The Penal Code 2015. four
categories according to their nature and danger to society:

1. Less serious crime means a crime whose danger to society is not

ạ
significant and for which the maximum sentence /hình ph t cao nh t/ ấ
defined by this Code is a fine, community sentence (non-custodial), or 3
years imprisonment
ụ
Ví d : article 173 - criminal code

ạ ờ ạ
→ max: ph t tù có th i h n: 36 tháng
ể ề ơ
Có th có nhi u h n 1 maximum sentence

2. Serious crime means a crime whose danger to society is significant

and for which the maximum sentence of the bracket defined by this
Code is from over 3 years' to 7 years' imprisonment

3. Very serious crime means a crime whose danger to society is great

and for which the maximum sentence of the bracket defined by this
Code is from over 7 years' to 15 years' imprisonment

4. Extremely serious crime means a crime whose danger to society is

enormous and for which the maximum sentence of the bracket defined
by this Code is from over 15 years' to 20 years' imprisonment, life
imprisonment, or death.

Main features/ criteria of crime: Difference between crimes - ads

violation:
2 main factors of crime: guilty act + guilty mind

ạ ộ
Danger nature/ Actus Reus: guilty act/hành vi ph m t i/ /tính nguy
ể ộ ướ ế ự ơở ố
hi m cho xã h i/: nhà n c quy t d a trên c s m i quan h xã ệ
ộ ể ộừ ạ
h i, tuỳ vào đk phát tri n xã h i t ng giai đo n

Contrary to the criminal law /trái với luật hình sự/: phải đc quy định
trong bộ luật hình sự, nếu ko có → ko thể khẳng định đc là tội phạm
hay không
Legal basis: article 2 of the penal code 2015

ỗ ủ ể ỗộ ạ ỗ ố
Mens rea /l i ch th - l i t i ph m/: intention (l i c ý) + involuntary
ỗ
(l i vô ý)

Fundamentals of laws 27
 ỗ ủ ể ủ
(subjective element: l i ch th , ch quan/ guilty mind) → article 10
+ 11

ủ ể
The subjects have enough legal capacity /ch th có đ năng l c ủ ự
pháp lý/
→ article 12

ụ
Ví d : minimum age of criminal responsibility: 14
16: have full legal capacity

ổ ả
6 - 36 tháng → less serious → 15 tu i k ph i bear criminal
responsibility

Punishments (Sentence) /hình ph t/ ạ

chapter vi criminal code

Article 30. Definition of sentence

”A sentence means the most severe coercive measure of the State
specified in this Code, taken by the Court against a person or corporate
legal entity that commits a crime in order to deprive of or limit their rights
and/or interests.”
ệ
Coercive measure: bi n pháp c ưỡng chế → make a law to a system of
compulsory
Only the Court have the right to apply the sentences to against a person
or corporate legal entity that commits a crime in order to deprive of or
limit their rights and/ or interest
ụ ụ ợ ậ ả
Ko có m c đích, m c tiêu l i nhu n → ko ph i offender
ụ ả
Ví d : đ ng csvn
Không có bản án của tòa án (không có judgement làm bởi judges <thẩm

Fundamentals of laws 28
 phán>), ko có tòa án → ko có hình ph t ạ
ủ ểộ ạ ơ ạ
Ch th t i ph m bé h n vi ph m hành chính

System of sentences (chapter vi) → 4 purpose (article 31)

Decision on sentences (Chapter VII of the Penal code 2015)

article 50 criminal code, 54, 55, 56

Note:

The offender shall incur only one primary sentence for a crime
committed and possibly one or more additional sentences <person>

Legal entity → artificial/ not nature → ko có death penalty →

ỉ
permanent shutdown <ch có corporate, k có state agencies>
corporate legal entity: pháp nhân th ương mại
The corporate legal entity shall incur only one primary sentence for a
criminal offense committed and possibly one or more additional
sentences

REGULATIONS APPLIED TO COMMERCIAL LEGAL ENTITIES

COMMITTING CRIMINAL
OFFENCES (Chapter 11)

REGULATIONS APPLIED TO JUVENILE OFFENDERS /14- <18

ổ
tu i/ (Chapter 12)

Lưu ý các article 8-12, chapter 6, article 30-33, 50, 51, 55, 56
<chapter 8>, chapter 12 (90, 91, 98-101)

Chapter 4: PRIVATE LAWS /Lu t t / ậ ư

ậ
4.1 Cilvil law: lu t dân s ự
Civil law có 2 nghĩa:

ệ ố ậ ệ ố
A kind of system of the law: H th ng lu t thành văn, h th ng dân lu t, ậ
ệ ố ậ
h th ng lu t Pháp Đ c ứ
ậ ự
A field of the law: lu t dân s
Các nước khác sẽ đề cập riêng các luật tort law /luật về bồi thường/,
contract law, family law, commercial law
Civil law ở VN bao gồm nhiều luật

Not a kind of legal system used all over the world

Fundamentals of laws 29
 GENERAL CONCEPTS:

Adjusting objects: civil relationships

Article 1 Applicability

This Code regulates the legal status of and the legal standards for
conduct of individuals and legal entities; the personal and property rights
and obligations of individuals and legal entities in relations formed on the
basis of equality, free will, asset independence and self-responsibility
(hereinafter together referred to as civil relations).

Property relations: seller and buyer

not seller/buyer with product

ữ
Personal relations: gi a hai ng ười → name, dignity, honor, the right
to do something/research

Common features of the relations

The same legal status

Equality

Free will

→ No one has the right to ask someone to do something

Asset independence

Self-responsibility

Adjusting methodology: equality in all the stages of the civil relations

Formation

Implementation

Dispute settlement
ả ả ế
Mediation: hòa gi i → compulsory procedure → hòa gi i đ m khi
ờ
bao gi xong thì thui

Elements

Subjects (4)

Legal entities

ặ ệ
The state → là 1 pháp nhân đ c bi t

Fundamentals of laws 30
 Family households, Co-operative groups and others
organizations without legal entity status in civil → trách nhi mệ
ư
nh individuals

ỉ
Criminal thì ch có subject là individuals + legal entities

Individuals

Civil capacity

Civil Legal Capacity (Article 16,17, 18 of the Civil Code

ậ ị
2015): Pháp lu t quy đ nh the right to do sth

Capacity for Civil Acts of Individuals (Article 19 to 24 of

ậ ị ớ ặ ữ
the Civil Code 2015): Pháp lu t quy đ nh v i đ t nh ng
ề ệ ề ộ ổ
đi u ki n v đ tu i, tinh th nầ
“The capacity for civil acts of an individual shall be the
capability of the individual to establish and exercise civil
rights and perform civil obligations through his or her
acts”

6 levels

Full capacity: ≥ 18

Not enough capacity: 6-<18

Loss of capacity for civil acts

Person with difficulty in awareness or control of his or

her own acts

Restricted capacity for civil acts

ổ
Don’t have any capacity for all civil acts: <6 tu i

Objects

Contents

General provisions such as scope, principles of application,

subjects, time –limits, Limitation periods

Property and Ownership rights

Obligations and Contracts

Inheritance

Obilations and Contracts

Fundamentals of laws 31
 Article 274 Obligations
“Obligations means acts whereby one or more subjects (hereinafter
referred to
as obligors) must transfer objects, transfer rights, pay money or provide
valuable
papers, perform acts or refrain from performing certain acts in the
nterests of
one or more other subjects (hereinafter referred to as obligees)

Civil contract
“Article 385 Definition of contract
Contract means an agreement between parties in relation to the
establishment, modification or termination of civil rights and obligations.”

Conditions (characteristics)

Agreement

Establish, modify, terminate civil rights and obligations of the civil

subjects.

A certain forms: written, oral, acts, evidences

Classification: Nature of relationships

Civil contract (narrow sense)

Commercial contract (business contract)

VD: Mrr A offers Mr B $1000 to paint Mr A’s garage, Mr B agrees with Mr

A offer and does it immediately. Is there a contract in the situation? →
yes

ồ ường thiệt hại ngoài hợp đồng: Liability for Compensation

B i th
for Non Contractual Damage → Chapter 20 of the CIVIL CODE
2015

obligors: người có quyền

obligees: người có nghĩa vụ

4.2 Contract law

A sector of the civil law

Legal Sources

Civil code

Fundamentals of laws 32
 Commercial law

others

Contents of the law on contract:

1. Formation
Principles; Offer and acceptance; Principles; Rights and obligations;
Form of a
contract; Subjects; Validity

2. Implementation: Principles; amendment; termination; remedy for breach

of a
contract

4.3 Business Law

General contents of the business law

The business law is a set of legal norms that governs establishment,

management organization and operation of business organizations

Business organization types

Limited liability companies

Shareholding companies (Join – stock companies)

Partnerships

Private enterprises.

Business transactions

Contracting parties are traders regulated by the law on commerce (2005

in Vietnam)

Aims: get benefits

Forms: may be enforceable under the law on commerce

Exercise
Chapter 1
1. Under the Marxist – Leninist theory, the state appears only in the class-
divided society
→ True.

Fundamentals of laws 33
 2. Under the Marxist – Leninist theory, the state has a power which belongs
to every people in the society
→ False, belongs to the ruling class

3. Under the Marxist – Leninist theory, the state appears in the early stage
of the class-divided society → False, it appeared when disputes can not be
settled

4. Under the Marxist – Leninist theory, the state exists in all social–
economic forms of the history of human social development → False.
Primitive communism does not have the state
5. God created the state to implement the will of God → False. The rich
create the state to protect their properties
6. The state was created to protect the interests of all classes in society.
False → ruling class

7. All kinds of the state have the same nature → False. The level of class
nature is not the same in all societies
8. The state has only one nature → False: 2

9. The communist party is an agency of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

→ False. It is independent of the state

10. Every institution in society has the right to enact legal documents →
False. Only the state
11. The tribes are the first form of the state in the history of human social
development. → False.

12. The state power is understood as the state function → False. Function
→ implement the power of the state, are main activities of the state

13. The government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is an elected

organ by the people
→ False. elected by the national assembly
14. The form of Vietnam government is democracy republic → True

15. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is created by The People, therefore it

has only the social nature. → False, both class nature & social nature

Chapter 2
A. Read the following statement and decide whether the statements are
true (T) or false (F). Give the reasons for your decision.

Fundamentals of laws 34
 1. The law is enacted by the ruling class. → false, the state

2. The communist party has the right to enact legal normative documents in
Vietnam.
→ False, only the state

3. The delict is considered as the condition of a sanction. → True

4. The coercion /tính c ưỡng chế/ of the law is ensured by the state power → True
5. A legal norm is understood as a legal article of a legal normative document
→ False, legal norm contains contents of the law so that it can be expressed by
legal articles

6. The sanction is a bad consequence of the delict

→ False, it contains bad consequence of the delict
7. Every human behavior breaking the law is considered as the delict
→ False, due to 4 criteria of the delict. In case that one criterion is lacking, the
behavior will not be considered as the declit

8. Legal capactity is one of the conditions of the delict → True

9. There are only three kinds of sanction → False: criminal sanction, civil
sanction, administrative sanction, military sanction,…

10. Everybody is subjects of the delict → False (Câu 7)

11. Everybody is subjects of the law

→ True, the rule of law implies that every person is subject to the law

B. Analyzing similarities and differences between the law and morality?

C. Analyzing similarities and differences between common law and civil
law?

Fundamentals of laws 35
 D. Analyzing similarities and differences between public law and private
law?

Chapters 3 & 4

1. At 23:00 pm on December 14, 2012, after the 18-years-old birthday

party, Nguyen Van A drove his father's car with a speed exceeding 15
km/h and honked in the city. A was arrested and issued a sanctioning
decision by straffic police officers . With a number of illegal acts, the
decision provided the sanctioning measures: Caution A because of
violating the speed and honk limitation in urban areas; Fine: 3,200,000
VND.

a. Pursuant to the Law on Handling of Administrative Violations 2012, please

comment on the decision-making competence and the content of the above
decision.

→ max 500k

Fundamentals of laws 36
 ỉ ặ ộ ố
→ ch có 1 primary ho c 1 pri + m t s addition

Cả cảnh cáo và phạt tiền đều là primary sanction

→ áp dụng cả 2 hình phạt xử phạt chính → sai
b. Show the sanctioning procedure in the above case. What difference would
it be if it were A.'s 15th birthday party. In case, A finds that the sanctioning
decision of the police officer is too heavy for his violation, what should A do?
Indicate the procedure and legal basis.
< 500k → not written record

ảậ ả ậ
3tr2 → ph i l p biên b n (record) + thu v t …

ổ ạ ả
15 tu i → ph t c nh cáo → without written record

ề
đi u 134
ề
Too heavy → you have to make a complaint → đi u 7 law complaints

2. Nguyen Van T was born on April 14, 2001 and arrested on April 15,
2017 on a bus
while carrying two heroin bags, each bag contains 375g.
a. Determine the crime which Nguyen Văn T violated in accordance
with the Penal Code
2015 and sentences that may be applied to T in this case. Why?
Is there any difference if in this case, T's baggage has 4 grams of
Heroin? Why?
Criminal code

ự ề
→ Hình s đi u 249
ề ử
Đi u 9: extremely serious crime → t hình

Maximum sentence
ổ ả ị ấ ả ộ ề
> 16 tu i → ph i ch u t t c các t i (đi u 12)

Fundamentals of laws 37
 ố ề
sentence → 3/4 s năm (đi u 101)
→ 18 năm

4gr → serious gram

b. Determine specific sentences applied in both cases when T was
born on April 15, 2003
ổ ẫ ị ự
14 tu i → v n ch u hình s → 12 năm

4 gr → ko phải chịu hình sự → ko có specific sentences

3. Nguyen Van A, who is 25 years old, is a driver of Thanh Hoa

Company. On October 9, 2019, A brought the waste oil of his Company to
Thanh Mai commune, Thanh Xuân district, about 70 km from the
company. However, because he did not want to go far, A poured all the
waste oil into the fish pond of Mr. C, near his Company. It killed all the
fish in the pond. In this situation, indicate:

ố
tình hu ng dân s ự
ễ ổ ủ
Nguy n Văn A, 25 tu i, là lái xe c a Công ty Thanh Hóa. Ngày 09/10/2019,
A chở số dầu thải của Công ty mình đến xã Thanh Mai, quận Thanh Xuân,
cách công ty khoảng 70km. Tuy nhiên, vì không muốn đi xa, A đã đổ toàn bộ
số dầu thải xuống ao cá của anh C, gần Công ty của anh. Nó đã giết tất cả
cá trong ao. Trong tình huống này, hãy chỉ ra:
a. What types of liability can be applied and who can be applied to the
types of liability?
ạ
2 lo i trách nhi m:ệ
hành chính

ự
dân s - ( According article 584 - Grounds , 585 - Principles and 586 -
Capacity of individuals )

ạ ệ ậ ả ự ồ
2 lo i trách nhi m: hành chính (lu t qu n lý mtrg nhà nc) và dân s (b i thg
cho nhà anh C)

b. What is the difference in the case that Thanh Hoa Company assigns
A to pour the waste oil into the lagoon and this lagoon is used as a
reservoir for the clean water treatment plant of X District.
ệ
b. Có gì khác bi t trong trường hợp Công ty Thanh Hóa giao cho A đổ dầu
ả ầ ầ
th i ra đ m và đ m này đ ược sử dụng làm hồ chứa cho nhà máy xử lý nước
sạch huyện X.)

Fundamentals of laws 38
 ế ổ ầ ồ ứ
n u là đ ra đ m làm h ch a cho nhà máy x lý n ử ước sạch
là nguồn nước của người dân

=> có khả năng gây hại đến đời sống và nhân dân => level of danger cao
hơn => nếu đạt đến mức độ hình sự thì xử phạt hình sự
khác biệt: nếu TH a) thì là hành chính và dân sự nhưng b) thì là hành chính
+ hình sự => đạt đến mức nguy hiểm cho xã hội (dấu hiệu hình sự) => xử
phạt hình sự
hành chính & hình sự (2 level of an order - 2 cấp bậc khác nhau trong 1 trật
tự => chỉ chọn 1 trong 2 - bài trừ lẫn nhau, k đc phép chọn cả 2)

Note

ặ ộ ười đứng đầu cơ quan

The president → 2 nghĩa: state organ ho c m t ng
nhà n c ướ
Administrative sanctions:
ố ượ
5 → đ i t ng
21 → sanctions
Chap3: 32 39 → system of competence

Complains
Complaint-settling competence → chap 3
Order of making complaints → Article 7

Criminal

ệ ự
Validity (hi u l c): Article 5, 6, 7

ố
Crime: 8-12, deliberate (c ý), involuntary (vô ý), Classification: 9

System of sentences (chapter vi) 30-33

4 purpose (article 31)

Decision on sentences (Chapter VII of the Penal Code 2015)

article 50 criminal code, 51, 54, 55, 56

Juvenile offenders chapter 12 (90, 91, 98-101)

Civil
Civil Legal Capacity (Article 16,17, 18 of the Civil Code 2015)
Capacity for Civil Acts of Individuals (Articles 19 to 24 of the Civil Code 2015)

Liability for Compensation for Non-Contractual Damage → Chapter 20

of the CIVIL CODE

Fundamentals of laws 39
 ế ỏ ề ỉầ ứ ầ ứ
N u h i v types of liability thì ch c n nói ch k c n căn c pháp lý (article)
vi phạm các quy tắc quản lý nhà nước => hành chính (administrative)
nếu ở mức độ nghiêm trọng => có thể xử lí hình sự
vi phạm kỉ luật nội quy lao động (vi phạm kỉ luật - Disciplinary liability)

Fundamentals of laws 40