88,472.

40
0.00
606,682.09
557,075.42
503,748.24
446,421.53
384,795.32
318,547.14
247,330.35
170,772.30
Balance
Ending
TECHNICAL GUIDE FOR ESTABLISHING A

$
PIGGERY PROJECT

10
10

6,635.43
45,501.16
41,780.66
37,781.12
33,481.62
28,859.65
23,891.04
18,549.78
95,107.83

48,962.09

12,807.92
298,250.45
-

Interest
INTRODUCTION
The pig industry in Botswana plays an important role in

Total Early Payments $

Scheduled Payment $

Total Interest $

$
Actual Number of Payments
Scheduled Number of Payments improving the standard of living by creating employment

49,606.67
53,327.17
57,326.71
61,626.21
66,248.18
71,216.79
76,558.05
46,145.74

82,299.90
81,836.97
Loan Summary

Principal
Summary of Key Assumptions: Pig Production

opportunities, providing a source of food and generating

income. The pig industry is still at its infancy stage. During
2006/2007 the pig population was 12 881 vis-a vis the total

$
country’s requirement of approximately 17 711. There are 143

95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83

95,107.83
88,472.40
pig projects country wide and out of these pig projects, 142
Payment (99%) are small scale projects with 10 to 20 pigs and only 1
Total

project (1%) is a large scale holding with over 200 sow units. It
was estimated that Botswana’s total pork and bacon
$

consumption was 1496 tons annually. The industry employed

Payment
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
143 people (The Piggery Annual Report of 2006/2007). Pig
Extra

production is the raising of pigs primarily for the production of

pork and/or bacon. In Botswana there are two systems of
$
1/1/09

production: commercial and subsistence. However, the

7.50 %

95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
95,107.83
652,827.83

10

Scheduled

emphasis here is put on commercial pig production.

Payment

The recommended types of breed

Three (3) major pig breeds that perform well under Botswana’s
Optional Extra Payments $
LOAN AMORTISATION TABLE

Loan Amount $

$
Number of Payments Per Year
Loan Period in Years
Annual Interest Rate

Start Date of Loan

harsh climatic conditions are the large white, landrace and

88,472.40
652,827.83
606,682.09
557,075.42
503,748.24
446,421.53
384,795.32
318,547.14
247,330.35
170,772.30
Enter Values

Beginning

duroc. Most farmers prefer them as first-cross dams in

Balance

commercial herds because of the following attributes;

• They are highly productive and capable of producing 16
Lender Name: CEDA

piglets twice in a year

1/1/10 $
1/1/11
1/1/12
1/1/13
1/1/14
1/1/15
1/1/16
1/1/17
1/1/18
1/1/19

• Their carcasses have more meat

Payment

• They attract higher prices at the market

Date

• They have faster leaner growth.

• They are efficient use of feed and
• They have good maternal and paternal attributes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PmtNo.

36
PREREQUISITES 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9
00 500,722.20 550,794.42 605,873.86 666,461.25 733,107.37 806,418.11 887,059.92
Before setting up commercial pig production, the following are 80 2,703,899.88 2,974,289.87 3,271,718.85 3,598,890.74 3,958,779.81 4,354,657.80 4,790,123.58
00 79,860.00 87,846.00 96,630.60 106,293.66 116,923.03 128,615.33 141,476.86
key prerequisites: 00 4,924.70 5,417.17 5,958.89 6,554.78 7,210.25 7,931.28 8,724.41

• Land 80 3,289,406.78 3,618,347.46 3,980,182.20 4,378,200.42 4,816,020.47 5,297,622.51 5,827,384.76

• Water
• Managerial skills and experiences
• Market and; 2
80
Year 3
3,289,406.78
Year 4
3,618,347.46
Year 5
3,980,182.20
Year 6
4,378,200.42
Year 7
4,816,020.47
Year 8
5,297,622.51
Year 9
5,827,384.76
• Capital. 80
43
8,556,886.58
1,520,530.47
12,175,234.04
1,672,583.52
16,155,416.24
1,839,841.87
20,533,616.67
2,023,826.05
25,349,637.13
2,226,208.66
30,647,259.65
2,448,829.52
36,474,644.41
2,693,712.48
7 57,326.71 61,626.21 66,248.18 71,216.79 76,558.05 82,299.90 81,836.97
20 1,711,549.60 1,884,137.73 2,074,092.16 2,283,157.58 2,513,253.76 2,766,493.08 3,051,835.32
Land 68
52
14,887.68
1,696,661.92
14,887.68
1,869,250.05
14,887.68
2,059,204.48
14,887.68
2,268,269.90
14,887.68
2,498,366.07
14,887.68
2,751,605.40
14,887.68
3,036,947.64
The piggery project requires a gentle sloppy site with well 66
86
37,781.12
1,658,880.80
33,481.62
1,835,768.43
28,859.65
2,030,344.83
23,891.04
2,244,378.86
18,549.78
2,479,816.30
12,807.92
2,738,797.48
6,635.43
3,030,312.21
draining soils (e.g. loamy soils) to enable easy flow of 08
78
248,832.12
1,410,048.68
275,365.26
1,560,403.17
304,551.72
1,725,793.10
336,656.83
1,907,722.03
371,972.44
2,107,843.85
410,819.62
2,327,977.86
454,546.83
2,575,765.38
effluence. The plot should be 1 kilometer away from the rivers
to avoid possible contamination of water from effluence. 80 3,289,406.78 3,618,347.46 3,980,182.20 4,378,200.42 4,816,020.47 5,297,622.51 5,827,384.76
Assessment on the suitability of the plot for pig production 0 1,668,748.36 1,835,418.45 2,018,755.55 2,220,426.36 2,442,264.25 2,686,285.92 2,954,709.77
70 1,620,658.42 1,782,929.00 1,961,426.65 2,157,774.07 2,373,756.22 2,611,336.59 2,872,675.00
should be conducted. A land measuring 100m x 100m is 36 105,675.36 105,675.36 105,675.36 105,675.36 105,675.36 105,675.36 99,039.93
72 3,700,414.77 5,377,668.41 7,233,419.70 9,285,518.40 11,553,599.26 14,059,260.49 16,832,895.55
recommended to accommodate buildings and structures such
as; 36 163,105.58 177,722.62 193,801.37 211,487.99 230,943.27 252,344.08 275,884.98

• Dry sow area/pen 43

40
1,520,530.47
704
1,672,583.52
774
1,839,841.87
852
2,023,826.05
937
2,226,208.66
1031
2,448,829.52
1134
2,693,712.48
1247

• Farrowing unit/pen 00
34
1,197.90
330
1,317.69
327
1,449.46
324
1,594.40
322
1,753.85
319
1,929.23
317
2,122.15
315

• Weaner pens 31 779.46 856.62 941.50 1,034.87 1,137.57 1,250.54 1,374.81

• Growers and finishers’ area/pen

• Boar service pen
• Storeroom and office area.

Water
There should be a reliable source of clean water that can be
used for both human and animal consumption, such as
boreholes, rivers and dams. In case of inadequate water source,
a reservoir could be constructed.

35
FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS (CONTINUED)

Revenue/Income Management skills and experience

Price/kg or
Weight (kg) head Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 The farmer should have basic skills and experience in pig
Pigs sold: Baconers 110 15.00 0.00 344,850.00 455,202.00 5
Porkers 60 15.00 0.00 1,862,190.00 2,458,090.80 2,7 management as this enhances business sustainability and
Culled sows 1,250.00 0.00 66,000.00 72,600.00
Culled boars 1,850.00 0.00 4,070.00 4,477.00 competiveness. It is important for the farmer who does not
Total Revenue/Income 0.00 2,277,110.00 2,990,369.80 3,2
possess the relevant skills to undergo an intensive training
Summary of Profit & Loss
Statement course in pig husbandry.
Loan Assumptions @100%
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2
Return on sales 0.00 2,277,110.00 2,990,369.80 3,2
Market(s)
Cummulative Benefits
Operational Variable costs
0.00
187,859.35
2,277,110.00
1,230,617.77
5,267,479.80
1,382,300.43
8,5
1,5
To ensure freshness of the products after slaughter, the farmer
Loan Repayments Principal
Gross Benefits (PBDIT)
46,146.74
-234,006.09
49,606.67
996,885.56
53,327.17
1,554,742.20 1,7
should identify and locate the project within the vicinity of
Depreciation
Gross Benefits (PBIT)
0.00
-234,006.09
14,887.68
981,997.87
14,887.68
1,539,854.52 1,6
market outlets such as food processors, local butcheries,
Loan Repayments interest
Gross Benefits (PBT)
48,962.09
-282,968.18
45,501.16
936,496.72
41,780.66
1,498,073.86 1,6
retailers, hotels, wholesalers and individual consumers.
Taxation (15% of PBT) -42,445.23 140,474.51 224,711.08 2
Net Benefit Flow (PADIT) -240,522.95 796,022.21 1,273,362.78 1,4

Summary of Cashflow
Capital
Total Cash inflow 652,827.83 2,277,110.00 2,990,369.80 3,2
For a profitable pig project, access to finance is important as it
Total Cash outflow 652,827.83 1,353,467.25 1,517,230.10 1,6 enables the farmer to implement the business idea and acquire
Net Cashflow 0.00 923,642.75 1,473,139.70 1,6
Loan Repayment 0.00 105,675.36 105,675.36 1 farm equipment and inputs. Therefore, this requires the farmer
Cummulative Cashflow 0.00 817,967.39 2,185,431.72 3,7
to identify potential funding sources.
Summary of Breakeven
Fixed cost 220,257.48 137,737.16 149,817.36 1
Total variable cost 187,859.35 1,230,617.77 1,382,300.43 1,5
Total variable cost per sow unit 87 570 640 FARMING SYSTEMS
Unit price 900.00 990.00 1,089.00
Break-even piglets 271 328 334 The two types of pig production systems used in Botswana are:
Break-even price 188.94 633.50 709.31
Break even average piglets 354 (1) feeder operation or weaner scheme and (2) farrow to finish
Break even average price 989.68
operation (breeding scheme).

Weaner scheme
This is where weaners weighing 20kgs are purchased and fed
to market weight of 45 -70kg and 71 – 110kgs in the case of
porkers and baconers respectively. This scheme does not
require high levels of pig management skills. In addition, the
system requires the farmer to have guaranteed supply of
weaner pigs.

34
Breeding scheme
The system involves raising of pigs from birth until they are Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9

ready for market. This operation is labour intensive and 95832 105415 115957 127552 140308 154338 169772
5856.4 6442 7086 7795 8574 9432 10375
requires high level of management skills. In addition, the 2,047.48 2,047.48 2,047.48 2,047.48 2,047.48 2,047.48 2,047.48
23,958.00 26,353.80 28,989.18 31,888.10 35,076.91 38,584.60 42,443.06
farmer should have reliable market outlets. 19,166.40 21,083.04 23,191.34 25,510.48 28,061.53 30,867.68 33,954.45
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1357.62 1493.38 1642.72 1806.99 1987.69 2186.46 2405.11
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
The success of any business endeavor depends on the 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00
22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00
management practices adopted. The following practices should 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.00
2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40
be carried out in pig production: 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00 280.00
• Administration of iron injection 375.00
1,000.00
375.00
1,000.00
375.00
1,000.00
375.00
1,000.00
375.00
1,000.00
375.00
1,000.00
375.00
1,000.00
• Clipping 1,480.75
309.60
1,480.75
309.60
1,480.75
309.60
1,480.75
309.60
1,480.75
309.60
1,480.75
309.60
1,480.75
309.60
• Docking 3,807.65
283.80
3,807.65
283.80
3,807.65
283.80
3,807.65
283.80
3,807.65
283.80
3,807.65
283.80
3,807.65
283.80
• Castration at the age of 3 weeks 12.90
156.25
12.90
156.25
12.90
156.25
12.90
156.25
12.90
156.25
12.90
156.25
12.90
156.25
• Deworming (deworm pregnant sows 7-14 days before 4,333.33
50.00
4,333.33
50.00
4,333.33
50.00
4,333.33
50.00
4,333.33
50.00
4,333.33
50.00
4,333.33
50.00
moving to farrowing house). 1,800.00
700.00
1,800.00
700.00
1,800.00
700.00
1,800.00
700.00
1,800.00
700.00
1,800.00
700.00
1,800.00
700.00
• Flushing 14,887.68 14,887.68 14,887.68 14,887.68 14,887.68 14,887.68 14,887.68

• Feeding 163,105.58 177,722.62 193,801.37 211,487.99 230,943.27 252,344.08 275,884.98

• Weaning at 8 weeks
8,784.60 9,663.06 10,629.37 11,692.30 12,861.53 14,147.69 15,562.45
• Culling 77.13 84.84 93.33 102.66 112.93 124.22 136.64

• Breeding/mating
216453 238098 261908 288098 316908 348599 383459
13603 14963 16459 18105 19916 21907 24098

• Records management
355626 391189 430308 473338 520672 572739 630013
30590 33649 37013 40715 44786 49265 54191
254913 280404 308445 339289 373218 410540 451594
560248 616273 677900 745690 820259 902285 992514
57440 63184 69503 76453 84099 92508 101759
The greatest production performance of the pig project 8050 8855 9740 10714 11786 12964 14261
432.58 475.83 523.42 575.76 633.33 696.67 766.33
depends on the following; 732.05 805.26 885.78 974.36 1,071.79 1,178.97 1,296.87
8,864.46 9,750.91 10,726.00 11,798.60 12,978.46 14,276.30 15,703.93
111.80 122.98 135.28 148.81 163.69 180.06 198.07

• Constructing appropriate housing structures 93.17

1,197.90
102.49
1,317.69
112.74
1,449.46
124.01
1,594.40
136.41
1,753.85
150.05
1,929.23
165.06
2,122.15
• High levels of gilts production 878.46
1,078.11
966.31
1,185.92
1,062.94
1,304.51
1,169.23
1,434.96
1,286.15
1,578.46
1,414.77
1,736.31
1,556.25
1,909.94
• Servicing gilts well on time 1,357.62
1,520,530.47
1,493.38
1,672,583.52
1,642.72
1,839,841.87
1,806.99
2,023,826.05
1,987.69
2,226,208.66
2,186.46
2,448,829.52
2,405.11
2,693,712.48
• Maintaining high levels of hygiene in the farrowing house 1,683,636.05 1,850,306.14 2,033,643.23 2,235,314.04 2,457,151.93 2,701,173.61 2,969,597.45

• Maintain gilts production records to help in making sound

decisions

33
FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS
Capital Investment/Fixed Costs • Control of diseases and parasites to help reduce mortality
Items Units Qty Unit price Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 rate
Breeding stock:sows pigs 120 1,500.00 180,000.00 79200 87120 • Efficient allocation and utilization of inputs
• Controlling costs
Breeding stock:boars pigs 5 2,200.00 11,000.00 4840 5324
Insurance % 2.50% 2,047.48 2,047.48 2,047.48

• Keeping highly productive sow breeds with good

Pig attendants (permanent) month 3 500.00 9,000.00 19,800.00 21,780.00
Manager's salary month 1 1,200.00 7,200.00 15,840.00 17,424.00
Transportation cost (Materials) 1 3,500.00 3,500.00 0 0
Electricity (Installation) 1 7,000.00 7,000.00 0 0 maternal and paternal attributes and is capable of
Electricity bill/month months 12 85.00 510.00 1122 1234.2
Depreciation Cost producing 16 piglets twice a year and;
Feeding scoops
Wheel barrow
scoop
barrow
2
2
30.00
500.00
60.00
1,000.00
12.00
200.00
12.00
200.00 • Maintaining use of proper feeds for fast growth and
Spade spade 2 55.00 110.00 22.00 22.00
30m Hosepipe Hosepipe 1 310.00 310.00 62.00 62.00 weight gain
Tooth cutting pliers Cutter 1 12.00 12.00 2.40 2.40
Perimeter Fence metre 280 15.00 4,200.00 280.00 280.00
Storeroom
Manager's house
room
house
12
32
625.00
625.00
7,500.00
20,000.00
375.00
1,000.00
375.00
1,000.00
It should be noted that properly managed pig projects will
Farrowing house
Sow Pens
house
pens
168
288
176.28
21.50
29,615.04
6,192.00
1,480.75
309.60
1,480.75
309.60
enable sows to produce the highest number of pigs that can be
Growing house
Growing Pens
house
pens
432
264
176.28
21.50
76,152.96
5,676.00
3,807.65
283.80
3,807.65
283.80
sold in the shortest possible time. If pigs are poorly managed,
Boar pens
Toilet
pens
toilet
12
5
21.50
625.00
258.00
3,125.00
12.90
156.25
12.90
156.25
they become very wasteful. Under good management practices
Vehicle
Weighing scale
van
scale
1
1
65,000.00
500.00
65,000.00
500.00
4,333.33
50.00
4,333.33
50.00
improvements in the table below will be observed:
Feeding troughs troughs 20 900.00 18,000.00 1,800.00 1,800.00
10000 Litre tank Jojo 1 7,000.00 7,000.00 700.00 700.00
Total depreciation 14,887.68 14,887.68
Total Investment 464,968.48
Fixed costs 220,257.48 137,737.16 149,817.36 Years 0 to 3 4 to 6 7 to
Operational/Variable costs 10
Transportation costs month 12.00 550.00 6,600.00 7,260.00 7,986.00
500ml sulphazine millitres 1.00 57.95 57.95 63.75 70.12 Farrowing Rate 80% 85% 95%
Dry sow & boar meal 50 kg 140.00 81312 193793.6 196775
Dry sow & boar meal 50 kg 140.00 10220 11242 12366 Mortality Rate: Piglets 5% 3% 2%
Lactating meal 50 kg 142.00 66797 318398 323297
Creep meal 50 kg 180.00 5746 27387 27809 Mortality Rate: Adults 5% 3% 2%
Weaner meal 50 kg 150.00 0 228228 231739
Grower meal 50 kg 148.00 0 385846 509316 Replacement of breeding
Finisher meal 50 kg 130.00 0 39560 52219
Dry sow & boar meal 50 kg 140.00 6048 6653 7318 stock that died during the 5% 3% 2%
1 * 20L Disinfectants litres 1.00 325.00 325.00 358 393.25
1 * 5L pig pours litres 1.00 550.00 550.00 605 665.50 year
Water charge:20L/day/pig litres 2,000 3.33 6,660.00 7,326 8,058.60
Scrubbing /cleaning brooms broom 2.00 42.00 84.00 92 101.64
Sweeping brooms broom 2.00 35.00 70.00 77 84.70
Pairs of overalls Overalls 6.00 150.00 900.00 990 1,089.00
Pairs of gumboots boots 6.00 110.00 660.00 726 798.60
Pair of dust coats coats 6.00 135.00 810.00 891 980.10
Electricity bill/month month 12.00 85.00 1,020.00 1,122 1,234.20
Totals 187,859.35 1,230,617.77 1,382,300.43
Total Costs 652,827.83 1,368,354.93 1,532,117.79

32
 Health and Common diseases
The table lists common diseases, their prevention and Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9
treatment. 40 240 240 240 240 240 240
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Disease/condition Causes Control/prevention 40 240 240 240 240 240 240
Treatment
80 2280 2280 2280 2280 2280 2280
Africa Swine Virus • No vaccine No treatment 80 2280 2280 2280 2280 2280 2280
fever • Keep good hygiene to date 7.2 2257.2 2257.2 2257.2 2257.2 2257.2 2257.2
• Avoid contact 28 228 228 228 228 228 228
between pigs, wild 20 120 120 120 120 120 120
pigs/ warthorgs. 50 7650 7650 7650 7650 7650 7650
• All garbage feeds
1761 1761 1761 1761 1761 1761.3
should be cooked
Anaemia Deficiency in • Administer injectable Administer 0% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
iron iron to the piglets injectable
after birth. iron Loan
• Make sure feeds are Institution CEDA
rich in iron Interest rate/yr % 7.50%
Mastitis Bacteria • Practice good hygiene Tetracycline, Repayment period 10
Amount (Yr 0 total costs) 652,827.83
(eryscheuchia • Use soft bedding sulphonamide Taxation 15.00%
coli) other than saw dust Loan repayment (0 year) $ 10,567.54
Agalactia (failure Deprivation from • Provide clean water Injection of
to produce milk) water • Clean and disinfect oxytocin Depreciation Years
pens Houses 20
Erysipelas Bacteria • Clean and disinfect Injection of Pig structures 20
(bacteria pens Fencing 15
penicillin Vehicle 15
erysipelothrix) • Inject with long
Feed troughs 10
acting penicillin Weighing Scale 10
Tuberculosis Bacteria • Isolate the infected Use of Tools 5
(mycobacteriosis) • Good management antibiotics
• Provide best Replacement rate of breeding stock, every 3 years
environment Replacement (%): Sows/Boars 40%
• Supplement with No. of boar replaced/year 2
No. of sows r 48
appropriate feed Less: Total Replacement gilts per yr % 50
Production Cycle: 4
Mortality of Initial stock % 0.1

31
SUMMARY OF KEY ASSUMPTIONS OF PRODUCTION (CONTINUED)

Herd Inventory These diseases are costly as they can erode pig performance
Year 0 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 and contribute to high pig mortality. Therefore, the farmer
sows 120 260 240 240 should be able to identify diseases symptoms and apply
boars 5 5 5 5 preventative measures on time.
Farrowed Sows 60 260 240 240
Piglets 570 2470 2280 2280
Weaners 0 2470 2280 2280 Common parasites
Growers 0 1881 2257.2 2257.2 Parasite Internal/external treatment
Finishers 0 190 228 228 Large Internal piperazine
serviced sows 120 120 120 120 roundworm
Total 875 7656 7650 7650
Off take
Nodular internal Invermectin,
Offtake (Baconers & Porkers) 0 1087 1761 1761 worm piperazine
lice external Dazzle dip
% Rate of Offtake 0.00 0.62 100% 100%
Production process
Production Parameters
Breeding stock 125
Production process involves the following processes;
Boar % of breeding stock 4% • Mating/Servicing
Sow % of breeding stock 96% • Gestation
No. of sows 120 • Farrowing
No.of boars 5 • Weaning
Litter Index per year 2
Piglets littered per sow 10 • Culling and replacement and;
Batch size (sows) 20 • Marketing
Number of batches 6 The steps the farmer should adhere to when planning to stock a
Piglet mortality rate 10% start-up project follows;
Suckling period (weeks) 3
• Buy gilts at the age of 6 – 7 months and put them in the
Weaner age (weeks) 8
Porker age (months) 5 paddocks where mating will take place.
Baconer age (months) 6 • The gilts should be weighing, on average, 125kgs at
Porkers for sale 99% seven and a half to eight months when they are ready to
Baconers for sale 1% be mated
Porker weight (kg) 60
Baconer weight (kg) 110
• Keep gilts where they will hear, smell and have contact
Total pigglets per yr 2160 with a mature boar
Market price • Provide adequate space to allow maximum exercise
Price Inflation 10% per year 1.1 • Flush gilts for 10 – 14 days and increase nutritious feed
Insurance % per year 3% intake to;
Baconers per kg 15
Porkers per kg 15
Sows (culling) 1,250 7
Boars (culling) 1,850

30
 a) Stimulate them to come into heat within seven Operational Items Qty Cost/Yr
(7) days and conceive as soon as possible Electricity bill (Months) 12 85
Manager's Salary (months) 1 1200
b) Ensure they are in good active conditions and Pig Attendants salary/month 3 500
weighing, on average, 125kgs Purchase price/sow: 1 1500
• The heat lasts for 21 days within which gilts can be Purchase price/boar:
Transportation costs
1
12
2200
550
served with a boar. The mating ratio is 1 boar to 25 sows. 500ml sulphazine 1 57.95
• After mating the gestation period will take approximately 1 * 20L Disinfectants
1 * 5L pig pours
1
1
325
550
114 days (three months, three weeks and three days) Water charge:20L/day/pig 2000 3.33
• The farrowing pens should be cleaned the thoroughly, Scrubbing /cleaning brooms 2 42
Sweeping brooms 2 35
disinfected and left unused for 5 – 7 days. Pairs of overalls 6 150
• When the gilts are ready for delivery, put them into a well Pairs of gumboots 6 110
Pair of dust coats 6 135
prepared farrowing house where the temperatures are 18
– 21°C. Type of pig Feed types Intake No. of Unit Price
• During delivery, which takes 30 minutes to 5 hours, the Dry sow Dry sow & boar meal
kg/day
2
days fed
121 140
farmer should be present to: Boars Dry sow & boar meal 2 365 140
a) stimulate weak piglets Farrowed Sows Lactating meal 7 56 142
Piglets Creep meal 0.08 35 180
b)Clip the 8 sharp needle teeth to reduce injury to Weaners Weaner meal 0.8 35 150
the sows’ teats and litter mates from fighting. Growers Grower meal 1.5 42 148
Finishers Finisher meal 2.6 28 130
• A sow will be in the lactation period for 8 weeks (2 Dry sow (lost days) Dry sow & boar meal 2 9 140
months) after which it should be weaned from its litters to
allow them to dry off for 4 – 7 days
• Give iron injection in the neck muscle (1ml) and remove
tail from 3 days to 3 weeks
• During weaning processes, weaners should be kept in the
growing pens where the temperatures are warm (28 -
32°C). Warm temperatures will help weaners grow and
gain weight faster
• During this process, culling should be done if;
a) The sow is continuously failing to conceive
b) There is continuous poor litter size, for
example, less than 8 piglets
c) There is any serious physical problems that
may be difficult to correct

29
SUMMARY OF KEY ASSUMPTIONS OF PRODUCTION
Dimensions & quantity for structures • Immediate replacement of culled pigs (especially
Length Width Qty Perimeter Area breeding stock) will be done as soon as it happens.
Pig farm 70 70 1 280
Farrowing house 12 9 4 168 432
However, normal replacement is after every 3 years or at
Sow Pens & size 2 3 48 480 288 least six (6) litterings.
Boar pen house
Growing house
2
12
1.5
9
4
4
28
168
12
432
• The first batch of pigs from the initial breeding stock will
Growing pens 4 3 22 308 264 be ready for slaughtering and sale as porkers and
Storeroom 4 3 1 14 12 baconers, on the 10th or 11th month after their arrival.
Manager's house 8 4 1 24 32
Toilet/Pit Latrine 2 2.5 1 9 5 • Porkers which are lighter in weight than baconers should
No. of sows/pen 5 be slaughtered when they reach market weight of 45-70kg
No.of boars/pen 1
at the age of 4 - 5 months.
Development Costs/m2 Qty Unit price • Baconers should be slaughtered at the age of 6 - 7 months
Fencing/m
Development Costs/m2 Qty Unit15.00
price
weighing 71 - 110kg market weight.
625.00
Fencing/m 21.50
15.00
Farrowing house 176.28
Records management
625.00
Growing house 176.28
21.50 Good record management system plays an important role in the
Farrowing house 176.28 success and profitability of any business endeavor. Therefore,
Operational
Growing Costs
house Qty Unit price
176.28
Electricity (Installation) 1 7,000.00 a farmer should keep and manage records from the
Transportation (Materials) 1 3,500.00 commencement of the business and throughout its entire life.
Feeding scoops
Operational Costs 2
Qty Unit30.00
price
Wheel barrow
Electricity (Installation) 2
1 500.00
7,000.00
Farm records enable the farmer to track the performance of the
Spade
Transportation (Materials) 2
1 55.00
3,500.00 business and make informed decisions. As such, the following
30m Hosepipe
Feeding scoops 1
2 310.00
30.00
Tooth cutting
Wheel barrowpliers 1
2 12.00
500.00
records should be adequately kept;
Breeding stock: Sows
Spade 2 1,500.00
55.00 • Identification and selection of breeds
30m Hosepipe Boars
Vehiclecutting pliers
1
1
2,200.00
310.00
65,000.00
• Number of piglets farrowed
Tooth 12.00
Weighing stock:
Breeding scale Sows 1 500.00
1,500.00 • All feeds purchased and fed to pigs
Feeding troughs Boars 20 900.00
2,200.00 • Herd health (Deaths and causes)
10000L Tank 7,000.00
Vehicle
Weighing scale
1
1
65,000.00
500.00
• Conception, performance replacement and mortality rates
Feeding troughs 20 900.00 • Breeding, servicing, farrowing and weaning dates
10000L Tank 1 7,000.00
• Number of culled, sales, slaughtered (for home
consumption) and purchases (for replacement)
• Vaccination and other veterinary requisites and
• Input variable costs
• Water, feed and labour requirements

28
Marketing issues Herd Inventory
YEAR Piglets Weaners Growers Finishers Ssows Fsows
Some pig products have a short shelf life. The farmer may 376.2 38
produce top quality products that may perish if it is not where
380 40
the consumer wants it and is not properly packaged. 950

Appropriate grading and packaging are essential and should be 1128.6 114

done to match the desired product specifications by the 100

1140 120
consumer. For example, pork short ribs and bacon should be 10 1140
packaged in perforated plastic bags to enhance product value 752.4 76

and consumption rate. 120

760 80
190
In addition, slaughtering and sales of porkers and baconers
could be on the 10th or 11th month after the initial stock has 20

arrived in the farm. For example, porkers which are lighter in

weight than baconers should be slaughtered when they reach
market weight (45-70kg) at the age of 4 and 5 months.
Baconers should be slaughtered at the age of 6 - 7 months
when they reach market weight of 71 to110kg.

FIXED ASSETS
Key fixed assets required in pig production are prescribed in
the attached Appendix 1. Some fixed assets in the attached
Appendix may not be necessary for farmers operating either
small or medium scale projects. Instead, they can be hired from
other farmers at a cheaper price. For example, if it is
convenient and cheaper for the farmer to keep some items at
home and commute everyday between home and the project
site, then it is advisable not to construct a residential house and
storeroom at the production site.

Structures
Materials and equipment required for the construction of
structures and buildings (farrowing and growing houses, boar
and pregnant sow pens) can be sourced from hard-wares and

10

27
HERD INVENTORY (CONTINUED)
YEAR Piglets Weaners Growers Finishers Ssows Fsows stores specializing in selling agricultural products/inputs.
376.2 38
Farmers should note that prices for items required vary greatly
380 40 depending on where and when they are purchased. In this
950
1128.6 114
guideline, the average building cost is based on per m
.
Structures like gilt and sow pens should be built adjacent to the
100
1140 120 boar pens as this will enable the farmer to check daily when
7 1140
sows and gilts could be introduced to boars.
752.4 76

120
760 80
190

20

376.2 38

380 40
950
1128.6 114

100
1140 120
8 1140
752.4 76

120
760 80
190

20

376.2 38

380 40
950
1128.6 114

100
1140 120
9 1140
752.4 76

120
760 80
190

20

11

26
 Recommended requirements for structures YEAR Piglets Weaners Growers Finishers Ssows Fsows
376.2 38

Structure Dimensions Qty Description and use of the structure 380 40

Pig shed 12m * 9m 1 • It is recommended that the house be 950

1128.6 114
house built using cement and concrete for
100
strength 1140 120
• Windows on both sides are required to 4 1140
752.4 76
allow ventilation
Growing 4m x 6 • Accommodates 20 pens 120

house 3m/weaner • Water troughs required here 760

190
80

• A pen should have a 1 meter high

20
concrete wall on each side.
Dry sow 2.5m x 2.5m 20 • Accommodates a sow and its piglets 376.2 38

pen • Be built such that the sow will not be 380 40

25m
=5gilts 24 able to turn around but will provide 950
1128.6 114
Gilts pen physical comfort for sow and piglets
Boar pen 3m
= 1 boar 5 • A boar/3m
pen is recommended 100
1140 120
• Should have walls and gates measuring 5 1140
752.4 76
1.4 meters high
• A rough floor constructed using cement 120
760 80
and concrete required to prevent pigs
190
slipping off and breaking their legs.
• Floor should slope to allow easy flow 20

of effluence into a manure channel. 376.2 38

Pregnant 2.5m x 2.5m 20 • Accommodates pregnant sows 380 40

sow pens • Should be built such that it will provide 950

1128.6 114
physical comfort for a sow during
delivery 100
1140 120
Sewerage/ No size 1 • Dig a pit and use cement and concrete 6 1140

drainage limitations for building the wall and floor. 752.4 76

area • Used for easy flow of effluence (urine 120

and dung). 760 80

190
Farrowing 2m x 2.5m 16 • Consists of farrowing pens
pens • 20

12

25
HERD INVENTORY
YEAR Piglets Weaners Growers Finishers Ssows Fsows
120
0 570 60
Recommended floor space requirements/weight of a pig
It is generally difficult to provide the optimal area per pig at all
570 60
1140
stages of the life cycle because pigs are continuously
1128.6 114 increasing in size. Optimal floor space should be provided for a
120 pig as that is essential for its comfort, growth, health,
1140
1140
120
productivity and general wellness.
1
752.4 76

120
Weight of a pig Minimum floor
760 80 space
190

20
376.2 38
23 kg (50lbs) 0.6m (2ft
)
45kg (100lbs) 1.4m (4ft
)
380 40
950 68kg (150lbs) 1.9m (6ft
)
1128.6 114
91kg (200lbs) 2.5m (8ft
)
100 102kg (225lbs) 2.8m (9ft
)
1140 120
2 1140
752.4 76

120
760 80
190

20

376.2 38

380 40
950
1128.6 114

100
1140 120
3 1140
752.4 76

120
760 80
190

20

13

24
 INPUT REQUIREMENTS YEAR J F M A M J J A S O N D
s$5 s$6

Recommended temperature requirements fd/5 fd/6

w/2 w/3 w/4 w/5 w/6
s/1 s/2 s/3 s/4 s/5 s/6
Type of Category Temps Advantages of Disadvantages of
structure (Degrees Cold & warm Cold & warm sd=2 sd=3 sd=4 sd=5 sd=6
fd=1 fd=2 fd=3 fd=4 fd=5 fd=6
Celsius) temps temps 10 w=1 w=2 w=3 w=4 w=5 w=6
s=1 s=2 s=3 s=4
Farrowing/ Sows and 18 – 21 Cool temps Warm temps;
Grower/ weaners • Help sows • Reduces pig sd"1 sd"2 sd"3 sd"4 sd"5 sd"6
fd"1 fd"2 fd"3 fd"4
Finishing produce performance w"1
pens enough milk resulting in sd-1
for piglets reduction in
• Increase pig feed intake
performance and keys
resulting in conception
sd= serviced
increase in problems fd= farrowed
feed intake that lead to w= weaned
s= sales
and improve low
conception production Average number of piglets is 2280 per year beginning from year three when a plateu has been reached.
rate
Farrowing Piglets 28 – 32 Warm temps; Cool temps; The objects such as *,/,$ e.t.c are used to distinguish a full cycle of batches ( one to six) from time of being serviced to
crate • Keep piglets • Chilling the time when sales are made for those batches. A batch comprise 20 sows and a whole cycle has six batches

growing conditions
healthy will result
in piglets
dying

14

23
PRODUCTION PLAN GUIDE (CONTINUED)

YEAR J F M A M J J A S O N D Requirements for preventing piglets from cold conditions

s!5 s!6
• Construct a creep area where piglets can lie for safety.
fd~5 fd~6 The warmth creep area provides will help reduce deaths
w~2 w~3 w~4 w~5 w~6
s~1 s~2 s~3 s~4 s~5 s~6 as a result of crushing/overlay.
sd(2 sd(3 sd(4 sd(5 sd(6
fd(1 fd(2 fd(3 fd(4 fd(5 fd(6 Requirements for preventing pigs from hot weather
7 w(1 w(2 w(3 w(4 w(5 w(6
s(1 s(2 s(3 s(4
conditions
• Relieve can be gained by hosing the pigs down
sd\1 sd\2 sd\3 sd\4
fd\1
sd\5
fd\2
sd\6
fd\3 fd\4 • Use wallows located under shade a long time for wet -
w\1 skin cooling in pigs. Note that wallows located under
sd;1 shade are more effective than unshaded wallows.
s(5 s(6
• Use of heating systems like brooder or mbaola may be
used to provide additional heat in the creep area. These
fd\5 fd\6
w\2 w\3 w\4 w\5 w\6 heating systems should be kept a distance away from the
s\1 s\2 s\3 s\4 s\5 s\6 sows to avoid possible injuries.
sd;2 sd;3 sd;4 sd;5 sd;6
fd;1 fd;2 fd;3 fd;4 fd;5 fd;6
8 w;1 w;2 w;3 w;4 w;5 w;6
Feed requirements
s;1 s;2 s;3 s;4 According to Pig section, Department of Animal Production,
sd+1 sd+2 sd+3 sd+4 sd+5 sd+6 nutrients requirement of the pig changes at every stage of pig’s
fd+1 fd+2 fd+3 fd+4 life cycle. However, pig feeding program most widely
w+1
practiced in Botswana is comprised of dry sow meal, lactating
sd$1 sow meal, creep meal, weaner meal, grower meal, boar meal
s;5 s;6 and finisher meal. Feeds accounts for 70% of producing pig
fd+5 fd+6 meat (pork and bacon) and this requires for use of high quality
w+2 w+3 w+4 w+5 w+6 feeds for production of specific products. Good quality feeds
s+1 s+2 s+3 s+4 s+5 s+6
helps to;
sd$2 sd$3 sd$4 sd$5 sd$6
fd$1 fd$2 fd$3 fd$4 fd$5 fd$6
9 w$1 w$2 w$3 w$4 w$5 w$6 • Increase the performance of pigs
s$1 s$2 s$3 s$4
• Optimize feed efficiency and
sd/1 sd/2 sd/3 sd/4 sd/5 sd/6 • Generate enough income
fd/1 fd/2 fd/3 fd/4
w/1

sd=1

15

22
Feed intake program YEAR J F M A M J J A S O N D
The table below shows average feed intake per day s%5 s%6

fd?5 fd?6
w?2 w?3 w?4 w?5 w?6
Type of feed Pig Body Intake/day Duration s?1 s?2 s?3 s?4 s?5 s?6
Categories mass (kg) of feeding
sd>2 sd>3 sd>4 sd>5 sd>6
(kg) (weeks) fd>1 fd>2 fd>3 fd>4 fd>5 fd>6
4 w>1 w>2 w>3 w>4 w>5 w>6
Dry sow meal Dry sows Adult 2 41 s>1 s>2 s>3 s>4
Lactating sow Lactating Adult 1) = 2 - 2.5 1
sd&1 sd&2 sd&3 sd&4 sd&5 sd&6
meal sows 2) = 7 8 fd&1 fd&2 fd&3 fd&4
Creep meal Piglet 10- 0.008 8 w&1

23kg sd<1
Weaner meal Weaners 18- 0.8 5 s>5 s>6
(18% crude 25kg
fd&5 fd&6
protein) w&2 w&3 w&4 w&5 w&6
Grower meal Growers 57- 1.5 6 s&1 s&2 s&3 s&4 s&5 s&6

(16% crude 70kg sd<2 sd<3 sd<4 sd<5 sd<6

fd<1 fd<2 fd<3 fd<4 fd<5 fd<6
protein) 5 w<1 w<2 w<3 w<4 w<5 w<6
s<1 s<2 s<3 s<4
Finisher meal Finishers 71- 2.6 4
(14% crude 110kg sd#1 sd#2 sd#3 sd#4 sd#5 sd#6
fd#1 fd#2 fd#3 fd#4
protein) w#1
Boar meal Boars Adult 2 12 sd!1

s<5 s<6
Water requirements
fd#5 fd#6
Water is an important ingredient for the maintenance of pig’s w#2 w#3 w#4 w#5 w#6
body temperatures. Limited water intake will very quickly lead s#1 s#2 s#3 s#4 s#5 s#6
to a rise in body temperature, deaths and reduced rate of feed sd!2 sd!3 sd!4 sd!5 sd!6
intake, low milk production and reduced efficiency in regular fd!1 fd!2 fd!3 fd!4 fd!5
6 w!1 w!2 w!3 w!4 w!5 w!6
body gain. The table below shows average water intake per s!1 s!2 s!3 s!4
day; sd~1 sd~2 sd~3 sd~4 sd~5 sd~6
fd~1 fd~2 fd~3 fd~4
w~1

sd(1

16

21
PRODUCTION PLAN GUIDE
YEAR J F M A M J J A S O N D Water intake program
0
sd1 sd2 sd3 sd4 sd5 sd6 Pig Body Intake/day Duration
fd1 fd2 fd3
Categories mass (kg) (L) of
fd4 fd5 fd6
w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6
feeding
s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 (weeks)
sd_1 sd_2 sd_3 sd_4 sd_5 sd_6 Dry sows Adult 12 12
fd_1 fd_2 fd_3 fd_4 fd_5 fd_6 Lactating Adult 20 8
w_1 w_2 w_3 w_4 w_5 w_6
1
s_1 s_2 s_3 s_4 sows
sd$1 sd$2 sd$3 sd$4 sd$5 sd$6 Piglet 10-23kg 2 8
fd$1 fd$2 fd$3 fd$4 Weaners 18-25kg 4 5
w$1
Growers 57-70kg 8 6
sd*1
s_5 s_6
Finishers 71-110kg 12 4
Boars Adult 12 12
fd$5 fd$6
w$2 w$3 w$4 w$5 w$6
s$1 s$2 s$3 s$4 s$5 s$6

sd*2 sd*3 sd*4 sd*5 sd*6 INFRASTRUCTURE

fd*1 fd*2 fd*3 fd*4 fd*5 fd*6
2 w*1 w*2 w*3 w*4 w*5 w*6
Infrastructure resources required for pig production include
s*1 s*2 s*3 s*4 market availability, telephones, roads and electricity.
sd^1 sd^2 sd^3 sd^4 sd^5 sd^6
fd^1 fd^2 fd^3 fd^4 Market availability:
w^1
The farmer should have access to reliable markets where s/he
sd%1
can sell her/his products.
s*5 s*6

fd^5 fd^6 Telephones

w^2 w^3 w^4 w^5 w^6 These are vital means of communication especially for
s^1 s^2 s^3 s^4 s^5 s^6
marketing the product. It will enable the farmer to confirm
sd%2 sd%3 sd%4 sd%5 sd%6
fd%1 fd%2 fd%3 fd%4 fd%5 fd%6
with the buyer, the price, the quantity ordered and where and
3 w%1 w%2 w%3 w%4 w%5 w%6 when it should be delivered.
s%1 s%2 s%3 s%4

sd?1 sd?2 sd?3 sd?4 sd?5 sd?6

fd?1 fd?2 fd?3 fd?4
w?1

sd>1

17

20
Roads All of these parameters measure the profitability and viability
It is advisable to locate the project nearer to good roads as that of the enterprise. Calculations done indicate that this enterprise
will help minimize costs and enable the farmer have access to starts to be profitable from second year of operations and is
and from the project. able to met all its obligations.
Sale of pig products starts second year because the project is
Electricity assumed to have commenced midyear of the first year. Cash
Electricity is essential for the growth and sustainability of the flow is positive and indicates that the funds needed for startup
business. Therefore, locating the project where there is will be only for capital expenditure and first year expenses
availability of electricity would enable the farmer to expand which will amount to P652, 827.83.
the business and buy some equipment that can be operated
using electricity. The financial analysis of this project was based on the
assumption that 125 pigs (120 sows and 5 boars) will be the
Variable inputs size of the operation. The total number that will be produced
Variable inputs required include feeds, medication (e.g. for slaughter (beacon and porkers combined) was estimated to
sulphazine), protective clothing, casual labour, water, be 2071 in the first year and the number becomes consistent at
disinfectant, transportation and gas. These variable inputs, 2487 pigs slaughter annually for subsequent years. The
except labour, can be sourced from the Ministry of Agriculture, financial projections indicate that the project breaks-even at an
hard-wares and stores specializing in selling agricultural average price of P989.68 and average number of 354 piglets
products/inputs. raised for slaughter. For detailed analysis of breakeven see
appendix 1.
Capital Required
Starting a business requires capital injection either from the
owners or financial institutions. This guideline is based on
assumption that the project will be a start up with exception of
land which the owner will contribute whilst capital expenditure
and working capital will get financing from CEDA at the
interest 7.5% annually. The repayment period will be 10 years
with one annual payment. (See Appendix 1 attached for details
of items to be purchased).

The financial projections of the piggery enterprise comprise

key assumptions, project analysis (fixed assets, profit and loss,
summary of cash flows and break even) and loan amortization.

18 19