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    ZOO 211 - A Class

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    1. Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues, organs, and systems. They have choanocyte cells that create water currents. 2. Cnidarians are diploblastic animals with two germ layers. They exhibit both polyp and medusa forms and include hydroids, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. 3. Ctenophores are also diploblastic but differ from cnidarians in having eight rows of cilia for movement instead of tentacles and lacking nematocysts. They are exclusively planktonic.

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    ZOO 211 - A Class

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    1. Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues, organs, and systems. They have choanocyte cells that create water currents. 2. Cnidarians are diploblastic animals with two germ layers. They exhibit both polyp and medusa forms and include hydroids, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. 3. Ctenophores are also diploblastic but differ from cnidarians in having eight rows of cilia for movement instead of tentacles and lacking nematocysts. They are exclusively planktonic.

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    ZOO 211 [INVERTEBRATE PDF]

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    ZOO 211_A class

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    1. Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues, organs, and systems. They have choanocyte cells that create water currents. 2. Cnidarians are diploblastic animals with two germ layers. They exhibit both polyp and medusa forms and include hydroids, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. 3. Ctenophores are also diploblastic but differ from cnidarians in having eight rows of cilia for movement instead of tentacles and lacking nematocysts. They are exclusively planktonic.

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    45 views11 pages

    ZOO 211 - A Class

    Uploaded by

    musanafisat593
    1. Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues, organs, and systems. They have choanocyte cells that create water currents. 2. Cnidarians are diploblastic animals with two germ layers. They exhibit both polyp and medusa forms and include hydroids, jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. 3. Ctenophores are also diploblastic but differ from cnidarians in having eight rows of cilia for movement instead of tentacles and lacking nematocysts. They are exclusively planktonic.

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    ZOO 211 -INVERTEBRATES

    *Non cellular organisms versus multi cellular organisms


    1. Efficiency of excretion and respiration depends on surface area/volume ratio (for
    effective diffusion of materials in and out of the organism).
    a. the bigger the animal the relatively smaller its surface area.
    b. surface area/ volume ratio limits the size of a non cellular organism.
    c. Large animals must therefore be multi cellular.

    2. DEGREE OF SPECIALIZATION

    a. Non cellular organisms possess specialized organelles in their cytoplasm (performing all
    life activities)

    b. No one cell performs all life processes in multi cellular organism. Different cells become
    specialized for different functions.

    c. Division of labour among cells for greater efficiency, this is correlated with
    morphological complexity.

    PHYLUM PORIFERA (SPONGES)

    Sponges are the most primitive and simplest multicellular animal (parazoa)

    1. Owing to the absence of a nervous system and sense organs, the cells are more or
    less independent of one another.
    2. sponges are thus at a cellular level of organization.
    3. Adult sponges are sessile, they are attached to rocks and other hand surfaces in
    shallow water
    4. Sponges are predominantly marine; about 150 species however occur in freshwater
    5. sponges are primarily radially symmetrical but most sponges become assymetrical
    6. the body is primarily sac- like but it invariably becomes much complicated by
    folding of its walls
    7. the body surface of a sponge is perforated by numerous incurrent pores hence the
    name porifera which means – pores bearing animals
    8. the principal opening to the sponge body is exhalant and not a mouth. The body
    cavity (spongocoele) is lined (at least partly) by the color cells, choanocytes, similar in
    structure to choanoflagellate protozoa.
    9. The typical sponge larva is known as the ampliblastula. During metamorphosis, the
    outer flagellated cells of this larva, migrate inwards to form the choanocyte layer of
    the adults.

    BIOLOGY OF LEUCOSOLENIA (A REPRSENTATIVE SPONGE)

     Leucosoleniais a simple and primitive colonial sponge, found attached to sea weeds,
    shells, wood e.t.c. at the shallow edges of the sea.
     Each individual sponge in a colony is sac- like in structure (Fig 2.3) .

     Water enters the cavity of the sac (spongocoele) through numerous microscopic
    perforation (ostia) in the body wall and leaves through the osculum.

     Feeding, respiration, waste removal and reproduction is largely dependent on water


    flowing through their body.

     The body wall consists of the following three layers (Figs 2.2b and 2.3a)

    a. an outer pinacoderm layer, consisting of flattened polygonal cells called pinacocytes

    b. a gelatinous middle layer or mesohyl containing skeletal materials and amoebocytes and

    c. An inner layer consisting of colar cell (choanocytes), lining the spongoceole.

    The amoebocytes in the middle layer are of various types:

    - The phagocytic amoebocytes serve for food storage and transport


    - The sclerocytes secretes the skeleton.

    The beating of the flagella of the choanocytes (Fig 2.4) creates a water current which enters
    the body through the ostia of the porocytes and leaves through the osculum.

    There are three types of sponges

     The ascon type e.g.Leucosolenia (Fig 2.1 and 2.2a)


     The syconoid type e.g. Grantia. They are more complicated than the Ascon sponge. The
    body wall is folded into finger like projections called radial canal. They are radially
    symmetrical (Figs 2.8 and 2.9).
     The Leucon sponge (the most complex sponges): each radial canal is out folded to form
    many small rounded flagellated chambers connected by short canals to the lumen of
    the initial radial canal. The spongocoele become reduced to water channels leading to
    numerous oscula. They attain large sizes due to greater efficiency of water circulation.
    e.g spongilla (Fig 2.11).
    PHYLUM CNIDARIA

    Multicellular animals consist of two groups:

    a. The parazoa (sponges)


    b. The Eumetazoa
    - Eumetazoans differs from the parazoa in the following respects
    i. Their bodies consist of many cells which cooperate with one another
    ii. Choanocytes are not usually present
    iii. The principal body aperture is inhalant
    iv. No reversal of cell layers occurs during development.
    v. Possess sense organs and nervous system.
    vi. The body cavity (gut) is lined by endoderm cell

    Eumetazoans are classified into two grades(Fig 5.1)

    a) Diploblastica in which the body consists of two germ layers (Ectoderm and
    Endoderm separated by jelly like mesogloea).
    b) Tripoblastica in which the body consists of three primary layers, viz: Ectoderm,
    Mesoderm and Endoderm.

    There are two phyla in the grade Diploblastica

    i. The Phylum Cnidaria and


    ii. The Phylum Ctenophora.

     The Cnidaria consists of various hydroids, the true jelly fishes, Sea anemones and
    corals.
     They are mostly marine.
     A few species occur in fresh waters.
     In the tropical seas, they are ecologically important constituting significant part of
    the biomass of coral reefs.
     The body of a cnidarian is redusable to one two forms:

    a) Polypoid form which is usually sessile and reproduces asexually.


    b) Medusoid form which is usually budded from the polypoid, free swimming and
    reproduce sexually.
     The typical larva is the planula larva.

    Classification of Cnidarians

    This Phylum consist of the following three classes:

    i. Class Hydrozoa e.g. Hydra, Obelia etc. (Figs 3.8, 3.11 and 3.13a)
    ii. Class Scyphozoa e.g. the true jelly fishes Aurelia (Fig 3.26a).
    iii. Class Anthozoa e.g. Sea Anemones, corals etc. (Figs 3.31 and 3.32)
    DIFFERENCES
    Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa
    Most exhibit alternating They are solitary pelagic They are exclusively
    medusoid and polypoid form (free swimming) medusoid polypoids. Most are colonial.
    in their life history. cnidarians.
    Some colonial while some
    are Solitary.
    Possess thin non-cellular Mesogloea is thick and Mesogloea contains fibers
    mesogloea. fibrous contain amoeboid and amoebocytes.
    cells. Forms the bulk of the
    scyphozoan.
    Absence of nematocyst in Nematocysts are present in Nematocysts are present in
    the endoderm. the endoderm. the endoderm.
    Most are marine while few Exclusively marine. Exclusively marine.
    are fresh water animals.
    No stomodaeum. No stomodaeum. Gullet or stomodaeum is
    present.
    Absence of septa and Enteron is partitioned by Enteron is partitioned by
    filament in the enteron. septa and possess gastric septa and possess filaments.
    filament.

    PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
     Small phylum containing the comb jellies, the sea wall nuts, sea gooseberries and the
    venus girdle.

     The phylum is important ecologically in the plankton.

    Similarities with Cnidarians Differ from Cnidarians


    1. They are both diploblastic. 1.Possess eight meridional rows of cilliary
    2. Have a middle layer similar to plates for movement.
    mesogloea. 2. The tentacles do not form mouth around
    3. Have radially symmetrical members. the mouth.
    4. Tissue level of organization. 3. Lack nematocyst instead they have
    5. The gut is in form of a canal system as in adhesive (sticky) cells called colloblasts.
    scyphozoans. 4. Most lack planula larva. The typical larva is
    6. Enteron is the only body cavity. a cydipid.
    5. Body not redusable to polypoid and
    medusoid forms.
    6.Have aboral sense organ.
    7.mesogloea contains muscle cells.
    8.Muscle cells are not in endoderm or
    ectoderm.
    9.Free swimming (planktonic).
    10.Lack sessile stages.
    11.Bodies are luminescent and transparent.
    12.They are never colonial.
    13.All are marine.

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