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    Lecture Notes - Week 3

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    Nawin Ra
    This document discusses differential length, area, and volume in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It provides formulas for calculating differential displacement, surface area, and volume in each system. It then gives an example problem calculating the length, surface areas, and volume of an object using cylindrical coordinates. It also defines line, surface, and volume integrals and provides an example calculating the circulation of a vector field around a closed path.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lecture Notes - Week 3

    Uploaded by

    Nawin Ra
    40 views18 pages
    This document discusses differential length, area, and volume in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It provides formulas for calculating differential displacement, surface area, and volume in each system. It then gives an example problem calculating the length, surface areas, and volume of an object using cylindrical coordinates. It also defines line, surface, and volume integrals and provides an example calculating the circulation of a vector field around a closed path.

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    Lecture notes_Week 3

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    This document discusses differential length, area, and volume in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It provides formulas for calculating differential displacement, surface area, and volume in each system. It then gives an example problem calculating the length, surface areas, and volume of an object using cylindrical coordinates. It also defines line, surface, and volume integrals and provides an example calculating the circulation of a vector field around a closed path.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views18 pages

    Lecture Notes - Week 3

    Uploaded by

    Nawin Ra
    This document discusses differential length, area, and volume in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. It provides formulas for calculating differential displacement, surface area, and volume in each system. It then gives an example problem calculating the length, surface areas, and volume of an object using cylindrical coordinates. It also defines line, surface, and volume integrals and provides an example calculating the circulation of a vector field around a closed path.

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    You are on page 1of 18

    Differential Length, Area, and Volume

    This chapter deals with integration and differentiation of vectors


    → Applications: Next Chapter.
    Differential Length, Area, and Volume
    A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:
    1. Differential displacement:
    Differential displacement from point
    S(x,y,z) to point B(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz) is:

    dl=dx ax+dy ay+dz az

    2
    Differential Length, Area, and Volume
    A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:
    2. Differential normal surface area

    (a) dS=dy dz ax (b) dS=dx dz ay (c) dS=dx dy


    az
    3
    Differential Length, Area, and Volume

    A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:


    3. Differential volume

    dv=dx dy dz

    Notes:

    dl, dS → Vectors
    dv → Scalar

    4
    Differential Length, Area, and Volume
    B. Cylindrical Coordinate Systems:
    1. Differential displacement:

    dl=dρ aρ+ ρ dφ aφ +dz az

    5
    Differential Length, Area, and Volume
    B. Cylindrical Coordinate Systems:
    2. Differential normal surface area

    Note: dS
    can be
    derived
    from dl

    (a) dS=ρ dφ dz aρ (b) dS= dρ dz aφ (c) dS= ρ dρ dφ az

    3. Differential volume dv=ρ dρ dφ dz 6


    Differential Length, Area, and Volume
    C. Spherical Coordinate Systems:
    1. Differential displacement:

    dl = dr ar
    + r dθ aθ
    + r sinθ dφ aφ

    7
    Differential Length, Area, and Volume
    C. Spherical Coordinate Systems:
    2. Differential normal surface area

    Note: dS can
    be derived
    from dl

    (a) dS=r2 sinθ dθ dφ ar (b) dS=r sinθ dr dφ aθ (c) dS= r dr dθ aφ

    dv =r 2 sinθ dr dθ dφ
    3. Differential volume 8
    Example 3.1
    Consider the object shown. Calculate :
    (a) The length BC
    (b) The length CD
    (c) The surface area ABCD
    (d) The surface area ABO
    (e) The surface area AOFD
    (f) The volume ABCDFO

    9
    Example 3.1 - solution
    Object has Cylindrical Symmetry  Cylindrical Coordinates
    Cartesian to Cylindrical:
    A(5,0,0)  A(5,0 ,0)
    0

    B(0,5,0)  B(5, /2,0)


    C(0,5,10)  C(5, /2,10)
    D(5,0,10)  D(5,00 ,10)
    (a) along BC, dl  dz
    10
    BC   dl   dz  10
    0
     /2
     /2
    (b) Along CD, dl   d  CD    d  5 
    0
    0
     2.5
    10
    Example 3.1 - solution
    (c) for ABCD, dS   d dz,  =5
    Area ABCD =  dS
    10  /2
        d dz  (5)( / 2)(10)
    z 0 0

    =25
    (d) for ABO, dS = d d  , z=0
    5  /2
    area ABO=    d d 
    0 0

     2 5

     ( / 2)    6.25
     2 
     0 11
    Example 3.1 - solution
    (e) for AOFD , dS  d  dz,  =0
    5 10
    area AOFD=   d  dz  50
    0 z 0

    (f) For volume ABCDFO,


    dv   d dz d 
    5  /2 10
    v   dv      d dz d 
    0 0 z 0

     62.5

    12
    Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
    (Line=Curve=Contour) Integral:

    The Line integral  A  dl


    L
    is integral of the tangential component

    of vector A along L.
    b
    •  A  dl   A cos dl 
    L a

    Line integral of A around L.

    • If the path of integration is

    closed, such as abca,  A  dl 


    L

    Circulation of A along L.
    13
    Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
    Surface Integral:
    Given vector A continuous in a region containing the surface S→
    The surface integral or the flux of A through S is:

       A  dS
    S

    =  A cos  dS , d S=dS a n
    S

    Flux across dS is: d = A cos  dS  A  dS


     Total Flux    d   A  dS
    S
    14
    Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
    Surface Integral:
    For a closed surface (defining a volume) :

      A  dS
    S
    → The net outward flux of A from S

    Notes:
    A closed path defines an open surface.
    A closed surface defines a volume.

    15
    Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
    Volume Integral:

    We define:

    
    v
    v dv

    as the volume integral of the scalar ρv over the volume v.

    16
    Example 3.2
    Given that F=x2 ax – xz ay – y2az. Calculate the circulation of F
    around the (closed) path shown in the Figure.

    17
    Example 3.2 - solution
    The circulation of F around L is:
     
    L F  dl=  1  2  3  4  F  dl
    For segment 1, y=0, z=0
    F=x 2a x  xz a y  y 2a z  x 2a x
    dl  dx a x (+ve direction)
    0
    1
    1 F  dl  1 x dx   3
    2

    
    Segment 2, x  0, z  0, dl  dya y , F  dl  0   F  dl  0
    18
    2
    Example 3.2 - solution
    Segment 3: y  1, F=x 2a x  xz a y  y 2a z , dl  dx a x  dz a z

        dx  dz
    2
    F dl x
    3

    3 1
    x 1 2
      z 0  1  
    1

    3 0 3 3
    Segment 4: x  1, F=a x  z a y  y 2a z
    dl  dy a y  dz a z

     F  dl    z dy  y dz, but on 4, z  y, dz  dy
    2

    5 1 2 5 1
    4 F  dl   ( y  y )dy  6 ,  L F  dl=  3  0  3  6  19 6
    2

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